Input: [Question] Key areas of risk management include: [Answer]

Output: patient consent, patient records, liability issues, and patient education


Input: [Question] it is the ___________ responsibility to discuss the need for radiographs and treatment procedures with the patient [Answer]

Output: Dentist


Input: [Question] the ___________ may participate in the process of obtaining informed consent [Answer]

Output: dental assistant


Input: [Question] before patients can give informed consent they must be provided with : [Answer]

Output: risks and benefits of radiographic procedures, person who will be exposing the radiographs, number and type of radiographs that will be taken, consequenes of not having the radiographs,and alternative diagnostic aids that may provide the same information


Input: [Question] if the dentist has not obtained____________ from the patient before exposure of dental radiographs a patient may legally claim_____________ [Answer]

Output: informed consent, malpractice or negligence


Input: [Question] documentation of dental radiographs must include what information [Answer]

Output: informed consent, # and type of radiographs exposed, rationale for exposing radiographs,and diagnostic interpretation


Input: [Question] radiographs are the property of the _____,even though the ______ or the patients _________ paid for them because____ [Answer]

Output: dentist, patient, insurance company,dental radiographs are a part of the patients dental records


Input: [Question] what should be done when a patient requests that their dental radiographs be transferred to another dental office [Answer]

Output: request should be written and signed by patient, dentist should be informed, entry should be made in chart stating when and to whom duplicates were sent.


Input: [Question] when patients request radiographs what should never be done [Answer]

Output: never give or send the original radiographs to the patient


Input: [Question] if a lawsuit should ocur no defense is possible without what [Answer]

Output: the patients original radiographs


Input: [Question] how long should dental radiographs be retained [Answer]

Output: indefinitely


Input: [Question] no document can be signed that totally releases the dentist from what [Answer]

Output: liability for treating a paient without taking radiographs


Input: [Question] Even if the patient suggests signing a release or waiver that would release the dentist from liability, would be considered invalid if: [Answer]

Output: an injury were to result


Input: [Question] legally a patient cannot consent to what [Answer]

Output: negligent care


Input: [Question] the dental assistant can explain to the patient________ but can not__________ [Answer]

Output: the importance of radiography in detecting disease and planning treatment, diagnose treatment


Input: [Question] The dental assistant can remind the patient that the dose from four bitewing films in about the same as a ___ [Answer]

Output: single day's worthof natural background radiation


Input: [Question] intensifying screens inside the extraoral cassette should be checked periodically for [Answer]

Output: dirt and scratches


Input: [Question] intensifying schreens should be cleaned_______ with a commercially available cleaner [Answer]

Output: monthly


Input: [Question] after cleaning the intesifying screens what should be applied to the screen to prevent static electricity [Answer]

Output: antistatic solution


Input: [Question] when doing the coin test what does it mean if the processed film has the image of a coin and a fogged background appear on the radiograph [Answer]

Output: the safelight is not safe to use with that type of film


Input: [Question] What is considered the most critical component in the quality control of film processing [Answer]

Output: processing solutions


Input: [Question] an easy way to check the strength of the developer solution is to : [Answer]

Output: compare the film densities against a standard ( reference radiograph or stepwedge)


Input: [Question] when the fixer is at full strength a film should clear within [Answer]

Output: 2 minutes


Input: [Question] during patient preparation prior to exposing radiographs what duties can be performed before putting on gloves [Answer]

Output: adjust chair, adjust headrest, place lead apron, remove personal objects


Input: [Question] do you remove lead apron before glove removal or after glove removal [Answer]

Output: after glove removal


Input: [Question] your first step in preparation of the operatory is to what [Answer]

Output: identify the surfaces to be covered or disinfected with a high level surface disinfectant


Input: [Question] which surfaces are likely to be contaminated during x-ray procedures [Answer]

Output: x-ray tubehead, pid,control panel,exposure button, lead apron, dental chair controls,operatory counter surfaces, darkroom equipment and sleeves on automatic processors


Input: [Question] one technique that can be used to minimize contamination of the film packet by saliva is to: [Answer]

Output: place a clear plastic barrier envelope over the film packet


Input: [Question] what can be used to stabilize film placement in the patients mouth [Answer]

Output: cotton rolls


Input: [Question] when taking radiographs when should you wear a mask and protective eyewear? [Answer]

Output: if ther eis a likelihood that blood or other body fluids may spatter, or if you or the patient has a cough or a cold


Input: [Question] what is considered the major source of cross contamination durig radiographic procedures [Answer]

Output: contaminated film packets


Input: [Question] immersion of the film packet in a disinfecting solution can result in what [Answer]

Output: the solution seeping into the emulsion and damaging the image


Input: [Question] to prevent film fog caused by radiation never place the container filled with exposed films where [Answer]

Output: in a room where additional films are being exposed


Input: [Question] exposed films should never be placed where [Answer]

Output: in the operators lab coat or uniform pocket


Input: [Question] when processing dental radiographs, you have to recycle the ____ in the film packet as it is considered [Answer]

Output: lead foil, environmental hazard


Input: [Question] harm for which a dentist could be held liable may include [Answer]

Output: stress, embarrassment, loss of income and expenses incurred in seeking additional treatment


Input: [Answer] is a mixture that has the same composition, color density and even taste throughout [Question]

Output: Solution


Input: [Answer] The substance being dissolved. [Question]

Output: Solute


Input: [Answer] The substance doing the dissolving [Question]

Output: Solvent


Input: [Answer] Which means it has a positive area and negative area [Question]

Output: Polar


Input: [Answer] Is the max amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent [Question]

Output: Solubility


Input: [Answer] Is a solution that contains all the solute it can hold at any given temperature [Question]

Output: Saturated solution


Input: [Answer] A solution that can hold no more of the solute at a particular temperature is said to be a saturated solution at that temperature. [Question]

Output: Unsaturated solutions


Input: [Answer] Solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is known as super saturated solution. If a crystal of solute is added to this solution, the excess of solute crystallizes. [Question]

Output: Super saturated solution


Input: [Question] sores [Answer]

Output: places on the skin that are broken and painful


Input: [Question] loosened [Answer]

Output: made less tight


Input: [Question] mysterious [Answer]

Output: hard to understand or explain


Input: [Question] amazement [Answer]

Output: surprise and wonder


Input: [Question] midst [Answer]

Output: in the middle of something


Input: [Question] responsibility [Answer]

Output: having a job or duty to perform


Input: [Question] patchwork [Answer]

Output: made of small pieces of fabric


Input: [Question] tipis [Answer]

Output: cone-shaped tents made from animal skins by Native Americans


Input: [Question] discarded [Answer]

Output: thrown away


Input: [Question] bays [Answer]

Output: reddish-brown horses


Input: [Question] chestnuts [Answer]

Output: grayish- or reddish-brown horses


Input: [Question] paints [Answer]

Output: pintos; horses with irregular spots or markings


Input: [Answer] Equilibrium Price [Question]

Output: Price at a point where the amount supplied equals the amount demanded.


Input: [Answer] Law of Demand [Question]

Output: Consumers will generally buy less of a product at a higher price than a lower price; consumers are demanding.


Input: [Answer] Law of Supply [Question]

Output: The higher the price of a product the more they'll supply & the lower the price the less they'll supply.


Input: [Answer] Market Economy [Question]

Output: Basic economic decisions are based on the actions of the buyers & sellers.


Input: [Answer] Price [Question]

Output: Amount of money given or asked for when goods & services are bought or sold.


Input: [Answer] Shortage [Question]

Output: Temporary under-supply of an item.


Input: [Answer] Surplus [Question]

Output: Over-supply of an item.


Input: [Answer] Assets [Question]

Output: Things you own that have value.


Input: [Answer] Balance Sheet [Question]

Output: Statement listing your assets, liabilities, & net worth.


Input: [Answer] Cash Flow Statement [Question]

Output: Two part statement listing cash income, cash expense, cash saving, & cash deficit.


Input: [Answer] Deficit [Question]

Output: Negative cash flow in which monthly cash incomes are less than monthly cash expenses.


Input: [Answer] Fixed Expenses [Question]

Output: Cash expenses that stay relatively stable.


Input: [Answer] Liabilities [Question]

Output: Amounts you owe to others.


Input: [Answer] Net Worth [Question]

Output: Total assets minus total liabilities.


Input: [Answer] Variable Expenses [Question]

Output: Cash expenses that can change a lot from month to month, by choice.


Input: [Answer] Aptitude [Question]

Output: A natural talent.


Input: [Answer] Business [Question]

Output: Activities of an individual or group involved in producing and distributing goods & services to customers.


Input: [Answer] Goods [Question]

Output: Can be physically weighed & measured.


Input: [Answer] Needs [Question]

Output: Necessary wants; things we must have in order to survive.


Input: [Answer] Opportunity Cost [Question]

Output: Cost of choosing one things over another.


Input: [Answer] Resource [Question]

Output: Anything that people can use to make or obtain what they want or need.


Input: [Answer] Services [Question]

Output: Tasks that people or machines perform.


Input: [Answer] Wants [Question]

Output: Things we wish we could have.


Input: [Answer] Capital Resources [Question]

Output: All items, other than natural, used to produce goods & services.


Input: [Answer] Economic System [Question]

Output: Set of rules by which a nation decides how to distribute its resources to satisfy people's wants.


Input: [Answer] Entrepreneurship [Question]

Output: The initiation to combine natural, human, & capital resources to produce goods & services.


Input: [Answer] Human Resources [Question]

Output: People who contribute the physical & mental energy to the production process.


Input: [Answer] Labor [Question]

Output: Another term for human resources.


Input: [Answer] Nonrenewable Resources [Question]

Output: Cannot be replaced.


Input: [Answer] Renewable Resources [Question]

Output: Can be replaced by themselves or by the efforts of others.


Input: [Answer] Scarcity [Question]

Output: Lack of something that can be used to satisfy the wants of an individual or group; always exists.


Input: [Answer] Blank Endorsement [Question]

Output: Consists of nothing more than your signature.


Input: [Answer] Restrictive Endorsement [Question]

Output: Restricts the use of the check so it must be deposited into your account.


Input: [Answer] Endorsement in Full [Question]

Output: Used to transfer a check to another person.


Input: [Answer] Outstanding Checks [Question]

Output: Any checks that are written but not cleared.


