Input: [Answer] The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. [Question]

Output: Depth Perception


Input: [Answer] A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. [Question]

Output: Visual cliff


Input: [Answer] depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. [Question]

Output: Binocular cues


Input: [Answer] A binocular cue for perceiving depth; By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance-the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. [Question]

Output: Retinal disparity


Input: [Answer] Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. [Question]

Output: Monocular cues


Input: [Answer] An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. [Question]

Output: Phi Phenomenon


Input: [Answer] Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retianl images change. [Question]

Output: Perceptual constancy


Input: [Answer] Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. [Question]

Output: Color constacy


Input: [Answer] In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. [Question]

Output: Perceptual Adaptation


Input: [Answer] A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. [Question]

Output: Perceptual set


Input: [Answer] A branch of psychology that explores how people how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. [Question]

Output: Human factors psychology


Input: [Answer] The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. [Question]

Output: Extrasensory perception (ESP)


Input: [Answer] The study of paranormal phenomea, including ESP and psychokinesis. [Question]

Output: Parasychology


Input: [Answer] some reactions require the addition of one group, carbons don’t always want to move and usually need a little help, folates and SAM can carry carbon groups and force them elsewhere [Question]

Output: Why is one carbon metabolism important?


Input: [Answer] movement of one carbon group [Question]

Output: What is one carbon metabolism?


Input: [Answer] folate with glutamate on the end [Question]

Output: What is on the end of folic acid?


Input: [Answer] plants and bacteria [Question]

Output: What synthesizes folate?


Input: [Answer] just one [Question]

Output: Supplements have how much glutamate at the end?


Input: [Answer] chains [Question]

Output: How much glutamate is found on folate in plants?


Input: [Answer] dihydroflate reductase [Question]

Output: What enzyme is required to reduce and activate folate?


Input: [Answer] intestines [Question]

Output: Where are the glutamate cleaved?


Input: [Answer] monoglutamate form [Question]

Output: What form of folate is absorbed?


Input: [Answer] FH2 and then FH4 [Question]

Output: What is folate reduced to?


Input: [Answer] serine [Question]

Output: What is the primary carbon source to FH4?


Input: [Answer] N5 or N10 [Question]

Output: Where are carbon groups usually attached?


Input: [Answer] folates with carbon groups attached [Question]

Output: What are one carbon pools?


Input: [Answer] purine and dTMP synthesis, serine synthesis and methylcobalmin synthesis [Question]

Output: What processes require folates with carbons attached?


Input: [Answer] DNA synthesis and cell division [Question]

Output: Folate is required for?


Input: [Answer] FH4 [Question]

Output: What is the most reduced and stable form of folate?


Input: [Answer] Vitamin B12 [Question]

Output: What does N5-methyl-FH4 donate its carbon to?


Input: [Answer] cobalamin [Question]

Output: What is B12 also called?


Input: [Answer] corrin ring + cobalt [Question]

Output: What is the structure of B12?


Input: [Answer] by eating something that has ingested bacteria (meat) [Question]

Output: How do we get B12?


Input: [Answer] bacteria [Question]

Output: What synthesized B12?


Input: [Answer] cyanocobalamin [Question]

Output: What is the most common B12 found in supplements?


Input: [Answer] methyl cobalamin or deoxyadenosylcobalamin [Question]

Output: What is B12 converted to after ingestion?


Input: [Answer] protein carriers [Question]

Output: What does B12 absorption and transport require?


Input: [Answer] haptocorrin [Question]

Output: What protein is B12 gerenally bound to in the small intestine?


Input: [Answer] Only dietary protein because acid is not needed to break the B12 from the acid [Question]

Output: Reduced acid production by Bea’s gastric mucosa would do what to B12 absorption?


Input: [Answer] not bound to proteins [Question]

Output: What are crystalline B12?


Input: [Answer] Proteases release the B12 and then it binds to IF. The IF-B12 complex enters the ileal cells [Question]

Output: How is B12 absorbed?


