Input: [Definition/Explanation] Not attributable to one cause, but to many such as: restructuring of the economy, status of women in the family and labor market, and diminished social support like job training and housing. [Term/Concept]

Output: Sociological view of the causes of poverty


Input: [Definition/Explanation] a social category of people who share a common culture - such as common language, norms, religion. Have consciouness of their common bonds. Socially constructed. [Term/Concept]

Output: ethnic group


Input: [Definition/Explanation] the definition the group has of itself as sharing a common cultural bond [Term/Concept]

Output: ethnic identity


Input: [Definition/Explanation] No. Ethnic groups develop because of unique historical and social experiences. [Term/Concept]

Output: Are ethnic groups created only by common nationality or cultural origin?


Input: [Definition/Explanation] a group treated as distinct in society based on characteristics which are assigned social importance. May or may not be biological characteristics. A social construct. [Term/Concept]

Output: Race


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Not defined by biological characteristics, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Groups not on science, fact or logic but by opinion or social experience. [Term/Concept]

Output: How are racial groups defined?


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Family is a social institutions because it is organized in socially pattered ways. It would be hard to imagine "family" outside of the institutional pattern you recognize - which is socially defined. [Term/Concept]

Output: Is the family a social institution? Why?


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Broad reference to primary groups of people, usually related, who form a cooperative economic unit to care for children, and who are comitted to maintaining the group over time. [Term/Concept]

Output: What is the sociological definition of family?


Input: [Definition/Explanation] pattern of relationships that define people's family relationships to one another [Term/Concept]

Output: kinship system


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Defines how many marriage partners permitted at one time, who can marry whom, how desent is determined, residence, how property is passed, power distribution [Term/Concept]

Output: Features of a kinship system


Input: [Definition/Explanation] practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners [Term/Concept]

Output: Polygamy


Input: [Definition/Explanation] one many having more than one wife [Term/Concept]

Output: Polygyny


Input: [Definition/Explanation] one woman having more than one husband [Term/Concept]

Output: Polyandry


Input: [Definition/Explanation] practice of sexcuall exclusive marriage with one spouse at a time [Term/Concept]

Output: monogamy


Input: [Definition/Explanation] over a lifetime one may have more than one marriage, but only one spouse at a time [Term/Concept]

Output: serial monogamy


Input: [Definition/Explanation] practice of seeking mates from outside one's group [Term/Concept]

Output: Exogamy


Input: [Definition/Explanation] practice of seeking mates from within one's group [Term/Concept]

Output: Endogamy


Input: [Definition/Explanation] laws against marriage between particular groups - such as between Whites and Blacks [Term/Concept]

Output: Antimiscegenation laws


Input: [Definition/Explanation] tracing decent through the father [Term/Concept]

Output: Patrilineal kinship


Input: [Definition/Explanation] decent traced through the mother [Term/Concept]

Output: Matrilineal kinship


Input: [Definition/Explanation] descent traced through both father and mother [Term/Concept]

Output: bilaterial kinship


Input: [Definition/Explanation] the whole network of parents, children and other relatives who form a family unit, may not always live together and may be considered family even if not legally related [Term/Concept]

Output: extended families


Input: [Definition/Explanation] African American women who share mothering responsibilities with the biological mothers of children [Term/Concept]

Output: othermother


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Chicano practice of including godparents [Term/Concept]

Output: compadrazgo


Input: [Definition/Explanation] those not related by birth but considered part of the family [Term/Concept]

Output: fictive kin


Input: [Definition/Explanation] a married couple residing together with their children [Term/Concept]

Output: nuclear family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Family fills particular societal needs - procreation, socialization of youth, physical care for families, regulating sexual activity, psych support, etc. Also serves to ensure a consensus of values in society [Term/Concept]

Output: Functionalist interpretation of the family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Disruption and change can weaken social instituions, which weaken social cohesion. Disorganizing forces from rapid social change are affecting the family. The role of other institutions taking on what used to be family functions produces disorganization [Term/Concept]

Output: Functionalist theory of family "breakdown"


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Family is a system of power relations that reinforces and reflects the inequalities in society. Families are essential in maintaining inequality in society as they are the vehicle through which property and status are passed down. [Term/Concept]

Output: Conflict theory of family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Family emerges as people interact to meet basic needs and develop meaningful relationships. They are where social identies are learned through interaction with others and roles are negotiated [Term/Concept]

Output: Symbolic Interaction Theory of family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Says gender division of labor is not necessarily functional and family norms often based on gender stereotypes. Family does not serve the needs of all members equally. Family as system of power relations, social conflict. [Term/Concept]

Output: Feminist Theory of family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] where one or both parents works in one country while their children remain in their country of origin [Term/Concept]

Output: transnational family


Input: [Definition/Explanation] institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values and practices by which a group of people interpretes and responds to what they feel is sacred and answers questions of ultimate meaning [Term/Concept]

Output: Religion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] pattern of social action organized around beliefs, practices, and symbols that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence [Term/Concept]

Output: Religion as institution


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Religion is built around community of people with similar beliefs. Cohesive force that gives identity and sense of belonging [Term/Concept]

Output: Religion as feature of groups


Input: [Definition/Explanation] that which is set apart from ordinary activity, seen as holy, and protecte by special rites and rituals [Term/Concept]

Output: The sacred


Input: [Definition/Explanation] of the everyday world and not specifically religious [Term/Concept]

Output: The profane


Input: [Definition/Explanation] an object or living things that a religious group regards with special reverence [Term/Concept]

Output: totem


Input: [Definition/Explanation] a constraint imposed by external forces [Term/Concept]

Output: proscription


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Institutionalized, group feature, based on the sacred, establishes values and moral proscriptions, establishes norms for behavior, answers question of ultimate meaning [Term/Concept]

Output: elements of religion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] ordinary beliefs of daily life [Term/Concept]

Output: secular beliefs


Input: [Definition/Explanation] intensity and consistency of practice of a person or groups faith [Term/Concept]

Output: religiosity


Input: [Definition/Explanation] beliefs and practices of the religion are based on male power and authority [Term/Concept]

Output: patriarchal religions


Input: [Definition/Explanation] based on the centrality of female goddesses, who may be seen as a source of food, nurturance, love, or who may serve as emblems of the power of women [Term/Concept]

Output: matriarchal religions


Input: [Definition/Explanation] religion is functional for society because it reaffirms social bonds, creating social cohesion and integration [Term/Concept]

Output: Functionlist interpretation of religion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] symbolic activities that express spiritual convictions [Term/Concept]

Output: religious rituals


Input: [Definition/Explanation] rituals are the vehicles for the creation, expression and reinforcement of social cohesion [Term/Concept]

Output: functionalist interpretation of religious ritual


Input: [Definition/Explanation] the body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a sense of belonging [Term/Concept]

Output: collective consciousness


Input: [Definition/Explanation] self denial and hard work [Term/Concept]

Output: protestant work ethic


Input: [Definition/Explanation] opiate of the people, tool for class oppression, false consciousness, encourages passivity and acceptance even of things not good for us [Term/Concept]

Output: Conflict theory of religion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] emphasizes process by which people become religious [Term/Concept]

Output: symbolic interaction theory of religion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] acions and beliefs that are driven by high levels of religious intolerance [Term/Concept]

Output: religious extremism


Input: [Definition/Explanation] formal organizations that tend to see themselves and are seen by society as the primary and legitimate religious institutions [Term/Concept]

Output: churches


Input: [Definition/Explanation] groups that have broken off from an established church [Term/Concept]

Output: sects


Input: [Definition/Explanation] religious groups devoted to a specific cause or charasmatic leader, usually exist outside of mainstream society [Term/Concept]

Output: cults


Input: [Definition/Explanation] quality attributed to individuals believed by their followers to have special powers [Term/Concept]

Output: charisma


Input: [Definition/Explanation] alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems and elements of culture over time [Term/Concept]

Output: social change


Input: [Definition/Explanation] subtle alterations in day to day interactions between people - like fads [Term/Concept]

Output: microchanges


Input: [Definition/Explanation] gradual transformations that occur on a broad scale and affect many aspects of society [Term/Concept]

Output: macrochanges


Input: [Definition/Explanation] societies absorb the changes that come with new times and shed old ways [Term/Concept]

Output: modernization


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Social chanage is uneven, onset and consequences often unforseen, often creates conflict, is not random [Term/Concept]

Output: Characteristics of social change


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Term by Ogburn which refers to the delay between changes in social conditions and the cultural adjustments to those conditions [Term/Concept]

Output: culture lag


Input: [Definition/Explanation] a consequence of a social element that contributes to the continuance of the society [Term/Concept]

Output: function


Input: [Definition/Explanation] cohesiveness based on the similarity of it smembers [Term/Concept]

Output: mechanical solidarity


Input: [Definition/Explanation] cohesiveness based on difference - a divison of labor exists that binds the members together [Term/Concept]

Output: organic solidarity


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Societies move from mechnical solidarity to organic solidarity [Term/Concept]

Output: Durkheim's view of social change through history


Input: [Definition/Explanation] societies move from "homogeneity to heterogeneity" [Term/Concept]

Output: Spencer's view of how societies change through history


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Differentiation, division of labor, etc. function to give complex societies a higher degree of stability and cohesiveness through mutual dependence [Term/Concept]

Output: Functionalist view of need for increased differentiation in complex societies


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Brances of functionalist theory - unidimensional evolutionary theory and multidimensional evolutionary theory [Term/Concept]

Output: evolutionary theories of social change


Input: [Definition/Explanation] says societies follow a single evolutionary path from simple, undifferentiated societies to more comples and highly differentiated societies [Term/Concept]

Output: unidimensional evolutionary theory


Input: [Definition/Explanation] says the structural, institutional, and cultural development of a society can simultaneously follow many evolutionary paths, with different paths all emerging from the circumstances of origin [Term/Concept]

Output: multidimensional evolutionary theory (neoevolutionary theory)


Input: [Definition/Explanation] views technology as central to the evolutionary paths of a society [Term/Concept]

