Input: [Question] What is an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air that enters the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body? [Answer]

Output: Hypoventilation


Input: [Question] If a physician decides to remove the excess serous secretion produced by the viscerol and parietal pleura, what is this called and how is it handled? [Answer]

Output: A thoracentesis will be performed. A needlelike instrument is inserted into the pleural space and the fluid is removed.


Input: [Question] What is it called when pleural surfaces (parietal and visceral)rub together during respiration? [Answer]

Output: Pleural Rub


Input: [Question] What is the collapse of lung tissue, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen? [Answer]

Output: Atelectasis


Input: [Question] What is Hypopnea? [Answer]

Output: Abnormally shallow and slow respirations.


Input: [Question] Name the parts of the Respiratory system? [Answer]

Output: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Alveoli


Input: [Question] What is the purpose of the Respiratory System? [Answer]

Output: The organs of the respiratory system promote the exchange of gases so that adequate oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body and are also involved in regulating the acid-base balance of the body.


Input: [Question] Name the 3 areas of the Pharynx [Answer]

Output: Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx


Input: [Question] What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system? [Answer]

Output: The upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts.


Input: [Question] From the larynx air continues down to the first phase of the lower respiratory tract by entering where? [Answer]

Output: The Trachea or windpite


Input: [Question] The trachea divides into 2 tubes called what? [Answer]

Output: Bronchi


Input: [Question] What purpose do cilia serve in the respiratory system? [Answer]

Output: The cilia serve as filters for impurities and assist the body with removing impurities by "sweeping" them up and out of the respiratory tract.


Input: [Question] The majority of the respiratory tract is lined with what? [Answer]

Output: A ciliated mucous membrane


Input: [Question] What does the respiratory mucosa do to the air as it passes over it? [Answer]

Output: It moistens it


Input: [Question] What is the barrier over which the gas exchange between alveoli and blood takes place? [Answer]

Output: The respiratory membrane


Input: [Question] What is Infant Respiratory Distress? [Answer]

Output: The inability of the infant to produce surfactant


Input: [Question] What substance reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing? [Answer]

Output: Surfactant


Input: [Question] What important function does the respiratory membrane? [Answer]

Output: It separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries


Input: [Term] Personality Theory [Definition]

Output: consists of two separate, but interrelated, theories: structural theory and developmental theory


Input: [Term] Structural Theory [Definition]

Output: Posits the personality with three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego


Input: [Term] Id [Definition]

Output: Present at births, consists of the individual's unconscious instinctual drives or needs. It seeks immediate gratification


Input: [Term] Pleasure Principle [Definition]

Output: According to Freud, the function of the id that reduces tension by gratifying instinctual needs without regard for logic, reality, or morality.


Input: [Term] Ego [Definition]

Output: Develops at about six months in response to the id's inability to gratify all of its needs. Operates on the basis of the Reality Principle - it defers gratification of the id's instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality and uses second


Input: [Term] Reality Principle [Definition]

Output: According to Freud, the ego function which gratifies id needs in a manner consistent with the realistic demands of the environment.


Input: [Term] Superego [Definition]

Output: Emerges when the child is between four and five; represents an internalization of society's values and standards as conveyed to the child by his/her parents through their rewards and punishments.


Input: [Term] Anxiety [Definition]

Output: A conflict between the id's impulses and the demands of either reality or the superego


Input: [Term] Defense Mechanisms [Definition]

Output: When the ego is not able to resolve a conflict through reactional, realistic means. Two characteristics: 1) they operate on an unconscious level; and 2) they serve to deny or distort reality.


Input: [Term] Defense Mechanisms (9 terms) [Definition]

Output: Repression, Fixation, Regression, Introjection, Projection, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Displacement, and Sublimation


Input: [Term] Repression [Definition]

Output: Freud divided the mind into three areas; the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. Repression occurs when the id's drives are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious.


Input: [Term] Fixation [Definition]

Output: A person is exhibiting fixation when, as the result of an unresolved conflict or other trauma during a particular stage of development, the person remains (becomes fixated) at that stage.


Input: [Term] Regression [Definition]

Output: Occurs when a person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development and behaves in ways characteristic of that stage.


Input: [Term] Introjection [Definition]

Output: When one incorporates into one's ego system the picture of an object as one conceives the object to be.


Input: [Term] Projection [Definition]

Output: Involves attributing one's own unacceptable instinctual needs to other people.


Input: [Term] Rationalization [Definition]

Output: Entails explaining one's unacceptable behaviors in ways which make them appear rational and socially acceptable.


Input: [Term] Displacement [Definition]

Output: The transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target so the drive can be more safely expressed.


Input: [Term] Sublimation [Definition]

Output: A type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially-acceptable, even admirable, activity.


Input: [Term] Developmental Theory [Definition]

Output: Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes one's personality is formed during childhood as the result of certain experiences which occur during the five psychosexual stages of development.


Input: [Term] Psychosexual Stages of Development [Definition]

Output: 1) Oral; 2) Anal; 3) Phallic; 4) Latency; & 5) Genital


Input: [Term] Oral Stage [Definition]

Output: First stage of psychosexual development (age 0 to 12 months), when pleasure is centered on the mouth area.


Input: [Term] Anal Stage [Definition]

Output: Second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination.


Input: [Term] Phallic Stage [Definition]

Output: Third stage of psychosexual development (three to six years), when gratification is centered on the genital area. The Oedipus conflict occurs during this time.


Input: [Term] Latency Stage [Definition]

Output: Fourth stage of psychosexual development (six to twelve years), emphasis is developing social skills rather than sexual gratification.


Input: [Term] Genital Stage [Definition]

Output: Fifth stage of psychosexual development (Twelve + years), when sexual gratification is achieved through sexual intercourse.


Input: [Term] Oedipus Conflict [Definition]

Output: The incestual attraction the boy has toward his mother and its accompanying desire to kill the rival for his mother's affection (i.e. father) and fear of castration by his father.


Input: [Term] Maladaptive Behavior [Definition]

Output: The result of unresolved unconscious conflicts which occurred during childhood.


Input: [Term] Therapeutic Goals [Definition]

Output: To alleviate pathological symptoms by making the unconscious conscious and reintegrating previously repressed material into the total personality structure.


Input: [Term] Therapeutic Techniques [Definition]

Output: The main targets of analysis are the client's free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.


Input: [Term] Free Association [Definition]

Output: Requires the client to say whatever comes to mind without censure.


Input: [Term] Dream Analysis [Definition]

Output: To help uncover unconscious conflicts and motives.


Input: [Term] Resistance [Definition]

Output: Client may resist further confrontation with previously unconscious material to avoid anxiety. Resistance can be manifested by missed appointments, tardiness, and avoidance of certain topics or periods of silence.


Input: [Term] Transference [Definition]

Output: Allows the client to project onto the therapist feelings he or she originally had for a parent or other significant person in the past.


Input: [Term] Countertransference [Definition]

Output: A therapist's inappropriate emotional reactions to the client.


Input: [Term] Clarification [Definition]

Output: Restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms.


Input: [Term] Confrontation [Definition]

Output: Making statements which help the client see his/her behavior in a new way.


Input: [Term] Interpretation [Definition]

Output: Explicitly connecting a client's current behavior to unconscious processes.


Input: [Term] Catharsis [Definition]

Output: The emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material; it paves the way for the client's insight into the relationship between his/her current behaviors and unconscious processes.


Input: [Term] Working Through [Definition]

Output: The final and longest stage in psychoanalysis, allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality.


Input: [Term] Reaction Formation [Definition]

Output: Defense mechanism involving replacing an anxiety-arousing impulse with its direct opposite.


Input: [Answer] when you are expecting something to happen [Question]

Output: anticipation


Input: [Answer] gave you an advantage, improved your life, or helped you in some way [Question]

Output: benefited


Input: [Answer] willing to work very hard at something [Question]

Output: committed


Input: [Answer] willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger [Question]

Output: desperate


Input: [Answer] to say something in a strong way [Question]

Output: emphasize


Input: [Answer] to pause before saying or doing something because you are nervous or not sure [Question]

Output: hesitate


Input: [Answer] to deliberately get involved in a situation where you are not wanted or needed [Question]

Output: interfere


Input: [Answer] having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react [Question]

Output: overwhelming


Input: [Answer] a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice [Question]

Output: predicament


Input: [Answer] not achieving very much [Question]

Output: unproductive


Input: [Question] Price at a point where the amount supplied equals the amount demanded. [Answer]

Output: Equilibrium Price


Input: [Question] Consumers will generally buy less of a product at a higher price than a lower price; consumers are demanding. [Answer]

Output: Law of Demand


Input: [Question] The higher the price of a product the more they'll supply & the lower the price the less they'll supply. [Answer]

Output: Law of Supply


Input: [Question] Basic economic decisions are based on the actions of the buyers & sellers. [Answer]

Output: Market Economy


Input: [Question] Amount of money given or asked for when goods & services are bought or sold. [Answer]

Output: Price


Input: [Question] Temporary under-supply of an item. [Answer]

Output: Shortage


Input: [Question] Over-supply of an item. [Answer]

Output: Surplus


Input: [Question] Things you own that have value. [Answer]

Output: Assets


Input: [Question] Statement listing your assets, liabilities, & net worth. [Answer]

Output: Balance Sheet


Input: [Question] Two part statement listing cash income, cash expense, cash saving, & cash deficit. [Answer]

Output: Cash Flow Statement


Input: [Question] Negative cash flow in which monthly cash incomes are less than monthly cash expenses. [Answer]

Output: Deficit


Input: [Question] Cash expenses that stay relatively stable. [Answer]

Output: Fixed Expenses


Input: [Question] Amounts you owe to others. [Answer]

Output: Liabilities


Input: [Question] Total assets minus total liabilities. [Answer]

Output: Net Worth


Input: [Question] Cash expenses that can change a lot from month to month, by choice. [Answer]

Output: Variable Expenses


Input: [Question] A natural talent. [Answer]

Output: Aptitude


Input: [Question] Activities of an individual or group involved in producing and distributing goods & services to customers. [Answer]

