Input: [Answer] corrects iron deficiency in a shorter time, can be given if pt can't tolerate oral iron. [Question]

Output: Why would you give parenteral iron as opposed to oral iron supplementation


Input: [Answer] Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex; Iron dextran; Iron Sucrose [Question]

Output: What types of parenteral iron can you administer


Input: [Answer] give a test dose to make sure pt can tolerate it or you may kill them if you want to avoid this give sodium ferric gluconate complex [Question]

Output: If you are going to administer Iron dextran what do you need to do first


Input: [Answer] local pain and tissue discoloration at injxn site; Headache, light headedness, fever, Hypersensitivity rxn Flushing, urticaria, bronchospasm or anaphylaxis (give test dose first); TEST IRON storage to avoid toxicity body can't eliminate excess iron [Question]

Output: what are the s/e of parenteral iron


Input: [Answer] 1-2 grams can be lethal but usually 2-10 grams cause death mostly affects children [Question]

Output: How much Iron can be fatal if overdosed


Input: [Answer] necrotizing gastroenteritis w/ N/V, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea, followed by shock, dyspnea, metabolic acidosis, coma and death if not treated [Question]

Output: what are the sx of iron overdose


Input: [Answer] deferoxamine and deferasirox both are iron chelators that can bind iron already absorbed into the body [Question]

Output: What is the tx for Iron Overdose


Input: [Answer] Megaloblastic anemia [Question]

Output: What type of anemia results from Vit B12 deficiency or folate deficiency


Input: [Answer] paresthesias, ataxia (from effects on nervous system) [Question]

Output: What are the sx of Megaloblastic anemia


Input: [Answer] pernicious anemia (autoimmune attack on intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption), Crohn's disease and other GI disorders that affect absorption, there could also be inadequate utilization [Question]

Output: What can be causes of B12 deficiency


Input: [Answer] required to convert 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate (THF), THF is involved in synthesis of DNA, fat and carbohydrate metabolism and protein and myelin synthesis (hence the neuro sx with B12 deficiency) [Question]

Output: What is the MOA of B12 in the body


Input: [Answer] only produced by bacteria and found in animal products [Question]

Output: What is the only source of B12


Input: [Answer] the s/e are rare so it is safe in large doses but could cause mild diarrhea, itching, urticaria, bloating, anaphylaxis (usually from the impurities that get injected with it) [Question]

Output: If you give supplemental B12 what s/e could you cause


Input: [Answer] Supplemental B12 preparations for B12 deficiency [Question]

Output: What type of drug are the following (Cyanocobalamin – Redisol®, Cyanojet®, Betalin® and Nascobal® (intranasal), Hydroxocobalamin (alphaRedisol®, Hydrobexan®


Input: [Answer] needed for synthesis of purines and thymidylates (DNA synthesis), needed for methylation of transfer RNA, needed in amino acid synthesis of histidine to glutamic acid, serine to glycine and homocystine to methionine [Question]

Output: What is the MOA of folic acid


Input: [Answer] Only at high doses, Nausea, flatulence, and bitter taste. Altered sleep patterns and confusion. Anaphylaxis if used parenterally [Question]

Output: What are the possible s/e of folic acid supplementation


Input: [Question] Voluntary control over the urge to micturate involves what? [Answer]

Output: Elevation of levator ani muscles


Input: [Question] The descent of the _____ of the ____ is essential to the initiation of normal urination? [Answer]

Output: Neck Bladder


Input: [Question] Tubular structure present at the junction of only the inferolateral and superior surfaces of the bladder. [Answer]

Output: Median umbilical ligament


Input: [Question] Structure located within the lateral umbilical folds? [Answer]

Output: Medial umbilical ligament


Input: [Question] Specific cup-like structures which surround the apices of the renal pyramids only. [Answer]

Output: Minor Calyces


Input: [Question] Potential space anterior to bladder? [Answer]

Output: Renal sinus


Input: [Question] Component immediately internal to pararenal fat. [Answer]

Output: Renal Fascia


Input: [Question] Component immediately internal to renal fascia? [Answer]

Output: PERIrenal fat


Input: [Question] Component immediately external to renal fascia? [Answer]

Output: PARArenal fat


Input: [Question] Give landmarks when interconnected by a line will form the perimeter of the vesical trigone. [Answer]

Output: Ureter orifice & internal urethral orifice


Input: [Question] Discuss the derivation of the trigone muscle. [Answer]

Output: longitudinal smooth muscle of the ureters


Input: [Question] Pouch immediately posterior to the female bladder. [Answer]

Output: Vesicouterine pouch


Input: [Question] Pouch immediately posterior to male bladder. [Answer]

Output: Rectovesical pouch


Input: [Question] Name two nerves that are posteriorly related to the kidneys. [Answer]

Output: Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal


Input: [Question] Name four muscles related posteriorly to the kidneys. [Answer]

Output: Psoas major, quadratic lumborum, transversus abdominus, respiratory diaphragm


Input: [Question] Name given to the majority of smooth muscle forming the wall of the bladder. [Answer]

Output: Detrusor muscle


Input: [Question] Specific bladder surfaces which meet at its neck. [Answer]

Output: Inferolateral and posterior surfaces


Input: [Question] Besides the stomach and splenic vessels, give 2 viscera (give specific part when needed) immediately related to the spleen. Use only those mentioned in handout. [Answer]

Output: Left kidney, Tail of pancreas


Input: [Question] Besides the suprarenal gland, give two structures related anteriorly with the right kidney. [Answer]

Output: 2nd part of duodenum, right colic flexure, liver


Input: [Question] Potential space anterior to bladder. [Answer]

Output: Retropubic space


Input: [Question] Give the bony posterior relations of the left kidney. [Answer]

Output: 11th and 12th ribs


Input: [Question] Using vertebral levels, where do the kidenys lie when in the supine postion? Do they move when in erect position? [Answer]

Output: T12-L2,3 Yes, move caudally about an inch.


Input: [Question] Give the capacity of undistended bladder. [Answer]

Output: 500 ml


Input: [Question] Give the venous drainage of female bladder. [Answer]

Output: Vesical-vaginal plexus to internal iliac vein


Input: [Question] Give the arteries to bladder directly from the internal iliac. [Answer]

Output: Superior, middle, and inferior vesical arteries


Input: [Question] Artery to bladder directly from the internal iliac? [Answer]

Output: Inferior Vesical


Input: [Question] Genome [Answer]

Output: Complete set of genetic instructions for an organism


Input: [Question] Trnamission Genetics [Answer]

Output: Field of genetics that encompasses the basic principles of genetics and how traits are inherited


Input: [Question] Molecular Genetics [Answer]

Output: Study of the chemical nature of genetic information and how it is encoded


Input: [Question] Population Genetics [Answer]

Output: study of the genetic composition of populations and how a pop's collective group of genes changes with the passage of time


Input: [Question] Model Genetic Organism [Answer]

Output: an organism that is widely used in genetic studies because it has characteristics , such as short generation time and large numbers of progeny, that make it well suited to genetic analysis


Input: [Question] Pangenesis [Answer]

Output: Early concept of heredity proposing that particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs.


Input: [Question] Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics [Answer]

Output: early notion of inheritance proposing that acquired traits are passed to descendants.


Input: [Question] Preformationism [Answer]

Output: early concept of inheritance proposing that a miniature adult resides in either the egg or the sperm and increases in size during developmentm with all traits beinf inherited from the parent that contributes to homunculus


Input: [Question] Blending Inheritance [Answer]

Output: early concept of heredity proposing that offspring possess a mixture of of the traits from both parents


Input: [Question] Cell theory [Answer]

Output: states that all life is composed of cells, that cells arise only from other cells, and that the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in livign organisms


Input: [Question] Germ-plasm theory [Answer]

Output: states that cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information


Input: [Question] Prokaryote [Answer]

Output: unicellular organism with a simple cell structure, include eubacteria and archea


Input: [Question] eukaryote [Answer]

Output: organism with a complex cell structure including a nuclear envelope and membrane bounded organelles. 1 of the 3 primary divsions of life, include unicellular and multicellular forms


Input: [Question] eubacteria [Answer]

Output: 1 of the 3 primary divisions of life. consists of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells and include most of common bacteria


Input: [Question] archaea [Answer]

Output: 1 of the 3 primary divisions of life. archaea consist of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells


Input: [Question] nucleus [Answer]

Output: space in eukaryotic cell that is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains the chromosomes


Input: [Question] histone [Answer]

Output: low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that complexes with DNA to form chromosomes


Input: [Question] Chromatin [Answer]

Output: material found in the eukaryotic nucleaus; consists of DNA and proteins.


Input: [Question] homologous pair [Answer]

Output: 2 chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of heredity characteristics. one inherited from the male parent and one from the female parent.


Input: [Question] diploid [Answer]

Output: possessing two sets of chromosomes (2 genomes)


Input: [Question] haploid [Answer]

Output: possessing a single set of chromosomes (one genome)


Input: [Question] telomere [Answer]

Output: stable end of a chromosome


Input: [Question] sister chromatid [Answer]

Output: 2 copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere. each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule.