Output: Lenski


Input: [Definition/Explanation] economics is central, believed society could move from a class structure to having no class structure and that class conflict was inevitable along the way - most important vehicle for social change is the conflict between social groups [Term/Concept]

Output: Conflict theory and social change


Input: [Definition/Explanation] speaks of patterns of social structure and culture that are believed to recur at regular intervals - built on the idea the societies have either a life cycle or a life span [Term/Concept]

Output: cyclical theories of social change


Input: [Definition/Explanation] cyclical theorist that argued that societies are born, mature, decay, and sometimes die [Term/Concept]

Output: Arnold Toynbee


Input: [Definition/Explanation] author of The Decline of the West - believes that decrepit societies are replaced by more youthful ones [Term/Concept]

Output: Oswald Spengler


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Cyclical theorist that says societies have 3 phases - idealist culture, ideational culture, sensate culture - these repeat in a cycle [Term/Concept]

Output: Pitrim Sorokin


Input: [Definition/Explanation] first phase where society wrestles with tension between the ideal and the practical [Term/Concept]

Output: idealistic culture


Input: [Definition/Explanation] second phase, emphasizes faith and new forms of spirituality [Term/Concept]

Output: ideational culture


Input: [Definition/Explanation] third phase, stresses practical approaches to reality and involves the hedonistic and sensual [Term/Concept]

Output: sensate culture


Input: [Definition/Explanation] overthrow of a state or total transformation of central state institutions. Results in far reaching social change. [Term/Concept]

Output: revolution


Input: [Definition/Explanation] the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another by migration, trade, mass communication or social interaction [Term/Concept]

Output: cultural diffusion


Input: [Definition/Explanation] spoke on cultural diffusion [Term/Concept]

Output: Ralph Linton


Input: [Definition/Explanation] process of social and cultural change initiated by industrialization and followed by increased social differentiation and division of labor [Term/Concept]

Output: modernization


Input: [Definition/Explanation] decline of small, traditional communities; more bureaucracy; decline of importance of religious institutions [Term/Concept]

Output: Characeristics of modernization


Input: [Definition/Explanation] formulated theory of modernization which viewed the process as a progressive loss of gemeinschaft and shift to geshellschaft [Term/Concept]

Output: Tonnies


Input: [Definition/Explanation] where industrialization and bureaucracy reach exceedingly high levels [Term/Concept]

Output: mass society


Input: [Definition/Explanation] formulated idea of "mass society" [Term/Concept]

Output: Dahrendorf and Berger


Input: [Definition/Explanation] inequality is the result of social conflict - conflict theorist [Term/Concept]

Output: Jurgen Habermas


Input: [Definition/Explanation] Three main oreintations of personality that can be traced to social structure: other directedness, inner directedness, tradition directedness [Term/Concept]

Output: David Riesman


Input: [Definition/Explanation] behavior is guided by observed behavior of others resulting in conformity and attempts to "keep up with joneses" [Term/Concept]

Output: Other directedness


Input: [Definition/Explanation] guided by inner principals and morals. Relatively impervious to superficialities of other people [Term/Concept]

Output: Inner directedness


Input: [Definition/Explanation] strong conformity to longstanding norms, practices and styles of life [Term/Concept]

Output: Tradition directedness


Input: [Definition/Explanation] modernized society fails to meet the basic needs of people, amog them the need for a fulfilling identity [Term/Concept]

Output: Herbert Marcuse


Input: [Definition/Explanation] global development is a worldwide process including nearly all societies affected by technological change [Term/Concept]

Output: modernization theory


Input: [Definition/Explanation] argues that all nations are members of a worldwide system of unequal political and economic relationships that benefit the developed and tech advanced countries at the expense of less advanced and developed ones [Term/Concept]

Output: world systems theory


Input: [Definition/Explanation] highly industrialized nations tend to imprison developing nations in dependent relationships rather than spurring upward mobility [Term/Concept]

Output: dependency theory


Input: [Definition/Explanation] occurs when usual conventions to guide behavior or suspended and people establish new norms in response to an emerging situation [Term/Concept]

Output: collective behavior


Input: [Definition/Explanation] led by groups that act with continuity and organization to promote change or resistance in society, tend to persist over time [Term/Concept]

Output: social movements


Input: [Definition/Explanation] represents actions of GROUPS, involves new relationships which are unusual or unexpected, captures the novel/changing, may mark beginning of organized behavior and preceeds establishment of a social movement, patterned, communication through rumors [Term/Concept]

Output: Characteristics of collective behavior


Input: [Definition/Explanation] aim to change the individual, participants aim to adopt a new identity [Term/Concept]

Output: personal transformation movements


Input: [Definition/Explanation] aim to change some aspect of society [Term/Concept]

Output: social/political change movements


Input: [Definition/Explanation] seek change through legal or other mainstream political means, typically working within existing institutions [Term/Concept]

Output: reform movements


Input: [Definition/Explanation] broader based fundamental change in the basic institutions, tend to work outside of institutions [Term/Concept]

Output: radical movements


Input: [Definition/Explanation] organized to resist change or reinstate an earlier social order that are perceived to be better [Term/Concept]

Output: reactionary movements


Input: [Answer] dictionary [Question]

Output: You should use this reference source to find the meaning of a word.


Input: [Answer] Internet [Question]

Output: Which source would be the best place to find the latest information on the Cheetah Dolls?


Input: [Answer] thesarus [Question]

Output: If Layne if writing a story, and wants to find a synonym for happy, where should he look?


Input: [Answer] index [Question]

Output: Mrs. Cothran wants you to quickly locate the page in your textbook about Saturn. Where should you look?


Input: [Answer] guide words [Question]

Output: The first and last words on a dictionary page.


Input: [Answer] encyclopedia [Question]

Output: A good place to find information about China when you do not have a computer available.


Input: [Answer] maps [Question]

Output: What do you find in an atlas?


Input: [Answer] words that mean the same thing [Question]

Output: What are synonyms?


Input: [Answer] words with opposite meanings [Question]

Output: What are antonyms?


Input: [Answer] antonyms [Question]

Output: hot and cold are...


Input: [Answer] synonyms [Question]

Output: nice and sweet are...


Input: [Answer] Contour [Question]

Output: The outline of a shape/part of a shape


Input: [Answer] Cross-hatching [Question]

Output: Shading with two or more sets of crossing parallel lines


Input: [Answer] Detail [Question]

Output: An individual part/part of an item; a particular


Input: [Answer] Flat [Question]

Output: Having a smooth, even, level surface


Input: [Answer] Form [Question]

Output: The 3D/solid nature of an object


Input: [Answer] Hatching [Question]

Output: Fine lines used in graphic arts to show shading


Input: [Answer] Highlights [Question]

Output: Areas that are strongly lit


Input: [Answer] Line [Question]

Output: A thin continuous mark applied to a surface


Input: [Answer] Mark [Question]

Output: A visible impression, such as a spot


Input: [Answer] Mid-tones [Question]

Output: The different values of light between the brightest and the darkest


Input: [Answer] Negative [Question]

Output: The space that is created around a POSITIVE mark/shape


Input: [Answer] Outline [Question]

Output: A line marking the outer shape of an object


Input: [Answer] Pencil [Question]

Output: A thin rod of graphite encased in wood


Input: [Answer] Positive [Question]

Output: A deliberate mark/shape


Input: [Answer] Shading [Question]

Output: The lines or other marks used to fill in outlines to represent variations of colour or darkness


Input: [Answer] Shadows [Question]

Output: Areas that are not lit or are hidden from light


Input: [Answer] Shape [Question]

Output: The 2D/flat nature of an object


Input: [Answer] Solid [Question]

Output: An object that has a definite shape and volume


Input: [Answer] Stippling [Question]

Output: A method of drawing or painting using dots


Input: [Answer] Three-Dimensional [Question]

Output: Having three dimensions – Height, Length and Depth


Input: [Answer] Tonal values [Question]

Output: Different tones on the scale of light and dark


Input: [Answer] Tone [Question]

Output: A value on the scale of light and dark


Input: [Answer] Two-Dimensional [Question]

Output: Having two dimensions – Height and Length


Input: [Answer] is the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents. [Question]

Output: Immunity 免疫


Input: [Answer] known as innate 先天 immunity, is present at birth and provides immediate but general protection against any foreign agent that enter the body [Question]

Output: Nonspecific immunity


Input: [Answer] known as acquired immunity, is effective against particular identified foreign agents and develops in response to contract with that agent. [Question]

Output: Specific immunity


Input: [Answer] A physical barrier, skin also , and oil contain chemicals that destroy foreign invaders 入侵者. [Question]

Output: Physical & Chemical Barrier


Input: [Answer] White blood cells (leukocytes) can destroy infectious agents through phagocytosis, which means cell eating, leukocytes engulf 吞噬 and digest bacteria or other material. [Question]

Output: Phagocytosis


Input: [Answer] Natural killer cells are a type of leukocyte that recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes. Cell membranes can become altered from cells being infected with foreign invaders like viruses. [Question]

Output: Natural Killer Cells


Input: [Answer] Natural killer cells can destroy abnormal cells on contact by secreting a protein that destroys the cell membrane. [Question]

Output: What can Natural killer cells do?


Input: [Answer] Fever can be a sign that the body is defending itself. [Question]

Output: Fever


Input: [Answer] is the excessive production of white cells [Question]

Output: Leukocytosis


Input: [Answer] Bacteria that cause pus formation. [Question]

Output: Pyogenic bacteria


Input: [Answer] A type of connective tissue cell,produce collagen fibers. [Question]

Output: Fibroblasts 成纤维细胞


Input: [Answer] A healing site consists a meshwork of collagen fibers contract, drawing the cut surfaces together. [Question]

Output: A scar tissue


Input: [Answer] is a scar after surgery or a severe burn is often raised and hard. [Question]

Output: Keloid healing


Input: [Answer] Surgery to remove this type of scar is usually ineffective, as the subsequent incision will have a tendency to heal in the same way. [Question]

Output: Keloid healing-scar


Input: [Answer] The collagen fibers anchor 锚 together adjacent structures, which interfere with organ functions. [Question]

Output: Adhesions


Input: [Answer] The lymphatic system includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs. [Question]

Output: Lymphatic system


Input: [Answer] Without the lymphatic system the cardiovascular system would cease to function and body defenses would be seriously impaired. [Question]

Output: What could happen if without lymphatic system?