Output: Business


Input: [Question] Can be physically weighed & measured. [Answer]

Output: Goods


Input: [Question] Necessary wants; things we must have in order to survive. [Answer]

Output: Needs


Input: [Question] Cost of choosing one things over another. [Answer]

Output: Opportunity Cost


Input: [Question] Anything that people can use to make or obtain what they want or need. [Answer]

Output: Resource


Input: [Question] Tasks that people or machines perform. [Answer]

Output: Services


Input: [Question] Things we wish we could have. [Answer]

Output: Wants


Input: [Question] All items, other than natural, used to produce goods & services. [Answer]

Output: Capital Resources


Input: [Question] Set of rules by which a nation decides how to distribute its resources to satisfy people's wants. [Answer]

Output: Economic System


Input: [Question] The initiation to combine natural, human, & capital resources to produce goods & services. [Answer]

Output: Entrepreneurship


Input: [Question] People who contribute the physical & mental energy to the production process. [Answer]

Output: Human Resources


Input: [Question] Another term for human resources. [Answer]

Output: Labor


Input: [Question] Cannot be replaced. [Answer]

Output: Nonrenewable Resources


Input: [Question] Can be replaced by themselves or by the efforts of others. [Answer]

Output: Renewable Resources


Input: [Question] Lack of something that can be used to satisfy the wants of an individual or group; always exists. [Answer]

Output: Scarcity


Input: [Question] Consists of nothing more than your signature. [Answer]

Output: Blank Endorsement


Input: [Question] Restricts the use of the check so it must be deposited into your account. [Answer]

Output: Restrictive Endorsement


Input: [Question] Used to transfer a check to another person. [Answer]

Output: Endorsement in Full


Input: [Question] Any checks that are written but not cleared. [Answer]

Output: Outstanding Checks


Input: [Question] To balance your checkbook. [Answer]

Output: Reconcile


Input: [Question] Amount of time it will take for your money to double when place in a savings account at a given interest percentage. [Answer]

Output: Rule of 72


Input: [Question] How quickly and conveniently you can retrieve your money from an investment. [Answer]

Output: Liquidity


Input: [Question] Money received by you. [Answer]

Output: Income


Input: [Question] Period of severe economic decline. [Answer]

Output: Recession


Input: [Question] Very severe recession that lasts for several years. [Answer]

Output: Depression


Input: [Question] First economic indicator; dollar value of all final goods & services produced in the United States in a single year. [Answer]

Output: GDP (Gross Domestic Product)


Input: [Question] Second economic indicator; prolonged rise in the level of prices for goods & services that reduces the purchasing power of money. [Answer]

Output: Inflation


Input: [Question] Third economic indicator; percentage of the unemployed work force looking for jobs. [Answer]

Output: Unemployment Rate


Input: [Question] Replaced by GDP; not only the United States. [Answer]

Output: GNP (Gross National Product)


Input: [Question] Most economic resources & business are owned by individuals or groups rather than public businesses. [Answer]

Output: Private Enterprise System


Input: [Question] Contest between businesses to win customers. [Answer]

Output: Competition


Input: [Question] Amount of money left over after a business pays for the cost of producing goods & services. [Answer]

Output: Profit


Input: [Question] Businesses act in a responsible & fair way toward their employees & society. [Answer]

Output: Social Responsibility


Input: [Question] If there are so few firms selling one kind of product, there is no competition. [Answer]

Output: Monopoly


Input: [Question] Receives a monthly statement, accessible through ATM's, low interest rates, & easily accessible. [Answer]

Output: Statement Savings Account


Input: [Question] Certifies that you loaned money to the government or a corporation & outlining the terms of payment; are IOU's. [Answer]

Output: Bonds


Input: [Question] Professionally managed portfolio's made up of stocks, bonds, & other investments. [Answer]

Output: Mutual Funds


Input: [Question] Represents ownership of a corporation; stockholders own shares & are entitled to a share of the profits. [Answer]

Output: Stocks


Input: [Question] Retirement plan that allows you to contribute to a savings plan from your pre-tax earnings that your employer may match. [Answer]

Output: 401 (k)


Input: [Question] Earnings on the account are tax free after five years. [Answer]

Output: Roth IRA


Input: [Question] Gaining an amount as a return on an investment. [Answer]

Output: Yield


Input: [Question] Government charge on earnings or other sources of income. [Answer]

Output: Income Tax


Input: [Question] Money raised through this fund is used to pay retirement benefits. [Answer]

Output: Social Security Tax (FICA)


Input: [Question] Money is used for health & hospital insurance; people 65 and over. [Answer]

Output: Medicare


Input: [Question] Hidden or built in tax that is a certain percentage of the price. [Answer]

Output: Excise Tax


Input: [Question] Tax on imported goods that are collected by the federal government. [Answer]

Output: Tariff


Input: [Question] All individuals pay this on wages & salaries; withheld from your check. [Answer]

Output: Federal Income Tax


Input: [Question] Different branch of government gets your money. [Answer]

Output: State Income Tax


Input: [Question] Goes to the city you live in. [Answer]

Output: City Income Tax


Input: [Question] Varies from state to state; doesn't affect the price of food. [Answer]

Output: General Sales Tax


Input: [Question] Local government gets most of the money for items owned by people or businesses. [Answer]

Output: Property Tax


Input: [Question] Left at the time of someone's death. [Answer]

Output: Estate & Inheritance Tax


Input: [Question] Tax on things you receive from others; can't give money away without being taxed. [Answer]

Output: Gift Tax


Input: [Question] Impose a higher percentage rate of tax on people with higher incomes. [Answer]

Output: Progressive Tax


Input: [Question] Item or activity that is the source of the tax. [Answer]

Output: Tax Base


Input: [Question] Property offered & pledged to secure repayment of a loan & subject to seizure should the borrower default. [Answer]

Output: Collateral


Input: [Question] Measure of your financial worth. [Answer]

Output: Capital


Input: [Question] Income available to make repayment. [Answer]

Output: Capacity


Input: [Question] Involves your honesty & reliability in meeting financial responsibilities. [Answer]

Output: Character


Input: [Question] Protection against inflation; more in the past. [Answer]

Output: Real Estate


Input: [Question] Restricted access to your money, withdrawal penalty if passed expiration date, no risk, no fees, higher interest, & simple. [Answer]

Output: Certificate of Deposit (CD)


Input: [Question] Legal process to get out of debt when you can no longer make all of your required payments. [Answer]

Output: Bankruptcy


Input: [Question] Profit from sale of capital assets such as stocks, bonds, & real estate are tax deferred. [Answer]

Output: Capital Gain


Input: [Question] Calculated on the combined total of the original sum borrowed & the interest it has already accrued. [Answer]

Output: Compound Interest


Input: [Answer] Restlessness, can't concentrate, disorientation,decreaded level of consciousness [Question]

Output: What are the oxygen deficiency indicators?


Input: [Answer] Hypoxia [Question]

Output: What is an oxygen deficiency called?


Input: [Answer] A respiratory effort that is strenuous and struggling, provoking a snoring sound [Question]

Output: What is stertorous?


Input: [Answer] The surgical excision of the palatine tonsils, performed to prevent recurrent tonsillitis [Question]

Output: What is a tonsillectomy?


Input: [Answer] Maintain IV fluids until nausea subsides,then patient may drink ice cold liquids, apply ice collar to neck for comfort and to reduce bleeding by vasoconstriction,assess vitals for hemorrhage, fever, or complications,keep pt comfortable [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for Post Tonsillectomy?


Input: [Answer] Thoracentesis [Question]

Output: If too much serous secretion is produced, it results in an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which is called what?


Input: [Answer] Pulmonary edema [Question]

Output: What is an accumulation of serous fluid in interstitial lung tissue and alveoli?


Input: [Answer] Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting comfort. Such measures include encouraging fluids and applying warm, moist packs to sinuses. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for upper respiratory conditions?


Input: [Answer] A noninvasive method of providing continuous monitoring of Sao2 (saturation of oxygen) for assessment of gas exchange. The system consists of a probe that looks like a large clothespin and is applied to a finger, toe, earlobe, or the bridge of the nose. [Question]

Output: What is pulse oximetry?


Input: [Answer] Orthopnea [Question]

Output: What is an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe deeply or comfortably?


Input: [Answer] Nasoseptoplasty [Question]

Output: What surgical procedure is done to reconstruct, align, and straighten the nasal septum when a nasal obstruction is present caused by congenital abnormality or, more likely, injury?


Input: [Answer] Nursing interventions are generally aimed at maintaining airway patency and preventing infection. Postoperative intervention for nasal surgery will include monitoring closely for infection or hemorrhage and maintaining patient comfort. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for Post Nasoseptoplasty?


Input: [Answer] Cyanosis [Question]

Output: What is the discoloration of the skin resulting from the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood?


Input: [Answer] They are receptors that are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide level, blood oxygen levels, and blood acid levels. When these levels increase, nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory centers, which in turn modify respiratory rates. [Question]

Output: What are chemoreceptors?


Input: [Answer] Inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses. With swelling of nasal mucous membranes the openings from the sinuses to the nose may be obstructed, resulting in an accumulation of sinus secretions, causing pressure, pain, headache, fever, local tenderness [Question]

Output: What is sinusitis?


Input: [Answer] Apnea [Question]

Output: What is the cessation of spontaneous respirations?


Input: [Answer] Adventitious [Question]

Output: What are abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds called?


Input: [Answer] Hypoxemia [Question]

Output: What is an abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood?


Input: [Answer] Dyspnea [Question]

Output: What is difficulty breathing?


Input: [Answer] The common cold, an inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses. [Question]

Output: What is Rhinitis?


Input: [Answer] Tissue growths on the nasal tissues that are frequently caused by prolonged sinus inflammation; allergies are often the underlying cause. [Question]

Output: What are nasal polyps?


Input: [Answer] 2500cc to 3000cc [Question]

Output: What is the daily fluid intake amount?


Input: [Answer] Bradypnea [Question]

Output: What is slow respiratory rate, below 12?