Input: [Question] cell cycle [Answer]

Output: stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next


Input: [Question] interphase [Answer]

Output: period in the cell cycle b/w the cell divisions. In interphase, the cell grows, develops, and prepares for cell division


Input: [Question] M Phase [Answer]

Output: period of active cell division; includes mitosis and cytokinesis


Input: [Question] mitosis [Answer]

Output: process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides


Input: [Question] cytokinesis [Answer]

Output: process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides


Input: [Question] prophase [Answer]

Output: stage of mitosis. In prophase, the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form


Input: [Question] metaphase [Answer]

Output: stage of mitosis, chromosomes algin in the center of the cell


Input: [Question] anaphase [Answer]

Output: stage of mitosis in which chromatids seperate and move toward the spindle poles


Input: [Question] telophase [Answer]

Output: stage of mitosis, chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re forms and the chromosomes relax and lengthen


Input: [Question] meiosis [Answer]

Output: process in which chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells. consists of 2 divisions meiosis I and II


Input: [Question] fertilization [Answer]

Output: fusion of gametes or sex cells to form a gamete


Input: [Question] prophase I [Answer]

Output: stage in meiosis I, chromosomes condense and pair, crossing over takes place, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms


Input: [Question] synapsis [Answer]

Output: close pairing of homologous chromosomes


Input: [Question] bivalent [Answer]

Output: refers to a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes


Input: [Question] tetrad [Answer]

Output: the four products of meiosis; all 4 chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes


Input: [Question] crossing over [Answer]

Output: exchange of genetic material b/w homologous but nonsister chromatids


Input: [Question] metaphase I [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align in the center of the cell


Input: [Question] anaphase I [Answer]

Output: stage in meiosis I, homologous chromosomes seperate and move toward the spindle poles


Input: [Question] telophase I [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis I chromosomes arrive at spindle poles


Input: [Question] Prophase II [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis after interkinesis, chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms


Input: [Question] metaphase II [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis II, indivudual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate


Input: [Question] anaphase II [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis II, chromatids se[erate and move toward spindle poles


Input: [Question] telophase II [Answer]

Output: stage of meiosis II, chromosomes arrive at spindle poles


Input: [Question] recombination [Answer]

Output: sorting of alleles into new combinations


Input: [Question] spermatogenesis [Answer]

Output: sperm production in animals


Input: [Question] oogenesis [Answer]

Output: egg production in animals


Input: [Question] gene [Answer]

Output: genetic factor that helps determine a trait. often defined at teh molecular level as a DNA sequence that is transscribed into an RNA molecule


Input: [Question] allele [Answer]

Output: one of two or more alternate forms of a gene


Input: [Question] Locus [Answer]

Output: Position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located


Input: [Question] genotype [Answer]

Output: the set of genes possessed by an individual organism


Input: [Question] homozygous [Answer]

Output: refers to an individual organism that posseses two identical alleles at a locus


Input: [Question] heterozygous [Answer]

Output: refers to an individual organism that posseses two different alleles at a locus


Input: [Question] phenotype [Answer]

Output: appearance of a characteristic


Input: [Question] monohybrid cross [Answer]

Output: A cross b/w 2 individuals that differ in a single characteristic, a cross b/w individuals that are homo. for different alleles at the same locus (AA x aa) or (Aa x Aa)


Input: [Question] P (parental) generation [Answer]

Output: first set of parents in a genetic cross


Input: [Question] F1 (First Filial) generation [Answer]

Output: offspring of the initial parents in a genetic cross


Input: [Question] F2 (Second Filial) generation [Answer]

Output: offspring of the F1 generation ina genetic cross


Input: [Question] dominant [Answer]

Output: refers to an allele or a phenotype that is expressed in homozygous (AA) and in heterozygous (Aa)


Input: [Question] recessive [Answer]

Output: refers to an allele or phenotype that is expressed only when homozygous


Input: [Question] principle of segregation [Answer]

Output: important princicple of heredity discovered by Mendel that states that each diploid individual posseses 2 alleles at a locus and that these 2 alleles seperate when gametes are formed, 1 allele to each gamete


Input: [Question] Concept of Dominance [Answer]

Output: Principle of heredity discovered by Mendel, when 2 different alleles are present in a genotype, only one allele may be expressed in the phenotype. The dominant allele is the allele that is expressed, amd recessive is not


Input: [Question] Chromosome theory of inheritance [Answer]

Output: al


Input: [Question] Backcross [Answer]

Output: Cross b/w an F1 individual and one of the parental genotypes


Input: [Question] Punnett Square [Answer]

Output: shorthand method of determining the outcome of a genetic cross. the gametes of one parent are written along the upper edge and the gametes of the other parent are written on left edge.


Input: [Question] probability [Answer]

Output: likelihood of a particular event occuring; the number of times that a particular event occurs divided by the number of all possible outcomes. Prob. values range from 0 to 1


Input: [Question] Multiplication rule [Answer]

Output: states that the probablity of 2 or more independent events occuring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each of the independent events


Input: [Question] addition rule [Answer]

Output: states that the probablity of any of 2 or more mutually exclusive events occuring is calculated by adding the probablities of the indiviidual events


Input: [Question] test cross [Answer]

Output: a cross b/w an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype


Input: [Question] incomplete dominance [Answer]

Output: refers to the phenotype of a heterozygous that is intermediate b/w the phenotypes of the two homozygotes


Input: [Question] wild type [Answer]

Output: the trait or allele that is most commonly found in natural populations


Input: [Question] Dihybrid cross [Answer]

Output: a cross b/w 2 individuals that differ in 2 characteristics, a cross b/w individuals that are homozygous for differnt alleles at the 2 loci (AABB x aabb) or ( AaBb x AaBb)


Input: [Question] principle of independent assortment [Answer]

Output: genes encoding differnt characteristics seperate independently; applies only to genes located on different chromosomes or to genes far apart on the same chromosomes


Input: [Question] goodness-of-fit chi-square [Answer]

Output: statistical test used to evaluate how well a set of observed values fit the expected values. The probablitly associated with chi value is the prob. that the differences b/w the observed and the expected values may be due to chance


Input: [Question] pedigree [Answer]

Output: pictoral representation of a family history outlining the inheritance of one or more traits or diseases


Input: [Question] proband [Answer]

Output: a person with a trait or disease for whom a pedigree is constructed


Input: [Question] consanguinity [Answer]

Output: mating b/w related individuals


Input: [Question] sex [Answer]

Output: male or female


Input: [Question] sex determination [Answer]

Output: specification of sex. sex determining mechanisms include chromosomal, genic, and environmental sex-determing systems


Input: [Question] sex chromosome [Answer]

Output: chromosomes that differ morphologically or in number in males and females


Input: [Question] autosome [Answer]

Output: chromosome that is the same in males and females; nonsex chromosome


Input: [Question] heterogametic sex [Answer]

Output: the sex that produces 2 types of gametes with respect to sex chromosomes.


Input: [Question] homogametic sex [Answer]

Output: the sex that produces gametes that are alike with regard to sex chromosomes


Input: [Question] genic sex determination [Answer]

Output: sex determination in which the sexual phenotype is specified by genes at one or more loci, but there are no obvious differences in teh chromosomes of male or female


Input: [Question] genic balance system [Answer]

Output: sex-determining system in which sexual phenotype is controlled by a balance b/w genes on the X chromosome and genes on the autsomes


Input: [Question] X:A ratio [Answer]

Output: ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of haploid autosomal sets of chromosome; determines sex in fruit flies


Input: [Question] turner syndrome [Answer]

Output: human condition where cells contain a single X chrom. and no Y chrom.(XO) They are female in appereance but do not undergo puberty and have poorly developed female secondary sex characteristics; most are sterile but have normal intelligence


Input: [Question] klinefelter syndrome [Answer]

Output: human condition in which cells contain one or more Y chromosomes along with mutliple X chromosomes, people are male in appearance but frequently have small testes, slight breast enlargement, and reduced facial and pubic hair.


Input: [Question] Triplo-X syndrome [Answer]

Output: human condition in which cells contain 3 X chromosomes. People with this have a female phenotype w/o dinstinctive features other than a tendency to be tall and thin.


Input: [Question] sex-determining region gene [Answer]

Output: On the Y chromosome, a gene that triggers male development; also known as the testes deter. gene


Input: [Question] sex-linked characteristic [Answer]

Output: char. develop. by a gene or genes on a sex chromosome


Input: [Question] x-linked characteristic [Answer]

Output: char. deter. by a gene or genes on the x chrom.


Input: [Question] Y-linked characteristic [Answer]

Output: char. deter. by a gene or genes on the Y chromosomes


Input: [Question] hemizygosity [Answer]

Output: possession of a single allele at a locus. Males of organisms with XX-XY sex determination are hemizygous for X-linked loci,because their cells possess a single X chromosome.


Input: [Question] dosage compensation [Answer]

Output: equalization in males and femaled of the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes.


Input: [Question] barr body [Answer]

Output: condensed, darkly staining structure that is found in most cells of female placental mammals and is an inactivated X chromosome


Input: [Question] lyon hypothesis [Answer]

Output: prposed by mary Lyon in 1961, this proposes that one X-chromosome in each female cell becomes inactivated (barr body) and suggests that which X becomes inactivated is random and varies from cell to cell.


Input: [Question] Codominaance [Answer]

Output: type of allel interaction in which the heterzygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes


Input: [Question] incomplete penetrance [Answer]

Output: refers to a genotype that does not always express teh expected phenotype. some individuals possess the genotype for a trait but do not express the phenotype.


Input: [Question] penetrance [Answer]

Output: percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that express the phenotype expected of that genotype.


Input: [Question] expressivity [Answer]

Output: degree to which a gene os expressed


Input: [Question] lethal allele [Answer]

Output: causes the death of an individual organism, often early in development, and so the organism does not appear in the progeny of a genetis cross. recessive lethal alleles kill individual organisms rhat are homozygous for the allele; dominant lethals kill


Input: [Question] lethal allle cont. [Answer]

Output: both heterzygous and homozygotes


Input: [Question] multiple alleles [Answer]

Output: presence in a group of individuals of more than two allels at a locus. although, for the group the locus has more than 2 alleles, each member of the group has only two of the possible alleles.


Input: [Question] gene interaction [Answer]

Output: interaction b/w genes at a differnt loci that affct the same characteristic.


Input: [Question] epistatsis [Answer]

Output: type of gene interaction in which gene at one locus masks or supresses the effects of a gene at a differet locus.


Input: [Question] epistatic gene [Answer]

Output: masks or supresses the effect of a gene at a different locus


Input: [Question] hypostatic gene [Answer]

Output: gene that is masked or supressed by the action of a gene at a different locus


Input: [Question] complementation test [Answer]

Output: test designed to deter. whether two differnt mutations are at the same locus. 2 individuals that are homozygous for 2 independently derived mutations are crossed.


Input: [Question] complementation [Answer]

Output: 2 different mutations in the heterzygous condotion are exhibited as the wild-type phenotype; indicates that the mutations are at a differnt loci.