Input: [Answer] Lymph must be returned to the blood stream or it will accumulate in the tissues, which producing swelling or edema, and there will be insufficient blood volume for cardiovascular functioning. [Question]

Output: Lymph 淋巴


Input: [Answer] Lymphedema occurs when tissues swell because lymphatic vessels are blocked. [Question]

Output: Lymphedema 淋巴水肿


Input: [Answer] Lymph is transported in the lymphatic vessels toward the heart, it is filtered by lymph nodes. [Question]

Output: Lymph nodes


Input: [Answer] A type of white blood cell that responds to bacteria, viruses, and foreign material in lymph. Lymphocytes play a critical role in specific immunity. [Question]

Output: Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞


Input: [Answer] The cause of inflammation may be a trauma or injury, such as a sprained ankle or a severe blow 严厉打击. [Question]

Output: The causes of Inflammation


Input: [Answer] Are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. [Question]

Output: The signs and symptoms of inflammation


Input: [Answer] Inflammation is a protective tissue response to injury or invasion. [Question]

Output: Inflammation


Input: [Answer] Causes the heat and redness associated with inflammation. [Question]

Output: Hyperemia 充血


Input: [Answer] are specialized cells that defend the body against invading 入侵 microorganisms and speed healing by engulfing cell debris in injured tissues. [Question]

Output: Neutrophils (Leukocytes)


Input: [Answer] An inflammation associated with pus formation [Question]

Output: Suppurative inflammation


Input: [Answer] T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes [Question]

Output: Name the 2 types of lymphocytes that provide immunity


Input: [Answer] Responsible of rhumoral immunity. [Question]

Output: B lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] Responsible for cell-mediated 细胞介导immunity are processed by the thymus gland which called T lymphocytes. [Question]

Output: T lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] Neutralizes toxins and viruses [Question]

Output: IgG


Input: [Answer] Protects newborns [Question]

Output: IgM


Input: [Answer] offers localized protection at mucosal 黏膜 surfaces. [Question]

Output: IgA


Input: [Answer] is involved in allergy [Question]

Output: IgE


Input: [Answer] Activates B lymphocytes [Question]

Output: IgD


Input: [Answer] Are often called killer lymphocytes because they are capable of killing invading organisms. [Question]

Output: The cytotoxic T lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] Histamine causes the dilation of the blood vessels, making them leak plasma 等离子 into the tissues. [Question]

Output: Histamine 组胺


Input: [Answer] Histamine. The tissue fluid causes edema, or swelling, which when localized in the nasal passages results in congestion and irritation. [Question]

Output: What cause hay fever?


Input: [Answer] It inhibit the effects of histamine and are quite effective in the treatment of hives but less so for hay fever. [Question]

Output: Antihistamines


Input: [Answer] Tissue grafts are transplanted from one site to another in the same patient [Question]

Output: Autograft


Input: [Answer] tissue donated by an identical twin. [Question]

Output: Isograft


Input: [Answer] tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species; the use of pig heart valves in humans is an example [Question]

Output: Xenograft


Input: [Answer] Tissue is transplanted from one person to another, but the transplant donor and recipient are not identical twins. However, the blood typed has to be matched. [Question]

Output: Allograft


Input: [Answer] The immune response normally recognizes the difference between the individual's own tissues and those of invaders. [Question]

Output: Tolerance


Input: [Answer] An autoimmune 自身免疫性 disease may be the result [Question]

Output: What happen if tolerance fails?


Input: [Answer] It occurs when individuals develop antibodies called autoantibodies to their own tissues or selfantigens. [Question]

Output: Autoimmunity


Input: [Answer] Lupus is chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain. [Question]

Output: Lupus


Input: [Answer] The are 4 types of lupus: systemic, discoid, drug induced, and neonatal(new born). [Question]

Output: How many types of Lupus?


Input: [Answer] 70% of people with lupus have SLE, in SLE,autoantibodies against DNA and RNA can damage any body cell, so many body systems can be involved [Question]

Output: Systemic lupus erythematosis(SLE)


Input: [Answer] Common signs and symptoms of SLE include arthritis, low-grade fever, butterfly rash over the cheeks and bridge of the nose or more widespread rash, fatigue, photosensitivity, hair loss, and Raynoud's phenomenon (fingers turning white and blue in the cold) [Question]

Output: Signs of SLE


Input: [Answer] is limited to skin. It is identified by a rash that may appear on the face, neck, and scalp. [Question]

Output: Discoid or cutaneous lupus


Input: [Answer] DILE can be brought on by more than70 different prescription drugs; however, only about 4% of people who take these drugs will develop DILE. [Question]

Output: Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE)


Input: [Answer] Signs and symptoms are similar to those of SLE. Signs and symptoms disappear within days to months. after discontinuing the drug. [Question]

Output: Signs of DILE


Input: [Answer] is a rare condition acquired from passage of maternal autoantibodies which can afect the skinn, heart, and blood of the fetus and newborn. [Question]

Output: Neontal lupus


Input: [Answer] The cause of lupus is unknown, but there are environmental and genetic factors involved. [Question]

Output: Cause of lupus


Input: [Answer] Because lupus signs and symptoms mimic 模仿 those of other illnesses, are sometimes vague (not clearly )and may come and go, lupus can be difficult to diagnose. [Question]

Output: Identifying lupus


Input: [Answer] Drugs are used to treat lulpus arthritis, skin rashes, and mouth ulcers. [Question]

Output: Antimalrials


Input: [Answer] Lupus tends to be chronic and relapsing, often with symptom-free periods that can last for years. [Question]

Output: Can lupus be cure?


Input: [Answer] Derived from the Greek words sclerosis, meaning "hardness" and derma, meaning "skin", scleroderma literally means "hard skin." [Question]

Output: Why name Scleroderma?


Input: [Answer] is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue [Question]

Output: Scleroderma or systemic clerosis


Input: [Answer] Localized and systemic scleroderma. [Question]

Output: There are 2 types of scleroderma


Input: [Answer] Localized types of scleroderma are those limited to the skin and related tissues and, in some cases, the muscle below. Internal organs are not affected. [Question]

Output: Localized scleroderma


Input: [Answer] Morphea 硬斑病(localized form)and linear scleroderma. [Question]

Output: There are 2 kinds of scleroderma


Input: [Answer] Involves the skin, tissues under the skin, blood vessels, and the major organs. [Question]

Output: Systemic scleroderma


Input: [Answer] Scleroderma has no known cure, and there is not treatment to stop the overproduction of collagen. [Question]

Output: Can Scleroderma be cure?


Input: [Answer] Active and passive immunity [Question]

Output: 2 types of artificial immunity can be administered.


Input: [Answer] The person receives a vaccine or a toxoid as the antigen, and he or she forms antibodies to cvounteract it. [Question]

Output: Active immunity


Input: [Answer] Is a suspension of whole organisms or pieces of organisms that is used to induce immunity. [Question]

Output: Vaccine


Input: [Answer] It is similar to vaccine, it consists of chemically altered toxin, the poisonous material produced by a pathogenic organism. Having been treated chemically, the toxin will not cause disease. [Question]

Output: Toxoid 类毒素


Input: [Answer] Include tetanus and diphtheria 白喉 [Question]

Output: Examples of toxoid vaccines


Input: [Answer] In this case, the person is given passive immunity, doses of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse. This type of immunity is short lived but acts immediately. [Question]

Output: What could happen if a person is exposed a serious disease such as hepatitis, tetanus, or rabies and has no immunity against it?


Input: [Answer] Cortisol decreases production of antibodies and substances released by leukocytes that stimulate other cells of the immune system. [Question]

Output: Cortisol or hydrocortisone


Input: [Answer] Passive immunity is achieved artificially by injection of preformed antibodies. [Question]

Output: Preformed antibodies


Input: [Answer] Long-live lymphocytes, which remain dormant until reactivated after an immune response. [Question]

Output: Memory lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] Defense against antigens via antibodies. [Question]

Output: Humoral immunity


Input: [Answer] Is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response. [Question]

Output: Antigen


Input: [Answer] Plasma cells secrete antibodies during the immune response. [Question]

Output: Plasma


Input: [Answer] IV hypersensitivity [Question]

Output: What type of hypersensitivity response to poison ivy?


Input: [Answer] IgE [Question]

Output: Which antibody is produced in excess during an allergic response?


Input: [Answer] Helper cells [Question]

Output: Which cells are involved in both cellular and humoral reactions during an immune response?


Input: [Answer] Is a group of substances that stimulate the immune system. [Question]

Output: Interferon


Input: [Answer] A substance that triggers an immune response [Question]

Output: Antigen


Input: [Answer] Consists of a low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or viruses. [Question]

Output: Vaccine


Input: [Answer] is effective against any foreign agent [Question]

Output: Nonspecific immunity


Input: [Answer] Damaged tissue [Question]

Output: What release histamine


Input: [Answer] IgM [Question]

Output: What protect newborn?


Input: [Answer] Natural killer [Question]

Output: Which type of leukocyte that recognizes body cell with abnormal membranes?


Input: [Answer] HIV virus [Question]

Output: What is the causative 致病 agent of AIDS?


Input: [Answer] Passive immunity. [Question]

Output: What kind of immunity that a person is given preformed antibodies?