Input: [Answer] Reconcile [Question]

Output: To balance your checkbook.


Input: [Answer] Rule of 72 [Question]

Output: Amount of time it will take for your money to double when place in a savings account at a given interest percentage.


Input: [Answer] Liquidity [Question]

Output: How quickly and conveniently you can retrieve your money from an investment.


Input: [Answer] Income [Question]

Output: Money received by you.


Input: [Answer] Recession [Question]

Output: Period of severe economic decline.


Input: [Answer] Depression [Question]

Output: Very severe recession that lasts for several years.


Input: [Answer] GDP (Gross Domestic Product) [Question]

Output: First economic indicator; dollar value of all final goods & services produced in the United States in a single year.


Input: [Answer] Inflation [Question]

Output: Second economic indicator; prolonged rise in the level of prices for goods & services that reduces the purchasing power of money.


Input: [Answer] Unemployment Rate [Question]

Output: Third economic indicator; percentage of the unemployed work force looking for jobs.


Input: [Answer] GNP (Gross National Product) [Question]

Output: Replaced by GDP; not only the United States.


Input: [Answer] Private Enterprise System [Question]

Output: Most economic resources & business are owned by individuals or groups rather than public businesses.


Input: [Answer] Competition [Question]

Output: Contest between businesses to win customers.


Input: [Answer] Profit [Question]

Output: Amount of money left over after a business pays for the cost of producing goods & services.


Input: [Answer] Social Responsibility [Question]

Output: Businesses act in a responsible & fair way toward their employees & society.


Input: [Answer] Monopoly [Question]

Output: If there are so few firms selling one kind of product, there is no competition.


Input: [Answer] Statement Savings Account [Question]

Output: Receives a monthly statement, accessible through ATM's, low interest rates, & easily accessible.


Input: [Answer] Bonds [Question]

Output: Certifies that you loaned money to the government or a corporation & outlining the terms of payment; are IOU's.


Input: [Answer] Mutual Funds [Question]

Output: Professionally managed portfolio's made up of stocks, bonds, & other investments.


Input: [Answer] Stocks [Question]

Output: Represents ownership of a corporation; stockholders own shares & are entitled to a share of the profits.


Input: [Answer] 401 (k) [Question]

Output: Retirement plan that allows you to contribute to a savings plan from your pre-tax earnings that your employer may match.


Input: [Answer] Roth IRA [Question]

Output: Earnings on the account are tax free after five years.


Input: [Answer] Yield [Question]

Output: Gaining an amount as a return on an investment.


Input: [Answer] Income Tax [Question]

Output: Government charge on earnings or other sources of income.


Input: [Answer] Social Security Tax (FICA) [Question]

Output: Money raised through this fund is used to pay retirement benefits.


Input: [Answer] Medicare [Question]

Output: Money is used for health & hospital insurance; people 65 and over.


Input: [Answer] Excise Tax [Question]

Output: Hidden or built in tax that is a certain percentage of the price.


Input: [Answer] Tariff [Question]

Output: Tax on imported goods that are collected by the federal government.


Input: [Answer] Federal Income Tax [Question]

Output: All individuals pay this on wages & salaries; withheld from your check.


Input: [Answer] State Income Tax [Question]

Output: Different branch of government gets your money.


Input: [Answer] City Income Tax [Question]

Output: Goes to the city you live in.


Input: [Answer] General Sales Tax [Question]

Output: Varies from state to state; doesn't affect the price of food.


Input: [Answer] Property Tax [Question]

Output: Local government gets most of the money for items owned by people or businesses.


Input: [Answer] Estate & Inheritance Tax [Question]

Output: Left at the time of someone's death.


Input: [Answer] Gift Tax [Question]

Output: Tax on things you receive from others; can't give money away without being taxed.


Input: [Answer] Progressive Tax [Question]

Output: Impose a higher percentage rate of tax on people with higher incomes.


Input: [Answer] Tax Base [Question]

Output: Item or activity that is the source of the tax.


Input: [Answer] Collateral [Question]

Output: Property offered & pledged to secure repayment of a loan & subject to seizure should the borrower default.


Input: [Answer] Capital [Question]

Output: Measure of your financial worth.


Input: [Answer] Capacity [Question]

Output: Income available to make repayment.


Input: [Answer] Character [Question]

Output: Involves your honesty & reliability in meeting financial responsibilities.


Input: [Answer] Real Estate [Question]

Output: Protection against inflation; more in the past.


Input: [Answer] Certificate of Deposit (CD) [Question]

Output: Restricted access to your money, withdrawal penalty if passed expiration date, no risk, no fees, higher interest, & simple.


Input: [Answer] Bankruptcy [Question]

Output: Legal process to get out of debt when you can no longer make all of your required payments.


Input: [Answer] Capital Gain [Question]

Output: Profit from sale of capital assets such as stocks, bonds, & real estate are tax deferred.


Input: [Answer] Compound Interest [Question]

Output: Calculated on the combined total of the original sum borrowed & the interest it has already accrued.


Input: [Answer] Regulates other endocrine glands [Question]

Output: Pituitary Gland


Input: [Answer] Regulates fear, thirst, sex-drive, aggression [Question]

Output: Hypothalamus


Input: [Answer] Connects left and right hemispheres of brain [Question]

Output: Corpus Callosum


Input: [Answer] Controls complex thoughts, stores memories [Question]

Output: Cerebral Cortex


Input: [Answer] Relays info from sensory organs to cerebral cortex [Question]

Output: Thalamus


Input: [Answer] Forms long-term memories, helps remember, plays role in emotions [Question]

Output: Hippocampus


Input: [Answer] Controls balance, maintains muscle coordination [Question]

Output: Cerebellum


Input: [Answer] Nerves running from hindbrain through midbrain to cerebral cortex, controlling arousal and attention [Question]

Output: Recticular Formation


Input: [Answer] Responsible for fear responses and memory of fear [Question]

Output: Amygdala


Input: [Answer] Nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain [Question]

Output: Medulla


Input: [Answer] Relays messages between the cerebellum and cortex... Sleep and dreaming [Question]

Output: Pons


Input: [Answer] Touch, temp, body position [Question]

Output: Parietal Lobes


Input: [Answer] Auditory, language [Question]

Output: Temporal Lobes


Input: [Answer] Planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making [Question]

Output: Frontal Lobes


Input: [Answer] Processes visual info from eyes [Question]

Output: Occipital Lobes


Input: [Answer] "Rind", outer-covering packed of neurons [Question]

Output: Cortex


Input: [Answer] Processes info globally, emotional expression, spatial perception, face recognition (as well as patterns, melodies and emotions) [Question]

Output: Right Cerebral Hemisphere


Input: [Answer] Language, writing, logical thought, info processed sequentially [Question]

Output: Left Cerebral Hemisphere


Input: [Definition] A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain certain observations. [Term]

Output: theory


Input: [Definition] Anything that can change [Term]

Output: variable


Input: [Definition] An objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed [Term]

Output: operational definition


Input: [Definition] An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory. It is a prediction that can be tested. [Term]

Output: hypothesis


Input: [Definition] The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions. [Term]

Output: population


Input: [Definition] The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study. [Term]

Output: sample


Input: [Definition] Observation of behavior in real-world settings with no effort made to manipulate or control the situation. [Term]

Output: naturalistic observation


Input: [Definition] A test that requires people to answer a series of written or oral questions or sometimes both. [Term]

Output: standardized test


Input: [Definition] An in-depth look at a single individual; also known as a case history. [Term]

Output: case study


Input: [Definition] A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. [Term]

Output: correlational research


Input: [Definition] A special kind of systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. [Term]

Output: longitudinal design


Input: [Definition] A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant. [Term]

Output: true experiment


Input: [Definition] The manipulated experimental factor in an experiment. [Term]

Output: independent variable


Input: [Definition] A factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable. [Term]

Output: dependent variable


Input: [Definition] A group in the research study whose experience is manipulated. [Term]

Output: experimental group


Input: [Definition] A comparison group that is as much like the experimental group as possible and is treated in every way like the experimental group except for the manipulated factor. [Term]

Output: control group


Input: [Definition] Mathematical procedures that are used to descirbe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way. [Term]

Output: descriptive statistics


Input: [Definition] A statistical measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. [Term]

Output: mean


Input: [Definition] A statistical measure of central tendency that falls exactly in the middle of a distribution of scores after they have been arranged or ranked from highest to lowest. [Term]

Output: median


Input: [Definition] A statistical measure of central tendency: the score that occurs most often. [Term]

Output: mode


Input: [Definition] A statistical measure of variability that is the distance between the highest and lowest scores. [Term]

Output: range


Input: [Definition] A statistical measure of variability that involves how much the scores vary on the average around the mean of the sample. [Term]

Output: standard deviation


Input: [Answer] Used to measure mass [Question]

Output: Triple beam balance


Input: [Answer] Length [Question]

Output: The distance between 2 points


Input: [Answer] Mass [Question]

Output: The amount of matter in an object


Input: [Answer] Area [Question]

Output: The measurement found by calculating length x width


Input: [Answer] Volume [Question]

Output: The amount of space matter occupies


Input: [Answer] Temperature [Question]

Output: The measure of heat in an object


Input: [Answer] meters [Question]

Output: Length can be measured in


Input: [Answer] mass/volume [Question]

Output: Density can be determined by


Input: [Answer] grams [Question]

Output: Mass can be measured in


Input: [Answer] liters [Question]

Output: Volume of a liquid can be measured


Input: [Answer] Used to measure length [Question]

Output: Meter stick


Input: [Answer] Fahrenheit [Question]

Output: The common temperature scale used in the US


Input: [Answer] Celsius [Question]

Output: The temperature scale used by most of the world


Input: [Answer] Used to measure temperature [Question]

Output: Thermometer


Input: [Answer] Accuracy [Question]

Output: Correctness of a measure


Input: [Answer] Used to measure volume [Question]

Output: Beaker and graduated cylinder


Input: [Answer] precision [Question]

Output: Exactness of a measure


Input: [Question] Triple beam balance [Answer]

Output: Used to measure mass


Input: [Question] The distance between 2 points [Answer]

Output: Length


Input: [Question] The amount of matter in an object [Answer]

Output: Mass


Input: [Question] The measurement found by calculating length x width [Answer]

Output: Area


Input: [Question] The amount of space matter occupies [Answer]