Input: [Question] sex-influenced charcteristic [Answer]

Output: encoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex. for example, an autosomal dominant gene may have higher penetrance in males than in females or an autosomal gene may be dominant in males but recessive in females


Input: [Question] sex-limited charcterisitc [Answer]

Output: encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in onyl one sex. Both males and females carry genes for sex-limited char., but the char. appear in only one of the sexes.


Input: [Question] cytoplasmic inheritance [Answer]

Output: inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in the cytoplasm. Because the cytoplasm is usually contributed entirely by only one parent, most cytoplasmically inherited char. are inherited from a single parent


Input: [Question] genetic maternal effect [Answer]

Output: determines the phenotype of the offspring. with genetic maternal effect, an offspring inherits genes for the characteristics fvrom both parents, but hte offspring's phenotype is determined not by its own genotype but by the nuclear genotype of its mother.


Input: [Question] genomic imprinting [Answer]

Output: differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene. if the gene is inherited from the father, its expression is differnt from that if it is inherited from the mother


Input: [Question] epigenetics [Answer]

Output: phenomena due to alterations to DNA that do not include changes in the base sequence;often affect the way in which the DNA sequences are expressed. Such alterations are often stable and heritable in the sense that they are from one cell to the other.


Input: [Question] temperature-sensitive allele [Answer]

Output: expressed only at certain temps


Input: [Question] phenocopy [Answer]

Output: phenotype that is produced by environmental effects and is the same as the phenoycopy produced by a genotype


Input: [Question] discontinous characteristic [Answer]

Output: exhibits only in a few, easily distinguished phenotypes. An example is seed shape in which seeds are either round or wrinkled


Input: [Question] continous characteristic [Answer]

Output: displays a large number of possible phenotypes that are not easily distinguished, such as human height


Input: [Question] quantitative characteristic [Answer]

Output: continous charcteristic; displays a large nu,ber of possible phenotypes, which must be described by a quantitative measurement


Input: [Question] polygenic characteristic [Answer]

Output: encoded by genes at many loci


Input: [Question] pleitropy [Answer]

Output: a single genotype influences many phenotypes


Input: [Question] multifactoral characteristic [Answer]

Output: determined by many multiple genes and environmental factors.


Input: [Answer] Na/K ATPase (3 out and K in) [Question]

Output: what causes cells to be negative inside relative to outside


Input: [Answer] cell-cell occluding to form impermeable barrier (ie epithelium) [Question]

Output: what are tight jxns


Input: [Answer] communication bw cells, subunit is connexins [Question]

Output: what are gap jxns


Input: [Answer] glycolipid on cell membrane [Question]

Output: what is the ABO Ag


Input: [Answer] glycoprotein on cell membrane [Question]

Output: what is the HLA Ag


Input: [Answer] protein synthesis, chromosomal duplication [Question]

Output: what is G1, S part of cell cycle


Input: [Answer] mitosis, nucleus divides [Question]

Output: what is G2, M part of cell cycle


Input: [Answer] G1, that is most variable [Question]

Output: what part of cell cycle determines cell cycle length


Input: [Answer] G1 [Question]

Output: what part of cell cycle do growth factors affect


Input: [Answer] G1 goes to G0 [Question]

Output: what part of cell cycle then turns to quiescence


Input: [Answer] centromere attach, spindle formation, nucleus disappears [Question]

Output: what happens in prophase


Input: [Answer] chromosome alignment [Question]

Output: what happens in metaphse


Input: [Answer] prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase [Question]

Output: name stages of mitosis


Input: [Answer] chromosomes pull apart [Question]

Output: what happens in anaphase


Input: [Answer] separate nucleus reform around ea set of chromosome [Question]

Output: what happens in telophase


Input: [Answer] dbl membrane, outer contains ER [Question]

Output: what are parts of nucleus membrane


Input: [Answer] inside the nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes made here [Question]

Output: what is nucleolus, what happens there


Input: [Answer] bind receptors in cytoplasm, then enters nucleus and acts as t-factor [Question]

Output: how do steroid hormones work


Input: [Answer] bind receptor in nucleus, then acts as t-factor [Question]

Output: how do thyroid hormones work


Input: [Answer] RNA polymerase [Question]

Output: what do initiation factors bind


Input: [Answer] guanine and adenine [Question]

Output: purines incl


Input: [Answer] cytosine, thymidine (only in DNA), uracil (only in RNA) [Question]

Output: pyrimidines include


Input: [Answer] tRNA-peptide complex comes to A site on ribosome, bond is made w forming chain on P site and empty tRNA released [Question]

Output: name steps of translation


Input: [Answer] inner membrane of mitochondria [Question]

Output: where does krebs cycle occur


Input: [Answer] 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate [Question]

Output: how many ATP goes 1glu make via glycolysis


Input: [Answer] 36 [Question]

Output: how many ATP created from Krebs cycle


Input: [Answer] 1glu goes to 2 pyruvate, creates NADH and FADH2->acetyl coA enters electron transport chain and creates 36 ATP [Question]

Output: describe steps of Krebs cycle


Input: [Answer] lactic acid and aa are converted to glu [ie glycolysis in reverse, Cori cycle in liver takes lactic acid from mscl] [Question]

Output: what happens in gluconeogenesis


Input: [Answer] exported proteins (ie pancreatic acinar cells) [Question]

Output: rough ER creates, incrsd in what cell types


Input: [Answer] lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs (incrsd in liver and adrenal cortex) [Question]

Output: smooth ER creates, increased in what cell types


Input: [Answer] modifies proteins w carb, proteins then transported to cell membrane and are either secreted or targeted to lysosomes [Question]

Output: what happens in golgi apparatus


Input: [Answer] digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and wornout organelles [Question]

Output: role of lysosomes


Input: [Answer] engulf large particles that fuse w lysosomes [Question]

Output: role of phagosomes


Input: [Answer] engulf small particles that fuse w lysosomes [Question]

Output: role of endosomes


Input: [Answer] activated by Ca and diacylglycerol [Question]

Output: prot K C is activated by what


Input: [Answer] cAMP, then phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins [Question]

Output: Prot Kinase A is activated by what


Input: [Answer] keratin (hair/nails), desmin (mscl), vimentin (fibroblasts) [Question]

Output: name 3 intermediate filaments and the cell types


Input: [Answer] form cilia, neuronal axons, mitotic spindles and involved in transport of organelles inside cell [Question]

Output: roles of microtubules


Input: [Answer] specialized microtubule involved in cell division, forms spindle fibers which pull chromosomes apart [Question]

Output: what's centriole


Input: [Question] anything that has mass and takes up space [Answer]

Output: matter


Input: [Question] the amount of material that an object has in it [Answer]

Output: mass


Input: [Question] the amount of space that matter takes up [Answer]

Output: volume


Input: [Question] ways to describe matter, for example by its color, shape, size, mass, and shape [Answer]

Output: physical properties


Input: [Question] the three states of matter [Answer]

Output: solid, liquid, gas


Input: [Question] has a shape and volume of its own [Answer]

Output: solid


Input: [Question] has a certain volume, but has no shape of its own and takes the shape of its container [Answer]

Output: liquid


Input: [Question] has no shape or volume of its own [Answer]

Output: gas


Input: [Question] two or more substances that are mixed together but can be easily separated [Answer]

Output: mixture


Input: [Question] a mixture in which one substance spreads evenly throughout another [Answer]

Output: solution


Input: [Question] property of matter that measures the distance between one point or another [Answer]

Output: length


Input: [Question] scientists used agreed on units of measurement so that their measurements will be this [Answer]

Output: accurate


Input: [Question] unit for measuring length [Answer]

Output: meter


Input: [Question] 100cm= [Answer]

Output: 1 meter


Input: [Question] 1000mm= [Answer]

Output: 1 meter


Input: [Question] 1 kilometer= [Answer]

Output: 1000 meters


Input: [Question] property of matter, formula is length x width x height [Answer]

Output: volume


Input: [Question] unit of measuring volume [Answer]

Output: cubic meter


Input: [Question] volume of a liquid is measured in this unit [Answer]

Output: liters


Input: [Question] used to measure liquids or irregular solids like small rocks [Answer]

Output: graduated cylinder


Input: [Question] we use this to measure mass [Answer]

Output: balance


Input: [Question] basic unit for measuring mass [Answer]

Output: gram


Input: [Question] how much mass is in a certain volume of matter [Answer]

Output: density


Input: [Question] a change in matter that changes physical properties, but does not produce a different type of matter [Answer]

Output: physical change


Input: [Question] the temperature at which matter changes from a solid to a liquid [Answer]

Output: melting point


Input: [Question] the temperature at which matter changes from a liquid to a gas [Answer]

Output: boiling point


Input: [Question] the temperature at which matter changes from a liquid to a solid [Answer]

Output: freezing point


Input: [Question] a change in matter that produces a different kind of matter [Answer]

Output: chemical change


Input: [Question] 3 types of chemical changes [Answer]

Output: rusting, tarnishing, burning


Input: [Answer] clear [Question]

Output: lucid


Input: [Answer] easy to understand (to make something easy to understand) [Question]

Output: lucid


Input: [Answer] having to do with art or beauty based on emotions or sensations [Question]

Output: asethetic


Input: [Answer] wasteful [Question]

Output: prodigal


Input: [Answer] extravagant [Question]

Output: prodigal


Input: [Answer] to add to [Question]

Output: augment


Input: [Answer] to increase [Question]

Output: augment


Input: [Answer] to make bigger [Question]

Output: augment


Input: [Answer] to estimate the value of [Question]

Output: assess


Input: [Answer] to measure [Question]

Output: assess


Input: [Answer] smug [Question]

Output: complacent


Input: [Answer] self-satsified [Question]

Output: complacent


Input: [Answer] unbothered [Question]

Output: complacent


Input: [Answer] fluent and graceful in speech [Question]

Output: eloquent


Input: [Answer] cunning [Question]

Output: guile


Input: [Answer] deceit [Question]

Output: guile


Input: [Answer] unimportant [Question]

Output: trivial


Input: [Answer] to waste [Question]

Output: squander


Input: [Term] Absolute distance [definition]

Output: the distance that can be measuredwith a standard unit of length


Input: [Term] absolute location [definition]

Output: the exact position of an object or place, measured within the coordinates of a grid system