Input: [Answer] Methione metabolism process; to form methionine and coversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl CoA [Question]

Output: What 2 reactions require B12?


Input: [Answer] becuase it requires homocyteine for production and it can only be obtained by diet [Question]

Output: Why is methionine essential when we make it?


Input: [Answer] nor epi -> epi, guanidinoacetate -> creatine, nucleotides -> methylated nucleotides, phosphatidylenthanolamine -> phosphatidylcholine, acetylserotonin -> melatonin [Question]

Output: What reactions are SAM needed for?


Input: [Answer] SAM [Question]

Output: What is required for DNA and histone methylation?


Input: [Answer] s-adenosylmethionine [Question]

Output: What is SAM?


Input: [Answer] High levels of homocysteine [Question]

Output: What is hyperhomocysteinemia?


Input: [Answer] B6, B12, Folate deficiencies [Question]

Output: What could cause hyperhomocysteinemia?


Input: [Answer] cadriovascular, miscarriage, neurological disorders, cancer [Question]

Output: What disease risk factors are associated with hyperholmocysteinemia?


Input: [Answer] Vitamin B6 [Question]

Output: What is PLP?


Input: [Answer] betaine and choline supplementation as well as b12, B6 and folate supplementation. [Question]

Output: How can homocystein levels be reduced?


Input: [Answer] B12 or folate deficiencies [Question]

Output: What causes macrocytic anemia?


Input: [Answer] RBC are larger than normal but fewer in number [Question]

Output: What is marcocytic anemia?


Input: [Answer] enlarged hematopoietic precursor cells [Question]

Output: What causes the larger RBC?


Input: [Answer] most destroyed in the bone marrow [Question]

Output: What happens to these larger RBC?


Input: [Answer] You need B12 to recycle the N55-methyl-FH4 and folate is needed for methylcobalamin [Question]

Output: Why does B12 deficiency cause macrocytic anemia?


Input: [Answer] neural tube defects [Question]

Output: What does folate deficiency during pregnancy result in?


Input: [Answer] needed for DNA replication!!!! [Question]

Output: Why does B12 and folate deficiency results in so many problems?


Input: [Answer] dietary insufficiency, chronic alcoholism, abdominal surgery resulting in dec. IF production, GI disease, intestinal parasites, certain drugs, IF deficiency [Question]

Output: What are the causes of B12 and folate deficiency?


Input: [Answer] measurement of serum B12 and folate, CBC/Diff, Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid serum levels and schilling test [Question]

Output: How is B12 and folate deficiency diagnosed?


Input: [Answer] Radiolabeled crystalline B12 is ingested then followed with IM B12 injection, urine is collected over time, difference between oral input and secreted amount incidcates how much is absorbed. [Question]

Output: What is Schilling test?


Input: [Answer] supplements. In pernicious anemia, injection or nasal spray must be used. [Question]

Output: How is B12 and folate deficiency treated?


Input: [Answer] elderly [Question]

Output: Where is B12 deficiency more common?


Input: [Answer] An estimation method in which a group of numbers close in value are rounded to the same number. [Question]

Output: clustering


Input: [Answer] Numbers that have digits in the tenths place and beyond. [Question]

Output: decimal


Input: [Answer] Decimals that have the same number. [Question]

Output: equivalent decimal


Input: [Answer] The sum of the products of each digit and its place value of a number. [Question]

Output: expanded form


Input: [Answer] An estimation method in which the front digits are added or subtracted. [Question]

Output: front-end estimation


Input: [Answer] A mathematical sentence indicating that two quantities are not equal. [Question]

Output: inequality


Input: [Answer] Numbers written without exponents. [Question]

Output: standard form


Input: [Term] Rachel Carson [Definition]

Output: Author of <i>Silent Spring</i>


Input: [Term] Pesticide [Definition]

Output: Any chemical designed to kill or inhibit the growth of an organism that people consider undesirable