Input: [Answer] provide cell-mediated immunity and are processed by the thymus gland. [Question]

Output: T lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] Lymphocytes that produce antiboies in cell-mediated immunity. [Question]

Output: B lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] deficient supply of blood to a body part (as the heart or brain) that is due to obstruction of the inflow 流入 of arterial blood (as by the narrowing of arteries by spasm or disease) 缺血 [Question]

Output: ischemia 缺血


Input: [Answer] 动脉粥样硬化 [Question]

Output: Atherosclerosis


Input: [Answer] a line of thickened skin which can affect the bones and muscles underneath it. [Question]

Output: linear scleroderma


Input: [Answer] A condition in which there is more than the usual number of cells. [Question]

Output: cytosis


Input: [Answer] exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign protein resulting from previous exposure to it. [Question]

Output: anaphylaxis (systemic allergy) 过敏性反应


Input: [Answer] 细胞介导 [Question]

Output: Cell-mediated


Input: [Answer] to occupy an intermediate place or position. [Question]

Output: Mediated


Input: [Answer] 丙种球蛋白 # A class of globulins in the blood plasma of humans and other mammals that function as part of the body's immune system and include most antibodies. [Question]

Output: Gamma globulin


Input: [Answer] For some one who expose to a serious disease and has no immunity against it. [Question]

Output: Gamma globulin


Input: [Answer] Blocks virus multiplication [Question]

Output: interferon


Input: [Answer] Massive release of histamine [Question]

Output: What is characteristic of a systemic hypersensitive response that produces anaphylaxis?


Input: [Question] Which cranial nerves innervate the face? [Answer]

Output: V and VII


Input: [Question] The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands: [Answer]

Output: inhibit dental caries


Input: [Question] As the examiner, you are checking the range of motion in his neck and note the greatest degree of cervical mobility is at: [Answer]

Output: C4 to C5


Input: [Question] In examining the neck of a 34-year-old female patient, you note that the uppermost ridge of the tracheal cartilage is at the: [Answer]

Output: cricoid


Input: [Question] A mom brings her 16-year-old son in with a complaint that he is not developing correctly into adolescence. Which structures disproportionately enlarge in the male during adolescence? [Answer]

Output: Nose and thyroid cartilages


Input: [Question] Spaces between the cranial bones accommodate: [Answer]

Output: brain growth


Input: [Question] When examining the skull of a 4-month-old baby, you should normally find: [Answer]

Output: closure of the posterior fontanel


Input: [Question] The brown or tan pigmentation on the forehead, nose, and malar prominence of some pregnant women is called: [Answer]

Output: chloasma


Input: [Question] What is an expected change in the assessment of the thyroid during pregnancy? [Answer]

Output: A bruit is auscultated.


Input: [Question] On examination, you have noted a bruit heard over the thyroid. This is suggestive of: [Answer]

Output: hyperthyroidism


Input: [Question] a 24-year-old secretary who comes to the clinic with headaches of 6 weeks’ duration. She tells the office assistant about her heavy schedule, including part-time work and evening classes. Her vital signs are normal. What other information should be asked? [Answer]

Output: current medications


Input: [Question] Observation during history taking is the best way to examine for: [Answer]

Output: head position


Input: [Question] During a head and neck assessment of a neonate, it is important to screen for: [Answer]

Output: the presence of torticollis


Input: [Question] _________ is usually caused by constraint of the newborn in utero or injury during vaginal delivery. [Answer]

Output: torticollis


Input: [Question] To detect bruits in the head and neck region, you should place the bell of the stethoscope: [Answer]

Output: on the temporal region and below the occiput.


Input: [Question] you notice slight asymmetry of his face. The cranial nerve examination is normal. Your best action is to: [Answer]

Output: record the finding in the patient’s chart.


Input: [Question] A bruit, or blowing sound, over the skull or temporal region of an adult indicates a: [Answer]

Output: vascular anomaly


Input: [Question] Spasmodic muscular contractions of the head, face, or neck are called: [Answer]

Output: Tics


Input: [Question] Coarse, dry, and brittle hair is associated with which metabolic disorder? [Answer]

Output: hypothyroidism


Input: [Question] An inconsequential finding on the head of an adult is a palpable: [Answer]

Output: sagittal suture ridge


Input: [Question] Which is the best way to position a patient’s neck for palpation of the thyroid? [Answer]

Output: Flexed toward the side being examined


Input: [Question] A stethoscope is used in a head and neck examination to assess: [Answer]

Output: thyroid vascular sounds


Input: [Question] Tracheal tug suggests the presence of a(n): [Answer]

Output: aortic aneurysm


Input: [Question] The thyroid gland should: [Answer]

Output: move when the patient swallows


Input: [Question] You are palpating a patient’s thyroid and find that its broadest dimension measures 4 cm. The right lobe is 25% larger than the left. These data would indicate: [Answer]

Output: a normal thyroid gland


Input: [Question] The correct way to transilluminate an infant’s skull is to: [Answer]

Output: place the light firmly against the skull.


Input: [Question] The most common form of birth trauma of the scalp is: [Answer]

Output: caput succedaneum.


Input: [Question] ____________ is seen over the presenting part of the head during delivery as the skull passes through the pelvis; the scalp usually feels edematous to touch, which fades after a few days. [Answer]

Output: caput succadaneum


Input: [Question] A cepahlhematoma is bound by suture lines true or false? [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Question] Nuchal rigidity is most commonly associated with: [Answer]

Output: meningeal irritation


Input: [Question] When noting a bulging fontanel with marked pulsations in a 6 month old, you suspect: [Answer]

Output: increased intracranial pressure


Input: [Question] Which type of headache usually occurs at night, is precipitated by alcohol consumption, and occurs more often in men than in women? [Answer]

Output: cluster


Input: [Question] A woman presents to the urgent care center with a history of a severe headache of 2 hours’ duration. She describes it as bandlike and constricting. In interviewing the woman about her complaint, you would ask: [Answer]

Output: whether she is stressed. This is usually a tension headache


Input: [Question] A patient presents with a freely movable cystic mass in the midline of the high neck region at the base of the tongue. This is most likely a: [Answer]

Output: thyroglossal duct cyst


Input: [Question] Moist skin with fine hair, prominent eyes, lid retraction, and a staring expression are characteristics associated with: [Answer]

Output: graves disease


Input: [Question] A _______ is associated with , the face may appear sunken, facial bones will be more visible, and the skin will be dry [Answer]

Output: terminal illness


Input: [Question] Mild ptosis is consistent with ________ [Answer]

Output: fetal alcohol syndrome


Input: [Question] What structure is located in the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? [Answer]

Output: branchial cleft cyst


Input: [Question] _________ is a chronic autoimmune thyroid disease that commonly affects children and women 30 to 50 years of age. [Answer]

Output: hashimoto disease


Input: [Question] The premature union of cranial sutures that involves the shape of the head without mental retardation is: [Answer]

Output: craniosynostosis


Input: [Question] The trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles and the clavicle form a landmark called the _____ triangle. [Answer]

Output: posterior


Input: [Question] The medial borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the mandible form the _____ triangle. [Answer]

Output: anterior


Input: [Question] The largest endocrine gland in the body lies in the _____ triangle. [Answer]

Output: anterior


Input: [Question] Closure of the anterior skull fontanel should occur by _____. [Answer]

Output: 24 months of age


Input: [Question] Preterm infants may have: [Answer]

Output: long, narrow heads


Input: [Question] Neck webbing, excessive posterior cervical skin, and a short neck are signs associated with: [Answer]

Output: chromosomal anomalies.


Input: [Question] Transillumination of the skull should be performed: [Answer]

Output: routinely in all newborn infants.


Input: [Question] The major landmarks of the face are the: [Answer]

Output: palpebral fissures and nasolabial folds


Input: [Question] Caput succedaneum, a form of birth trauma, is characterized by which of the following? [Answer]

Output: Subcutaneous edema over the presenting part of the head


Input: [Question] Incorrect The anterior triangle is located: [Answer]

Output: under the mandible, medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.


Input: [Question] A 45-year-old man tells you that he has headaches that are intense with a burning quality; they often occur at night. These characteristics are indicative of which type of headache? [Answer]

Output: Tension


Input: [Question] Mrs. Jenkins is a 47-year-old woman who presents for a routine examination. On examination, the examiner percusses the skull and hears a low-pitched note. Which of the following identify the significance of this finding? [Answer]

Output: Hypoparathyroidism


Input: [Term] Warranty [Definition]

Output: another name for a guarantee


Input: [Term] Express Warranty [Definition]

Output: an oral or written statement, promise, or other representation about the quality, ability, or performance of a product


Input: [Term] UCC [Definition]

Output: Uniform Commercial Code- a collection of laws that governs various types of business transactions


Input: [Term] Full Warranty [Definition]

Output: promises to fix or replace a defective product at no charge to the consumer


Input: [Term] Limited Warranty [Definition]

Output: any writer warranty that does not meet the requirements for a full warranty


Input: [Term] Implied Warranty [Definition]

Output: a guarantee of quality imposed by law


Input: [Term] Warranty of Merchantibility [Definition]

Output: the merchant warrants that the goods being sold are merchantable


Input: [Term] Usage of Trade [Definition]

Output: another implied warranty arises from the customary ways in which the parties have dealt in the past


Input: [Term] Warranty of Title [Definition]

Output: when a merchant or private party sells goods, the seller warrants that the title being conveyed is good and that the transfer is lawful


Input: [Term] Consequential Damages [Definition]

Output: are losses that do not flow directly from an act but only from some of the consequences or results of the act


Input: [Term] Privity of Contract [Definition]

Output: people who contract directly with each other are said to be in this


Input: [Term] Duty to Notify [Definition]

Output: to succeed in a claim for breach of warranty, the buyer must satisfy his or her…


Input: [Term] Unfair and Deceptive Practice [Definition]

Output: an act that misleads consumers


Input: [Term] Fradulaunt Misrepresentation [Definition]

Output: any statement that deceives the buyer


Input: [Term] Cease and Desist Orders [Definition]

Output: legally binding orders to stop a practice that would mislead the public


Input: [Term] Bait and Switch [Definition]

Output: the advertiser is trying to sell a different product than the one advertised