Input: [Term] Accessibility [definition]

Output: The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place


Input: [Term] Azimuthal projection [definition]

Output: a map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface


Input: [Term] Breaking point [definition]

Output: the outer edge of a city`s sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city`s hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supply


Input: [Term] Cartograms [definition]

Output: A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area


Input: [Term] chloropleth map [definition]

Output: A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial dataas average values per unit area


Input: [Term] cognitive map [definition]

Output: An image of a portion of the earths surface that an individual creates in his or her mind


Input: [Term] complementarity [definition]

Output: the actual or potential relationship between two places usualy refering to economic interactions


Input: [Term] connectivity [definition]

Output: the degree of economic, social cultural, or political connection between two places


Input: [Term] contagious diffusion [definition]

Output: the spread of a disease, innovation, or cultural trait through direct contact with another person or place


Input: [Term] coordinate system [definition]

Output: A standard grid, composed of lines of lattitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object on es surface


Input: [Term] distance decay effect [definition]

Output: the decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases


Input: [Term] Dot maps [definition]

Output: Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations and occurences


Input: [Term] Expansion diffusion [definition]

Output: the spread of phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange


Input: [Term] Friction of distance [definition]

Output: A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places


Input: [Term] fuller projection [definition]

Output: a type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearanges direction such that the four cardinal directions have no meaning


Input: [Term] geoid [definition]

Output: the actual shape of the earth wich is rough and oblate


Input: [Term] gravity model [definition]

Output: a mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places based on the size of their populations and their distance apart


Input: [Term] hazards [definition]

Output: anything in the landscape real or perceived that is potential threatening


Input: [Term] hierarchical diffusion [definition]

Output: a type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of something the places have in common


Input: [Term] international date line [definition]

Output: the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian


Input: [Term] interveneing oppurtunnities [definition]

Output: the idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and 2 places have a supply of equal price and quality then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer will represent an intervening oppurtunity


Input: [Term] isoline [definition]

Output: map line that connects points of equal or very similar values


Input: [Term] Large scale [definition]

Output: a relatively small ration between map units and ground units.Large scale maps usually have a higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than large scale maps


Input: [Term] Lattitude [definition]

Output: The angular distance north or south of the equater, defined by lines of lattitude or parallels


Input: [Term] Law of retail gravitation [definition]

Output: Law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands around them


Input: [Term] Location charts [definition]

Output: on a map a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information of a particular political unit or jurisdiction


Input: [Term] Longitude [definition]

Output: the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, defined by lines of longitude or meridians


Input: [Term] Map projection [definition]

Output: A mathematical method that involves transfering the earths sphere onto a flat surface. All map projections have distortions


Input: [Term] Mercator projection [definition]

Output: a True conformal cylindrical map projection , this projection is particularly useful for navigation because it mantains accurate direction, famouis for its severe size distortion near the poles


Input: [Term] meridian [definition]

Output: A line of longitude that runs north-south .All lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles


Input: [Term] parallel [definition]

Output: An east-west line of lattitude that runs parallel to th equater and that marks distance north or south of the equater


Input: [Term] preference map [definition]

Output: a map that displays individual preferences for certain places


Input: [Term] prime meridian [definition]

Output: an imaginary line passing through the royal observatory in Greenwich, England, which marks the 0 degree lne of longitude


Input: [Term] proportional symbols map [definition]

Output: A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region


Input: [Term] Reference map [definition]

Output: a map type that shows reference info for a particular place, whcihc makes it useful for finding landmarks and navigating


Input: [Term] relative distance [definition]

Output: a measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance seperating two places. Often describes the amount of connectivity between the two places


Input: [Term] Relative location [definition]

Output: the position of a place relative to places around it


Input: [Term] relocation diffusion [definition]

Output: the diffusion of phenomena through migration from one place to another


Input: [Term] Resolution [definition]

Output: A maps smallest discernable unit


Input: [Term] robinson projection [definition]

Output: projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors.it does not completely accurately mantain area shape distance or direction but it minimizes errors in each


Input: [Term] scale [definition]

Output: the ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earths surface


Input: [Term] site [definition]

Output: the absolute location of a place, described by local releif, landforms and other cultural physical characteristics


Input: [Term] situation [definition]

Output: the relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system;a places spatial context


Input: [Term] small-scale [definition]

Output: map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on the earth is quite small. usually depist large areas


Input: [Term] spatial diffusion [definition]

Output: spatial diffusion refers to the ways in which phenomena such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease travel over space


Input: [Term] thematic map [definition]

Output: a type of map that displays one or more variables such as population or income level within a specific area


Input: [Term] time-space convergence [definition]

Output: the idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology allows more rapid cummunication and increased cummunication in those places


Input: [Term] Topographic maps [definition]

Output: maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations.


Input: [Term] Topological space [definition]

Output: the amount of connectivity between places regardless of the absolute distance seperating them


Input: [Term] transferability [definition]

Output: the costs involved in moving goods from one place to another


Input: [Term] visualization [definition]

Output: use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive


Input: [Question] Censorship of Art was never an issue until the 20th Century [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] A work of art can be judged from very different points of view [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] In Western society, the acceptance of art by women and artists of color has been subject to racial and gender stereotyping. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] A naive artist is sometone who has never been trained in the techniques of art. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] The meaning found in art, including subject matter and the emotions, ideas and sympbos is called [Answer]

Output: Content


Input: [Question] The Palaces at Versailles symbolizes [Answer]

Output: The power of absolute monarch


Input: [Question] When someone pays and artist to creat a work of art it is called [Answer]

Output: patronage


Input: [Question] Ludwig Hohlwein's poster is an exaple of [Answer]

Output: Propaganda


Input: [Question] Ideals of beauty are [Answer]

Output: culturally influenced


Input: [Question] An artist who uses abstraction as an approach is [Answer]

Output: extracting the essence of the real object


Input: [Question] Richard Diebenkorn's Ocean Park paintings are examples of [Answer]

Output: Non objective paintings


Input: [Question] The first purpose of the applied arts is [Answer]

Output: serve some useful function


Input: [Question] Wanting to stop art from being shown because of moral beliefs is called [Answer]

Output: censorship


Input: [Question] Three-dimensional artworks have [Answer]

Output: height, width and depth


Input: [Question] Idealization in art is a form of [Answer]

Output: realism


Input: [Question] In the formalist approach the chief emphasis to judging quality in art is on [Answer]

Output: How the artist manipulates elements of design


Input: [Question] Some artists cannot identify why they create art [Answer]

Output: inner calling


Input: [Question] ______ is(are) usually necessary for someone to be able to create art from the ideas in his/her imagination [Answer]

Output: training and practice


Input: [Question] For Korean women, "wrapping and bundle" is an expression that means [Answer]

Output: packing up and leaving the family


Input: [Question] The _____ of a work of art changes depending on who is looking at the artwork. [Answer]

Output: content


Input: [Question] Colors that are described as warm have the optical effect of receding in space. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] The Futurists were most interested in capturing a single moemnt in time in a static image [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Overlapping is a way of suggesting three dimensional space [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] The phrase point of view is used in art to indicate where the viewer is standing in relation to the figures in the artwork. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Sculptures that project out from a two dimensional ground are called [Answer]

Output: reliefs


Input: [Question] Three dimensional art in the full round is designed to be seen [Answer]

Output: from all sides


Input: [Question] When two dimensional images are made to look three dimensional it is called [Answer]

Output: an illusion


Input: [Question] The shapes in Helen Frankenthaler's painting Mauve District are called hard edged because [Answer]

Output: their boundaries are clearly distinquised


Input: [Question] A shape placed on a two dimensional surface establishes a [Answer]

Output: figure-ground relationship


Input: [Question] A mark or area that is significantly longer than it is wide may be percieved as [Answer]

Output: a line


Input: [Question] When the figure and ground are about equal in area an artist can create a_______, in which either color can be interpreted as lying on top of the other [Answer]

Output: figure ground reversal


Input: [Question] Real world objects taken from trash heads and used in art are called [Answer]

Output: found objects


Input: [Question] In art the term "scale" refers to [Answer]

Output: relative size


Input: [Question] Linear perspective is a mathematical system used to show [Answer]

Output: recession in space


Input: [Question] Atmospheric perspective is a way to [Answer]

Output: show deep space by making distant things hazy


Input: [Question] In the term "scale" refers [Answer]

Output: relative size


Input: [Question] Linear perspective in a mathematical systems used to show [Answer]

Output: recession in space


Input: [Question] Atmosphereic perspective is a way to [Answer]

Output: show deep space by making distance things hazy


Input: [Question] When a visual effect is so realistic it fools our perception it is called [Answer]

Output: trompe l'oeil


Input: [Question] The surface quality of a work is called [Answer]

Output: texture


Input: [Question] Edward Steichen's photograph Rodin: The Thinker is a good example of the use of [Answer]

Output: value and contrast


Input: [Question] During the Renaissance, European painters developed the technique of chiaroscuro, which means [Answer]

Output: light and shade


Input: [Question] Rhythm in art can be compared with thythm in music [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] The principle of reptition works because our brains prefer order to chaos [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] All works of art have a focal point [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Variety is expressed through transitions which are defined as praid changes from one state to another [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] The implied triangle is a common formula for unifying compositional lines because it is a [Answer]

Output: a highly stable shape


Input: [Question] The use of multiple similar torsos by Magdalena Abakanowicz in her piece Backs is an example of the organization principle of [Answer]

Output: repetition


Input: [Question] Repetition can be used in decorative works to create an all over [Answer]

Output: pattern


Input: [Question] A way of using the principle of variety so that two dissimilar things are compared is commonly called [Answer]

Output: contrast


Input: [Question] Visual tension is created in Tintoretto's Leda and the Swan through the use of [Answer]

Output: contrasting and opposing forms


Input: [Question] Rhythm in art is created by patterns that are set up through [Answer]

Output: repetition and variety


Input: [Question] Rhythm can be achieved by using [Answer]

Output: shape or form, color, and line


Input: [Question] The principle of design that is called balance deals with [Answer]