Output: Volume


Input: [Question] The measure of heat in an object [Answer]

Output: Temperature


Input: [Question] Length can be measured in [Answer]

Output: meters


Input: [Question] Density can be determined by [Answer]

Output: mass/volume


Input: [Question] Mass can be measured in [Answer]

Output: grams


Input: [Question] Volume of a liquid can be measured [Answer]

Output: liters


Input: [Question] Meter stick [Answer]

Output: Used to measure length


Input: [Question] The common temperature scale used in the US [Answer]

Output: Fahrenheit


Input: [Question] The temperature scale used by most of the world [Answer]

Output: Celsius


Input: [Question] Thermometer [Answer]

Output: Used to measure temperature


Input: [Question] Correctness of a measure [Answer]

Output: Accuracy


Input: [Question] Beaker and graduated cylinder [Answer]

Output: Used to measure volume


Input: [Question] Exactness of a measure [Answer]

Output: precision


Input: [Question] Pituitary Gland [Answer]

Output: Regulates other endocrine glands


Input: [Question] Hypothalamus [Answer]

Output: Regulates fear, thirst, sex-drive, aggression


Input: [Question] Corpus Callosum [Answer]

Output: Connects left and right hemispheres of brain


Input: [Question] Cerebral Cortex [Answer]

Output: Controls complex thoughts, stores memories


Input: [Question] Thalamus [Answer]

Output: Relays info from sensory organs to cerebral cortex


Input: [Question] Hippocampus [Answer]

Output: Forms long-term memories, helps remember, plays role in emotions


Input: [Question] Cerebellum [Answer]

Output: Controls balance, maintains muscle coordination


Input: [Question] Recticular Formation [Answer]

Output: Nerves running from hindbrain through midbrain to cerebral cortex, controlling arousal and attention


Input: [Question] Amygdala [Answer]

Output: Responsible for fear responses and memory of fear


Input: [Question] Medulla [Answer]

Output: Nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain


Input: [Question] Pons [Answer]

Output: Relays messages between the cerebellum and cortex... Sleep and dreaming


Input: [Question] Parietal Lobes [Answer]

Output: Touch, temp, body position


Input: [Question] Temporal Lobes [Answer]

Output: Auditory, language


Input: [Question] Frontal Lobes [Answer]

Output: Planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making


Input: [Question] Occipital Lobes [Answer]

Output: Processes visual info from eyes


Input: [Question] Cortex [Answer]

Output: "Rind", outer-covering packed of neurons


Input: [Question] Right Cerebral Hemisphere [Answer]

Output: Processes info globally, emotional expression, spatial perception, face recognition (as well as patterns, melodies and emotions)


Input: [Question] Left Cerebral Hemisphere [Answer]

Output: Language, writing, logical thought, info processed sequentially


Input: [Answer] artifact [Question]

Output: an image on a radiograph that is not an actual structure but its caused by the technique


Input: [Answer] disclosure [Question]

Output: process of informing the patient about a procedure


Input: [Answer] informed consent [Question]

Output: permission granted by a patient after being informed about the details of a procedure


Input: [Answer] liable [Question]

Output: accountable or legally responsible


Input: [Answer] quality assurane [Question]

Output: a plan to ensure that the dental office produces consistent, high-quality images with a minimum of exposure to patients and personnel,


Input: [Answer] quality control tests [Question]

Output: specific tests used to ensure quaility in dental x-ray equipment, supplies, and film processing


Input: [Answer] stepwedge [Question]

Output: device constructed of layered aluminum steps to demonstrate film densities and contrasts


Input: [Answer] viewbox [Question]

Output: an illuminated boxlike device used to view radiographs


Input: [Answer] federal and state regulations [Question]

Output: The use of dental x-ray equpiment is regulated by


Input: [Answer] barriers, film speeds, position of the operator, and film processing [Question]

Output: Radiation health codes may include regulations pertaining to


Input: [Answer] five [Question]

Output: most states have laws that require inspections of dental x-ray equipment on a regular basis, such as every _____years.


Input: [Answer] DANB [Question]

Output: Some states require _________ certification and other states may require an additional examination in order to expose radiographs


Input: [Answer] patient consent, patient records, liability issues, and patient education [Question]

Output: Key areas of risk management include:


Input: [Answer] Dentist [Question]

Output: it is the ___________ responsibility to discuss the need for radiographs and treatment procedures with the patient


Input: [Answer] dental assistant [Question]

Output: the ___________ may participate in the process of obtaining informed consent


Input: [Answer] risks and benefits of radiographic procedures, person who will be exposing the radiographs, number and type of radiographs that will be taken, consequenes of not having the radiographs,and alternative diagnostic aids that may provide the same information [Question]

Output: before patients can give informed consent they must be provided with :


Input: [Answer] informed consent, malpractice or negligence [Question]

Output: if the dentist has not obtained____________ from the patient before exposure of dental radiographs a patient may legally claim_____________


Input: [Answer] informed consent, # and type of radiographs exposed, rationale for exposing radiographs,and diagnostic interpretation [Question]

Output: documentation of dental radiographs must include what information


Input: [Answer] dentist, patient, insurance company,dental radiographs are a part of the patients dental records [Question]

Output: radiographs are the property of the _____,even though the ______ or the patients _________ paid for them because____


Input: [Answer] request should be written and signed by patient, dentist should be informed, entry should be made in chart stating when and to whom duplicates were sent. [Question]

Output: what should be done when a patient requests that their dental radiographs be transferred to another dental office


Input: [Answer] never give or send the original radiographs to the patient [Question]

Output: when patients request radiographs what should never be done


Input: [Answer] the patients original radiographs [Question]

Output: if a lawsuit should ocur no defense is possible without what


Input: [Answer] indefinitely [Question]

Output: how long should dental radiographs be retained


Input: [Answer] liability for treating a paient without taking radiographs [Question]

Output: no document can be signed that totally releases the dentist from what


Input: [Answer] an injury were to result [Question]

Output: Even if the patient suggests signing a release or waiver that would release the dentist from liability, would be considered invalid if:


Input: [Answer] negligent care [Question]

Output: legally a patient cannot consent to what


Input: [Answer] the importance of radiography in detecting disease and planning treatment, diagnose treatment [Question]

Output: the dental assistant can explain to the patient________ but can not__________


Input: [Answer] single day's worthof natural background radiation [Question]

Output: The dental assistant can remind the patient that the dose from four bitewing films in about the same as a ___


Input: [Answer] dirt and scratches [Question]

Output: intensifying screens inside the extraoral cassette should be checked periodically for


Input: [Answer] monthly [Question]

Output: intensifying schreens should be cleaned_______ with a commercially available cleaner


Input: [Answer] antistatic solution [Question]

Output: after cleaning the intesifying screens what should be applied to the screen to prevent static electricity


Input: [Answer] the safelight is not safe to use with that type of film [Question]

Output: when doing the coin test what does it mean if the processed film has the image of a coin and a fogged background appear on the radiograph


Input: [Answer] processing solutions [Question]

Output: What is considered the most critical component in the quality control of film processing


Input: [Answer] compare the film densities against a standard ( reference radiograph or stepwedge) [Question]

Output: an easy way to check the strength of the developer solution is to :


Input: [Answer] 2 minutes [Question]

Output: when the fixer is at full strength a film should clear within


Input: [Answer] adjust chair, adjust headrest, place lead apron, remove personal objects [Question]

Output: during patient preparation prior to exposing radiographs what duties can be performed before putting on gloves


Input: [Answer] after glove removal [Question]

Output: do you remove lead apron before glove removal or after glove removal


Input: [Answer] identify the surfaces to be covered or disinfected with a high level surface disinfectant [Question]

Output: your first step in preparation of the operatory is to what


Input: [Answer] x-ray tubehead, pid,control panel,exposure button, lead apron, dental chair controls,operatory counter surfaces, darkroom equipment and sleeves on automatic processors [Question]

Output: which surfaces are likely to be contaminated during x-ray procedures


Input: [Answer] place a clear plastic barrier envelope over the film packet [Question]

Output: one technique that can be used to minimize contamination of the film packet by saliva is to:


Input: [Answer] cotton rolls [Question]

Output: what can be used to stabilize film placement in the patients mouth


Input: [Answer] if ther eis a likelihood that blood or other body fluids may spatter, or if you or the patient has a cough or a cold [Question]

Output: when taking radiographs when should you wear a mask and protective eyewear?


Input: [Answer] contaminated film packets [Question]

Output: what is considered the major source of cross contamination durig radiographic procedures


Input: [Answer] the solution seeping into the emulsion and damaging the image [Question]

Output: immersion of the film packet in a disinfecting solution can result in what


Input: [Answer] in a room where additional films are being exposed [Question]

Output: to prevent film fog caused by radiation never place the container filled with exposed films where


Input: [Answer] in the operators lab coat or uniform pocket [Question]

Output: exposed films should never be placed where


Input: [Answer] lead foil, environmental hazard [Question]

Output: when processing dental radiographs, you have to recycle the ____ in the film packet as it is considered


Input: [Answer] stress, embarrassment, loss of income and expenses incurred in seeking additional treatment [Question]

Output: harm for which a dentist could be held liable may include


Input: [Answer] places on the skin that are broken and painful [Question]

Output: sores


Input: [Answer] made less tight [Question]

Output: loosened


Input: [Answer] hard to understand or explain [Question]

Output: mysterious


Input: [Answer] surprise and wonder [Question]

Output: amazement


Input: [Answer] in the middle of something [Question]

Output: midst


Input: [Answer] having a job or duty to perform [Question]

Output: responsibility


Input: [Answer] made of small pieces of fabric [Question]

Output: patchwork


Input: [Answer] cone-shaped tents made from animal skins by Native Americans [Question]

Output: tipis


Input: [Answer] thrown away [Question]

Output: discarded


Input: [Answer] reddish-brown horses [Question]

Output: bays


Input: [Answer] grayish- or reddish-brown horses [Question]

Output: chestnuts


Input: [Answer] pintos; horses with irregular spots or markings [Question]

Output: paints


Input: [Question] To force or to persuade through threats or intimisation. [Answer]

Output: Coerce


Input: [Question] The degree to which consumers' desires for a product are affected by prcie. [Answer]

Output: Demand Elasticity


Input: [Question] Consumers' perception of the value of a product. [Answer]