Input: [Term] Cooling-Off Rule [Definition]

Output: - you have three business days to cancel contracts for most purchases made away from the seller’s regular place of business


Input: [Term] Telemarketers [Definition]

Output: the people who try to sell you products by telephone


Input: [Term] Product Liability [Definition]

Output: someone who is injured from a product’s unsafe or defective condition may recover damages


Input: [Term] Strict Liability [Definition]

Output: makes manufacturers or suppliers responsible for selling goods that are unreasonably dangerous


Input: [Term] Adulterated [Definition]

Output: when a food or drug is one that contains any substance that will reduce its quality or strength below minimum standards


Input: [Term] Intrastate Sales [Definition]

Output: sales within a state


Input: [Question] constellation [Answer]

Output: a region of the sky with well defined borders


Input: [Question] celestial sphere [Answer]

Output: the illusion of a sphere that encompasses the earth


Input: [Question] North celestial pole [Answer]

Output: point which lies directly over the North Pole


Input: [Question] South celestial pole [Answer]

Output: point which lies directly over the South Pole


Input: [Question] celestial equator [Answer]

Output: projection of Earth's equator into space


Input: [Question] ecliptic [Answer]

Output: path the sun follows


Input: [Question] number of constellations [Answer]

Output: 88


Input: [Question] galactic plane [Answer]

Output: our galaxy's disk of stars


Input: [Question] local sky [Answer]

Output: the sky as seen from where you are standing


Input: [Question] horizon [Answer]

Output: boundary between Earth and sky


Input: [Question] zenith [Answer]

Output: point directly overhead


Input: [Question] meridian [Answer]

Output: imaginary half-circle stretching from the horizon from N to S


Input: [Question] azimuth [Answer]

Output: direction of object along the horizon - measured in degrees


Input: [Question] altitude [Answer]

Output: position of object from between earth and sky


Input: [Question] angular size [Answer]

Output: angle that an object appears to span


Input: [Question] angular distance [Answer]

Output: angle that appears to separate two objects


Input: [Question] arcminutes [Answer]

Output: one degree divided by 60


Input: [Question] arcseconds [Answer]

Output: one arcminute divided by 60


Input: [Question] circumpolar [Answer]

Output: stars that never rise but make daily counterclockwise circles


Input: [Question] latitude [Answer]

Output: measures N to S


Input: [Question] longitude [Answer]

Output: measures E to W


Input: [Question] prime meridian [Answer]

Output: line of longitude at 0 degrees - runs through Greenwich, England


Input: [Question] sky visibility [Answer]

Output: sky varies with latitude


Input: [Question] zodiac [Answer]

Output: constellations along the ecliptic


Input: [Question] Earth's orbit [Answer]

Output: summer solstice, winter solstice, spring equinox, fall equinox


Input: [Question] precession [Answer]

Output: a gradual wobble that changes the orientation of Earth's axis


Input: [Question] lunar phases [Answer]

Output: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent


Input: [Question] synchronous rotation [Answer]

Output: moon must rotate once as it makes a single orbit around the Earth


Input: [Question] lunar eclipse [Answer]

Output: earth's shadow falls on moon


Input: [Question] solar eclipse [Answer]

Output: moon's shadow falls on earth


Input: [Question] nodes [Answer]

Output: two points at which the moon crosses the surface of the earth


Input: [Question] umbra [Answer]

Output: sunlight is completely blocked


Input: [Question] penumbra [Answer]

Output: sunlight is partially blocked


Input: [Question] total lunar eclipse [Answer]

Output: moon passes through earth's umbra - moon turns red


Input: [Question] partial lunar eclipse [Answer]

Output: part of moon passes through earth's umbra


Input: [Question] penumbral lunar eclipse [Answer]

Output: moon passes thought earth's penumbra


Input: [Question] total solar eclipse [Answer]

Output: moon comes between sun and earth - moon looks black


Input: [Question] partial solar eclipse [Answer]

Output: moon appears red in a crescent form


Input: [Question] annual eclipse [Answer]

Output: a ring of sunlight surrounds the disk of the moon


Input: [Question] eclipse seasons [Answer]

Output: two periods where the nodes of the moon's orbit are aligned with the sun


Input: [Question] saros cycle [Answer]

Output: changing dates of eclipse seasons


Input: [Answer] Checking Account [Question]

Output: A bank account from which payments can be ordered by a depositor


Input: [Answer] Endorsement [Question]

Output: A signature or stamp on the back of a check transferring ownership


Input: [Answer] Blank Endorsement [Question]

Output: An endorsement consisting only of the endorser's signature


Input: [Answer] Special Endorsement [Question]

Output: An endorsement indicating a new owner of a check


Input: [Answer] Restrictive Endorsement [Question]

Output: An endorsement restricting further transfer of a check's ownership


Input: [Answer] Postdated Check [Question]

Output: A check with a future date on it


Input: [Answer] Bank Statement [Question]

Output: A report of deposits, withdrawals, and bank balances sent to a depositor by a bank


Input: [Answer] Memorandum [Question]

Output: The source document for a bank service charge


Input: [Answer] Dishonored Check [Question]

Output: A check that a bank refuses to pay


Input: [Answer] Electronic Funds Transfer [Question]

Output: A computerized cash payments system that transfers funds without the use of checks, currency, or other paper documents


Input: [Answer] Debit Card [Question]

Output: A bank card that automatically deducts the amount of a purchase from the checking account of the cardholder


Input: [Answer] Petty Cash [Question]

Output: An amount of cash kept on hand and used for making small payments


Input: [Answer] Petty Cash Slip [Question]

Output: A form showing proof of a petty cash payment


Input: [Answer] mass / density / volume / weight [Question]

Output: General Properties include


Input: [Answer] grams [Question]

Output: Mass is measured in units called


Input: [Answer] all objects [Question]

Output: Gravitational Force is a property of


Input: [Answer] Inertia [Question]

Output: As mass increases, what else increases


Input: [Answer] Gravity [Question]

Output: Weight is the response of mass to the pull of


Input: [Answer] mL / cubic centemeters [Question]

Output: Units that measure Volume


Input: [Answer] mass per unit volume [Question]

Output: Density is


Input: [Answer] less dense [Question]

Output: Ice floats in water because the ice is less or more dense


Input: [Answer] D = M/V [Question]

Output: Formula for Density is


Input: [Answer] Closer to the center of earth the heavier you are. [Question]

Output: How is weight changed by where you are located due to gravity


Input: [Answer] Scale / Balance [Question]

Output: What instruments are used to measure mass?


Input: [Answer] Graduated Cylinder [Question]

Output: What instrument is used in water displacement.


Input: [Answer] the resistance of an object to change its motion. [Question]

Output: Inertia


Input: [Answer] Mass [Question]

Output: What is the amount of matter in an object.


Input: [Answer] Less [Question]

Output: You weigh less on the moon than on Earth because the moons gravity is?


Input: [Answer] Volume [Question]

Output: The amount of space something takes up = its


Input: [Answer] Specific [Question]

Output: Color is and example of what type of property.


Input: [Answer] General [Question]

Output: Mass is an example of a what type of property.


Input: [Question] Credit Slip [Answer]

Output: used for return items.


Input: [Question] Shelf Life [Answer]

Output: the amount of time a product can be stored before the product is no longer usable.


Input: [Question] Item Price [Answer]

Output: cost of one item.


Input: [Question] Unit Price [Answer]

Output: cost of an item packaged together.


Input: [Question] Bulk Price [Answer]

Output: cost of purchasing several units.


Input: [Question] Price Break [Answer]

Output: offered for items that are purchased frequently.


Input: [Question] Lead Time [Answer]

Output: the time between ordering something and receiving it.


Input: [Question] Expendable Items [Answer]

Output: less costly then capital items and include smaller instruments, syringes and thermometers.


Input: [Question] Nonexpendable [Answer]

Output: capital items.


Input: [Question] Equipment [Answer]

Output: is expensive.


Input: [Question] Routine Equipment Checks [Answer]

Output: extends the life of the equipment.


Input: [Question] Inventory Systems [Answer]

Output: to keep track of supplies and to make sure they are available when needed.


Input: [Question] Inventory [Answer]

Output: a complete list of all equipment and supplies that a dental practice has on hand.


Input: [Question] Capital Items [Answer]

Output: cost at least $500.00.


Input: [Question] Reorder Point [Answer]

Output: determines when a supply will be ordered based on lead time and rate of use.


Input: [Question] Routine Maintenance [Answer]

Output: usually performed either weekly or monthly.


Input: [Definition] The type of framework a company uses to distinguish power and authority, roles and responsibilities, and the manner in which information flows through the company. [Term]

Output: Organisational Structure


Input: [Definition] Has many levels of hierarchy and a short span of control [Term]

Output: Tall Organisational Structure


Input: [Definition] Has few levels of hierarchy and a long span of control [Term]

Output: Flat Organisational Structure


Input: [Definition] The number of people a manager is responsible for [Term]

Output: Span of control


Input: [Definition] The authority to make decisions is concentrated within a particular group [Term]

Output: Centralised Organisation


Input: [Definition] The authority to make decisions is given to lower-level managers and employees in the organisation. [Term]

Output: Decentralised Organisation


Input: [Definition] The company is organised according in specialised departmental areas such as finance, marketing, operations and human resources [Term]

Output: Functional Organisational Structure


Input: [Definition] Reporting relationships are set up as a grid, or matrix, rather than in the traditional hierarchy [Term]

Output: Matrix Organisational Structure


Input: [Definition] The values and behaviours that contribute to the unique identity of an organisation [Term]

Output: Organisational Culture


Input: [Definition] Is based on the dominance of one or a small number of individuals who make the key decisions for the organisation. [Term]

Output: Power Culture


Input: [Definition] Exists in large hierarchical organisations in which individuals have clear roles (jobs) to perform which are closely specified [Term]

Output: Role Culture


Input: [Definition] Exists when teams are formed to complete particular tasks [Term]