Output: visual weight we assign to parts of awork


Input: [Question] The chest from the Haida culture is an example of symmety because [Answer]

Output: the left side and the right side are identical


Input: [Question] In Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, Christ is the most important figure, and his place in the composition is as the [Answer]

Output: focal point


Input: [Question] ______ refers to the principle called the "economy of means". [Answer]

Output: paring away extraneous details


Input: [Question] Balance is a principle of design based on the _______ [Answer]

Output: visual weight one assigns to parts of a work


Input: [Question] If an artist is drawing the human digure in proportion [Answer]

Output: each body part should be in relative size to the others


Input: [Question] The golden rectangle is a way of establishing the [Answer]

Output: ideal proportion of space


Input: [Question] The controversy surrounding Moshe Safdie's Vancouver LIbrary Square raised the point that [Answer]

Output: the relationship of a work to its environment is very important


Input: [Question] The work used to refer to the material with whch the artist works is [Answer]

Output: medium


Input: [Question] Of the tools for drawing that are classified as "dry" the most commonly used is [Answer]

Output: graphite pencil


Input: [Question] Monochromatic painting in China was based upon [Answer]

Output: calligraphy


Input: [Question] Leonardo da Vinci's "The Virgin and Child with Sain Anne and John the Baptist" is a full sized chalk drawing called [Answer]

Output: cartoon


Input: [Question] Conte crayon is [Answer]

Output: versatile and can be used for softness or sharp lines


Input: [Question] The word "pastel" is usually associated with _____ tones [Answer]

Output: pale


Input: [Question] In his drawing "Fish Skeletons" Hyman Bloom reverses the usual technique for pen and ink by [Answer]

Output: using white ink on dark paper


Input: [Question] Ink that is thinned with water or spirit and brushed on to suggest tones is called [Answer]

Output: wash


Input: [Question] Unlike the other dry media discussed in this chapter, silverpoint [Answer]

Output: require that the paper be prepared with pigment or glue


Input: [Question] In painting, the word for the surface on which the painting is created is [Answer]

Output: support


Input: [Question] In general, paint is made by suspending ________ in a liquid medium and adding a binder [Answer]

Output: pigment


Input: [Question] For his painting, "Portrait of a Young Man, " Bronzio prepared many drawings using [Answer]

Output: indirect method


Input: [Question] Vincent Van Gogh's painting the Starry Night shows his use of impasto, which gives the painting surface texture [Answer]

Output: three dimensionally


Input: [Question] The final layer of plaster, or ______ is applied over the underlying cartoon sections small enought to be painted damp [Answer]

Output: intonaco


Input: [Question] One of the main properties of tempera paint is [Answer]

Output: it dires quickly to a matte finish


Input: [Question] In early tempera paintings that used gold leaf, the gold was applied [Answer]

Output: over a surface of red gilder's clay then burnished


Input: [Question] Vermeer's painting GIrl with a Pearl Earring is a good example of [Answer]

Output: oil


Input: [Question] According to the curator at the Louvre, the Mona Lisa, an oil painting, has not been cleaned because [Answer]

Output: people are so used to seeing it dirty, it would upset them to change it


Input: [Question] Frank demonstrates how Chuck Close creates monumental photorealistic human heads with flawless gradation [Answer]

Output: acrylic paint applied with an airbrush


Input: [Question] Of painting media, the only one that does not dry quickly is [Answer]

Output: oil


Input: [Question] Paul Rand who designed the IBM logo, believed that corporate logos should [Answer]

Output: consist of simple, universal and timeless shapes


Input: [Question] The intent of advertising is to [Answer]

Output: portray the client's product as compellingly as possible


Input: [Question] According to Peter Good, graphic designers should [Answer]

Output: be constantly open to new ways of seeing things


Input: [Question] According to the designer Hermann Zapf, good types of designs involve [Answer]

Output: symmetry and dynamic tension, balance, harmonious proportions


Input: [Question] Graphic designers are people who [Answer]

Output: design two dimensional images, convey information to the public, use words and imagry together


Input: [Question] The typeface serif [Answer]

Output: gives elegant, calligraphic flourishes, leads our eye through a word, was originally based on the Roman alphabet


Input: [Question] Typesetting or the setting up of type for printing a page is now done by [Answer]

Output: computerized processes


Input: [Question] A good graphic designer will [Answer]

Output: consider the taste and interests of public, elecit a certain feeling toward the public, lure the public into wanting to know more


Input: [Question] In 1525, Albrecht Durer published an influential book about [Answer]

Output: using geometry for designing letters


Input: [Question] Peter Good feels that, unlike European, American culture is not generally receptive to [Answer]

Output: ambiguity


Input: [Question] Typefaces are often chosen according to the ________ messages they convey [Answer]

Output: psychological


Input: [Question] The two major ingredients of graphic design are [Answer]

Output: letters and images


Input: [Question] The art of designing letter forms is calledq [Answer]

Output: typography


Input: [Question] The camera can capture only as much as the human eye can perceive [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] Digital imaging can build up lushly detailed works; simultaneously, it can delte details so that the focus falls up [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] One problem with the daguerreotype is _____ [Answer]

Output: the lenghty time needed for exposures


Input: [Question] One of the very earliest popular uses of photography was [Answer]

Output: for portraits whose aim was capturing a perfect likeness


Input: [Question] The photographs of Ansel Adams have played a major role in [Answer]

Output: land conservation efforts


Input: [Question] The photographer best known for his experiments in placing still pictures into a sequence to analyze motion is [Answer]

Output: Eadweard Muybridge


Input: [Question] When a series of still images seem to merge and look like continous movement it is because [Answer]

Output: persistence of vision


Input: [Question] The Cabinent of Doctor Caligari is an example of the [Answer]

Output: Expressionist


Input: [Question] The computer-generated images used in realistic movies to show things like alien invasions, explosions, or tornadoes [Answer]

Output: Expressionist


Input: [Question] A big improvement in photography, based on Fox Talbot's work, was [Answer]

Output: the development of a means of creating multiple copies of an image


Input: [Question] Ordinary television signals are transmitted [Answer]

Output: through the air


Input: [Question] From the time of Renaissance, some artists used a camera obscura, which was [Answer]

Output: dark room or box that used light to show images on a surface


Input: [Question] The word photography is Greek for [Answer]

Output: wirting with light


Input: [Question] When a single scene in a film continues for several minutes with no break it is called [Answer]

Output: an extended take


Input: [Answer] Elevation of levator ani muscles [Question]

Output: Voluntary control over the urge to micturate involves what?


Input: [Answer] Neck Bladder [Question]

Output: The descent of the _____ of the ____ is essential to the initiation of normal urination?


Input: [Answer] Median umbilical ligament [Question]

Output: Tubular structure present at the junction of only the inferolateral and superior surfaces of the bladder.


Input: [Answer] Medial umbilical ligament [Question]

Output: Structure located within the lateral umbilical folds?


Input: [Answer] Minor Calyces [Question]

Output: Specific cup-like structures which surround the apices of the renal pyramids only.


Input: [Answer] Renal sinus [Question]

Output: Potential space anterior to bladder?


Input: [Answer] Renal Fascia [Question]

Output: Component immediately internal to pararenal fat.


Input: [Answer] PERIrenal fat [Question]

Output: Component immediately internal to renal fascia?


Input: [Answer] PARArenal fat [Question]

Output: Component immediately external to renal fascia?


Input: [Answer] Ureter orifice & internal urethral orifice [Question]

Output: Give landmarks when interconnected by a line will form the perimeter of the vesical trigone.


Input: [Answer] longitudinal smooth muscle of the ureters [Question]

Output: Discuss the derivation of the trigone muscle.


Input: [Answer] Vesicouterine pouch [Question]

Output: Pouch immediately posterior to the female bladder.


Input: [Answer] Rectovesical pouch [Question]

Output: Pouch immediately posterior to male bladder.


Input: [Answer] Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal [Question]

Output: Name two nerves that are posteriorly related to the kidneys.


Input: [Answer] Psoas major, quadratic lumborum, transversus abdominus, respiratory diaphragm [Question]

Output: Name four muscles related posteriorly to the kidneys.


Input: [Answer] Detrusor muscle [Question]

Output: Name given to the majority of smooth muscle forming the wall of the bladder.


Input: [Answer] Inferolateral and posterior surfaces [Question]

Output: Specific bladder surfaces which meet at its neck.


Input: [Answer] Left kidney, Tail of pancreas [Question]

Output: Besides the stomach and splenic vessels, give 2 viscera (give specific part when needed) immediately related to the spleen. Use only those mentioned in handout.


Input: [Answer] 2nd part of duodenum, right colic flexure, liver [Question]

Output: Besides the suprarenal gland, give two structures related anteriorly with the right kidney.


Input: [Answer] Retropubic space [Question]

Output: Potential space anterior to bladder.


Input: [Answer] 11th and 12th ribs [Question]

Output: Give the bony posterior relations of the left kidney.


Input: [Answer] T12-L2,3 Yes, move caudally about an inch. [Question]

Output: Using vertebral levels, where do the kidenys lie when in the supine postion? Do they move when in erect position?


Input: [Answer] 500 ml [Question]

Output: Give the capacity of undistended bladder.


Input: [Answer] Vesical-vaginal plexus to internal iliac vein [Question]

Output: Give the venous drainage of female bladder.


Input: [Answer] Superior, middle, and inferior vesical arteries [Question]

Output: Give the arteries to bladder directly from the internal iliac.


Input: [Answer] Inferior Vesical [Question]

Output: Artery to bladder directly from the internal iliac?