Input: [Term] Biomagnification [Definition]

Output: Increase in concentration of DDT, PCBs, and other slowly degradable, fat-soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain/web


Input: [Term] Environmental science [Definition]

Output: Interdisciplinary study that uses info and ideas from physical sciences with those from the social sciences and humanities to learn how nature works, how we interact with the environment, and how we can to help deal with environmental problems


Input: [Term] Ecology [Definition]

Output: Biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment; study of the structure functions of nature


Input: [Term] Sustainability [Definition]

Output: Ability of earth's various systems, including human cultural and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely


Input: [Term] Ecological footprint [Definition]

Output: Amount of biologically productive land/water needed to supply a population with the renewable resources it uses and absorb or dispose if the wastes from such resource use. It is a measure of the AVG environmental impact of populations in different areas.


Input: [Term] Natural resources [Definition]

Output: Materials such as air, water, soil and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans


Input: [Term] Renewable resources [Definition]

Output: Resources that can be replenished rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced


Input: [Term] Nonrenewable resources [Definition]

Output: Resources that exists in a fixed amount (Stock) in the earth's crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years


Input: [Term] 5 Basic Causes of Environmental Problems [Definition]

Output: Population growth Unsustainable Resource use Poverty Excluding environmental costs from market prices Trying to manage nature without knowing enough about it


Input: [Term] Scientific method [Definition]

Output: The ways scientists gather data and formulate and test scientific hypotheses, models, theories, and laws


Input: [Term] Hypothesis (Null Hypothesis) [Definition]

Output: Educated guess


Input: [Term] Independent variable [Definition]

Output: The changing variable


Input: [Term] Dependent variable [Definition]

Output: The variable that remains constant


Input: [Term] Controlled experiment [Definition]

Output: Only one variable is changed between different test subjects to identify differences.


Input: [Term] Correlation [Definition]

Output: Mutual relationship between 2+ things


Input: [Term] Agricultural revolution [Definition]

Output: Gradual shift from small, mobile hunting and gathering bands to settle agricultural communities in which people survived by breeding and raising wild animals and cultivating wild plants near where they lived. Began 10,000-12,000 years ago.


Input: [Term] Industrial revolution [Definition]

Output: The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation


Input: [Term] Green revolution [Definition]

Output: Popular term for the the introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with adequate inputs of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields


Input: [Term] Information revolution [Definition]

Output: Use of new technologies to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale


Input: [Term] Tragedy of the Commons [Definition]

Output: depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people gave free and ill-managed access


Input: [Term] Conservation [Definition]

Output: Sensible and careful use of natural use of natural resources by humans


Input: [Term] Preservation [Definition]

Output: The action of preserving something


Input: [Term] Environmental movement [Definition]

Output: The gathered effort of those who are concerned about the human impact on the environment


Input: [Term] Gaia hypothesis [Definition]

Output: the theory, put forward by James Lovelock, that living matter on the earth collectively defines and regulates the material conditions necessary for the continuance of life. The planet is thus likened to a vast self-regulating organism.


Input: [Term] Spaceship Earth [Definition]

Output: View of the the earth as a spaceship: a machine that we can understand, control, and change at will by using advanced technology


Input: [Term] Tribal era [Definition]

Output: A large amount of people in the Americas had low-impact life on the environment This era began in the early 1600's


Input: [Term] Frontier era [Definition]

Output: This era included the American colonization


Input: [Term] Executive branch [Definition]

Output: President and staff


Input: [Term] Legislative branch [Definition]

Output: Congress


Input: [Term] Judicial branch [Definition]

Output: Courts


Input: [Term] Aldo Leopold [Definition]

Output: Forester, writer, and conservationist


Input: [Term] John Muir [Definition]

Output: Geologist, naturalist, and explorer Spent 6 yrs studying Yosemite (founded it in 1890) and explored the wilderness of UT, NV,the Northwest, and AK Founded the Sierra Club Spent 22 yrs lobbying for conservation laws