Output: Task Culture


Input: [Definition] The most individualistic form of culture exists when individuals are fully allowed to express themselves and make decisions for themselves [Term]

Output: Person Culture


Input: [Definition] Two or more parties working together where people attend to personal interests but also to outcomes benefiting the whole [Term]

Output: Collaborative Culture


Input: [Definition] The measured output of a business in a period of time. The process of turning tangible and intangible inputs into products. [Term]

Output: Production


Input: [Definition] How effectively a business is using its resources (time, money, labour, materials). Saving or minimising resources increases efficiency [Term]

Output: Efficiency


Input: [Definition] A system of assessing methods of working so as to achieve the maximum output and efficiency [Term]

Output: Work Study


Input: [Definition] A measure of efficiency, measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input [Term]

Output: Productivity


Input: [Definition] Using as few resources and eliminating waste to improve productivity in delivering value and quality from the customer's perspective [Term]

Output: Lean Production


Input: [Definition] Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size, output, or scale of operation. Average costs fall. [Term]

Output: Economies of scale


Input: [Definition] Describes when firms may become less efficient if it becomes too large. Average costs rise. [Term]

Output: Diseconomies of scale


Input: [Definition] How efficient a company is producing goods and services compared to its maximum production level. [Term]

Output: Capacity


Input: [Definition] A method of prodution where each job is unique. Suitable for producing a variety of products at low volume [Term]

Output: Job Production


Input: [Definition] Producing a set quantity of one product at a time. [Term]

Output: Batch Production


Input: [Definition] Production activities flow smoothly in one direction throughout the factory, suitable for large volume in a very efficient manner [Term]

Output: Flow Production


Input: [Definition] A leadership style in which the leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without meaningful participation by lower levels [Term]

Output: Authoritarian Leadership


Input: [Definition] A type of fatherly managerial style employed by dominant males where their organisational power is used to protect and control subordinate staff who are expected to be loyal and obedient. [Term]

Output: Paternalistic Leadership


Input: [Definition] Involves a team guided by a leader where all individuals are involved in the decision making process to determine what needs to be done and how it should be done. The group’s leader has the final decision of the group. [Term]

Output: Democratic Leadership


Input: [Definition] A non-authoritarian leadership style, these type of leaders try to give the least possible guidance to subordinates, and try to achieve control though less obvious means. [Term]

Output: Laissez faire Leadership


Input: [Definition] When one business merges with another in the same industry and at the same stage of production [Term]

Output: Horizontal Integration


Input: [Definition] When one business merges with or takes over another in the same industry but at a different stage of production [Term]

Output: Vertical Integration


Input: [Definition] Systems, policies, procedures and practices to maintain the operational integrity (honesty, accuracy, transparency) of the business [Term]

Output: Internal Controls


Input: [Definition] A financial asset, such as cash [Term]

Output: Capital


Input: [Definition] Also referred to as statement of financial position or condition, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and Ownership equity at a given point in time [Term]

Output: Balance Sheet


Input: [Definition] Also referred to as Profit and Loss statement, reports on a company's income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. [Term]

Output: Income Statement


Input: [Definition] Reports on a company's cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities.Cash is the life blood of a company [Term]

Output: Cash flow Statement


Input: [Definition] Explains the changes in a company's earnings over the reporting period [Term]

Output: Retained earnings


Input: [Definition] A list of all planned future revenues and expenses [Term]

Output: Budget


Input: [Definition] Refers to the number of layers in a business [Term]

Output: Levels of Hierarchy


Input: [Definition] Overly complex and unnecessary official procedures that slow any administration [Term]

Output: Bureaucracy


Input: [Question] anyone of the persons in a story [Answer]

Output: character


Input: [Question] main character [Answer]

Output: protagonist


Input: [Question] the character or enviroment that is against the protagonist [Answer]

Output: antagonist


Input: [Question] told by one of the characters [Answer]

Output: 1st person


Input: [Question] narroter tells story, can tell whats going on with all characters [Answer]

Output: 3rd person ominicient


Input: [Question] narroter tells the story, but can only tell what one character is thinking [Answer]

Output: 3rd person limited


Input: [Question] the time and place im which the story happens [Answer]

Output: setting


Input: [Question] message of the story [Answer]

Output: theme


Input: [Question] takes place in a characters mind [Answer]

Output: internal conflict


Input: [Question] struggles with another person, group of people with a force of nature [Answer]

Output: external conflict


Input: [Question] a series o fevents which lead from the opening of the story to the falling action [Answer]

Output: plot


Input: [Question] the story developps through a series of incidents or situation [Answer]

Output: rising action


Input: [Question] highest point of story [Answer]

Output: climax


Input: [Question] the point of the story that comes after the climax wraps everything up [Answer]

Output: falling action


Input: [Question] Epicardium [Answer]

Output: Serous membrane layer outside or covering the surface of the heart


Input: [Question] Myocardium [Answer]

Output: Heart muscle


Input: [Question] Parietal layer [Answer]

Output: The outermost layer of the pericardial sac


Input: [Question] Endocardium [Answer]

Output: The inside lining of the heart


Input: [Question] 5. The pacemaker of the heart is the [Answer]

Output: S-A Node


Input: [Question] 6. The ______ are found in the interventricular septum. [Answer]

Output: ventricules


Input: [Question] 7. What is the name of the network found in the ventricular myocardium. [Answer]

Output: fibrous skeleton of the heart


Input: [Question] 8. The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed is the. [Answer]

Output: AV node


Input: [Question] 9. Which valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [Answer]

Output: aortic semilunar valve


Input: [Question] 10. Which valve prevents backflow into the right atrium. [Answer]

Output: tricuspid valve


Input: [Question] 11. Which valve prevents backflow into the left atrium. [Answer]

Output: bicuspid (mitral)valve


Input: [Question] Which valve prevent backflow into the right ventricle. [Answer]

Output: pulmonary semilunar valve


Input: [Question] 12. Which valves prevent backflow into the ventricles. [Answer]

Output: semilunar valves


Input: [Question] 13. Which AV valve has two flaps. [Answer]

Output: bicuspid(mitral)


Input: [Question] 14. Which AV valve has three flaps. [Answer]

Output: tricuspid valve


Input: [Question] 15. Normal heart sounds are caused by ____ [Answer]

Output: Closing of valves


Input: [Question] 16. What is cardiac reserve and what circumstances can alter it? [Answer]

Output: Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and maximal CO


Input: [Question] 17. Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes what changes in blood pressure [Answer]

Output: pumps blood against greater resistance


Input: [Question] 18. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: [Answer]

Output: Pump blood with a greater pressure


Input: [Question] 19. Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. [Answer]

Output: AV node


Input: [Question] 20. Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the: [Answer]

Output: left atrium


Input: [Question] 21. Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the: [Answer]

Output: papillary muscles


Input: [Question] 22. The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is: [Answer]

Output: Angina pectoris


Input: [Question] 23. To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope: [Answer]

Output: over the right sternal border & the 2nd intercostal space


Input: [Question] 24. Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of: [Answer]

Output: Coronary arteries


Input: [Question] 25. When the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is _____ second(s). [Answer]

Output: 60


Input: [Question] 26. List the factors which influence heart rate? [Answer]

Output: age, gender, body temperature, chemicals, autonomic nervous system exercise


Input: [Question] 27. If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from: [Answer]

Output: loss of oxygen in the heart, which causes heart attack


Input: [Question] 28. Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they: [Answer]

Output: straited


Input: [Question] 29. Cardiac output is about __ L/min. [Answer]

Output: 5.25


Input: [Question] 30. What is the pericardial cavity? [Answer]

Output: the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement


Input: [Question] 31. If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells what would the result be? [Answer]

Output: tetanic contractions; stop the heart’s pumping action


Input: [Question] 32. Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by: [Answer]

Output: Sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine and initiates a cyclic AMP second-messenger system


Input: [Question] 33. If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that: [Answer]

Output: the HR would increase by about 25 beats/min


Input: [Question] 34. The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ________ ml/beat. [Answer]

Output: 70


Input: [Question] 35. Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole? [Answer]

Output: pulmonary trunk


Input: [Question] 36. Blood enters which vessels during ventricular systole? [Answer]

Output: Aorta and pulmonary artery


Input: [Question] 37. When is the tricuspid valve is closed: [Answer]

Output: the ventricle is in systole


Input: [Question] 38. When holding a dissected heart in your hands, it is easy to orient the right and left side by: [Answer]

Output: noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls


Input: [Question] 39. Describe the function of myocardial cells compared to skeletal muscle cells. [Answer]

Output: myocardial have long refractory periods and skeletal have short refractory periods


Input: [Question] 40. Describe the structure of the heart wall. [Answer]

Output: T-wave, indicates repolarization


Input: [Question] 41. The deflection waves in an ECG tracing include [Answer]

Output: the T wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization


Input: [Question] 42. Describe the events during the period of ventricular filling: [Answer]

Output: pressure in the heart is low, blood returning from circ is flowing passively thru the atria & then open AV valves into ventricules


Input: [Question] 44. The heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? [Answer]

Output: Ventricular systole


Input: [Question] 45. Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the: [Answer]

Output: blood pressure


Input: [Question] 48. Describe the factors which influence cardiac output. [Answer]

Output: CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)


Input: [Question] 50. Define isovolumetric contraction: [Answer]

Output: for a split second, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and blood volume in the chambers remain constant


Input: [Question] 51. Define negative chronotropic factors [Answer]

Output: Negative chronotropes decrease the heart rate.