Input: [Answer] Laryngoscopy [Question]

Output: What can be performed for either direct or indirect visualization of the larynx?


Input: [Answer] Caused by narrowed bronchioles [Question]

Output: What is a Wheeze?


Input: [Answer] Hyperoxia [Question]

Output: What is abnormally high oxygen tension in the blood


Input: [Answer] Tachypnea [Question]

Output: What is an abnormally rapid rate of breathing?


Input: [Answer] Acute laryngitis often accompanies viral or bacterial infections. Other causes include excessive use of the voice or inhalation of irritating fumes. Chronic laryngitis is usually associated with inflammation of laryngeal mucosa or edematous vocal cords. [Question]

Output: What is Laryngitis


Input: [Answer] A radical neck dissection. A partial laryngectomy is done to remove the diseased vocal cord. [Question]

Output: What is a Laryngectomy?


Input: [Answer] A bronchoscopy is performed by passing a bronchoscope into the trachea and bronchi. By use of either a rigid bronchoscope or a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (the instrument of choice in most cases), the larynx, trachea, and bronchi can be visualized. [Question]

Output: What is a Bronchosocopy?


Input: [Answer] Sibilant Wheeze [Question]

Output: What are are musical, high-pitched, squeaking or whistling sounds, caused by the rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles?


Input: [Answer] Keep pt quiet and sitting/leaning forward, Apply direct pressure by pinching the entire soft lower portion of the nose for 10-15 min, apply ice compresses to nose and have the pt suck on ice [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for Epistaxis?


Input: [Answer] Progressive or persistent hoarseness, hoarseness longer than 2 weeks should seek medical treatment, can include pain in the larynx radiating to the ear, dysphagia, a feeling of a lump in the throat,enlarged cervical lymph nodes. [Question]

Output: What are the signs and symptoms for Laryngeal cancer?


Input: [Answer] The patient is positioned on the unaffected side. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for Post thoracentesis?


Input: [Answer] The most immediate nursing intervention will be that of opening the airway and restoring patency. This may be accomplished by properly repositioning the patient's head and neck, or it may require further maneuvers. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions Post Laryngoscopy?


Input: [Answer] Sonorous Wheeze [Question]

Output: What are low-pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sounds and are most often heard on expiration?


Input: [Answer] Hypercapnia [Question]

Output: What is it called when there are greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood?


Input: [Answer] Airway maintenance thru suctioning, monitor skin integrity, monitor intake and output (I&O) balance and assist with tube feedings as ordered, encourage communication through writing and facial and hand gestures. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions Post Laryngectomy?


Input: [Answer] Bleeding from the nose [Question]

Output: What is Epistaxis?


Input: [Answer] Usually early morning samples are collected on 3 consecutive days before meals and meds, have pt rinse mouth prior, have pt inhale and exhale deeply three times, then inhale swiftly, cough forcefully, and expectorate into the sterile sputum container. [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for a sputum collection?


Input: [Answer] Do not attach the transducer to extremity that has a blood pressure cuff or arterial catheter in place;Place the probe over a pulsating vascular bed, keep pt still, While the probe is on your pt, protect it from strong light, which can affect the reading [Question]

Output: What are the nursing interventions for ABG collection?


Input: [Answer] Crackles [Question]

Output: What are are short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds that are most commonly heard during inspiration and sound similar to that produced by hairs being rolled between the fingers while close to the ear?


Input: [Answer] Caused by fluid, mucus, or pus in the small airways and alveoli [Question]

Output: What causes crackles?


Input: [Answer] Internal respiration [Question]

Output: What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level?


Input: [Answer] The body responds in a hyperactive mode. [Question]

Output: Anytime the body is under assault how does it respond?


Input: [Answer] External respirations or breathing [Question]

Output: What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung and the environment?


Input: [Answer] In the alveoli of the lungs [Question]

Output: Where does diffusion take place?


Input: [Answer] Smooth muscle [Question]

Output: What is the broncheal tree made up of?


Input: [Answer] Respiratory Acidosis [Question]

Output: What condition occurs if we are unable to diffuse CO2 and O2?


Input: [Answer] The upper, middle and lower areas [Question]

Output: When assessing Respiratory what do we assess?


Input: [Answer] Visceral Pleura [Question]

Output: The surface of each lung is covered with a thin, moist, serous membrane called what?


Input: [Answer] This is a pleural effusion and it causes the pleural space to become distended and puts pressure on the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. [Question]

Output: The surface of each lung is covered with a thin, moist, serous membrane called what and what does it cause?


Input: [Answer] Restlessness [Question]

Output: What is the first sign of Hypoxia?


Input: [Answer] To warm and provide moisture to the are we are breathing in. [Question]

Output: What is the major responsibility of the upper respiratory tract?


Input: [Answer] Parietal Pleura [Question]

Output: The walls of the thoracic cavity are also covered with the same type of membrane called the what?


Input: [Answer] A collection of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse. [Question]

Output: What is pneuumothorax?


Input: [Answer] Cheyne-stokes Respirations [Question]

Output: What are abnormal respirations characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing?


Input: [Answer] Hypoventilation [Question]

Output: What is an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air that enters the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body?


Input: [Answer] A thoracentesis will be performed. A needlelike instrument is inserted into the pleural space and the fluid is removed. [Question]

Output: If a physician decides to remove the excess serous secretion produced by the viscerol and parietal pleura, what is this called and how is it handled?


Input: [Answer] Pleural Rub [Question]

Output: What is it called when pleural surfaces (parietal and visceral)rub together during respiration?


Input: [Answer] Atelectasis [Question]

Output: What is the collapse of lung tissue, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen?


Input: [Answer] Abnormally shallow and slow respirations. [Question]

Output: What is Hypopnea?


Input: [Answer] Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Alveoli [Question]

Output: Name the parts of the Respiratory system?


Input: [Answer] The organs of the respiratory system promote the exchange of gases so that adequate oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body and are also involved in regulating the acid-base balance of the body. [Question]

Output: What is the purpose of the Respiratory System?


Input: [Answer] Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx [Question]

Output: Name the 3 areas of the Pharynx


Input: [Answer] The upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts. [Question]

Output: What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?


Input: [Answer] The Trachea or windpite [Question]

Output: From the larynx air continues down to the first phase of the lower respiratory tract by entering where?


Input: [Answer] Bronchi [Question]

Output: The trachea divides into 2 tubes called what?


Input: [Answer] The cilia serve as filters for impurities and assist the body with removing impurities by "sweeping" them up and out of the respiratory tract. [Question]

Output: What purpose do cilia serve in the respiratory system?


Input: [Answer] A ciliated mucous membrane [Question]

Output: The majority of the respiratory tract is lined with what?


Input: [Answer] It moistens it [Question]

Output: What does the respiratory mucosa do to the air as it passes over it?


Input: [Answer] The respiratory membrane [Question]

Output: What is the barrier over which the gas exchange between alveoli and blood takes place?


Input: [Answer] The inability of the infant to produce surfactant [Question]

Output: What is Infant Respiratory Distress?


Input: [Answer] Surfactant [Question]

Output: What substance reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing?


Input: [Answer] It separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries [Question]

Output: What important function does the respiratory membrane?


Input: [Question] structural isomers [Answer]

Output: same molecular formula and molecular weight. different physical and chemical properties


Input: [Question] Stereoisomers [Answer]

Output: same chemical formula and same atomic connectivity. Only differ by how atoms are arranged in space. includes geometric, isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compounds


Input: [Question] Geometric compounds [Answer]

Output: compounds differ in the position of substituents attached to a double bond or cycloalkane. If only one substituent on either side of double bond use cis and trans, Z and E for more substituted compounds


Input: [Question] chiral [Answer]

Output: an object that is not superimposable upon its mirror image. Carbon that has 4 different substituents and lack plane of symmetry


Input: [Question] enantiomers [Answer]

Output: nonsuperimposable mirror images of chiral objects. opposite configuration at all chiral centers. have same physical and chemical properties, except optical activity and how they react in chiral environment


Input: [Question] rotates plane of polarized light right (clockwise) [Answer]

Output: dextrorotary (+)


Input: [Question] rotates plane of polarized light left (counter clockwise) [Answer]

Output: levorotary (-)


Input: [Question] specific rotation [Answer]

Output: specific rotation([a])=(observed rotation (a))/(concentration g/ml x length dm)


Input: [Question] diastereomers [Answer]

Output: non-mirror image configurational isomers. cis and tran alkenes are diastereomers. required to have multiple chiral centers, 2^n possible stereoisomers


Input: [Question] meso compound [Answer]

Output: a molecule with an internal plane of symmetry.