Output: Subjective price


Input: [Question] Major factor in success or failure of a business. [Answer]

Output: Price


Input: [Question] When sales revenue equals the cost and expences of making and distributing a product. [Answer]

Output: Break-even point


Input: [Question] An agreement amoung competitors to establish price ranges. [Answer]

Output: Price fixing


Input: [Question] The value of money or of a nonmonetary item palced on a good or servie. [Answer]

Output: Price


Input: [Question] An item priced at cost to attract contomers. [Answer]

Output: Loss leader


Input: [Question] A product's profitability. [Answer]

Output: Return on investment


Input: [Question] Matter of anticipated satisfication [Answer]

Output: Value


Input: [Question] A company's profit is equal to its return on investment. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Bartering involes the exchange of goods or services for a mutally agreed-on amount of money. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Some companies have products whose faetures are very similar to the products of their competitors. Such companies can successfully compete by adding place utility to their products. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Retailers who are in business in states with minimum price laws are prohibited from using the loss leader technique to attract customers. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] The practice of punishing retailers was outlawed in the Robinson-Patman Act of 1975. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] What industry was adversely affected by price wars? [Answer]

Output: The home scanner industry


Input: [Question] What does the lawof diminishing marginal utilitys state ? [Answer]

Output: Consumers will buy only a limited amount of a product no matter how low its price


Input: [Question] What is the law which prohibits companies from engaging in price fixing? [Answer]

Output: Sherman Antitrust Act


Input: [Question] What is a firm's percentage of the total sales volume generated by all competiters in a given market? [Answer]

Output: market share


Input: [Question] How does most price planning begin? [Answer]

Output: Cost and expense analysis


Input: [Question] An organization will produce 2,000 calendars which it plans to sell for $12 each. The cost of producing and marketing the calendars will be $3.75 each. The oranization will have to sell _____ before it begins to make a profit. [Answer]

Output: 625


Input: [Question] To understand pricing, a marketer must first understand the ____, which is also known as the anticipated satisfication consumers place on a product. [Answer]

Output: Value


Input: [Question] The manufacturers of Sparkle Detergent sell 15 percent of all the laundry detergent sold in the greater Miami, Ohio, area. Therefore 15 percent is the company's market ____. [Answer]

Output: Share


Input: [Question] Wages, rent, and loan intrest are all examples of _____. [Answer]

Output: Price


Input: [Question] Bo has a home-based business making jellies and jams. He sells his fruit condiments for $6 a jar. The manufacuturing cost is $3.25 a jar; their distribution and marketing costs are an addional $1.15 per jar. Their rate of return on investment is _____. [Answer]

Output: 36 percent


Input: [Question] Jamie trusts the brand and will not buy any other over-the-counter cold medicine for his children. Jamies's demand for All-Better Pediatric Cold Medicine is ____. [Answer]

Output: Inelastic


Input: [Question] Comparison of simialr products is possible because of the ____ pricing the stores use to show prices in relation to a standard measure such as cost-per-ounce. [Answer]

Output: Unit


Input: [Question] An hour before company is due, you realize you have no chocolate. You run to the store, eager to buy any brand of chocolate you can fine. Price is not important at this moment. Your demand for chocolate is ________. [Answer]

Output: inelastic


Input: [Question] Offering one customer one price for a product and another customer a different price for the same product in a similar situation is called price __________. [Answer]

Output: discrimination


Input: [Question] Bakody’s Sign? [Answer]

Output: Patient presents with neck and arm pain radicular pain—test—ask the patient to place their hand on their head. If it goes away when hand is on the head, then it is indicative of a posterolateral disk herniation or nerve root compromise


Input: [Question] O’Donaoghues Maneuver? [Answer]

Output: Perform cervical ROM, pain with passive is ligamentus, and pain with resisted is muscle


Input: [Question] Soto-Hall Test? [Answer]

Output: Cervical spine is passively flexed while sternum is stable. Place patient’s arms overhead, and chin towards sternum. A positive test would be pain during testing indicating a neck fracture


Input: [Question] Valsalva’s Maneuver? [Answer]

Output: have patient place thumb in mouth and blow, radiating pain could be indicative of a SOL


Input: [Question] Adson’s Test? [Answer]

Output: TOS test-while taking the radial pulse of the patient with arm hanging down by their side, they turn their head and look to the same should of the palpation, and then have them breathe in. Decrease in strength of pulse indicates compression between ant a


Input: [Question] Costoclavicular Manuever? [Answer]

Output: Patient flexes head while the doctor palpates the radial pulse and extends shoulder—reductions in strength of pulse indicates compression between clavicle and first rib


Input: [Question] Wright’s Test-Also known as Hyperabduction test? [Answer]

Output: Radial pulse palpated and then abduct the arm 180 degress—reduction in pulse indicates neurovascular compression under the pec minor


Input: [Question] Roo’s Test? [Answer]

Output: Hold arms like goal posts, and open and close fists for 3 min or until symptoms appear…indicates neurovascular compression, but does not indicate the source


Input: [Question] Allen’s Test? [Answer]

Output: Do this TOS test first. Patient lays hands open on lap facing upwards and they rapidly open and close fists, and then the radial and ulnar arteries are occulded—once opened if there is a delay then it is indicative that TOS test may not be accurate


Input: [Question] Forminal Compression Test? [Answer]

Output: Rotate patient’s head and press downwards—generalized –facet capsulities or foraminal encroachment—radicular is nerve root compromise


Input: [Question] Cervical Compression Test? [Answer]

Output: Patients head in a neutral position and doctor presses straight down on patient’s head—generalized increase in discomfort, facet capsuilites or foraminal encroachment—radiating—nerve root encroachment


Input: [Question] Jackson Compression Test? [Answer]

Output: Axial compression with patient’s head tilted—localized-foraminal encroachment and radicular is nerve root compromise


Input: [Question] Maximal Foraminal Compression? [Answer]

Output: rotates head and hyperextends (closing the facets)—local pain on side of flexed =facet involvement; radicular main on concave side=nerve root involvement, Local pain convex side is tissue involvement, and radicular pain on convex side is adhesions


Input: [Question] Cervical Distraction Test? [Answer]

Output: doctor applies gentle upward axial stretch, generalized=muscle spasm and relief=may indicate intervertebral formainal encroachment, or facet capsulitis


Input: [Question] Schepelmann’s Sign? [Answer]

Output: Seated patient laterally flexes side to side—side of concave is intercostals neuralgia, side of convex is intercostals myofascitis


Input: [Question] Beevor’s Sign? [Answer]

Output: Supine patient flexes head—when ab muscles contract their umbilicus should stay in the same place. If it doesn’t, it is indicative of T10 cord compression


Input: [Question] Shoulder Depression Test? [Answer]

Output: Patient laterally flexes away from the shoulder that the doctor presses down—production of pain=dural sleeve adhesions, or foraminal encroachment, and local pain =local tissue irritation


Input: [Question] Chest (Thoracic) Expansion Test? [Answer]

Output: measures the circumference of inhaled chest around the 4th rib, also measure symmetry by the width on their back—Diminishing Chest Expansion=Ankylosing spondylitis, intercostals neuralgia, pulmonary pathology, rib pathology Unequal expansion=atelectasis


Input: [Question] Modified Spurlings? [Answer]

Output: Head is gradually rotated, and extended while adding an axial compression, generalized increase-facet capsulitis and radicular-formainal encroachment to nerve compromise


Input: [Question] Libman's Sign [Answer]

Output: Doctor applies pressure to the patient's mastoid--indication of patient's pain threshold


Input: [Question] Spinal percussion? [Answer]

Output: spinous processes are percussed with a reflex hammer—pain is a nonspecific finding


Input: [Question] Costovertebral stress (seated)? [Answer]

Output: stress is applied to the angle of the ribs—px indicates costovertebral or costosternal irritation; loss of movement indicates fixation of the costotransverse and/or costovertebral articulation in the posterior to anterior translation (Caliper)


Input: [Question] Rib compression test (Seated)? [Answer]

Output: examiner compresses the rib cage while the patient takes a deep breath—relief indicates intercostals neuralgia with hypomobile costotransverse articulation; localized pain indicates lesion at the location of the pain


Input: [Question] Lateral chest (Rib) compression? [Answer]

Output: side to side compression of the rib cage is applied; tenderness at the costosternal jx indicates inflammatory reaction of the articulation; pain in the back indicates costotransverse lesions; localized pain on the side of the rib indicates frx


Input: [Question] Sternal AP compression test? [Answer]

Output: AP sterna compression is applied; tenderness at costosternal junction indicates inflammation of that joint; pain in the back indicates posterior rib articulations irritated; localized pain may indicate frx


Input: [Question] Rib springing test (prone)? [Answer]

Output: double thenar contacts over rib cage. examiner applies body force gently springing the ribs and stressing the costovertebral joints; lack of spring or pain indicates loss of caliper or bucket handle motion or intercostals muscle strain


Input: [Question] shadow [Answer]

Output: the dark area created by an object that stops light


Input: [Question] orientation [Answer]

Output: a position or arrangement in relation to another position or location


Input: [Question] compass [Answer]

Output: an instrument used to determine direction. The needle points to magnetic north


Input: [Question] Sun [Answer]

Output: a star around which Earth and other planets revolve (turn). Gives off heat and light energy


Input: [Question] direction [Answer]

Output: the course or line around which something moves, lies, or points


Input: [Question] thermometer [Answer]

Output: a tool to measure temperature


Input: [Question] elapsed time [Answer]

Output: the difference between a start time and an ending time


Input: [Question] earth material [Answer]

Output: nonliving substance that makes up or comes from the earth


Input: [Question] energy transfer [Answer]

Output: the change of energy from one form to another (such as light to heat), or the movement of energy from one object to another (such as heat moving from air to soil or water)


Input: [Question] heat sink [Answer]

Output: a material, such as water, that can absorb a large amount of heat for its volume and release energy slowly


Input: [Question] solar energy [Answer]

Output: energy from the Sun. This energy takes several forms, including visible light and infrared light that can be felt as heat


Input: [Question] absorb [Answer]

Output: to take up, soak in, or capture. Black plastic absorbs the Sun’s energy


Input: [Question] reflect [Answer]

Output: to bounce back. White plastic reflects the Sun’s energy


Input: [Question] solar collector [Answer]

Output: a material used to capture solar energy in a water heater or other device


Input: [Question] surface area [Answer]

Output: the total surface of an object; for a rectangle or square surface it equals length times width


Input: [Question] space heating [Answer]

Output: the transfer of heat energy to air in an enclosed space


Input: [Question] passive solar energy [Answer]

Output: a system providing space heating (or cooling) by the action of sunshine falling on the building without the assistance of mechanical or electrical devices


Input: [Question] active solar energy [Answer]

Output: a system providing space heating (or cooling) by the action of sunshine falling on collectors and the assistance of mechanical or electrical devices to move heat around


Input: [Question] Life science [Answer]

Output: A term that encompasses all scientific pursuits related to living organisms


Input: [Question] Archaeology [Answer]

Output: The study of past human life as revealed by preserved relics


Input: [Question] Artifacts [Answer]

Output: Objects made by people such as tools, weapons, containers, etc.