Input: [Questions] Air Temp Increases then [Answers]

Output: Air Pressure decreases


Input: [Questions] Why does the Atmosphere expand when temp rises? [Answers]

Output: Molocules bounce off eachother and move farther apart


Input: [Questions] Adiabatic Changes [Answers]

Output: temperature changes that occur with out the addition or removal of heat energy


Input: [Questions] As a parcel increases in Altitude the pressure _______ [Answers]

Output: decreases


Input: [Questions] Air pressure increases then air temp [Answers]

Output: increases


Input: [Questions] Air Temp decreases then [Answers]

Output: Air Pressure increases


Input: [Questions] Whish is heavier H2O or nitrogen? [Answers]

Output: nitrogen


Input: [Questions] which is heavier H20 or oxygen? [Answers]

Output: oxygen


Input: [Questions] As Humidity increases air pressure _____ [Answers]

Output: Decreases


Input: [Questions] Air Pressure decreases then air temp [Answers]

Output: decreases


Input: [Questions] Wind Blows from [Answers]

Output: high pressure to low pressure


Input: [Questions] During the day land surfaces _____ in temp [Answers]

Output: increase


Input: [Questions] during the day air over land is [Answers]

Output: Warmer


Input: [Questions] Sea Breeze [Answers]

Output: wind going from sea to land


Input: [Questions] Land Breeze [Answers]

Output: Wind going from land to sea


Input: [Questions] Sea Breeze occurs [Answers]

Output: during the day


Input: [Questions] Land Breeze occurs [Answers]

Output: At night (land is cooler)


Input: [Questions] Convection cells in northern and southern hemisphere are caused by ____ [Answers]

Output: uneuqal heating of the earths surface


Input: [Questions] Low pressure belts are caused by___and located _____ [Answers]

Output: caused by rising air located by equator and the artic and antarctic circles


Input: [Questions] sinking air produces ___pressure belts located ____ [Answers]

Output: high pressure/ poles and tropics of Cancer and Capircorn


Input: [Questions] The _____ pattern of high low pressure belts gives rise to a series of ________ belts [Answers]

Output: alternating/ global wind


Input: [Questions] what is the name of the global wind belt located b/w 0 and 30 degrees north [Answers]

Output: Northeast trade winds


Input: [Questions] What type of pressure is felt at 60 degrees S latitude [Answers]

Output: Low pressure


Input: [Question] What is a characteristic that can be observed without changing or trying to change the composition of a substance? [Answer]

Output: Physical Property


Input: [Question] What is a characteristic that cannot be observed without changing the composition of the substance? [Answer]

Output: Chemical Property


Input: [Question] What kind of property is density? [Answer]

Output: physical property


Input: [Question] What kind of property would the following be categorized in: ability to burn, ability to react, ability to rust? [Answer]

Output: chemical property


Input: [Question] Is weight a size-dependent or size-independent property? [Answer]

Output: size-dependent


Input: [Question] Is mass a size-dependent or size-independent property? [Answer]

Output: size-dependent


Input: [Question] Is density a size-dependent or size-independent property? [Answer]

Output: size-independent


Input: [Question] Is volume a size-dependent or size-independent property? [Answer]

Output: size-dependent


Input: [Question] What is the amount of mass in a given volume? [Answer]

Output: density


Input: [Question] What is the amount of space in an object? [Answer]

Output: volume


Input: [Question] What is the amount of matter in an object? [Answer]

Output: mass


Input: [Question] Is boiling point a size-dependent or size-independent property? [Answer]

Output: size-independent


Input: [Question] There are three physical properties that are difficult to identify. They are boiling point, melting point, and [Answer]

Output: solubility


Input: [Answer] g [Question]

Output: what is the abreviation for grams?


Input: [Answer] l [Question]

Output: liter abreviation


Input: [Answer] s [Question]

Output: second abreviation


Input: [Answer] mg [Question]

Output: milligram abreviation


Input: [Answer] mL [Question]

Output: milliliter abreviation


Input: [Answer] m [Question]

Output: meter abreviation


Input: [Answer] cm [Question]

Output: centimeter abreviation


Input: [Answer] liter [Question]

Output: what is the metric unit of liqued volume?


Input: [Answer] meter [Question]

Output: what is the metric unit of lenghth?


Input: [Answer] Newton [Question]

Output: what is the metric unit for force?


Input: [Answer] second [Question]

Output: what is the metric unit for time?


Input: [Answer] Two spaces seperated by the nasal septum, found between the eyes above the oral cavity [Question]

Output: Nasal cavities


Input: [Answer] A bony partition of the nasal cavities [Question]

Output: Nasal septum


Input: [Answer] Two openings in the nasal cavities [Question]

Output: Nostrils


Input: [Answer] Nasal conchae [Question]

Output: Nasal choana


Input: [Answer] Curved projections along the lateral sides of the nasal cavities, filter out dust particles and warm and humidify the incoming air [Question]

Output: Nasal conchae


Input: [Answer] Small cavities in the bones of the skull, lined with mucous membranes, communicate with the nasal cavities [Question]

Output: Sinuses


Input: [Answer] Passageway lined with mucous membranes, connects the nasal cavities to the larynx [Question]

Output: Pharynx


Input: [Answer] Uppermost portion of the pharynx, lies directly behind the nasal cavities, contains the pharyngeal tonsils [Question]

Output: Nasopharynx


Input: [Answer] Middle portion of the pharynx, lies directly behind the oral cavity, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils [Question]

Output: Oropharynx


Input: [Answer] Bottom portion of the pharynx, lies directly above the larynx [Question]

Output: Laryngopharynx


Input: [Answer] Cartilaginous structure, contains the vocal cords and a small protrusion of cartilage commonly called the adam's apple [Question]

Output: Larynx


Input: [Answer] Also called the voice box [Question]

Output: Adam's apple


Input: [Answer] Opening between the two vocal cords [Question]

Output: Glottis


Input: [Answer] Cartilaginous structure above the glottis, folds down over the glottis during swallowiing to prevent food and water from entering the trachea [Question]

Output: Epiglottis


Input: [Answer] Rigid tube made up of a series of horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings, connects the pharynx to the bronchi of the lungs [Question]

Output: Trachea


Input: [Answer] Trachea [Question]

Output: Windpipe


Input: [Answer] Organs in which gas exchange takes place [Question]

Output: Lungs


Input: [Answer] Anatomical space between the lungs where the trachea, heart, major blood vessels, and esophagus are found [Question]

Output: Mediastinum


Input: [Answer] Cartilaginous tubes that extend from the trachea into the lungs [Question]

Output: Bronchi


Input: [Answer] Small bronchi [Question]

Output: Bronchioles


Input: [Answer] Diffusion [Question]

Output: The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place by


Input: [Answer] Last segments of the bronchioles, connect to the alveoli [Question]

Output: Terminal bronchioles


Input: [Answer] Tiny sacs that number about 350 million per lung, where gas exchange takes place [Question]

Output: Alveoli


Input: [Answer] Lipid secreted into the alveoli, reduces surface tension of water within the lung, thus decreasing energy required to fill the alveoli with air [Question]

Output: Surfactant


Input: [Answer] Serous membranes associated with the lungs, produce a lubricant to reduce friction between the lungs and the walls of the pleural cavity [Question]

Output: Pleural membranes


Input: [Answer] Serous membrane surrounding the internal walls of the thoracic cavity [Question]

Output: Parietal pleura


Input: [Answer] Serous membrane lining the outer surface of the lungs [Question]

Output: Visceral pleura


Input: [Answer] Angular notch in the left lung to accomidate the heart [Question]

Output: Cardiac notch


Input: [Answer] Active phase of breathing in which energy is used to draw air into the lungs [Question]

Output: Inhalation


Input: [Answer] Passive phase of breathing in which air is pushed out of the lungs [Question]

Output: Exhalation


Input: [Answer] Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs in one breath during quiet, relaxed breathing [Question]

Output: Tidal volume


Input: [Answer] Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation [Question]

Output: Residual volume


Input: [Answer] Volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation [Question]

Output: Vital capacity


Input: [Answer] Total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs [Question]

Output: Total lung capacity


Input: [Answer] Normal breathing [Question]

Output: Eupnea


Input: [Answer] Breathing stops for a period of time [Question]

Output: Apnea


Input: [Answer] Trouble breathing [Question]

Output: Dyspnea


Input: [Question] When Excel automatically fills the rest of a table column with a formula entered into an empty table column, this is referred to as a(n) ____ column. [Answer]

Output: calculated


Input: [Question] The ____ function is a logical function that returns a TRUE value if any of the logical conditions are true and a FALSE value if all the logical conditions are FALSE. [Answer]

Output: or


Input: [Question] To get the effect of a calculated column in a range of data, you must copy and paste the formula or use the ____ feature. [Answer]

Output: autofill


Input: [Question] If you edit a cell in a calculated column so it is no longer consistent with the other formulas in the column, a ____ appears in the upper-left corner of the cell. [Answer]

Output: green triangle


Input: [Question] After a calculated column contains an inconsistency, any other edits you make to that column are no longer automatically applied to the rest of the cells in that column because Excel does not overwrite ____ values. [Answer]

Output: custom


Input: [Question] In many situations, the value you store in a cell depends on certain ____. [Answer]

Output: conditions


Input: [Question] To evaluate a condition in Excel, you use the ____ function. [Answer]

Output: if


Input: [Question] The ____ function is a logical function that evaluates a condition and then returns one value if the condition is true and another value if the condition is false. [Answer]

Output: if


Input: [Question] ____ just above a cell in the header row of an Excel table to select the column data but not the header. [Answer]

Output: click


Input: [Question] ____ just above a cell in the header row of an Excel table to select the entire column including the column header. [Answer]

Output: double-click


Input: [Question] You could test two or more conditions and determine whether all conditions are true using the ____ function. [Answer]

Output: and


Input: [Question] If all of the logical conditions are true, the AND function returns the logical value ____. [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] You can include up to ____ logical conditions in the AND function. [Answer]

Output: 255


Input: [Question] The ____ function calculates the difference between two dates and shows the result in months, days, or years. [Answer]

Output: dateDif


Input: [Question] With the DATEDIF function, the ____ interval code means months. [Answer]

Output: m


Input: [Question] Column ____ provide a description of the data entered in each column. [Answer]

Output: headers


Input: [Question] ____ references make it easier to create formulas that use portions or all of an Excel table because the names or headers are usually simpler to identify than cell addresses. [Answer]

Output: structured


Input: [Question] When you want to reference an entire column of data in a table, you create a column ____. [Answer]

Output: qualifier


Input: [Question] If you are not sure of a table’s name, click in the table, click the ____ tab on the Ribbon, and then click the Table Name box in the Properties group. [Answer]

Output: table tools design


Input: [Question] When you create a calculated column, you can use ____ references to create the formula. [Answer]