Input: [Question] conformational isomers [Answer]

Output: same molecules, only at different positions in their rotation


Input: [Question] What is the name given to the process of organ formation? [Answer]

Output: Organogenesis


Input: [Question] When does organogenesis usually start? [Answer]

Output: In the first trimester of pregnancy


Input: [Question] When can gender be determined? [Answer]

Output: Around the 12th week of pregnancy


Input: [Question] When is 'it' referred to as an embryo? [Answer]

Output: From conception to the 9th week (LMP)


Input: [Question] When is 'it' referred to as a foetus? [Answer]

Output: From the 9th week (LMP) until the rest of the term


Input: [Question] How do the lungs develop? [Answer]

Output: Branching morphogenesis


Input: [Question] Which germ layers supply most of the alveoli of the lungs? [Answer]

Output: Endoderm and mesoderm


Input: [Question] Which germ layer is responsible for neural innervention? [Answer]

Output: Ectoderm


Input: [Question] Which germ layer gives rise to musculoskeletal support? [Answer]

Output: Mesoderm


Input: [Question] Which longitudinal channel will later become the digestive tract? [Answer]

Output: Primitive gut


Input: [Question] Which germ layer does the GI system initially develop from in week 2/3? [Answer]

Output: Endoderm


Input: [Question] What does the mesoderm contribute regarding GI system development? [Answer]

Output: Messentry, smooth muscle and blood vessels


Input: [Question] What does the ectoderm contribute regarding GI system development? [Answer]

Output: Enteric nervous system


Input: [Question] What do the following form? A)Foregut B)Midgut C)Hindgut [Answer]

Output: A)Oral cavity, oesophagus, trachea and stomach B)Small intestine and pancreas C)Colon


Input: [Question] Where does somite development occur? [Answer]

Output: Alongside the neural tube, in pairs


Input: [Question] When does somite development occur? [Answer]

Output: Starts around day 19 post-fertilisation


Input: [Question] How does somite development occur? [Answer]

Output: Develops in succession from anterior to posterior. A new somite pair develops every 90 minutes, and 44 develop in total


Input: [Question] What does somite development result in? [Answer]

Output: Produces muscle, and vertebral and rib bones


Input: [Question] When does neural tube closure usually occur? [Answer]

Output: Days 23-26 post-LMP


Input: [Question] How does the neural tube close? [Answer]

Output: The neural plate (neural ectoderm) rolls up to form the neural tube, with the neural crest forming at the boundary with the ectoderm


Input: [Question] Why is neural tube closure important? [Answer]

Output: Closure is important for the development of the brain and spinal cord. Failure to close could lead to conditions such as Exencephaly or Spina Bifida


Input: [Question] What does embryonic folding result in? [Answer]

Output: The entire surface being covered with ectoderm


Input: [Question] What does the ectoderm later become? [Answer]

Output: The epidermis of the skin


Input: [Question] What happens to the mesoderm? [Answer]

Output: The mesoderm splits into two layers; One adhering to the ectoderm, the other to the endoderm. This creates the coelom


Input: [Question] When does nervous system development start to occur? [Answer]

Output: 19-21 days post-fertilisation


Input: [Question] From which layer does the nervous system develop? [Answer]

Output: The ectoderm


Input: [Question] What gives rise to the brain? [Answer]

Output: The neural plate, in the anterior region


Input: [Question] What gives rise to the spinal cord? [Answer]

Output: The neural tube along the dorsal region


Input: [Question] Which two cavities can the body cavity be divided into? [Answer]

Output: Thoracic cavity and Peritoneal cavity


Input: [Question] What separates the Thoracic and Peritoneal cavities? [Answer]

Output: The diaphragm


Input: [Question] What does the Thoracic cavity sub-divide into? [Answer]

Output: The Pleural and Pericardial cavities


Input: [Question] Through what three ways can birth defects arise? [Answer]

Output: -Genetic (inherited or de novo mutations) -Environmental (exposure to teratogens) -Infections (maternal disease)


Input: [Question] How does the ear develop? [Answer]

Output: From placodes (ectodermal thickening visible on surface)


Input: [Question] Why is the development of the ear important? [Answer]

Output: For sensory organ formation


Input: [Question] How does the inner ear develop? [Answer]

Output: From the Octic placode: visible from week 4, disappears from surface by week 5


Input: [Question] When does the embryonic stage of pregnancy occur? [Answer]

Output: The 6 weeks that follow the first 16 days post-fertilisation


Input: [Question] How does the shape of the embryo change during the embryonic stage of pregnancy? [Answer]

Output: -The cephalic and caudal ends curve around the yolk sac so that the head and tail are almost touching in a C-shape -At the same time, lateral surfaces of the disc fold around the sides of the yolk sac to form the ventral surface of the embryo


Input: [Question] When does limb development occur? [Answer]

Output: External surfaces are visible from early week 4


Input: [Question] How do the limbs develop? [Answer]

Output: -Buds project outwards -Patterning is important; need to specify proximal, distal, dorsal, ventral -Forelimb is present first


Input: [Question] What shows the precursors of digits? [Answer]

Output: Condensations of cartilage


Input: [Question] How do the digits separate? [Answer]

Output: Apoptosis between the digits


Input: [Question] When does development of the heart start to occur? [Answer]

Output: Days 22/23 post-fertilisation


Input: [Question] Where is development of the heart visible? [Answer]

Output: On the ventral surface


Input: [Question] When does the heart start to beat? [Answer]

Output: Around day 45


Input: [Question] What do the kidneys develop from? [Answer]

Output: The urogenital ridge


Input: [Question] How do the kidneys develop? [Answer]

Output: Branching morphogenesis


Input: [Question] What are the 3 stages in kidney development? [Answer]

Output: Pronephros (day 18) Mesonephros (day 24) Metanephros (day 35)


Input: [Question] What does the eye develop from? [Answer]

Output: The Optic placode


Input: [Question] When does development of the eye occur? [Answer]

Output: Visible from the end of the 4th week


Input: [Meaning] beyond, out, more than, longer (faster, better) than [Word]

Output: OUT


Input: [Meaning] grow beyond or too large for [Word]

Output: outgrow


Input: [Meaning] looking or sounding as if it belings to (foreign) land beyond ours; strange; fantastic [Word]

Output: outlandish


Input: [Meaning] last longer than; outlive; survive [Word]

Output: outlast


Input: [Meaning] looking ahead or beyond; prospect for the future [Word]

Output: outlook


Input: [Meaning] (literally, what is "put out") yield or product; amount produced [Word]

Output: output


Input: [Meaning] run faster than [Word]

Output: outrun


Input: [Meaning] speaking out freely or boldy; frank; vocal; not reserved [Word]

Output: outspoken


Input: [Meaning] get the better of by being more clever; outsmart; outfox [Word]

Output: outwit


Input: [Question] For a lateral projection of the facial bones, the IR is centered to the: [Answer]

Output: zygomatic bone


Input: [Question] What baseline is placed parallel to the transverse axis of the IR for a lateral projection of the facial bones? [Answer]

Output: infraorbitomeatal


Input: [Question] For a lateral projection of the facial bones the CR will enter the: [Answer]

Output: halfway between the outer canthus and the EAM


Input: [Question] The lateral projection clearly demonstrates the: [Answer]

Output: all facial bones in their entirety


Input: [Question] For the Waters method, the orbilomeatal line is placed at what angle to the IR? [Answer]

Output: 37 degrees


Input: [Question] Where is the CR for the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones? [Answer]

Output: acanthion


Input: [Question] Which facial bones are clearly demonstrated in the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection? [Answer]

Output: orbits, maxillae, zygomatic arches


Input: [Question] The parietoacanthiomeatal of the facial bones is often modified so there is less angulation of the facial bones, the sorbitomeatal line is adjusted to what angle? [Answer]

Output: 55 degrees


Input: [Question] What baseline is placed perpendicular to the IR for the acanthioparietal projection of the facial bones? [Answer]

Output: mentomeatal line


Input: [Question] Trauma patents may arrive in the department with their ahead mobolized, a reverse watersd can be performed by adjusting the CR to be parallel to the: [Answer]

Output: mentomeatal line


Input: [Question] The CR angulation for the Waters method is: [Answer]

Output: 0


Input: [Question] In the parietoacanthial projection, the orbital floor should be: [Answer]

Output: perpendicular to the IR and parallel to the CR


Input: [Question] The parietoacanthial projection requires the CR to exit the: [Answer]

Output: acanthion


Input: [Question] To correct positioning for a situation where the petrous pyramids are projected in the maxillary sinuses for a parietoacanthial projection a technologist should: [Answer]

Output: extend the chin


Input: [Question] The best single projection for facial bones is: [Answer]

Output: parietoacanthial (Water)


Input: [Question] The best projection for orbital fractures is the: [Answer]

Output: Modified Waters


Input: [Question] energy that travels in waves and can move through empty space [Answer]

Output: light


Input: [Question] the bouncing back of light waves off a surface [Answer]

Output: reflection


Input: [Question] the bending of light waves as they travel from one surface to another [Answer]

Output: refraction


Input: [Question] a curved piece of glass that bends light rays [Answer]

Output: lens


Input: [Question] a lens that is thicker in the center and thinner at the edges, a shape that bends light inward [Answer]

Output: convex lens


Input: [Question] a lens that is thinner in the center and thicker on the edges, a shape that bends light outward [Answer]

Output: concave lens


Input: [Question] What is a sense? [Answer]

Output: A thing our body does to get information around us

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Name the 5 senses [Answer]

Output: sight,hearing,smell,taste,touch

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Body part for sight [Answer]

Output: eye

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Body part for hearing [Answer]

Output: ear

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Body part for smell [Answer]

Output: nose

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Body part for taste [Answer]

Output: mouth or tongue

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Question] Body part for touch [Answer]

Output: hand or skin

A thing our body does to get information around us


Input: [Answer] the first phase of drug action, also known as dissolution [Question]

Output: pharmaceutic phase


Input: [Answer] the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles [Question]

Output: disintegration


Input: [Answer] the dissolving of smaller particles into the GI fluid before absorption [Question]

Output: dissolution


Input: [Answer] the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become avaliable to the body to absorb it [Question]

Output: Rate limiting


Input: [Answer] the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. The 4 processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation) and excretion (or elimination). [Question]

Output: pharmacokinetic phase


Input: [Answer] the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption or pinocytosis [Question]

Output: absorption


Input: [Answer] occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration); energy is not required [Question]

Output: passive absorption


Input: [Answer] requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient; energy is required [Question]

Output: active absorption


Input: [Answer] is a process by which cells carry a drug accros their memebrane by engulfing the drug particles [Question]

Output: pinocytosis


Input: [Answer] drugs that are lipid soluble and nonionized are absorbed faster than water-soluble ad ionized drugs [Question]

Output: *Remember*


Input: [Answer] the process in which the drug passes to the liver first, ex: wafrarin and morphine [Question]

Output: first-pass effect


Input: [Answer] a subcategory of absorption; it is the % of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation. [Question]

Output: Bioavailibility


Input: [Answer] Bioavailibility the drug form, the route, GI mucosa and motility, food and other drugs and changes in liver metabolism [Question]

Output: Factors that affect Bioavailibility


Input: [Answer] the process by which the drug becomes avaliable to the body fluids and body tissues [Question]

Output: distribution


Input: [Answer] the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated [Question]

Output: half-life


Input: [Answer] main route is through the kidneys [Question]