Input: [Question] Geology [Answer]

Output: The study of earth's history as revealed in the rocks that make up the earth


Input: [Question] Paleontology [Answer]

Output: The study of life's history as revealed in the preserved remains of once-living plants and animals


Input: [Question] Internal test for historical accuracy of a document [Answer]

Output: Test to see whether or not the document is internally consistent, or doesn't contradict itself


Input: [Question] Aristotle's dictim [Answer]

Output: The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document itself, not assigned by the critic to himself


Input: [Question] External test for historical accuracy of a document [Answer]

Output: Test to see whether or not the document contradicts other known historical facts


Input: [Question] Bibliographic test for historical accuracy of a document [Answer]

Output: A historical test that attempts to determine whether or not the version of the document that exists is a faithful representation of the original


Input: [Question] Known age [Answer]

Output: The age of an artifact as determined by a date printed on it or a reference to the artifact in a work of history


Input: [Question] Dendrochronology [Answer]

Output: The process of counting tree rings to determine the age of a tree


Input: [Question] Radiometric dating [Answer]

Output: Using a radioactive process to determine the age of an item


Input: [Question] Absolute age [Answer]

Output: The calculated age of an artifact from a specific dating method that is used to determine when the artifact was made


Input: [Question] The Principle of Superposition [Answer]

Output: When artifacts are found in rock or earth that is layered, the deeper layers hold the older artifacts.


Input: [Question] True or False? The only ages that are certain in archaeology are the KNOWN ages. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] True or False? Ages determined by dendrochronology are upper limits for the age of an artifact [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Strata [Answer]

Output: The distinct layers found in soil and/or rock


Input: [Definition] consists of two separate, but interrelated, theories: structural theory and developmental theory [Term]

Output: Personality Theory


Input: [Definition] Posits the personality with three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego [Term]

Output: Structural Theory


Input: [Definition] Present at births, consists of the individual's unconscious instinctual drives or needs. It seeks immediate gratification [Term]

Output: Id


Input: [Definition] According to Freud, the function of the id that reduces tension by gratifying instinctual needs without regard for logic, reality, or morality. [Term]

Output: Pleasure Principle


Input: [Definition] Develops at about six months in response to the id's inability to gratify all of its needs. Operates on the basis of the Reality Principle - it defers gratification of the id's instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality and uses second [Term]

Output: Ego


Input: [Definition] According to Freud, the ego function which gratifies id needs in a manner consistent with the realistic demands of the environment. [Term]

Output: Reality Principle


Input: [Definition] Emerges when the child is between four and five; represents an internalization of society's values and standards as conveyed to the child by his/her parents through their rewards and punishments. [Term]

Output: Superego


Input: [Definition] A conflict between the id's impulses and the demands of either reality or the superego [Term]

Output: Anxiety


Input: [Definition] When the ego is not able to resolve a conflict through reactional, realistic means. Two characteristics: 1) they operate on an unconscious level; and 2) they serve to deny or distort reality. [Term]

Output: Defense Mechanisms


Input: [Definition] Repression, Fixation, Regression, Introjection, Projection, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Displacement, and Sublimation [Term]

Output: Defense Mechanisms (9 terms)


Input: [Definition] Freud divided the mind into three areas; the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. Repression occurs when the id's drives are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. [Term]

Output: Repression


Input: [Definition] A person is exhibiting fixation when, as the result of an unresolved conflict or other trauma during a particular stage of development, the person remains (becomes fixated) at that stage. [Term]

Output: Fixation


Input: [Definition] Occurs when a person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development and behaves in ways characteristic of that stage. [Term]

Output: Regression


Input: [Definition] When one incorporates into one's ego system the picture of an object as one conceives the object to be. [Term]

Output: Introjection


Input: [Definition] Involves attributing one's own unacceptable instinctual needs to other people. [Term]

Output: Projection


Input: [Definition] Entails explaining one's unacceptable behaviors in ways which make them appear rational and socially acceptable. [Term]

Output: Rationalization


Input: [Definition] The transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target so the drive can be more safely expressed. [Term]

Output: Displacement


Input: [Definition] A type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially-acceptable, even admirable, activity. [Term]

Output: Sublimation


Input: [Definition] Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes one's personality is formed during childhood as the result of certain experiences which occur during the five psychosexual stages of development. [Term]

Output: Developmental Theory


Input: [Definition] 1) Oral; 2) Anal; 3) Phallic; 4) Latency; & 5) Genital [Term]

Output: Psychosexual Stages of Development


Input: [Definition] First stage of psychosexual development (age 0 to 12 months), when pleasure is centered on the mouth area. [Term]

Output: Oral Stage


Input: [Definition] Second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination. [Term]

Output: Anal Stage


Input: [Definition] Third stage of psychosexual development (three to six years), when gratification is centered on the genital area. The Oedipus conflict occurs during this time. [Term]

Output: Phallic Stage


Input: [Definition] Fourth stage of psychosexual development (six to twelve years), emphasis is developing social skills rather than sexual gratification. [Term]

Output: Latency Stage


Input: [Definition] Fifth stage of psychosexual development (Twelve + years), when sexual gratification is achieved through sexual intercourse. [Term]

Output: Genital Stage


Input: [Definition] The incestual attraction the boy has toward his mother and its accompanying desire to kill the rival for his mother's affection (i.e. father) and fear of castration by his father. [Term]

Output: Oedipus Conflict


Input: [Definition] The result of unresolved unconscious conflicts which occurred during childhood. [Term]

Output: Maladaptive Behavior


Input: [Definition] To alleviate pathological symptoms by making the unconscious conscious and reintegrating previously repressed material into the total personality structure. [Term]

Output: Therapeutic Goals


Input: [Definition] The main targets of analysis are the client's free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences. [Term]

Output: Therapeutic Techniques


Input: [Definition] Requires the client to say whatever comes to mind without censure. [Term]

Output: Free Association


Input: [Definition] To help uncover unconscious conflicts and motives. [Term]

Output: Dream Analysis


Input: [Definition] Client may resist further confrontation with previously unconscious material to avoid anxiety. Resistance can be manifested by missed appointments, tardiness, and avoidance of certain topics or periods of silence. [Term]

Output: Resistance


Input: [Definition] Allows the client to project onto the therapist feelings he or she originally had for a parent or other significant person in the past. [Term]

Output: Transference


Input: [Definition] A therapist's inappropriate emotional reactions to the client. [Term]

Output: Countertransference


Input: [Definition] Restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms. [Term]

Output: Clarification


Input: [Definition] Making statements which help the client see his/her behavior in a new way. [Term]

Output: Confrontation


Input: [Definition] Explicitly connecting a client's current behavior to unconscious processes. [Term]

Output: Interpretation


Input: [Definition] The emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material; it paves the way for the client's insight into the relationship between his/her current behaviors and unconscious processes. [Term]

Output: Catharsis


Input: [Definition] The final and longest stage in psychoanalysis, allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality. [Term]

Output: Working Through


Input: [Definition] Defense mechanism involving replacing an anxiety-arousing impulse with its direct opposite. [Term]

Output: Reaction Formation


Input: [Question] abhor [Answer]

Output: to regard with extreme repugnance; to detest utterly; to loathe


Input: [Question] accolade [Answer]

Output: praise; an award


Input: [Question] ascetic [Answer]

Output: one who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury


Input: [Question] bequeath [Answer]

Output: to hand down, to give or to leave in a will


Input: [Question] charlatan [Answer]

Output: one who claims to know something that he does not; a quack


Input: [Question] conflagration [Answer]

Output: a large fire


Input: [Question] dearth [Answer]

Output: a lack, a scarcity


Input: [Question] diffidence [Answer]

Output: shyness, reserve, unassertiveness


Input: [Question] effervescent [Answer]

Output: showing high spirits


Input: [Question] ethereal [Answer]

Output: heavenly, unusually delicate, light, lacking material substance, intangible


Input: [Question] expunge [Answer]

Output: to remove, to erase


Input: [Question] guile [Answer]

Output: deceitfulness, duplicity


Input: [Question] implausible [Answer]

Output: not believable


Input: [Question] incongruity [Answer]

Output: nonconformity, disagreement, incompatibility


Input: [Question] insularity [Answer]

Output: qualities of an island; narrow-mindedness of opinion


Input: [Question] morose [Answer]

Output: being sullen or gloomy


Input: [Question] placate [Answer]

Output: to appease or to pacify by making concessions


Input: [Question] poignant [Answer]

Output: piercing, incisive, and keen


Input: [Question] provincial [Answer]

Output: lacking sophistication, narrow-minded


Input: [Question] reiterate [Answer]

Output: to repeat


Input: [Question] spontaneous [Answer]

Output: having no external cause, acting on impulse


Input: [Question] synthesis [Answer]

Output: combining parts into a whole


Input: [Question] toxic [Answer]

Output: poisonous


Input: [Question] vigilant [Answer]

Output: very alert, watchful


Input: [Question] voluble [Answer]

Output: ability to use words easily, fluent and glib


Input: [Question] anticipation [Answer]

Output: when you are expecting something to happen


Input: [Question] benefited [Answer]

Output: gave you an advantage, improved your life, or helped you in some way


Input: [Question] committed [Answer]

Output: willing to work very hard at something


Input: [Question] desperate [Answer]

Output: willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger


Input: [Question] emphasize [Answer]

Output: to say something in a strong way


Input: [Question] hesitate [Answer]