Input: [Term] Theodore Roosevelt [Definition]

Output: 26th president Ardent conservationist


Input: [Term] Gifford Pinchot [Definition]

Output: The first chief of the US Forestry Service


Input: [Term] EPA [Definition]

Output: Environmental Protection Agency Protagonist of <i>The Simpsons Movie</i>


Input: [Term] NEPA [Definition]

Output: National Environmental Policy Act


Input: [Term] Clean Air Act [Definition]

Output: A law putting the foot down on air pollution, first in the UK in 1956


Input: [Term] Clean Water Act [Definition]

Output: A failed attempt to meet EPA's standard of safe drinking water


Input: [Term] Endangered Species Act [Definition]

Output: In 1973, the US passed this law to protect endangered species


Input: [Term] Safe Drinking Water Act [Definition]

Output: The law that set the standard on how safe drinking water should be (Set by the EPA)


Input: [Term] EIS [Definition]

Output: Environmental Impact Statement


Input: [Term] National Energy Act [Definition]

Output: This law encourages conservation


Input: [Term] Superfund law [Definition]

Output: Law to identify sites that have been contaminated by hazardous wastes and clean them up on a priority basis


Input: [Term] IPCC [Definition]

Output: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change


Input: [Term] A Horizon [Definition]

Output: Topsoil Contains inorganic material like silt, clay, and sand


Input: [Term] B Horizon [Definition]

Output: Subsoil


Input: [Term] C Horizon [Definition]

Output: Parent Material Bedrock


Input: [Term] O Horizon [Definition]

Output: Leaf litter


Input: [Term] R Horizon [Definition]

Output: Granite, basalt, quartzite, etc


Input: [Term] Topsoil [Definition]

Output: A Horizon Teems with bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and small insects


Input: [Term] Parent Material [Definition]

Output: C Horizon


Input: [Term] Salinization [Definition]

Output: Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth


Input: [Term] Desertification [Definition]

Output: Conversion of rangeland, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desert-like land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10% or more. It usually is caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.


Input: [Term] Troposphere [Definition]

Output: Innermost layer of the atmosphere It contains about 75% of earth's air mass and extends about 17 km above sea level


Input: [Term] Stratosphere [Definition]

Output: Second layer of the atmosphere Extends about 17-48 km above sea level Small amounts of gaseous ozone


Input: [Term] Mesosphere [Definition]

Output: 50-80 km above sea level This is where meteors burn up


Input: [Term] Thermosphere [Definition]

Output: Outermost shell of the atmosphere


Input: [Term] Exosphere [Definition]

Output: Outermost region of the atmosphere


Input: [Term] Ozone Layer [Definition]

Output: Layer of gaseous ozone in the stratosphere that protects life on earth by filtering out most harmful UV radiation from the sun


Input: [Term] Runoff [Definition]

Output: Freshwater from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the earth's surface into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs


Input: [Term] Watershed [Definition]

Output: Land area that delivers water, sediment and dissolved substances via small streams to a major stream (river)


Input: [Term] Point vs Nonpoint Pollution [Definition]

Output: (Point)Single identifiable source that causes pollution (Nonpoint)broad and diffuse areas, rather than points, from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or air


Input: [Term] Pangaea [Definition]

Output: The super continent that was once all the continents combined before they drifted apart


Input: [Term] Geosphere [Definition]

Output: Earth's intensely hot core, thick mantle composed mostly of rock, and thin outer crust that contains most of the earth's rock, soil, and sediment


Input: [Term] Plate Tectonics [Definition]

Output: Theory of geophysical processes that explains the movements of lithospheric plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries


Input: [Term] Rock cycle [Definition]

Output: Largest and slowest of the earth's cycles, consisting of geologic, physical, and chemical processes that form and modify rocks and soil in the earth's crust over millions of years


Input: [Term] Transform fault [Definition]

Output: Area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere


Input: [Term] Divergent boundary [Definition]