Output: elimination


Input: [Answer] most accurate test to determine renal function [Question]

Output: creatinine clearance


Input: [Answer] is the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body [Question]

Output: pharmacodynamic


Input: [Answer] the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered [Question]

Output: onset of action


Input: [Answer] occurs when the druge reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration [Question]

Output: peak action


Input: [Answer] is the length of time the drug as a pharmacologic effect [Question]

Output: duration of action


Input: [Answer] evaluates 3 parameters of drug action; the onset of drug action, peak action and duration of action [Question]

Output: time-response curve


Input: [Answer] 4 families; kinase-linked receptor, ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptor systems and nuclear receptors [Question]

Output: receptor families


Input: [Answer] the site on the receptor in which drugs bind [Question]

Output: ligand-binding domain


Input: [Answer] the ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface, the drug activates the enzyme (inside the cell) and a response is initiated [Question]

Output: kinase-linked receptors


Input: [Answer] the drug spans the cell memebrane and with this type of repetor,the channel opens, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cell. The ions are primarily sodium and calcium [Question]

Output: ligand-gated ion channels


Input: [Answer] there are 3 components to this receptor response; the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate and the effector that is either an enzyme or an ion channel [Question]

Output: G protein-coupled receptor systems


Input: [Answer] cell nucleus and not on the surface of the cell membrane, activation of receptors through the transcription factor is prolonged [Question]

Output: nuclear receptors


Input: [Answer] drugs that produce a response [Question]

Output: agonists


Input: [Answer] drugs that block a response [Question]

Output: antagonists


Input: [Answer] drugs that affect various sites, have properties of nonspecificity [Question]

Output: nonspecific drugs


Input: [Answer] drugs that affect various receptors; have properties of nonselectivity [Question]

Output: nonselective drugs


Input: [Answer] stimulation or depression, replacement, inhibition or killing of organisms, irritation [Question]

Output: Categories of drug action


Input: [Answer] estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measres the effective dose (ED) in 50% of persons/animals and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people/animals; the close the ratio is to 1, the greater danger of toxicity [Question]

Output: theraputic index


Input: [Answer] drugs that have a narrow margin of safety; small safety range between the ED and LD [Question]

Output: low theraputic index


Input: [Answer] drugs that have a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects [Question]

Output: high theraputic index


Input: [Answer] the drug concentration that is between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration [Question]

Output: theraputic range (window)


Input: [Answer] the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time; indicates rate of absorption [Question]

Output: peak drug level


Input: [Answer] the lowest plasma concentration of a drug and it measures the rate at whichthe drug has been eliminated [Question]

Output: trough drug level


Input: [Answer] a large initial dose of drug to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma [Question]

Output: loading dose


Input: [Answer] physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects [Question]

Output: side effects


Input: [Answer] the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence [Question]

Output: pharmacogenetics


Input: [Answer] refers to a decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy [Question]

Output: tolerance


Input: [Answer] refers to a rapid decrease in response to the drug; think "acute tolerance" [Question]

Output: tachyphylaxis


Input: [Answer] a psychologic benefit from a compound that may not hav the chemincal structure of a drug effect [Question]

Output: placebo effect


Input: [Term] theory [Definition]

Output: A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain certain observations.


Input: [Term] variable [Definition]

Output: Anything that can change


Input: [Term] operational definition [Definition]

Output: An objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed


Input: [Term] hypothesis [Definition]

Output: An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory. It is a prediction that can be tested.


Input: [Term] population [Definition]

Output: The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions.


Input: [Term] sample [Definition]

Output: The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study.


Input: [Term] naturalistic observation [Definition]

Output: Observation of behavior in real-world settings with no effort made to manipulate or control the situation.


Input: [Term] standardized test [Definition]

Output: A test that requires people to answer a series of written or oral questions or sometimes both.


Input: [Term] case study [Definition]

Output: An in-depth look at a single individual; also known as a case history.


Input: [Term] correlational research [Definition]

Output: A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together.


Input: [Term] longitudinal design [Definition]

Output: A special kind of systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.


Input: [Term] true experiment [Definition]

Output: A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant.


Input: [Term] independent variable [Definition]

Output: The manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.


Input: [Term] dependent variable [Definition]

Output: A factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable.


Input: [Term] experimental group [Definition]

Output: A group in the research study whose experience is manipulated.


Input: [Term] control group [Definition]

Output: A comparison group that is as much like the experimental group as possible and is treated in every way like the experimental group except for the manipulated factor.


Input: [Term] descriptive statistics [Definition]

Output: Mathematical procedures that are used to descirbe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way.


Input: [Term] mean [Definition]

Output: A statistical measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.


Input: [Term] median [Definition]

Output: A statistical measure of central tendency that falls exactly in the middle of a distribution of scores after they have been arranged or ranked from highest to lowest.


Input: [Term] mode [Definition]

Output: A statistical measure of central tendency: the score that occurs most often.


Input: [Term] range [Definition]

Output: A statistical measure of variability that is the distance between the highest and lowest scores.


Input: [Term] standard deviation [Definition]

Output: A statistical measure of variability that involves how much the scores vary on the average around the mean of the sample.


Input: [Answer] Demonstrates absorption and density differences in organs and vessels [Question]

Output: What is the purpose of contrast agents used in diagnostic imaging?


Input: [Answer] increase [Question]

Output: Positive contrast agents increase/decrease density differences.


Input: [Answer] barium sulfite (barium swallow)non iodinated (myelogram) [Question]

Output: What are two examples of positive contrast agents and an exam where they are utilized?


Input: [Answer] air, carbon dioxidedouble contrst barium enema [Question]

Output: What are two types of negative contrast agents and an exam that uses negative agents?


Input: [Answer] It may leak into the peritoneal cavity causing infection (peritonitis) or if the patient has an obstruction it may cause more of an obstruction. [Question]

Output: Why do we not give a patient barium sulfate if there is a suspected perforation or obstruction?


Input: [Answer] Oral/rectal [Question]

Output: what type of water soluble contrast is used in cases of perforation of the bowel?


Input: [Answer] 37; 33 [Question]

Output: What is the k edge for barium? iodine?


Input: [Answer] we can determine what kVp to use barium - 37 - 105 kVp iodine - 33 - 90-95 kVp [Question]

Output: By know what the k edge of the contrast is what information do we gain?


Input: [Answer] substance that can easily dissolve in water [Question]

Output: Define water soluble


Input: [Answer] amount of solid substance dissolved in known amount of liquid [Question]

Output: w/w (weight in weight)


Input: [Answer] amount of solid substance dissolved in measured quantity of liquid [Question]

Output: w/v (weight in volume)


Input: [Answer] low osmolar contrast agent; safer; contains less particles and will not bind within body causing less chances for adverse effects [Question]

Output: Non-ionic, LOCA


Input: [Answer] osmolarity [Question]

Output: Concentration of ions in a dissolved sutstance per unit of solvent.


Input: [Answer] morbidity [Question]

Output: number of cases of adverse occurences


Input: [Answer] mortality [Question]

Output: death rate


Input: [Answer] thickness/resistance to flow [Question]

Output: Viscosity


Input: [Answer] single - for filling to identify obstructiondouble - to coat the mucosal lining to look for polyps and ulcers [Question]

Output: What is the purpose of single contrast studies and double contrast studies?


Input: [Answer] prednisone and benadryl [Question]

Output: What are two medications given for pre medication for allergy to water soluble iodinated contrast?


Input: [Answer] fewer iodine particles and no free electrons. It will not bind within body, decreases adverse occurence; less toxic and low morbidity [Question]

Output: What is the advantage of non-ioni, LOCA water soluble contrast media?


Input: [Answer] non-ionic low osmolarity [Question]

Output: Which contrast would have less toxicity?ionic, low osmolarity, non-ionic low osmolarity or nonionic high osmolarity


Input: [Answer] Creatine .6-1.5 (greater than 2.0)BUN 8-25 mg (greater than 45) [Question]

Output: What is the maximum level for creatine and BUN before it is contraindicated?


Input: [Answer] renal failure (due to creatine and BUN), allergic reaction, iodine sensitivity [Question]

Output: Name some risk factors for contrast media injection.


Input: [Answer] Vasovagal [Question]

Output: cardiovascular changes manifested in response to a contrast medium injection and results in lightheadedness, anxiety, diaphoresis, hypotension and bradycartioa.


Input: [Answer] give atropine to help [Question]

Output: If a patient was having a vasovagal reaction what can be done?


Input: [Answer] metallic taste, cough, vomitting, flushed, urdicaria [Question]

Output: What are four mild adverse occurences?


Input: [Answer] laryngeal edema, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, anaphylactic shock [Question]

Output: what are four severe adverse occurences?


Input: [Answer] O2, suction, crash cart [Question]

Output: Name equipment that should be present in case of a reaction to contrast.


Input: [Answer] atropine [Question]

Output: which drug inhibits vasovagal reactions?


Input: [Answer] lasix [Question]

Output: This drug removes excess fluid from body.


Input: [Answer] epinephrine [Question]

Output: Mimics sympathetic system and used in severe contrast reactions.


Input: [Answer] valium [Question]

Output: Muscular relaxant and sedative.


Input: [Answer] reduces nausea [Question]

Output: Phenergan


Input: [Answer] allergic reaction to contrast [Question]

Output: Benadryl


Input: [Answer] not for intrathecal injection [Question]

Output: If a water soluble contrast was unsafe for myelography what would it have to state?


Input: [Answer] oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, parenteral [Question]

Output: What are some pharmaceutical routes of administration of medications?


Input: [Answer] intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrathecal, subarachnoid [Question]

Output: what are 7 parenteral routes of administration?


Input: [Answer] barium sulfate [Question]

Output: Give an example of a positive contrast agent.


Input: [Answer] air [Question]

Output: Give an example of a negative contrast agent.