Output: to pause before saying or doing something because you are nervous or not sure


Input: [Question] interfere [Answer]

Output: to deliberately get involved in a situation where you are not wanted or needed


Input: [Question] overwhelming [Answer]

Output: having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react


Input: [Question] predicament [Answer]

Output: a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice


Input: [Question] unproductive [Answer]

Output: not achieving very much


Input: [Question] ___________ is a fluid's resistance to flow(how difficult it is for fluid to flow) [Answer]

Output: Viscosity


Input: [Question] If a fluid is thick, the viscosity is: [Answer]

Output: greater, flows slower


Input: [Question] The ____________ is the speed at which a liquid flows [Answer]

Output: flow rate


Input: [Question] when _________ the particles in a substance move further apart [Answer]

Output: heated


Input: [Question] when gasses are heated the viscosity of the gas _________ [Answer]

Output: increases


Input: [Question] when liquids are heated, the viscosity of the liquid _______ [Answer]

Output: decreases


Input: [Question] _____________ is the property of fluids that makes the particles hold together because they are attracted to each other [Answer]

Output: cohesion


Input: [Question] _____________ is the effect that the particles at the surface attract each other and form a "skin" [Answer]

Output: surface tension


Input: [Question] ___________ is the attraction between particles of a fluid and another substance so that the fluid clings to it [Answer]

Output: adhesion


Input: [Question] in a gas or a liquid, the deeper you go, the ______ the pressure is [Answer]

Output: greater


Input: [Question] in a gas or a liquid, the deeper you go, the greater the pressure is because [Answer]

Output: there is more air or liquid above the point pushing down


Input: [Question] because of all the air in the atmosphere, the pressure at sea level is a little more than: [Answer]

Output: 100kPa


Input: [Question] 100kPa is called: [Answer]

Output: one atmosphere


Input: [Question] the ____________ you go in a gas or a liquid, the less pressure there is [Answer]

Output: higher


Input: [Question] for every 10m deeper in water, the pressure increases by: [Answer]

Output: 1 atmosphere


Input: [Question] ________ is the tendency for objects to rise or float in a fluid [Answer]

Output: buoyancy


Input: [Question] buoyancy occurs because: [Answer]

Output: differences in density of the object and the fluid


Input: [Question] ______________ is the force of the fluid pushing up on the object [Answer]

Output: buoyant force


Input: [Question] hot air rises because of buoyant force on the hotter air. this process is called: [Answer]

Output: convection


Input: [Question] ovjects float or sink based on: [Answer]

Output: whether the buoyant force is greater or less than the gravitational force


Input: [Question] when pressure is applied at one point in a fluid in an enclosed system, that pressure is transmitted _____ thoughout the entire system. [Answer]

Output: qually


Input: [Question] when pressure is applied at one point in a fluid in an enclosed system, that pressure is transmitted equally thoughout the entire system. called: [Answer]

Output: static pressure


Input: [Question] ________ is the sideways pressure exerted by a fluid in motion [Answer]

Output: dynamic pressure


Input: [Question] as the speed of a fluid increases, the dynamic pressure __________ [Answer]

Output: decreases


Input: [Question] ________________ are systems that use pressure in liquids to do work [Answer]

Output: Hydraulic systems


Input: [Question] (true or false) since liquids aren't normally compressible, applying a force to a liquid transmits the force along the liquid [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] 2 important parts of hydraulic systems are _____ and _____ [Answer]

Output: pumps and valves


Input: [Question] what do pumps do in the hydraulic system? [Answer]

Output: put the liquid under pressure


Input: [Question] what do valves do in the hydraulic system? [Answer]

Output: control the passage of the liquid through a pipe


Input: [Question] Hydraulic systems can also be used to: [Answer]

Output: multiply the force exerted by a liquid


Input: [Question] _____________ are systems that use pressure in gases to do work [Answer]

Output: pneumatic systems


Input: [Question] since gases can be compressed, pneumatic systems use ______ [Answer]

Output: compressors


Input: [Question] the gas is compressed and then when the pressure is released, the expansion of the gas causes: [Answer]

Output: a short burst of strong, steady force to do work


Input: [Question] common problems in pneumatic systems are: [Answer]

Output: 1. loss of pressure due to leaks in the system 2. reduction of the gas flow due to blockage of the passageway


Input: [Question] The ________ transports blood throughout the body [Answer]

Output: circulatory system


Input: [Question] the _____ is the pump which moves the blood through the blood vessels [Answer]

Output: heart


Input: [Question] the blood is kept under pressure to move it to all parts of the body. each beat _____ the pressure, and then it falls again before the next beat [Answer]

Output: inreases


Input: [Question] blood pressure is measured with a : [Answer]

Output: sphygmomanometer


Input: [Question] blockages in the vessles cause increased pressure, which can cause them to: [Answer]

Output: burst


Input: [Question] the ______ brings air into the body and removes corbon dioxide from the body [Answer]

Output: respiratory system


Input: [Question] _____ changes the air pressure to make the air move [Answer]

Output: breathing


Input: [Question] when you inhale, the increased space _____ the air pressure inside your lungs, so the higher pressure outside pushes air in [Answer]

Output: reduces


Input: [Question] when you exhale, the _____ and ribs compress the air in your lungs and so it is pushed out of the body [Answer]

Output: diaphragm


Input: [Question] infections and diseases such as asthma _____ the air passages, resulting in difficulty breathing [Answer]

Output: narrows


Input: [Question] when you breathe in: [Answer]

Output: the diaphragm moves down and the chest cavity expands


Input: [Question] when you breathe out: [Answer]

Output: the diaphragm moves up and the chest cavity contracts


Input: [Answer] to regard with extreme repugnance; to detest utterly; to loathe [Question]

Output: abhor


Input: [Answer] praise; an award [Question]

Output: accolade


Input: [Answer] one who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury [Question]

Output: ascetic


Input: [Answer] to hand down, to give or to leave in a will [Question]

Output: bequeath


Input: [Answer] one who claims to know something that he does not; a quack [Question]

Output: charlatan


Input: [Answer] a large fire [Question]

Output: conflagration


Input: [Answer] a lack, a scarcity [Question]

Output: dearth


Input: [Answer] shyness, reserve, unassertiveness [Question]

Output: diffidence


Input: [Answer] showing high spirits [Question]

Output: effervescent


Input: [Answer] heavenly, unusually delicate, light, lacking material substance, intangible [Question]

Output: ethereal


Input: [Answer] to remove, to erase [Question]

Output: expunge


Input: [Answer] deceitfulness, duplicity [Question]

Output: guile


Input: [Answer] not believable [Question]

Output: implausible


Input: [Answer] nonconformity, disagreement, incompatibility [Question]

Output: incongruity


Input: [Answer] qualities of an island; narrow-mindedness of opinion [Question]

Output: insularity


Input: [Answer] being sullen or gloomy [Question]

Output: morose


Input: [Answer] to appease or to pacify by making concessions [Question]

Output: placate


Input: [Answer] piercing, incisive, and keen [Question]

Output: poignant


Input: [Answer] lacking sophistication, narrow-minded [Question]

Output: provincial


Input: [Answer] to repeat [Question]

Output: reiterate


Input: [Answer] having no external cause, acting on impulse [Question]

Output: spontaneous


Input: [Answer] combining parts into a whole [Question]

Output: synthesis


Input: [Answer] poisonous [Question]

Output: toxic


Input: [Answer] very alert, watchful [Question]

Output: vigilant


Input: [Answer] ability to use words easily, fluent and glib [Question]

Output: voluble


Input: [Answer] light [Question]

Output: energy that travels in waves and can move through empty space


Input: [Answer] reflection [Question]

Output: the bouncing back of light waves off a surface


Input: [Answer] refraction [Question]

Output: the bending of light waves as they travel from one surface to another


Input: [Answer] lens [Question]

Output: a curved piece of glass that bends light rays


Input: [Answer] convex lens [Question]

Output: a lens that is thicker in the center and thinner at the edges, a shape that bends light inward


Input: [Answer] concave lens [Question]

Output: a lens that is thinner in the center and thicker on the edges, a shape that bends light outward


Input: [Question] Solution [Answer]

Output: is a mixture that has the same composition, color density and even taste throughout


Input: [Question] Solute [Answer]

Output: The substance being dissolved.


Input: [Question] Solvent [Answer]

Output: The substance doing the dissolving


Input: [Question] Polar [Answer]

Output: Which means it has a positive area and negative area


Input: [Question] Solubility [Answer]

Output: Is the max amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent


Input: [Question] Saturated solution [Answer]

Output: Is a solution that contains all the solute it can hold at any given temperature


Input: [Question] Unsaturated solutions [Answer]

Output: A solution that can hold no more of the solute at a particular temperature is said to be a saturated solution at that temperature.


Input: [Question] Super saturated solution [Answer]

Output: Solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is known as super saturated solution. If a crystal of solute is added to this solution, the excess of solute crystallizes.


Input: [Question] Supra [Answer]

Output: above; upper


Input: [Question] Sub [Answer]

Output: Under; below


Input: [Question] Ab [Answer]

Output: Away from


Input: [Question] Ad [Answer]

Output: Toward


Input: [Question] Inter [Answer]

Output: Between


Input: [Question] Intra [Answer]

Output: Within; into


Input: [Question] Arteri/o [Answer]

Output: Artery


Input: [Question] Arthr/o [Answer]

Output: Joint


Input: [Question] Ather/o [Answer]

Output: Plaque (fatty substance)


Input: [Question] Ectomy [Answer]

Output: Removal


Input: [Question] Pathy [Answer]

Output: Disease


Input: [Question] Ic [Answer]

Output: Pertaining to


Input: [Question] Dynia [Answer]

Output: Pain


Input: [Question] Rrhage [Answer]

Output: Bursting forth (of blood)


Input: [Question] Rrhaphy [Answer]

Output: Suture


Input: [Question] Rrhea [Answer]

Output: Flow; Discharge


Input: [Question] Rrhexis [Answer]

Output: Rupture


Input: [Question] Scopy [Answer]

Output: Visual examination


Input: [Question] Stenosis [Answer]

Output: Tightening; Stricture


Input: [Question] Sclerosis [Answer]

Output: Hardening


Input: [Question] Centesis [Answer]

Output: Surgical puncture to remove fluid.