Input: [Question] 52. The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the ________. [Answer]

Output: vena cava


Input: [Question] 53. The ________ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore, they continually depolarize. [Answer]

Output: SN Node


Input: [Question] 54. Specialized conductive cells of the ventricles are called ________ fibers. [Answer]

Output: purkinje


Input: [Question] 55. The ECG T wave interval represents ________. [Answer]

Output: ventricular repolarization


Input: [Question] 56. CO = ________ × SV. [Answer]

Output: HR


Input: [Question] 57. The __ membrane covers the heart. [Answer]

Output: Pericardium


Input: [Question] 58. The ________ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae. [Answer]

Output: atrioventricular


Input: [Question] 59. ________ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached. [Answer]

Output: semilunar


Input: [Question] 60. Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? [Answer]

Output: Systole – contraction of heart muscle; Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle


Input: [Question] 61. Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume. [Answer]

Output: SV =(EDV) minus (ESV); EDV = amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole; ESV = amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction


Input: [Question] 62. What is the difference between the auricles and the atrium? [Answer]

Output: an auricle receives blood from the veins & forces it into a ventricle


Input: [Question] 64. What two important functions does the cardiac conduction system perform? [Answer]

Output: controls heart rate and generates electrical impulses stimulating the heart to contract & pump blood


Input: [Question] 65. Explain autorhythmicity in cardiac muscle cells. [Answer]

Output: Autorhythmic cells: Initiate action potentials; Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials; Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential


Input: [Question] 66. Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to skeletal muscles? [Answer]

Output: When heart muscle is deprived of oxygen that is what is known as a heart attack


Input: [Question] 67. What is the functional importance of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle? What is the functional importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? [Answer]

Output: they allow for a quick transmission of the action potential so the entire chamber can contract as one unit and as site of attachment for muscles and supports structures for cardia valves


Input: [Question] 68. What is bradycardia? [Answer]

Output: A heart rate less than 60 beats a minute


Input: [Question] 72. Which artery is the largest artery of the body; [Answer]

Output: Aorta


Input: [Question] 73. Which artery supplies the kidneys. [Answer]

Output: Renal artery


Input: [Question] 74. Which artery supplies the duodenum and stomach. [Answer]

Output: gastroduodenal


Input: [Question] 75. Which artery supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. [Answer]

Output: inferior mesenteric artery


Input: [Question] 76. Which artery supplies pelvic structures. [Answer]

Output: gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular)


Input: [Question] 77. Which artery does not anastomose. [Answer]

Output: horizontal ventrical duodinum


Input: [Question] 78. Which artery gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. [Answer]

Output: brachiocephlic trunk


Input: [Question] 79. Which artery supplies the lower limbs. [Answer]

Output: external iliac artery


Input: [Question] 80. Which artery is the common site to take the pulse. [Answer]

Output: radial pulse


Input: [Question] 81. Which artery is the major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. [Answer]

Output: middle cerebral arteries


Input: [Question] 82. Which artery is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. [Answer]

Output: superior mesenteric artery


Input: [Question] 83. Abdominal aorta splits to form two ____________ arteries [Answer]

Output: right and left illiac


Input: [Question] 84. Which vein receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall. [Answer]

Output: superior vena cava


Input: [Question] 85. Which vessel carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. [Answer]

Output: pulmonary arteries


Input: [Question] 86. Which vein drains the scalp. [Answer]

Output: external juglar veins


Input: [Question] 87. Which vein runs through the armpit. [Answer]

Output: brachial vein


Input: [Question] 89. Which artery is usually palpated to take the blood pressure. [Answer]

Output: brachial artery


Input: [Question] 90. Which artery is the major artery of the thigh. [Answer]

Output: femoral artery


Input: [Question] 91. Which artery supplies the small intestine. [Answer]

Output: superior mesenteric artery


Input: [Question] 92. Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. [Answer]

Output: pulmonary


Input: [Question] 93. Which vein is longest vein in the body, superficial. [Answer]

Output: great saphenous vein


Input: [Question] 94. What is the site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. [Answer]

Output: Arterioles


Input: [Question] 95. What is the site where exchanges of food and gases are made. [Answer]

Output: Capillaries


Input: [Question] 96. What is the site where blood pressure is lowest. [Answer]

Output: right atrium


Input: [Question] 97. What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. [Answer]

Output: Large arteries


Input: [Question] 98. What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. [Answer]

Output: Capillaries


Input: [Question] 99. What is the site where the blood volume is greatest. [Answer]

Output: large veins


Input: [Question] 100. What is the site where the blood pressure is greatest. [Answer]

Output: Large arteries


Input: [Question] 101. What is the site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. [Answer]

Output: large arteries close to the small diameter arterioles


Input: [Question] 102. What are the three main factors influencing blood pressure? [Answer]

Output: cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume


Input: [Question] 103. List the chemicals that control blood pressure? [Answer]

Output: ADH, Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide


Input: [Question] 104. Describe the structure and function of arteries? [Answer]

Output: All carry blood away from the heart


Input: [Question] 105. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? [Answer]

Output: Intima


Input: [Question] 106. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of: [Answer]

Output: Capillaries


Input: [Question] 107. The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called: [Answer]

Output: hepatic portal system


Input: [Question] 108. The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the: [Answer]

Output: muscular


Input: [Question] 109. Aldosterone will be released under what circumstances and have what specific effects [Answer]

Output: Aldesterone will promote an increase in blood pressure


Input: [Question] 110. The pulse pressure is: [Answer]

Output: systoilic pressure minus diastolic pressure


Input: [Question] 111. Describe the signs of hypovolemic shock. Which sign is a relatively late sign? [Answer]

Output: results from large scale loss of blood, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or extensive burns


Input: [Question] 112. Describe the circulatory events that are likely during vigorous exercise? [Answer]

Output: capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged w/ blood, skin will be cold & clammy, blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs


Input: [Question] 113. Continuous capillaries: (what are they and where are they found) [Answer]

Output: are abundant in skin and skeletal muscles


Input: [Question] 114. Describe the structure and function of veins? [Answer]

Output: venules join to form veins, usually have 3 distinct tunics, their walls are always thinner & their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries


Input: [Question] 115. Venous anastomoses: (what are they and where do they occur) [Answer]

Output: abundant occlusion of vein that rarely blocks blood flow or leads to tissue death


Input: [Question] 116. Peripheral resistance: (what is it and how does it change) [Answer]

Output: increases as blood viscosity increases


Input: [Question] 120. Describe the types of circulatory shock? [Answer]

Output: vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone


Input: [Question] 121. Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? [Answer]

Output: media


Input: [Question] 122. The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is: [Answer]

Output: significant b/c resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter. Peripheral resistance is greatest in capillaries which have the narrowest diameter


Input: [Question] 123. The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is: [Answer]

Output: results from large-scale blood loss


Input: [Question] 124. In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure: (what is it and what does it do): [Answer]

Output: opposition to flow & measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels


Input: [Question] 125. Describe the role of the hepatic portal vein: [Answer]

Output: directs blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to liver


Input: [Question] 126. What organs contain anastomosing vessels? [Answer]

Output: heart


Input: [Question] 127. What factors influence arterial pulse rate? [Answer]

Output: nervousness & type of physical activity, age, weight, health


Input: [Question] 128. List the structure that are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? [Answer]

Output: Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium


Input: [Question] 129. Histologically, which blood vessel layer is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. [Answer]

Output: tunica interna includes a layer of simple squamous epithelium


Input: [Question] 130. The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called: [Answer]

Output: arterioles


Input: [Question] 131. Fenestrated capillaries (how do they function and where are they found) [Answer]

Output: have windows that allows larger molecules in & out of capillaries


Input: [Question] 132. Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called: [Answer]

Output: sinusoids


Input: [Question] 133. List the factors that aid venous return. [Answer]

Output: activity of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax & venous valves


Input: [Question] 134. What blood pressure readings are indicative of hypertension? (age and systolic/diastolic [Answer]

Output: ’s)


Input: [Question] 135. Describe the factors that influence blood pressure. [Answer]

Output: strength of the heart beat, the elasticity of the arterial walls, the volume & viscousity of the blood, & a person’s health, age & physical condition


Input: [Question] 139. A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the: [Answer]

Output: the 1st branches of the aorta of the coronary arteries, blocking them would cut supply to the heart


Input: [Question] 140. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ______________ [Answer]

Output: changes in blood pressure & in the blood viscousity alike


Input: [Question] 141. A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in what changes [Answer]

Output: damage to the artery & the heart, brain and kidney


Input: [Question] 142. List the blood vessels attached to the circle of Willis? [Answer]

Output: arteia, arterial blood vessel, & artery


Input: [Question] 143. Secondary hypertension can be caused by what factors [Answer]

Output: arteriosclerosis


Input: [Question] 145. The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch. [Answer]

Output: brachiocephalic


Input: [Question] 146. The most common form of shock is ___. [Answer]

Output: hypovolemic


Input: [Question] 147. ________ is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known and it is one of the endothelium-derived factors. [Answer]

Output: endothelia


Input: [Question] 148. A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it. [Answer]

Output: fenestrated


Input: [Question] 149. Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ. [Answer]

Output: systems


Input: [Question] 150. The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure. [Answer]

Output: sinus receptors


Input: [Question] 154. The ________ supply the brain with blood. [Answer]

Output: lungs supply oxygen to blood to the blood & blood is pumped to brain by heart


Input: [Question] 155. ________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. [Answer]

Output: pulse


Input: [Question] 157. The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________. [Answer]

Output: vena cava


Input: [Question] 158. As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard. [Answer]

Output: vanish temporarily


Input: [Question] 159. Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function? [Answer]

Output: long and short saphenous veins


Input: [Question] 160. Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls. [Answer]

Output: diffusion


Input: [Question] Vasoconstriction [Answer]

Output: decrease in the diameter of blood vessels


Input: [Question] Vasodilation [Answer]

Output: widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of the muscular wall of the vessel


Input: [Question] 162. Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why? [Answer]

Output: 2mm vessel would contain half the blood of the 4 mm vessel


Input: [Question] 163. Based on what we have learned about the regulation of blood flow to various organs, do you think it is wiser to rest or exercise after a heavy meal? Explain your answer. [Answer]

Output: if you’ve eaten a lot, then exercising after a meal is not a good idea, when you eat a significant protion blood is diverted to stoach and intestines less available for muscle


Input: [Question] 164. The average thickness of an arteriole is six times that of the average venule, why? [Answer]