Input: [Answer] leaking into tissues [Question]

Output: Extravasation


Input: [Answer] the dark area created by an object that stops light [Question]

Output: shadow


Input: [Answer] a position or arrangement in relation to another position or location [Question]

Output: orientation


Input: [Answer] an instrument used to determine direction. The needle points to magnetic north [Question]

Output: compass


Input: [Answer] a star around which Earth and other planets revolve (turn). Gives off heat and light energy [Question]

Output: Sun


Input: [Answer] the course or line around which something moves, lies, or points [Question]

Output: direction


Input: [Answer] a tool to measure temperature [Question]

Output: thermometer


Input: [Answer] the difference between a start time and an ending time [Question]

Output: elapsed time


Input: [Answer] nonliving substance that makes up or comes from the earth [Question]

Output: earth material


Input: [Answer] the change of energy from one form to another (such as light to heat), or the movement of energy from one object to another (such as heat moving from air to soil or water) [Question]

Output: energy transfer


Input: [Answer] a material, such as water, that can absorb a large amount of heat for its volume and release energy slowly [Question]

Output: heat sink


Input: [Answer] energy from the Sun. This energy takes several forms, including visible light and infrared light that can be felt as heat [Question]

Output: solar energy


Input: [Answer] to take up, soak in, or capture. Black plastic absorbs the Sun’s energy [Question]

Output: absorb


Input: [Answer] to bounce back. White plastic reflects the Sun’s energy [Question]

Output: reflect


Input: [Answer] a material used to capture solar energy in a water heater or other device [Question]

Output: solar collector


Input: [Answer] the total surface of an object; for a rectangle or square surface it equals length times width [Question]

Output: surface area


Input: [Answer] the transfer of heat energy to air in an enclosed space [Question]

Output: space heating


Input: [Answer] a system providing space heating (or cooling) by the action of sunshine falling on the building without the assistance of mechanical or electrical devices [Question]

Output: passive solar energy


Input: [Answer] a system providing space heating (or cooling) by the action of sunshine falling on collectors and the assistance of mechanical or electrical devices to move heat around [Question]

Output: active solar energy


Input: [Question] The genus Mycobacterium includes what types of organisms? [Answer]

Output: Pathogenic, opportunists, and even normal flora


Input: [Question] What areas of the body are the mycobacteria species able to infect in humans? [Answer]

Output: These organisms are capable of infecting a wide variety of body tissues and systems.


Input: [Question] List some of the clinical manifestations caused by the mycobacteria. [Answer]

Output: Diarrhea, lung complications, or skin lesions


Input: [Question] What types of specimens can be collected to isolate/identify Mycobacteria spp.? [Answer]

Output: A wide variety of specimens can be collected because these organisms can invade a wide variety of body tissues/systems. Examples include: sputums, lung, eye, skin, etc.


Input: [Question] What are the names of the staining procedures used to identify Mycobacteria spp.? [Answer]

Output: Acid-fast staining procedures: Kinyoun and Ziehl-Neelsen methods


Input: [Question] Why do the Mycobacteria spp. stain the way they do with the acid-fast staining procedures? [Answer]

Output: The cell walls of these organisms contain a high amount of lipids (fats). Within this fat content is a waxy substance known as mycolic acid that allows these organisms to retain the primary stain and stain “acid-fast positive”.


Input: [Question] What is the acid-fast staining reaction and morphology of the Mycobacteria spp.? [Answer]

Output: acid-fast positive bacilli (AFB),stain red (the color of the primary stain)


Input: [Question] Do mycobacteria stain with the gram stain procedure? Explain. [Answer]

Output: Mycobacteria spp. do not stain well with the gram stain procedure,these organisms, they would stain “gram variable”, showing both positive and negative gram staining reactions.


Input: [Question] What are the natural habitats for the mycobacteria? [Answer]

Output: Soil, warm and cold blooded animals


Input: [Question] What are the three classifications for growth rates of Mycobacteria? [Answer]

Output: 1. slow growers 2. rapid growers 3. special growers


Input: [Question] Explain slow growers... [Answer]

Output: colonies seen on artificial media after 7+ days of incubation


Input: [Question] Explain rapid growers... [Answer]

Output: colonies seen on artificial media in less than 7 days, growth at 25C-37C


Input: [Question] Explain special growers... [Answer]

Output: need special nutritional requirements to grow or have not been cultured in vitro


Input: [Question] What is the Runyon classification for the mycobacteria? [Answer]

Output: Another classification system for the Mycobacteria spp, based on the pigment production of these organisms.


Input: [Question] What is the name of the organism that causes tuberculosis? [Answer]

Output: Mycobacterium tuberculosis


Input: [Question] Who discovered the tuberculosis organism? [Answer]

Output: Robert Koch (a German physician)


Input: [Question] What is the acid-fast staining reaction/morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? [Answer]

Output: Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive, meaning it takes up and retains the primary acid-fast stain (red)


Input: [Question] Describe the signs/symptoms of tuberculosis. [Answer]

Output: Tuberculosis (TB) is usually asymptomatic. Left untreated patients can experience fatigue, weight loss, chronic cough, low grade fevers, anorexia


Input: [Question] What is the mode of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis? [Answer]

Output: Infected respiratory droplets known as droplet nuclei, person-to-person through the air


Input: [Question] How is tuberculosis spread throughout the body? [Answer]

Output: TB spreads through the lymphatic and circulatory systems to the entire body


Input: [Question] What are exudative lesions? [Answer]

Output: fluid filled lesions that are associated with acute, active TB—active infectious TB


Input: [Question] What are productive lesions? [Answer]

Output: nonfluid filled lesions that are associated with chronic TB—dormant, noninfectious TB


Input: [Question] Define tubercle [Answer]

Output: a small round nodule produced from infection with TB


Input: [Question] Define granuloma [Answer]

Output: a collection of cells and organisms produced from a productive TB lesion


Input: [Question] Define Ghon complex [Answer]

Output: a “dormant” tubercle, this complex can harbor the TB organism for years, and then some “incident” can reactive the TB organism, and infection can reoccur.


Input: [Question] What are the two recognized forms of tuberculosis? Explain the disease pattern of each. [Answer]

Output: Primary and reinfection are the two patterns Primary is the acute exudative lesions type Reinfection is the chronic productive lesion type


Input: [Question] Can Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause infections outside the lungs? Explain. [Answer]

Output: Yes, this is known as extramedullary TB. Why this can happen is because the organism spreads throughout the entire body by the lymphatic and circulatory systems, and can then invade all parts of the body.


Input: [Question] How are specimens processed for isolation of the mycobacteria? [Answer]

Output: two-step process,digestion and decontamination.Decontamination rids the specimen of other organisms that might not allow the Mycobacterium organisms to grow. Digestion allows the specimen to “liquefy” in order to get it to culture more easily.


Input: [Question] What types of screening methods are presently available to check for exposure to tuberculosis? [Answer]

Output: Tine test, mantoux test (chest x-ray)


Input: [Question] If an individual's initial screening test for tuberculosis gives a positive result, what is the usual follow-up protocol? [Answer]

Output: Chest x-ray


Input: [Question] What is treatment for tuberculosis? [Answer]

Output: 1st time infections usually heal without treatment. If treatment is indicated, there are a number of anti-TB drugs available. Examples: Isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin. Usually a combination of drugs is required for treatment.


Input: [Question] What is the name of the disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae? [Answer]

Output: Leprosy


Input: [Question] What is another name for leprosy? [Answer]

Output: Hansen’s disease


Input: [Question] What type of staining procedure is required to identify leprosy? [Answer]

Output: Acid-fast staining procedures


Input: [Question] Can leprosy be grown on artificial media? [Answer]

Output: No, it has never been grown on artificial media. It is an obligate intracellular bacilli


Input: [Question] What is leprosy? [Answer]

Output: It is a chronic skin condition that if left untreated causes gross disfigurement


Input: [Question] What is treatment for leprosy? [Answer]

Output: Diapsone along with rifampin, treatment can last for years


Input: [Question] What does MOTT stand for? What are these organisms? [Answer]

Output: Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis, these organisms are other than tuberculosis and leprae, that can cause infections in man and other animals


Input: [Question] What kinds of media do the mycobacteria need to grow? Name a couple. [Answer]

Output: Middlebrook 7H10 Lowenstein-Jensen


Input: [Answer] A thing our body does to get information around us [Question]

Output: What is a sense?


Input: [Answer] sight,hearing,smell,taste,touch [Question]

Output: Name the 5 senses


Input: [Answer] eye [Question]

Output: Body part for sight


Input: [Answer] ear [Question]

Output: Body part for hearing


Input: [Answer] nose [Question]

Output: Body part for smell


Input: [Answer] mouth or tongue [Question]

Output: Body part for taste


Input: [Answer] hand or skin [Question]

Output: Body part for touch


Input: [Definition] a classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for students (learning objectives) [Word]

Output: Bloom's Taxonomy


Input: [Definition] Exhibit memory of previously-learned materials by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers [Word]

Output: Knowledge


Input: [Definition] Demonstrative understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas [Word]

Output: Comprehension


Input: [Definition] Using new knowledge. Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way [Word]

Output: Application


Input: [Definition] Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations. [Word]

Output: Analysis


Input: [Definition] Compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. [Word]

Output: Synthesis


Input: [Definition] defines, describes, identifies [Word]

Output: Knowledge


Input: [Definition] knows, labels, lists [Word]

Output: Knowledge


Input: [Definition] matches, names, outlines [Word]

Output: Knowledge


Input: [Definition] recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states. [Word]

Output: Knowledge


Input: [Definition] Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials [Word]

Output: Evaluation


Input: [Question] animate power [Answer]

Output: power supplied by people or animals


Input: [Question] inanimate power [Answer]

Output: power generated from machines


Input: [Question] biomass fuel [Answer]

Output: wood, plant material, & animal waste


Input: [Question] resource [Answer]

Output: substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically & technologically feasible to access, & is socially acceptable to use


Input: [Question] fossil fuel [Answer]

Output: residue of plants and animals that were buried many years ago


Input: [Question] renewable energy [Answer]

Output: energy that can is replaced continually


Input: [Question] nonrenewable energy [Answer]

Output: energy that forms so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed


Input: [Question] proven reserve [Answer]