Input: [Question] Gram [Answer]

Output: Record


Input: [Question] Graphy [Answer]

Output: Process of recording


Input: [Question] Cephal/o [Answer]

Output: Head


Input: [Question] Caud/o [Answer]

Output: Lower part of body


Input: [Question] Coron/o [Answer]

Output: Toward the head


Input: [Question] Dist/o [Answer]

Output: Far; distant


Input: [Question] Anter/o [Answer]

Output: Front


Input: [Question] Medi/o [Answer]

Output: Middle


Input: [Question] Dors/o [Answer]

Output: Back


Input: [Question] Poster/o [Answer]

Output: Back (of body); behind


Input: [Question] Proxim/o [Answer]

Output: Near


Input: [Question] Trans [Answer]

Output: Across; through


Input: [Question] Later/o [Answer]

Output: Side


Input: [Question] Ventr/o [Answer]

Output: Belly side of body


Input: [Question] Midsagitt/o [Answer]

Output: At the middle, from top to bottom


Input: [Question] Infer/o [Answer]

Output: Below, beneath


Input: [Question] Necrosis [Answer]

Output: Death of tissue


Input: [Question] Osis [Answer]

Output: Disease, abnormal condition


Input: [Question] Ostomy [Answer]

Output: Surgically creating a new opening or mouth


Input: [Question] Otomy [Answer]

Output: A cutting operation


Input: [Question] pharmaceutic phase [Answer]

Output: the first phase of drug action, also known as dissolution


Input: [Question] disintegration [Answer]

Output: the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles


Input: [Question] dissolution [Answer]

Output: the dissolving of smaller particles into the GI fluid before absorption


Input: [Question] Rate limiting [Answer]

Output: the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become avaliable to the body to absorb it


Input: [Question] pharmacokinetic phase [Answer]

Output: the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. The 4 processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation) and excretion (or elimination).


Input: [Question] absorption [Answer]

Output: the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption or pinocytosis


Input: [Question] passive absorption [Answer]

Output: occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration); energy is not required


Input: [Question] active absorption [Answer]

Output: requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient; energy is required


Input: [Question] pinocytosis [Answer]

Output: is a process by which cells carry a drug accros their memebrane by engulfing the drug particles


Input: [Question] *Remember* [Answer]

Output: drugs that are lipid soluble and nonionized are absorbed faster than water-soluble ad ionized drugs


Input: [Question] first-pass effect [Answer]

Output: the process in which the drug passes to the liver first, ex: wafrarin and morphine


Input: [Question] Bioavailibility [Answer]

Output: a subcategory of absorption; it is the % of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.


Input: [Question] Factors that affect Bioavailibility [Answer]

Output: Bioavailibility the drug form, the route, GI mucosa and motility, food and other drugs and changes in liver metabolism


Input: [Question] distribution [Answer]

Output: the process by which the drug becomes avaliable to the body fluids and body tissues


Input: [Question] half-life [Answer]

Output: the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated


Input: [Question] elimination [Answer]

Output: main route is through the kidneys


Input: [Question] creatinine clearance [Answer]

Output: most accurate test to determine renal function


Input: [Question] pharmacodynamic [Answer]

Output: is the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body


Input: [Question] onset of action [Answer]

Output: the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered


Input: [Question] peak action [Answer]

Output: occurs when the druge reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration


Input: [Question] duration of action [Answer]

Output: is the length of time the drug as a pharmacologic effect


Input: [Question] time-response curve [Answer]

Output: evaluates 3 parameters of drug action; the onset of drug action, peak action and duration of action


Input: [Question] receptor families [Answer]

Output: 4 families; kinase-linked receptor, ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptor systems and nuclear receptors


Input: [Question] ligand-binding domain [Answer]

Output: the site on the receptor in which drugs bind


Input: [Question] kinase-linked receptors [Answer]

Output: the ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface, the drug activates the enzyme (inside the cell) and a response is initiated


Input: [Question] ligand-gated ion channels [Answer]

Output: the drug spans the cell memebrane and with this type of repetor,the channel opens, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cell. The ions are primarily sodium and calcium


Input: [Question] G protein-coupled receptor systems [Answer]

Output: there are 3 components to this receptor response; the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate and the effector that is either an enzyme or an ion channel


Input: [Question] nuclear receptors [Answer]

Output: cell nucleus and not on the surface of the cell membrane, activation of receptors through the transcription factor is prolonged


Input: [Question] agonists [Answer]

Output: drugs that produce a response


Input: [Question] antagonists [Answer]

Output: drugs that block a response


Input: [Question] nonspecific drugs [Answer]

Output: drugs that affect various sites, have properties of nonspecificity


Input: [Question] nonselective drugs [Answer]

Output: drugs that affect various receptors; have properties of nonselectivity


Input: [Question] Categories of drug action [Answer]

Output: stimulation or depression, replacement, inhibition or killing of organisms, irritation


Input: [Question] theraputic index [Answer]

Output: estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measres the effective dose (ED) in 50% of persons/animals and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people/animals; the close the ratio is to 1, the greater danger of toxicity


Input: [Question] low theraputic index [Answer]

Output: drugs that have a narrow margin of safety; small safety range between the ED and LD


Input: [Question] high theraputic index [Answer]

Output: drugs that have a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects


Input: [Question] theraputic range (window) [Answer]

Output: the drug concentration that is between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration


Input: [Question] peak drug level [Answer]

Output: the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time; indicates rate of absorption


Input: [Question] trough drug level [Answer]

Output: the lowest plasma concentration of a drug and it measures the rate at whichthe drug has been eliminated


Input: [Question] loading dose [Answer]

Output: a large initial dose of drug to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma


Input: [Question] side effects [Answer]

Output: physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects


Input: [Question] pharmacogenetics [Answer]

Output: the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence


Input: [Question] tolerance [Answer]

Output: refers to a decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy


Input: [Question] tachyphylaxis [Answer]

Output: refers to a rapid decrease in response to the drug; think "acute tolerance"


Input: [Question] placebo effect [Answer]

Output: a psychologic benefit from a compound that may not hav the chemincal structure of a drug effect


Input: [Answer] Pathogenic, opportunists, and even normal flora [Question]

Output: The genus Mycobacterium includes what types of organisms?


Input: [Answer] These organisms are capable of infecting a wide variety of body tissues and systems. [Question]

Output: What areas of the body are the mycobacteria species able to infect in humans?


Input: [Answer] Diarrhea, lung complications, or skin lesions [Question]

Output: List some of the clinical manifestations caused by the mycobacteria.


Input: [Answer] A wide variety of specimens can be collected because these organisms can invade a wide variety of body tissues/systems. Examples include: sputums, lung, eye, skin, etc. [Question]

Output: What types of specimens can be collected to isolate/identify Mycobacteria spp.?


Input: [Answer] Acid-fast staining procedures: Kinyoun and Ziehl-Neelsen methods [Question]

Output: What are the names of the staining procedures used to identify Mycobacteria spp.?


Input: [Answer] The cell walls of these organisms contain a high amount of lipids (fats). Within this fat content is a waxy substance known as mycolic acid that allows these organisms to retain the primary stain and stain “acid-fast positive”. [Question]

Output: Why do the Mycobacteria spp. stain the way they do with the acid-fast staining procedures?


Input: [Answer] acid-fast positive bacilli (AFB),stain red (the color of the primary stain) [Question]

Output: What is the acid-fast staining reaction and morphology of the Mycobacteria spp.?


Input: [Answer] Mycobacteria spp. do not stain well with the gram stain procedure,these organisms, they would stain “gram variable”, showing both positive and negative gram staining reactions. [Question]

Output: Do mycobacteria stain with the gram stain procedure? Explain.


Input: [Answer] Soil, warm and cold blooded animals [Question]

Output: What are the natural habitats for the mycobacteria?


Input: [Answer] 1. slow growers 2. rapid growers 3. special growers [Question]

Output: What are the three classifications for growth rates of Mycobacteria?


Input: [Answer] colonies seen on artificial media after 7+ days of incubation [Question]

Output: Explain slow growers...


Input: [Answer] colonies seen on artificial media in less than 7 days, growth at 25C-37C [Question]

Output: Explain rapid growers...


Input: [Answer] need special nutritional requirements to grow or have not been cultured in vitro [Question]

Output: Explain special growers...


Input: [Answer] Another classification system for the Mycobacteria spp, based on the pigment production of these organisms. [Question]

Output: What is the Runyon classification for the mycobacteria?


Input: [Answer] Mycobacterium tuberculosis [Question]

Output: What is the name of the organism that causes tuberculosis?


Input: [Answer] Robert Koch (a German physician) [Question]

Output: Who discovered the tuberculosis organism?


Input: [Answer] Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive, meaning it takes up and retains the primary acid-fast stain (red) [Question]

Output: What is the acid-fast staining reaction/morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?


Input: [Answer] Tuberculosis (TB) is usually asymptomatic. Left untreated patients can experience fatigue, weight loss, chronic cough, low grade fevers, anorexia [Question]

Output: Describe the signs/symptoms of tuberculosis.


Input: [Answer] Infected respiratory droplets known as droplet nuclei, person-to-person through the air [Question]

Output: What is the mode of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis?


Input: [Answer] TB spreads through the lymphatic and circulatory systems to the entire body [Question]

Output: How is tuberculosis spread throughout the body?


Input: [Answer] fluid filled lesions that are associated with acute, active TB—active infectious TB [Question]

Output: What are exudative lesions?


Input: [Answer] nonfluid filled lesions that are associated with chronic TB—dormant, noninfectious TB [Question]

Output: What are productive lesions?


Input: [Answer] a small round nodule produced from infection with TB [Question]

Output: Define tubercle


Input: [Answer] a collection of cells and organisms produced from a productive TB lesion [Question]

Output: Define granuloma


Input: [Answer] a “dormant” tubercle, this complex can harbor the TB organism for years, and then some “incident” can reactive the TB organism, and infection can reoccur. [Question]

Output: Define Ghon complex


Input: [Answer] Primary and reinfection are the two patterns Primary is the acute exudative lesions type Reinfection is the chronic productive lesion type [Question]

Output: What are the two recognized forms of tuberculosis? Explain the disease pattern of each.


Input: [Answer] Yes, this is known as extramedullary TB. Why this can happen is because the organism spreads throughout the entire body by the lymphatic and circulatory systems, and can then invade all parts of the body. [Question]

Output: Can Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause infections outside the lungs? Explain.