Output: structured


Input: [Question] If you are creating a calculated column or formula within an Excel table, you can use the ____ structured reference in the formula. [Answer]

Output: unqualified


Input: [Question] Using the VLOOKUP function, when the lookup value matches a(n) ____ value, the corresponding value from the lookup table is returned to the cell with the lookup formula. [Answer]

Output: compare


Input: [Question] You can ____ IF functions to allow for three or more outcomes. [Answer]

Output: nest


Input: [Question] An alternative to using several nested IF functions is to use a ____ table. [Answer]

Output: lookup


Input: [Question] When you retrieve a particular value from a lookup table, the ____ value is the value you are trying to find. [Answer]

Output: lookup


Input: [Question] Lookup ____ allow you to use tables of data to “look up” values and insert them in another worksheet location. [Answer]

Output: functions


Input: [Question] The table that stores the data you want to retrieve is called a lookup table, and it organizes the data you want to retrieve into different ____, such as by product ID. [Answer]

Output: categories


Input: [Question] Placing cell references to input values rather than constants in formulas makes a worksheet ____. [Answer]

Output: more flexible and easier to update


Input: [Question] The ____ function searches vertically down the first column of the lookup table. [Answer]

Output: VLookup


Input: [Question] When using VLOOKUP, the ____argument is optional. [Answer]

Output: range-lookup


Input: [Question] Using the VLOOKUP function, an exact match lookup occurs when the value entered must match one of the values in ____ of the lookup table. [Answer]

Output: first column


Input: [Question] Using the VLOOKUP function, an approximate match lookup occurs when the value entered falls within a range of values in ____ of the lookup table. [Answer]

Output: first column


Input: [Question] For the col_index_num value, be sure to enter the number that corresponds to the column’s position rather than its column letter [Answer]

Output: otherwise, the VLOOKUP formula may return ____.


Input: [Question] If you see ____ as the result of a VLOOKUP formula, you might have entered a letter for the col_index_num instead of a number. [Answer]

Output: #Name?


Input: [Question] You can use a ____ function to return a value from a table that is based on an approximate match lookup. [Answer]

Output: VLookup


Input: [Question] When a lookup table is used with a range of values, the compare values must be sorted in ____ order if they are text and in low-to-high order if they are numbers. [Answer]

Output: alphabetical


Input: [Question] To set up an approximate match lookup table so it works in Excel, the leftmost column in the lookup table must represent the lower end of the range for each category, and the lookup table must be sorted in ____. [Answer]

Output: ascending order based on the value in the first column


Input: [Question] ____ lookup tables are commonly used to find a taxpayer’s tax rate in a tax table, find a shipping charge based on the weight of a package in a shipping charges table, or determine a student’s letter grade from a table of grading criteria. [Answer]

Output: approximate


Input: [Question] Omitting the range_lookup entry makes VLOOKUP a(n) ____ lookup. [Answer]

Output: range


Input: [Question] Error values indicate that some element in a ____ is preventing Excel from returning a calculated value. [Answer]

Output: formula or cell range


Input: [Question] An error value begins with a(n) ____ followed by an error name that indicates the type of error. [Answer]

Output: number sign (#)


Input: [Question] The major difference between HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP functions is the way the lookup tables are ____. [Answer]

Output: organized


Input: [Question] The ____ error value means that Excel does not recognize text in the formula or function. [Answer]

Output: #Name?


Input: [Question] The ____ error value means that, for example, a function name is misspelled. [Answer]

Output: #Name?


Input: [Question] The ____ error value means that a value is not available to a function or formula. [Answer]

Output: #N/A


Input: [Question] The ____ error value occurs when an invalid value is specified in the LOOKUP function. [Answer]

Output: #N/A


Input: [Question] The ____ error value means that a formula or function requires two cell ranges to intersect but they do not. [Answer]

Output: #Null!


Input: [Question] The ____ error value means that invalid numbers are used in a formula or function. [Answer]

Output: #Num


Input: [Question] The Conditional Formatting button provides access to the ____. [Answer]

Output: duplicate values conditional format, manage rules option


Input: [Question] You can edit existing conditional formatting rules from the Conditional Formatting ____ dialog box. Click the Edit Rule button and make the appropriate changes. [Answer]

Output: Rules Manager


Input: [Question] The ____ function calculates the number of cells in a range that match criteria you specify, such as counting the number of company employees located in Austin. [Answer]

Output: CountIf


Input: [Question] The ____ function adds the values in a range that match criteria you specify, such as adding the total salary paid to Austin employees. [Answer]

Output: SumIf


Input: [Question] The ____ function calculates the average of values in a range that match criteria you specify, such as calculating the average salary paid to employees in each city. [Answer]

Output: AverageIf


Input: [Question] ____ formatting changes a cell’s formatting when its contents match a specified condition. [Answer]

Output: optional


Input: [Question] To highlight duplicate values, in the Styles group on the ____ tab, click the Conditional Formatting button, point to Highlight Cells Rules, and then click Duplicate Values. [Answer]

Output: home


Input: [Question] Press the ____ keys to move to the top of the table. [Answer]

Output: ctrl & home


Input: [Question] To change the duplicate values background fill color, in the ____ group on the Home tab, click the Conditional Formatting button, and then click Manage Rules. [Answer]

Output: styles


Input: [Question] Each time you create a conditional format, you are defining a conditional formatting ____. [Answer]

Output: rule


Input: [Question] You can edit existing conditional formatting ____ from the Conditional Formatting Rules Manager dialog box. [Answer]

Output: rules


Input: [Question] In the Styles group on the Home tab, click the Conditional Formatting button, and then click ____ to open the Conditional Formatting Rules Manager dialog box. [Answer]

Output: manage rules


Input: [Question] You can filter a table by color. Display the filter arrows, click a filter arrow, point to Filter by Color, and then click a color to display only cells with that fill or click ____ to display only cells without a fill. [Answer]

Output: no fill


Input: [Question] For conditional formatting, a formula must be in the form of a(n) ____ test that results in a true or false value. [Answer]

Output: logical


Input: [Question] A formula must start with a(n) [Answer]


Input: [Question] In the Edit Formatting Rule dialog box, click the ____ button to open the Format Cells dialog box. [Answer]

Output: format


Input: [Question] The COUNTIF function is sometimes referred to as a(n) ____ count. [Answer]

Output: conditional


Input: [Question] You can use ____ to reference cells within an Excel table. [Answer]

Output: structured references , cell and range addresses


Input: [Answer] Neurons, or nerve cells, are the most important part of the nervous system. [Question]

Output: What are neurons?


Input: [Answer] Glial cells provide support for neurons. [Question]

Output: What cell type provides support for neurons?


Input: [Answer] Neuron doctrine states that: •The brain is composed of independent cells. •Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses. [Question]

Output: What is the Neuron doctrine and what does it state?


Input: [Answer] •Mitochondria–produce energy •Cell nucleus–contains genetic instructions •Ribosomes–translate genetic instructions into proteins [Question]

Output: What structures do neurons have in common with other cells?


Input: [Answer] Input zones, integration zones, conduction zones, and output zones. [Question]

Output: What are the four zones of a neuron?


Input: [Answer] Input zone–receives information from other cells through dendrites [Question]

Output: What is an input zone?


Input: [Answer] Integration zone–cell body (or soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed [Question]

Output: What is an integration zone?


Input: [Answer] Conduction zone–single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse [Question]

Output: What is a conduction zone?


Input: [Answer] Output zone–axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells [Question]

Output: What is an output zone?


Input: [Answer] Golgi stains fill the whole cell, including details, but only stain a small proportion of neurons. [Question]

Output: What is a Golgi stain?


Input: [Answer] Fluorescent molecule injections give a similar result. Fill the whole cell, including details, but only stain a small proportion of neurons. [Question]

Output: What are fluorescent molecule injections?


Input: [Answer] Nissl stains outline all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus. [Question]

Output: What are Nissl stains?


Input: [Answer] •Golgi stains •Nissl stains •Autoradiography •Immunocytochemistry [Question]

Output: What are 4 techniques for visualizing structures in the brain?


Input: [Answer] Immunocytochemistry can detect a protein in tissue: –An antibody binds to the protein. –Chemical treatments make the antibody visible [Question]

Output: What is immunocytochemistry?


Input: [Answer] •In situ hybridization uses complementary radioactive probes to find neurons with a specific mRNA sequence. [Question]

Output: What is in situ hybridization?


Input: [Answer] Immediate early genes (IEGs) such as c-fos are expressed when cells first become active. [Question]

Output: What are immediate early genes?


Input: [Answer] •A short sequence of DNA is marked with a radioactive isotope (radioprobe) •Exposure of the radioprobe to brain slices •Cells containing the homologous sequence of the radioprobe be marked [Question]

Output: What does situ hybridization involve? (list the 3 steps)


Input: [Answer] •Autoradiography shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues. [Question]

Output: What is autoradiography?


Input: [Answer] Anterograde labeling uses radioactive molecules taken up by the cell and then transported to the axon tips. [Question]

Output: What is anterograde labeling?


Input: [Answer] Retrograde labeling uses horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–it is taken up in the axon terminals and transported to the cell bodies, then visualized through chemical reactions. [Question]

Output: What is retrograde labeling?


Input: [Answer] •Multipolar neurons–one axon, many dendrites–most common type •Bipolar neurons–one axon, one dendrite (visual sistem) •Monopolar neurons–a single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone (somatosensory system) [Question]

Output: What 3 neurons are labeled according to their size?


Input: [Answer] •Motoneurons (motor neurons) stimulate muscles or glands. [Question]

Output: What are motoneurons?


Input: [Answer] •Sensory neurons respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch. [Question]

Output: What are sensory neurons?


Input: [Answer] •Interneurons receive input from and send input to other neurons. [Question]

Output: What are interneurons?


Input: [Answer] •Astrocytes–star-shaped cells with many processes that receive neuronal input and monitor activity [Question]

Output: What are astrocytes?


Input: [Answer] •Microglial cells, or microglia–small cells that remove debris from injured cells [Question]

Output: What are microglial cells?