Output: amount of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered


Input: [Question] potential reserve [Answer]

Output: energy in undiscovered deposits that are thought to exist


Input: [Question] fission [Answer]

Output: production of electricity from energy released by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment


Input: [Question] radioactive waste [Answer]

Output: product of all nuclear reactions


Input: [Question] ferrous [Answer]

Output: iron ore & other allows used in the production of iron & steel


Input: [Question] nonferrous [Answer]

Output: utilized to make products other than iron and steel (most abundant is aluminum)


Input: [Question] pollution [Answer]

Output: more waste is added than a resource can accommodate


Input: [Question] air pollution [Answer]

Output: concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air


Input: [Question] greenhouse effect [Answer]

Output: anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface


Input: [Question] ozone [Answer]

Output: stratosphere above Earth's surface


Input: [Question] chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [Answer]

Output: pollutants used in refrigerators & air conditioners that break down Earth's layer of ozone gas


Input: [Question] acid deposition [Answer]

Output: tiny droplets of sulfuric acid & nitric acid form & return to Earth's surface


Input: [Question] acid precipitation [Answer]

Output: rain, snow, or fog


Input: [Question] photochemcial smog [Answer]

Output: formed from hydrocarbons & nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight


Input: [Question] biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) [Answer]

Output: constitued by the oxygen consumed by the decomposing organic waste


Input: [Question] sanitary landfill [Answer]

Output: most common strategy for disposal of solid waste


Input: [Question] passive solar energy systems [Answer]

Output: capture energy without special devices


Input: [Question] active solar energy systems [Answer]

Output: collect solar energy & convert it to heat energy/electricity


Input: [Question] photovoltaic cells [Answer]

Output: convert light energy into electrical energy


Input: [Question] hydroelectric power [Answer]

Output: energy of moving water used to generate electricity


Input: [Question] geothermal energy [Answer]

Output: energy from hot water or steam


Input: [Question] fusion [Answer]

Output: fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium


Input: [Question] recycling [Answer]

Output: separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material


Input: [Question] conservation [Answer]

Output: sustainable use & management of natural resources such as wildlife, water, air, and Earth deposits to meet human needs


Input: [Question] preservation [Answer]

Output: maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible


Input: [Question] sustainable development [Answer]

Output: development that meets the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs


Input: [Question] biological diversity (biodiversity) [Answer]

Output: variety of species across Earth as a whole or in a specific place


Input: [Question] breeder reactor [Answer]

Output: turns uranium into a renewable resource by generating plutonium


Input: [Question] an accounting device used to analyze transactions [Answer]

Output: T Account


Input: [Question] an amount recorded on the left side of the T account [Answer]

Output: Debit


Input: [Question] an amount recorded on the right side of the T account [Answer]

Output: Credit


Input: [Question] the side of the account that increased [Answer]

Output: Normal Balance


Input: [Question] a list of accounts used by a business [Answer]

Output: Chart of Accounts


Input: [Question] What is on the left side of the accounting equation? [Answer]

Output: Assets


Input: [Question] What is on the right side of the accounting equation? [Answer]

Output: Liabilities and Owner's Equity


Input: [Question] What type of account is Cash? [Answer]

Output: Asset


Input: [Question] Cash has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Accounts Payable? [Answer]

Output: Liability


Input: [Question] Accounts Payable has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Capital? [Answer]

Output: Owner's Equity


Input: [Question] A Capital account has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Supplies? [Answer]

Output: Asset


Input: [Question] Supplies has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Accounts Receivable? [Answer]

Output: Asset


Input: [Question] Accounts Receivable has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Drawing? [Answer]

Output: Owner's Equity


Input: [Question] The Drawing account has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit (and remember it decreases Owner's Equity)


Input: [Question] What type of account are Expenses? [Answer]

Output: Owner's Equity


Input: [Question] Expense accounts have a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit (and remember they decrease Owner's Equity)


Input: [Question] What type of account is Prepaid Insurance? [Answer]

Output: Asset


Input: [Question] Prepaid Insurance has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] What type of account is Sales? [Answer]

Output: Owner's Equity


Input: [Question] Sales has a normal _____ balance. [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] Which account gets a credit if you . . . Pay cash for supplies [Answer]

Output: Cash


Input: [Question] Which account gets a credit if you . . . Receive cash from sales [Answer]

Output: Sales


Input: [Question] Which account gets a credit if you . . . Receive cash on account from a company who owes you money [Answer]

Output: Accounts Receivable


Input: [Question] Which account gets a credit if you . . . Pay cash for rent [Answer]

Output: Cash


Input: [Question] Which account gets a credit if you . . . Purchase supplies on account [Answer]

Output: Accounts Payable


Input: [Question] Which account gets a debit if you . . . Pay cash for supplies [Answer]

Output: Supplies


Input: [Question] Which account gets a debit if you . . . Receive cash from sales [Answer]

Output: Cash


Input: [Question] Which account gets a debit if you . . . Pay cash for rent [Answer]

Output: Rent Expense


Input: [Question] Which account gets a debit if you . . . Purchase supplies on account [Answer]

Output: Supplies


Input: [Question] Which account gets a debit if you . . . Owner withdraws cash for personal use [Answer]

Output: Drawing


Input: [Question] mRNA [Answer]

Output: synthesizes protein


Input: [Question] rRNA [Answer]

Output: structural component of ribosomes


Input: [Question] tRNA [Answer]

Output: carries the an amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for incorperation to a growing protein


Input: [Question] proof-reading is called [Answer]

Output: 3'-5' exonuclease activity


Input: [Question] toposiomerases [Answer]

Output: fixes suppercoiling


Input: [Question] RNA pol I [Answer]

Output: makes rRNA


Input: [Question] proteins are made... [Answer]

Output: in the cytoplasm


Input: [Question] RNA pol II [Answer]

Output: makes mRNA


Input: [Question] three differences bw DNA and RNA [Answer]

Output: DNA uses deoxyribose instead of ribose; DNA uses thymine instead of uracil; DNA is double stranded while RNA is usually single


Input: [Question] RNA pol III [Answer]

Output: makes tRNA


Input: [Question] transformation [Answer]

Output: the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material inheritable genetic combo


Input: [Question] conjunction [Answer]

Output: the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact. Donor male (+); recipient female (-). They have sex pili


Input: [Question] transduction [Answer]

Output: is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.


Input: [Question] scarcity [Answer]

Output: inadequate supply of resources - not enough


Input: [Question] goods [Answer]

Output: items or things that we use that someone else produces


Input: [Question] services [Answer]

Output: a job done for someone else


Input: [Question] economy [Answer]

Output: management of producing, distributing and consuming wealth and resources


Input: [Question] natural resources [Answer]

Output: found occurring in nature


Input: [Question] market [Answer]

Output: where goods are sold or traded


Input: [Question] capital resources [Answer]

Output: goods like computers, machines, tractors, etc. used to make other products or provide a service


Input: [Question] wages [Answer]

Output: the amount of money or salary that is paid to an individual


Input: [Question] consumer [Answer]

Output: one who uses goods and services (like us)


Input: [Question] labor resource [Answer]

Output: people who work


Input: [Question] mental labor resource [Answer]

Output: person that uses mind over strength


Input: [Question] physical labor resource [Answer]

Output: person that uses strength or physically works on their job


Input: [Question] economic system [Answer]

Output: system of organizing wealth and resources


Input: [Question] traditional economy [Answer]

Output: decisions are made on the past or customs


Input: [Question] command economy [Answer]

Output: decisions are made by the government


Input: [Question] market economy [Answer]

Output: decisions are made by the citizens


Input: [Question] productive resources [Answer]

Output: natural resources, labor (physical or mental) resources and capital resources


Input: [Question] renewable resources [Answer]

Output: can be replenished through nature


Input: [Question] non-renewable resource [Answer]

Output: cannot be replenished by nature


Input: [Question] market economy's other names [Answer]

Output: capitalism, laissez-faire, free market system


Input: [Question] If someone faces "scarcity" what does that mean? [Answer]

Output: not having enough of something


Input: [Question] Which of the following would be a capital resource: machines, cat, cookie, teacher [Answer]

Output: machines


Input: [Question] In a free market, will prices ever change and why? [Answer]

Output: yes, prices will always change because of the supply and demand of the consumers


Input: [Question] What are the three basic economic questions? [Answer]

Output: For whom to produce? How to produce? What to produce?


Input: [Question] Name the three productive resources. [Answer]

Output: labor, capital and natural


Input: [Question] All of the following are services EXCEPT: teacher, plumber, bag of Halloween candy, doctor [Answer]

Output: bag of Hallowwen candy


Input: [Question] Which economic system is found in Africa? [Answer]

Output: traditional


Input: [Question] Which economic system is able to change prices because of demands? [Answer]

Output: market


Input: [Question] Which economic system is the government in power? [Answer]

Output: command


Input: [Question] Which economic system is based on supply and demand? [Answer]

Output: market


Input: [Question] Which economic system has a gap between the rich and the poor? [Answer]

Output: market


Input: [Question] Which economic system does not have much diversity because of the customs? [Answer]

Output: traditional


Input: [Question] true or false: every country needs an ecomonic system [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] true or false: resources are scarce [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] true or false: resources are not evenly distributed [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] true or false: a teacher is a mental resource [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] A basketball player is what type of resource? [Answer]

Output: physical


Input: [Question] A computer is what type of resource? [Answer]

Output: capital


Input: [Question] What is it called when two or more economies merge together? [Answer]

Output: mixed economy


Input: [Question] Which economy promotes quality products? [Answer]

Output: market


Input: [Question] Which economy does not have any incentive to make quality products? [Answer]

Output: command


Input: [Question] Which economy allows people to celebrate Thanksgiving? [Answer]

Output: market


Input: [Question] True or False: Resources are plentiful [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] Resources are scarce and not evenly distributed [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] True or False: A dog is a consumer [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] True or False: A teacher is a consumer [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] True or False: Gasoline is durable [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] True or False: A skatedboard is non-durable [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] True or False: A t-shirt is durable [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] True or False: Kleenex is durable [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] True or False: A bus ticket is non-durable [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] True or False: Ms. Sarria's ceramic coffee cup is non-durable [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] What type of resource is a tree? [Answer]