Output: arteriole has alumen diameter of 3mm. it has all 3 tunics, but its mostly smooth muscle, have cholinergic, alpha, beta


Input: [Question] 165. Why do the blood vessel colors appear backwards on the models of the heart and the lungs? [Answer]

Output: in the rest of the body blood has oxygen, blood returning needs oxygen


Input: [Question] 166. The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus, what are they? [Answer]

Output: left gastric, the hepatic, and the splenic


Input: [Question] 170. Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels is called [Answer]

Output: lymph


Input: [Question] 171. List the lymphoid tissues that are part of MALT. [Answer]

Output: Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract) Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)


Input: [Question] 172. What structure receives lymph from most of the body. [Answer]

Output: thoracic duct


Input: [Question] 173. What are Peyer's patches and where are they found [Answer]

Output: isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similar to tonsils; Found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (Similar structures are found in the appendix)


Input: [Question] 174. List the functions of the spleen [Answer]

Output: Site of lymphocyte proliferation; Immune surveillance and response; Cleanses the blood


Input: [Question] 175. What is the largest lymphatic organ. [Answer]

Output: spleen


Input: [Question] 176. Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed: [Answer]

Output: lymph nodes


Input: [Question] 177. List the lymphatic structures [Answer]

Output: lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, lymphatic ducts


Input: [Question] 178. The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called: [Answer]

Output: Peyer’s patch


Input: [Question] 179. Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on: [Answer]

Output: skeletal muscle contraction & differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement


Input: [Question] 180. The thymus is most active during: [Answer]

Output: most active during childhood


Input: [Question] 181. Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? [Answer]

Output: Right lymphatic duct


Input: [Question] 182. What effect does age have on the size of the thymus? [Answer]

Output: gets smaller as person gets older


Input: [Question] 184. Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by: [Answer]

Output: T-Lymphocites


Input: [Question] 185. Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________________ [Answer]

Output: efferent vessels


Input: [Question] 186. By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what cells to become immunocompetent? [Answer]

Output: T lymphocytes


Input: [Question] 187. When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors, the result is: [Answer]

Output: edema (lymphedema)


Input: [Question] 188. Describe lymph transport. [Answer]

Output: The lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a pump; Vessels are low-pressure conduits; Uses the same methods as veins to propel lymph


Input: [Question] 189. Describe the two main types of lymphocytes. [Answer]

Output: T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens


Input: [Question] 190. Describe the structure and function of lymphoid tissue. [Answer]

Output: Diffuse lymphatic tissue – scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ; Lymphatic follicles (nodules) – solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells


Input: [Question] 191. A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n): [Answer]

Output: palatine tonsils


Input: [Question] 192. Lymph collecting or pooling from the lower extremities would first pool in the ________ before moving on up. [Answer]

Output: cisterna chyli


Input: [Question] 193. What is a bubo? [Answer]

Output: the swelling of lymph nodes


Input: [Question] 194. What is the function of a Hassall's corpuscle? [Answer]

Output: site of T Cell destruction in the Thymus


Input: [Question] 195. Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in which locations in the body [Answer]

Output: near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions


Input: [Question] 196. List the digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissues [Answer]

Output: Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix


Input: [Question] 197. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system [Answer]

Output: Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood


Input: [Question] 198. The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: [Answer]

Output: Lingual tonsils


Input: [Question] 199. Describe the normal components of lymph [Answer]

Output: watery substance and plasma proteins


Input: [Question] 200. The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx. [Answer]

Output: tonsils


Input: [Question] 201. The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are collectively called ________. [Answer]

Output: MALT


Input: [Question] 202. Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa. [Answer]

Output: lacteals


Input: [Question] 203. The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ________. [Answer]

Output: arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body


Input: [Question] 204. Lymph nodes have more ________ lymphatic vessels than ________ lymphatic vessels. [Answer]

Output: afferent; efferent


Input: [Question] 205. Of the organs in the lymphatic system, only the ________ becomes less important as you get older. [Answer]

Output: thymus


Input: [Question] 206. Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________. [Answer]

Output: crypts


Input: [Question] 207. Hassall's corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus. [Answer]

Output: medullary


Input: [Question] 208. The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries. [Answer]

Output: white pulp


Input: [Question] 209. Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels. [Answer]

Output: trunks


Input: [Question] 211. Describe the mechanisms by which lymphatic fluid is moved through the lymphatics. [Answer]

Output: milking action of skeletal muscle, pressure changes in thorax, vavles to prevent back flow, and pulsations of nearby arteries


Input: [Question] 212. What is the consequence of obstruction of the lymphatics? [Answer]

Output: lymphanitis


Input: [Question] 214. What is the special role of the thymus gland? [Answer]

Output: it enables t-lymphocytes to function against specific pathogens in the immune system


Input: [Question] Palatine tonsils – [Answer]

Output: either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity


Input: [Question] Lingual tonsils – [Answer]

Output: lie at the base of the tongue


Input: [Question] Pharyngeal tonsil – [Answer]

Output: posterior wall of the nasopharynx


Input: [Question] Tubal tonsils – [Answer]

Output: surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx


Input: [Question] 217. In the thymus, what is the difference in the lymphocyte density of the cortex versus the medulla? [Answer]

Output: The cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages; The medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles


Input: [Question] 218. Contrast the structure of blood and lymph capillaries. [Answer]

Output: Similar to blood capillaries, with modifications; Remarkably permeable; Loosely joined endothelial minivalves; Withstand interstitial pressure and remain open


Input: [Question] 220. How does the structure of a lymph node allow lymphocytes and macrophages to perform their protective function? [Answer]

Output: Macrophages reside on these fibers and phagocytize foreign matter


Input: [Question] 221. Explain the term MALT. What is its function? [Answer]

Output: MALT – mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue; MALT protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter


Input: [Question] 47. If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid what would happen? [Answer]

Output: threshold is reached more quickly, and heart rate increases


Input: [Question] 117. Describe brain blood flow autoregulation: [Answer]

Output: brain tissue is extremely sensitive to declines in pH, and increase CO2 causes marked vasodilation


Input: [Question] 118. Blood flow to the skin: (how does it change and under what circumstances) [Answer]

Output: blood flows to the venus plexus under the surface; changes with temp


Input: [Question] 119. Describe the movement of materials at the capillary level. [Answer]

Output: 1 diffusion thru membrane 2 throughout intercellular clefts 3 thru fenestrations 4 Via vesicles or caveolae


Input: [Question] 137. Describe changes in the velocity of blood flow throughout the circulatory system. How does velocity relate to vessel diameter? [Answer]

Output: changes as it travels through systemic circulation its inversely proportional to the cross section area


Input: [Question] Circulatory shock – [Answer]

Output: any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally


Input: [Question] Hypovolemic shock – [Answer]

Output: results from large-scale blood loss


Input: [Question] Vascular shock – [Answer]

Output: poor circulation resulting from extreme vasodilation


Input: [Question] Cardiogenic shock – [Answer]

Output: the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation


Input: [Definition] Male reproductive organ [Term]

Output: Penis


Input: [Definition] Glands located below the penis that create sperm cells [Term]

Output: Testicle


Input: [Definition] Pouch of skin surrounding the testicles to protect them and keep them at the right temperature [Term]

Output: Scrotum


Input: [Definition] Canal in the penis that transports semen out of the male reproductive organs [Term]

Output: Sperm Duct


Input: [Definition] The organ where female sex cells are created and mature [Term]

Output: Ovary


Input: [Definition] Female sex cell(also known as the egg) [Term]

Output: Ovum


Input: [Definition] Pathway connecting with the uterus [Term]

Output: Fallopian Tube


Input: [Definition] Major female reproductive organ where the fetus(or fertilized ovum) will grow [Term]

Output: Uterus


Input: [Definition] A muscular tube which expands to fit the penis during intercourse or a baby during birth. [Term]

Output: Vagina


Input: [Definition] Secrete a significant portion of fluid that will mix with sperm and fluids from the prostate gland and ultimately become semen [Term]

Output: Seminal Vesicle


Input: [Question] Space containing small amount of fluid [Answer]

Output: Pericardial Cavity


Input: [Question] Slight delay in conduction at the AV node going to AV Bundle(Bundle of His) allowing for complete _______ __________. [Answer]

Output: ventricular filling


Input: [Question] These waves on ECG mark the depolarization of ventricles... [Answer]

Output: QRS waves


Input: [Question] Responsible for signalling cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic BP [Answer]

Output: Baroreceptors


Input: [Question] When secretions of epinephrine increase, heart rate increases leading to increased ______ ________ [Answer]

Output: heart contractions


Input: [Question] The first arteries to branch off of the aorta; immediately distal to aortic valve [Answer]

Output: Coronary arteries


Input: [Question] With each contraction of the heart left ventricular output is the same as ______ _________ _______. [Answer]

Output: Right ventricular output


Input: [Question] The right Ventricle sends blood to... [Answer]

Output: The lungs


Input: [Question] The left ventricle sends blood to... [Answer]

Output: The body


Input: [Question] The ability of the heart to increase cardiac output whenever needed is [Answer]

Output: Cardiac Reserve (Cardiac Function)


Input: [Question] Looks at the volume of venous return; how much coming in [Answer]

Output: Preload


Input: [Question] Reflex adjustment that controls localized vasodilation/vasoconstriction in the arterioles [Answer]

Output: Auto regulation


Input: [Question] Diagnostic test for cardiovascular function; used to demonstrate, an abnormality, in movement of heart valves; records heart valve movements, blood flow, and cardiac output. [Answer]

Output: Echocardiography


Input: [Question] Drug therapy used to treat heart failure; improves cardiac efficiency, slowing heart rate and increasing force of cardiac contraction [Answer]

Output: Digoxin


Input: [Question] Drug therapy; taken in small doses on a continual basis to reduce platelet adhesion [Answer]

Output: Asprin


Input: [Question] General term for all types of arterial changes; looks at degenerative changes in small arteries and arterioles [Answer]

Output: Arteriosclerosis