Input: [Answer] Myelination–the process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction [Question]

Output: What is myelination?


Input: [Answer] Nodes of Ranvier–gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed [Question]

Output: What are the Nodes of Ranvier?


Input: [Answer] Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord (Central nervous system). [Question]

Output: What are oligo dendrocytes?


Input: [Answer] Schwann cells provide myelin to cells outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system). [Question]

Output: What are scwann cells?


Input: [Answer] Glial cells (astrocytes) respond to injury by edema, or swelling, and are also susceptible to tumors. [Question]

Output: What is edema? What other cell type do they have influence over?


Input: [Answer] The neuronal cell body and dendrites receive information across synapses. [Question]

Output: What receives information across synapses?


Input: [Answer] Dendrites have a branched arborization pattern to facilitate contacts. [Question]

Output: What helps facilitate contacts between dendrites?


Input: [Answer] Information is transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. [Question]

Output: What neurons transmit information from one to another?


Input: [Answer] Presynaptic membranes, postsynaptic membranes, and synaptic clefts. [Question]

Output: What are the three components of a synapse?


Input: [Answer] Presynaptic membrane–on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron [Question]

Output: What is a presynaptic membrane?


Input: [Answer] Postsynaptic membrane–on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron [Question]

Output: What is a postsynaptic membrane?


Input: [Answer] Synaptic cleft–a gap that separates the membranes [Question]

Output: What is a synatpic cleft?


Input: [Answer] small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals [Question]

Output: What are synaptic vesicles?


Input: [Answer] neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance Neurotransmitters are released in response to electrical activity in the axon. [Question]

Output: What are contained within synaptic vesicles?


Input: [Answer] Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter. [Question]

Output: What are receptors?


Input: [Answer] Dendritic spines are studded on the dendrites and increase surface area. [Question]

Output: What are dendritic spines?


Input: [Answer] The property of neural plasticity in dendritic spines allows their number and structure to be rapidly altered by experience. [Question]

Output: What does neural plasticity allow dendritic spines to do?


Input: [Answer] Axon hillock, axon collateral, and axonal transport. [Question]

Output: What are the 3 parts of an axon?


Input: [Answer] Axon hillock–a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon [Question]

Output: What is an axon hillock?


Input: [Answer] Axon collateral–a branch of an axon that also ends in terminals and innervates other cells [Question]

Output: What is an axon collateral?


Input: [Answer] Axonal transport–the movement of materials within an axon [Question]

Output: What is an axonal transport?


Input: [Answer] Gross neuroanatomy–features of the nervous system visible to the naked eye. [Question]

Output: What is gross neuroanatomy?


Input: [Answer] The peripheral nervous system–all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column [Question]

Output: What is the peripheral nervous system?


Input: [Answer] The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. [Question]

Output: What is the central nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Cranial nerves, spinal (somatic) nerves, and autonomic nervous system. [Question]

Output: What are the 3 components of the peripheral nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Bundles of axons [Question]

Output: What are nerves?


Input: [Answer] They controlled sensory and motor functions. [Question]

Output: What are cranial nerves?


Input: [Answer] Spinal nerves or somatic nerves–31 pairs [Question]

Output: How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?


Input: [Answer] •Dorsal (back) root–carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord •Ventral (front) root–carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles [Question]

Output: What are spinal nerves made of?


Input: [Answer] Cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. [Question]

Output: What are the 5 spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?


Input: [Answer] autonomic ganglia [Question]

Output: What neurons are located outside the CNS?


Input: [Answer] Preganglionic neurons [Question]

Output: What runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia?


Input: [Answer] Postganglionic neurons [Question]

Output: What runs from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body?


Input: [Answer] •Sympathetic nervous system •Parasympathetic nervous system •Enteric nervous system [Question]

Output: What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?


Input: [Answer] It mainly deals with internal organs and other involuntary parts of the body [Question]

Output: What is the autonomic nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Has preganglionic neurons only in the spinal cord–they innervate the sympathetic chain, which runs along each side of the spinal column Sympathetic activation prepares the body for action. [Question]

Output: What is the sympathetic nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Has preganglionic neurons that arise in the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord Parasympathetic activation is often in opposition to sympathetic activity. [Question]

Output: What is the parasympathetic nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Sympathetic neurons produce norepinephrine or noradrenaline to accelerate activity. Parasympathetic neurons produce acetylcholine. [Question]

Output: What 2 types of transmitters are used within the nervous system?


Input: [Answer] Central nervous system: •Consists of brain and spinal cord •The brain is dominated by two cerebral hemispheres. •The cerebral cortex [Question]

Output: What is the central nervous system made up of?


Input: [Answer] •The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres. [Question]

Output: What is the cerebral cortex?


Input: [Answer] •White matter–consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths •Gray matter–contains more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin [Question]

Output: What are the 2 colors of brain tissue?


Input: [Answer] •Sagittal plane–bisects the brain into right and left halves •Coronal plane–divides the brain into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions •Horizontal plane–divides the brain into an upper and lower part [Question]

Output: What are the 3 planes of the brain?


Input: [Answer] •Medial–towards the middle Lateral–towards the side •Ipsilateral–same side Contralateral–opposite side •Anterior or rostral–head end Posterior or caudal–tail end •Proximal–near the center Distal–toward the periphery [Question]

Output: What are the different ways in which the brain may be divided? (Name 5)


Input: [Answer] •Afferent–carries information into a region of interest •Efferent–carries information away from a region of interest [Question]

Output: What are the names of the ways in which information flows within the brain?


Input: [Answer] Neural tube–develops three subdivisions, the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain The forebrain later develops into the telencephalon and the diencephalon, followed by the mesencephalon (midbrain). [Question]

Output: What are the developmental subdivisions of the brain?


Input: [Answer] •Metencephalon, which becomes the cerebellum and pons •Myelencephalon, called the medulla [Question]

Output: What are the names of the subdivisions of the hindbrain?


Input: [Answer] •Brainstem–refers to the cerebellum, pons, and medulla [Question]

Output: What is the brainstem?


Input: [Answer] Nucleus–a collection of neurons Tract–a bundle of axons [Question]

Output: What are the two types of neurons and axons within the CNS?


Input: [Answer] •The basal ganglia, important in motor control [Question]

Output: What is the basal ganglia?


Input: [Answer] –The caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus under the cerebral cortex –The substantia nigra, in the midbrain [Question]

Output: What are the 4 nuclei within the basal ganglia?


Input: [Answer] It includes structures important for learning and memory. [Question]

Output: What function does the limbic system serve?


Input: [Answer] •Amygdala–emotional regulation and perception of odor [Question]

Output: What does the amygdala do?


Input: [Answer] Manages learning [Question]

Output: What does the hippocampus and fornix do?


Input: [Answer] Attention [Question]

Output: What does the cingulate gyrus handle?


Input: [Answer] Sense of smell [Question]

Output: What does the olfactory bulb handle?


Input: [Answer] •The thalamus–a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory information •The hypothalamus–contains nuclei with many functions–also controls the pituitary •Mamillary bodies [Question]

Output: What parts of the limbic system are found within the diencephalon?


Input: [Answer] Superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and tectum. [Question]

Output: What are the midbrain sensory systems?


Input: [Answer] Processes visual information [Question]

Output: What does the superior colliculi do?


Input: [Answer] Processes auditory information [Question]

Output: What does the inferior colliculi do?


Input: [Answer] Tectum [Question]

Output: What are the superior and inferior colliculi called when grouped together?


Input: [Answer] Substantia nigra and red nucleus [Question]

Output: What are the midbrain motor systems?


Input: [Answer] Part of the basal ganglia [Question]

Output: What is the substantia nigra?


Input: [Answer] communicates with motoneurons in the spinal cord [Question]

Output: What is the red nucleus?


Input: [Answer] involved in motor coordination and learning [Question]

Output: What does the cerebellum do?


Input: [Answer] •Granule cell layer–cells send axons to form parallel fibers in the outermost, or molecular, layer •Purkinje cell layer–the middle layer, its cells form a single row [Question]

Output: What are the 3 layers of the cerebellum?


Input: [Answer] The pons is attached to the cerebellum and contains motor and sensory nuclei and gives rise to cranial nerves. [Question]

Output: What are pons?


Input: [Answer] The medulla contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord. [Question]

Output: What is the medulla?


Input: [Answer] Neocortex, or isocortex, more simply called cortex, has six distinct layers. Cortical layers are distinguished by: •Type of neuron •Pattern of dendrites or axons [Question]

Output: How many layers are there within the neocortex/isocortex? How are they distinguished?


Input: [Answer] Three [Question]

Output: How many layers are within the allocortex?


Input: [Answer] Pyramidal cells are the most prominent neurons in cerebral cortex. •Pyramid-shaped cell body in layer III or V •Apical dendrite extends to outermost cortex •Basal dendrites spread horizontally from cell body [Question]

Output: What are pyramidal cells?


Input: [Answer] Neurons in the cortex are organized into cortical columns. [Question]

Output: What are neurons organized as within the cortex?


Input: [Answer] •Dura mater–tough outermost sheet •Pia mater–delicate innermost layer •Arachnoid membrane–lies between the other two, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Question]

Output: What are the 3 membranes the brain and spinal cord are surrounded with?


Input: [Answer] A series of chambers filled with CSF [Question]

Output: What is the ventricular system?


Input: [Answer] •Acts as a shock absorber •Provides an exchange medium between blood and brain [Question]

Output: What are the 2 main functions of the CSF?


Input: [Answer] The lateral ventricle in each hemisphere extends into all four lobes and is lined with the choroid plexus, [Question]

Output: What is the lateral ventricle?


Input: [Answer] a membrane that produces CSF. CSF flows into the [Question]

Output: What is the choroid plexus?


Input: [Answer] CSF flows into the third ventricle at the midline, then into the fourth ventricle where it exits to circulate over the brain and spinal cord. [Question]

Output: Where does the CSF flow within the brain?


Input: [Answer] Carotid arteries? [Question]

Output: What are the major arteries within the brain?


Input: [Answer] The internal carotid artery branches into anterior and middle cerebral arteries. [Question]

Output: What does the internal carotid artery branch into?