Output: renewable


Input: [Question] What type of resource is a rabbit? [Answer]

Output: renewable


Input: [Question] What type of resource is a jet fighter plane? [Answer]

Output: capital


Input: [Question] What type of resource is a cell phone? [Answer]

Output: capital


Input: [Question] Which is non-renewable? cotton or coal [Answer]

Output: coal


Input: [Question] Which is non-renewable? diamonds or water [Answer]

Output: diamonds


Input: [Question] Which is durable? eraser or shoes [Answer]

Output: shoes


Input: [Question] Which is durable? jet ski or peanuts [Answer]

Output: jet ski


Input: [Question] Which sector of industry deals with raw materials? [Answer]

Output: primary


Input: [Question] Which level of industry does research? [Answer]

Output: quaternary


Input: [Question] Which level of industry might clean fish to package? [Answer]

Output: secondary


Input: [Question] Which section of industry would look to make products improved? [Answer]

Output: quaternary


Input: [Question] Which section of indusrty would harvest wheat? [Answer]

Output: primary


Input: [Question] Which level of industry would sell cars at a dealershop? [Answer]

Output: tertiary


Input: [Question] Which sector of industry would come up with ideas for a "smart" car? [Answer]

Output: quaternary


Input: [Question] Which industry section would have skilled researchers? [Answer]

Output: quaternary


Input: [Question] Which section of industry takes natural resources and turns them into products? [Answer]

Output: secondary


Input: [Question] Which sector of industry would transport gasoline to a station to sell? [Answer]

Output: tertiary


Input: [Answer] same molecular formula and molecular weight. different physical and chemical properties [Question]

Output: structural isomers


Input: [Answer] same chemical formula and same atomic connectivity. Only differ by how atoms are arranged in space. includes geometric, isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compounds [Question]

Output: Stereoisomers


Input: [Answer] compounds differ in the position of substituents attached to a double bond or cycloalkane. If only one substituent on either side of double bond use cis and trans, Z and E for more substituted compounds [Question]

Output: Geometric compounds


Input: [Answer] an object that is not superimposable upon its mirror image. Carbon that has 4 different substituents and lack plane of symmetry [Question]

Output: chiral


Input: [Answer] nonsuperimposable mirror images of chiral objects. opposite configuration at all chiral centers. have same physical and chemical properties, except optical activity and how they react in chiral environment [Question]

Output: enantiomers


Input: [Answer] dextrorotary (+) [Question]

Output: rotates plane of polarized light right (clockwise)


Input: [Answer] levorotary (-) [Question]

Output: rotates plane of polarized light left (counter clockwise)


Input: [Answer] specific rotation([a])=(observed rotation (a))/(concentration g/ml x length dm) [Question]

Output: specific rotation


Input: [Answer] non-mirror image configurational isomers. cis and tran alkenes are diastereomers. required to have multiple chiral centers, 2^n possible stereoisomers [Question]

Output: diastereomers


Input: [Answer] a molecule with an internal plane of symmetry. [Question]

Output: meso compound


Input: [Answer] same molecules, only at different positions in their rotation [Question]

Output: conformational isomers


Input: [Question] The source of major blood supply to the esophagus _____________ [Answer]

Output: Vessels off the aorta


Input: [Question] The esophageal wall lacks this layer ___________ [Answer]

Output: Serosa


Input: [Question] This artery supplies the cervical esophagus _____________ ____________ [Answer]

Output: Inferior thyroid


Input: [Question] These two arteries supply the abdominal esophagus ______________ [Answer]

Output: Left gastric and inferior phrenic


Input: [Question] This branch of the right vagus nerve can cause persistently high post-op acid levels if left undivided during a vagotomy ________________ [Answer]

Output: Criminal nerve of Grassi


Input: [Question] Which portion of the vagus nerve travels on the anterior portion of the stomach (right / left)? _________ [Answer]

Output: Left


Input: [Question] Where does the thoracic duct cross from left to right in the chest? [Answer]

Output: At the upper 1/3 of the mediastinum


Input: [Question] What is the muscle delineating the upper esophageal sphincter? ____________ [Answer]

Output: Cricopharyngeus


Input: [Question] What nerve innervated the UES? _______________ [Answer]

Output: Recurrent laryngeal nerve


Input: [Question] What is the most common site of esophageal perforation? __________________ [Answer]

Output: Cricopharyngeus


Input: [Question] What mediates the relaxation of the LES? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Inhibitory neurons


Input: [Question] What side is the appropriate approach to the cervical esophagus? _________ [Answer]

Output: Left


Input: [Question] Which portion of the esophagus should you approach from the right? _____________ [Answer]

Output: Upper 2/3 thoracic esophagus


Input: [Question] What is the diagnostic procedure of choice for dysphagia or odynophagia? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Barium swallow


Input: [Question] What esophageal disease is caused by iron deficiency? _________________ [Answer]

Output: Plummer-Vinson


Input: [Question] False diverticula usually lie in this orientation _________ [Answer]

Output: Posterior


Input: [Question] This type of false diverticulum is caused by increased pressure during swallowing _________ [Answer]

Output: Zenker’s


Input: [Question] What is the treatment for Zenker’s diverticulum? ________________ [Answer]

Output: Cricopharyngeal myotomy with or without resection of diverticulum


Input: [Question] What are the causes of traction diverticulum? _________________ [Answer]

Output: Inflammation, granulomatous disease, tumor


Input: [Question] Where in the esophagus is a traction diverticulum usually found? ___________ [Answer]

Output: Mid-thoracic


Input: [Question] What is a common cause of epiphrenic diverticulum? ________________ [Answer]

Output: Esophageal dysmotility disorders


Input: [Question] What is the treatment of epiphrenic diverticulum? __________ [Answer]

Output: Diverticulectomy and long esophageal myotomy opposite


Input: [Question] What are two medical treatments for achalasia? ___________ [Answer]

Output: Calcium channel blocker, nitrates


Input: [Question] What infectious organism can cause symptoms similar to achalasia? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Trypanosoma cruzi


Input: [Question] What differentiates diffuse esophageal spasm from achalasia? [Answer]

Output: DES has normal LES tone; in achalasia the tone is increased


Input: [Question] For which esophageal dysmotility disorder is a Heller myotomy more effective? ___________ [Answer]

Output: Achalasia


Input: [Question] In this disease, fibrous replacement of esophageal smooth muscle causes dysphagia and loss of LES tone __________________ [Answer]

Output: Scleroderma


Input: [Question] What is the most common cause of dysphagia following a Nissen? ___________ [Answer]

Output: Wrap is too tight


Input: [Question] The key maneuver in a Nissen is identification of the ________________ [Answer]

Output: Left crura


Input: [Question] This operation involves stapling a portion of the stomach into a “new” esophagus when the esophagus is not long enough to pull into the abdomen ______________ [Answer]

Output: Collis gastroplasty


Input: [Question] What is the initial medical therapy for GERD and for how long? ___________________ [Answer]

Output: Omeprazole for 12 weeks


Input: [Question] This most common hiatal hernia is due to dilation of the hiatus ____________ [Answer]

Output: Type I (sliding) hernia


Input: [Question] Type II hiatal hernias are in this location _________________ [Answer]

Output: Paraesophageal


Input: [Question] What is the risk of leaving a Type II hiatal hernia unrepaired? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Incarceration


Input: [Question] This condition is characterized by short episodes of dysphagia following rapid swallowing, and often has an associated sliding hernia ______________ [Answer]

Output: Schatzki’s ring


Input: [Question] What is the treatment of Schatzki’s ring? ___________ [Answer]

Output: Dilation


Input: [Question] Severe Barrett’s esophagus is an indication for what treatment? _____________ [Answer]

Output: Esophagectomy


Input: [Question] Esophageal cancer spreads along this route _______________ [Answer]

Output: Submucosal lymphatic channels


Input: [Question] If you are trying to determine whether or not an esophageal cancer is unresectable, what do you order? _______________ [Answer]

Output: Chest/abd CT


Input: [Question] Where does an esophageal adenocarcinoma usually occur? ____________ [Answer]

Output: Lower 1/3


Input: [Question] Is esophageal cancer that has spread to the supraclavicular node resectable or unresectable? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Unresectable


Input: [Question] What is the primary blood supply to the stomach after using it to replace the esophagus? _________________ [Answer]

Output: Right gastroepiploic


Input: [Question] Chemotherapy for esophageal cancer includes these two medications ____________ and ___________________ [Answer]

Output: 5-FU and cisplatin


Input: [Question] The most common benign tumor of the esophagus ____________ [Answer]

Output: Leiomyoma


Input: [Question] The location within the esophageal wall of leiomyomas ____________ [Answer]

Output: Submucosa


Input: [Question] Why do you refrain from biopsying leiomyomas? [Answer]

Output: Scar that forms may make resection difficult


Input: [Question] Criteria for operating on esophageal leiomyomas [Answer]

Output: Size greater than 5 cm, or symptomatic


Input: [Question] Treatment of leiomyomas [Answer]

Output: Thoracotomy and enucleation


Input: [Question] Diagnostic test for leiomyoma ___________ [Answer]

Output: Esophagram, then endoscopy to rule out cancer


Input: [Question] Most common location of esophageal polyps ________________ [Answer]

Output: Cervical esophagus


Input: [Question] Caustic esophageal injury: What kind causes liquefaction? __________________ [Answer]

Output: Alkali


Input: [Question] What type of caustic esophageal injury is more likely to cause cancer? _________ [Answer]

Output: Alkali


Input: [Question] What part of the GI tract is most injured by acid ingestion? ______________ [Answer]

Output: Stomach


Input: [Question] What is the treatment for tertiary esophageal caustic injury? _____________ [Answer]

Output: Esophagectomy


Input: [Question] What modality do you use to follow caustic esophageal injuries? [Answer]

Output: Gastrografin followed by thin barium swallow on hospital day 2-3