Input: [Answer] two-step process,digestion and decontamination.Decontamination rids the specimen of other organisms that might not allow the Mycobacterium organisms to grow. Digestion allows the specimen to “liquefy” in order to get it to culture more easily. [Question]

Output: How are specimens processed for isolation of the mycobacteria?


Input: [Answer] Tine test, mantoux test (chest x-ray) [Question]

Output: What types of screening methods are presently available to check for exposure to tuberculosis?


Input: [Answer] Chest x-ray [Question]

Output: If an individual's initial screening test for tuberculosis gives a positive result, what is the usual follow-up protocol?


Input: [Answer] 1st time infections usually heal without treatment. If treatment is indicated, there are a number of anti-TB drugs available. Examples: Isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin. Usually a combination of drugs is required for treatment. [Question]

Output: What is treatment for tuberculosis?


Input: [Answer] Leprosy [Question]

Output: What is the name of the disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae?


Input: [Answer] Hansen’s disease [Question]

Output: What is another name for leprosy?


Input: [Answer] Acid-fast staining procedures [Question]

Output: What type of staining procedure is required to identify leprosy?


Input: [Answer] No, it has never been grown on artificial media. It is an obligate intracellular bacilli [Question]

Output: Can leprosy be grown on artificial media?


Input: [Answer] It is a chronic skin condition that if left untreated causes gross disfigurement [Question]

Output: What is leprosy?


Input: [Answer] Diapsone along with rifampin, treatment can last for years [Question]

Output: What is treatment for leprosy?


Input: [Answer] Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis, these organisms are other than tuberculosis and leprae, that can cause infections in man and other animals [Question]

Output: What does MOTT stand for? What are these organisms?


Input: [Answer] Middlebrook 7H10 Lowenstein-Jensen [Question]

Output: What kinds of media do the mycobacteria need to grow? Name a couple.


Input: [Question] What are the oxygen deficiency indicators? [Answer]

Output: Restlessness, can't concentrate, disorientation,decreaded level of consciousness


Input: [Question] What is an oxygen deficiency called? [Answer]

Output: Hypoxia


Input: [Question] What is stertorous? [Answer]

Output: A respiratory effort that is strenuous and struggling, provoking a snoring sound


Input: [Question] What is a tonsillectomy? [Answer]

Output: The surgical excision of the palatine tonsils, performed to prevent recurrent tonsillitis


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for Post Tonsillectomy? [Answer]

Output: Maintain IV fluids until nausea subsides,then patient may drink ice cold liquids, apply ice collar to neck for comfort and to reduce bleeding by vasoconstriction,assess vitals for hemorrhage, fever, or complications,keep pt comfortable


Input: [Question] If too much serous secretion is produced, it results in an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which is called what? [Answer]

Output: Thoracentesis


Input: [Question] What is an accumulation of serous fluid in interstitial lung tissue and alveoli? [Answer]

Output: Pulmonary edema


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for upper respiratory conditions? [Answer]

Output: Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting comfort. Such measures include encouraging fluids and applying warm, moist packs to sinuses.


Input: [Question] What is pulse oximetry? [Answer]

Output: A noninvasive method of providing continuous monitoring of Sao2 (saturation of oxygen) for assessment of gas exchange. The system consists of a probe that looks like a large clothespin and is applied to a finger, toe, earlobe, or the bridge of the nose.


Input: [Question] What is an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe deeply or comfortably? [Answer]

Output: Orthopnea


Input: [Question] What surgical procedure is done to reconstruct, align, and straighten the nasal septum when a nasal obstruction is present caused by congenital abnormality or, more likely, injury? [Answer]

Output: Nasoseptoplasty


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for Post Nasoseptoplasty? [Answer]

Output: Nursing interventions are generally aimed at maintaining airway patency and preventing infection. Postoperative intervention for nasal surgery will include monitoring closely for infection or hemorrhage and maintaining patient comfort.


Input: [Question] What is the discoloration of the skin resulting from the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood? [Answer]

Output: Cyanosis


Input: [Question] What are chemoreceptors? [Answer]

Output: They are receptors that are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide level, blood oxygen levels, and blood acid levels. When these levels increase, nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory centers, which in turn modify respiratory rates.


Input: [Question] What is sinusitis? [Answer]

Output: Inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses. With swelling of nasal mucous membranes the openings from the sinuses to the nose may be obstructed, resulting in an accumulation of sinus secretions, causing pressure, pain, headache, fever, local tenderness


Input: [Question] What is the cessation of spontaneous respirations? [Answer]

Output: Apnea


Input: [Question] What are abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds called? [Answer]

Output: Adventitious


Input: [Question] What is an abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood? [Answer]

Output: Hypoxemia


Input: [Question] What is difficulty breathing? [Answer]

Output: Dyspnea


Input: [Question] What is Rhinitis? [Answer]

Output: The common cold, an inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses.


Input: [Question] What are nasal polyps? [Answer]

Output: Tissue growths on the nasal tissues that are frequently caused by prolonged sinus inflammation; allergies are often the underlying cause.


Input: [Question] What is the daily fluid intake amount? [Answer]

Output: 2500cc to 3000cc


Input: [Question] What is slow respiratory rate, below 12? [Answer]

Output: Bradypnea


Input: [Question] What can be performed for either direct or indirect visualization of the larynx? [Answer]

Output: Laryngoscopy


Input: [Question] What is a Wheeze? [Answer]

Output: Caused by narrowed bronchioles


Input: [Question] What is abnormally high oxygen tension in the blood [Answer]

Output: Hyperoxia


Input: [Question] What is an abnormally rapid rate of breathing? [Answer]

Output: Tachypnea


Input: [Question] What is Laryngitis [Answer]

Output: Acute laryngitis often accompanies viral or bacterial infections. Other causes include excessive use of the voice or inhalation of irritating fumes. Chronic laryngitis is usually associated with inflammation of laryngeal mucosa or edematous vocal cords.


Input: [Question] What is a Laryngectomy? [Answer]

Output: A radical neck dissection. A partial laryngectomy is done to remove the diseased vocal cord.


Input: [Question] What is a Bronchosocopy? [Answer]

Output: A bronchoscopy is performed by passing a bronchoscope into the trachea and bronchi. By use of either a rigid bronchoscope or a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (the instrument of choice in most cases), the larynx, trachea, and bronchi can be visualized.


Input: [Question] What are are musical, high-pitched, squeaking or whistling sounds, caused by the rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles? [Answer]

Output: Sibilant Wheeze


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for Epistaxis? [Answer]

Output: Keep pt quiet and sitting/leaning forward, Apply direct pressure by pinching the entire soft lower portion of the nose for 10-15 min, apply ice compresses to nose and have the pt suck on ice


Input: [Question] What are the signs and symptoms for Laryngeal cancer? [Answer]

Output: Progressive or persistent hoarseness, hoarseness longer than 2 weeks should seek medical treatment, can include pain in the larynx radiating to the ear, dysphagia, a feeling of a lump in the throat,enlarged cervical lymph nodes.


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for Post thoracentesis? [Answer]

Output: The patient is positioned on the unaffected side.


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions Post Laryngoscopy? [Answer]

Output: The most immediate nursing intervention will be that of opening the airway and restoring patency. This may be accomplished by properly repositioning the patient's head and neck, or it may require further maneuvers.


Input: [Question] What are low-pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sounds and are most often heard on expiration? [Answer]

Output: Sonorous Wheeze


Input: [Question] What is it called when there are greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood? [Answer]

Output: Hypercapnia


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions Post Laryngectomy? [Answer]

Output: Airway maintenance thru suctioning, monitor skin integrity, monitor intake and output (I&O) balance and assist with tube feedings as ordered, encourage communication through writing and facial and hand gestures.


Input: [Question] What is Epistaxis? [Answer]

Output: Bleeding from the nose


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for a sputum collection? [Answer]

Output: Usually early morning samples are collected on 3 consecutive days before meals and meds, have pt rinse mouth prior, have pt inhale and exhale deeply three times, then inhale swiftly, cough forcefully, and expectorate into the sterile sputum container.


Input: [Question] What are the nursing interventions for ABG collection? [Answer]

Output: Do not attach the transducer to extremity that has a blood pressure cuff or arterial catheter in place;Place the probe over a pulsating vascular bed, keep pt still, While the probe is on your pt, protect it from strong light, which can affect the reading


Input: [Question] What are are short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds that are most commonly heard during inspiration and sound similar to that produced by hairs being rolled between the fingers while close to the ear? [Answer]

Output: Crackles


Input: [Question] What causes crackles? [Answer]

Output: Caused by fluid, mucus, or pus in the small airways and alveoli


Input: [Question] What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level? [Answer]

Output: Internal respiration


Input: [Question] Anytime the body is under assault how does it respond? [Answer]

Output: The body responds in a hyperactive mode.


Input: [Question] What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung and the environment? [Answer]

Output: External respirations or breathing


Input: [Question] Where does diffusion take place? [Answer]

Output: In the alveoli of the lungs


Input: [Question] What is the broncheal tree made up of? [Answer]

Output: Smooth muscle


Input: [Question] What condition occurs if we are unable to diffuse CO2 and O2? [Answer]

Output: Respiratory Acidosis


Input: [Question] When assessing Respiratory what do we assess? [Answer]

Output: The upper, middle and lower areas


Input: [Question] The surface of each lung is covered with a thin, moist, serous membrane called what? [Answer]

Output: Visceral Pleura


Input: [Question] The surface of each lung is covered with a thin, moist, serous membrane called what and what does it cause? [Answer]

Output: This is a pleural effusion and it causes the pleural space to become distended and puts pressure on the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.


Input: [Question] What is the first sign of Hypoxia? [Answer]

Output: Restlessness


Input: [Question] What is the major responsibility of the upper respiratory tract? [Answer]

Output: To warm and provide moisture to the are we are breathing in.


Input: [Question] The walls of the thoracic cavity are also covered with the same type of membrane called the what? [Answer]

Output: Parietal Pleura


Input: [Question] What is pneuumothorax? [Answer]

Output: A collection of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse.


Input: [Question] What are abnormal respirations characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing? [Answer]

Output: Cheyne-stokes Respirations