Output: Area where the the earth's lithospheric plates move apart in opposite directions


Input: [Term] Convergent boundary [Definition]

Output: Area where the earth's plates are pushed together


Input: [Term] Earthquakes [Definition]

Output: Shaking of the ground resulting from the fracturing and displacement of rock, which produces a fault, or from subsequent movement along the fault


Input: [Term] Erosion [Definition]

Output: Process or group of processes by which loose or consolidated earth materials are dissolved, loosened, or worn away and removed from one place and deposited in another


Input: [Term] Weathering [Definition]

Output: Physical and chemical processes in which solid rock exposed at earth's surface is changed to separate solid particles and dissolved material, which can then be moved to another place as sediment


Input: [Term] Volcanoes [Definition]

Output: vent or fissure in the earth's surface through which magma, liquid lava, and gases are released into the atmosphere


Input: [Term] First Law of Thermodynamics [Definition]

Output: Energy is created or destroyed, but energy can be changed from one form to another; you cannot get more energy out of something than you put in; in terms of energy quantity, you cannot get something from nothing Doesn't apply to nuclear change


Input: [Term] Second Law of Thermodynamics [Definition]

Output: In any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some of the initial energy is always degraded to ;lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy--usually low-temp heat that flows into the the environment


Input: [Term] Solar Intensity and latitude [Definition]

Output: The amount of solar activity a certain area of latitude gets depends on the time of year


Input: [Term] Hydrological cycle [Definition]

Output: The water cycle: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Repeat


Input: [Term] Convection cells [Definition]

Output: Also called currents They move large volumes of rock and heat in loops within the mantle like gigantic conveyor belts


Input: [Term] Prevailing winds [Definition]

Output: Differing directions of air movement


Input: [Term] Tornadoes [Definition]

Output: Swirling funnel-shaped clouds that form of land that can cause serious damage


Input: [Term] Tsunamis [Definition]

Output: Series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops


Input: [Term] Rain shadow [Definition]

Output: Low precipitation on the leeward side of a mountain when prevailing winds flow up and over a high mountain or range of high mountains, creating semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of a high mountain range


Input: [Term] Atmosphere [Definition]

Output: Whole mass of air surrounding the earth


Input: [Term] Climate vs. Weather [Definition]

Output: The difference is length of time Weather is temporary is changing constantly Climate is more permanent


Input: [Term] Coriolis Effect [Definition]

Output: The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere.


Input: [Term] ENSO [Definition]

Output: El Nino-Southern Oscillation A shift in trade winds


Input: [Question] clustering [Answer]

Output: An estimation method in which a group of numbers close in value are rounded to the same number.


Input: [Question] decimal [Answer]

Output: Numbers that have digits in the tenths place and beyond.


Input: [Question] equivalent decimal [Answer]

Output: Decimals that have the same number.


Input: [Question] expanded form [Answer]

Output: The sum of the products of each digit and its place value of a number.


Input: [Question] front-end estimation [Answer]

Output: An estimation method in which the front digits are added or subtracted.


Input: [Question] inequality [Answer]

Output: A mathematical sentence indicating that two quantities are not equal.


Input: [Question] standard form [Answer]

Output: Numbers written without exponents.


Input: [Question] matter [Answer]

Output: the stuff that makes up everything in the universe


Input: [Question] characteristic property [Answer]

Output: a quality of a substance that never changes and can be used to identify the substance


Input: [Question] boiling point [Answer]

Output: the point at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas


Input: [Question] melting point [Answer]

Output: the temperature at which a substanace changes from a solid to a liquid


Input: [Question] physical change [Answer]

Output: a change in a substance that does no change it's identity; for example a change of state


Input: [Question] chemical change [Answer]

Output: a change in which one or more a substances combine or breck apart to form new substances


Input: [Question] chemical activity [Answer]

Output: a characteristic property of a substance that indicates it's ability to undergo a specific chemical change


Input: [Question] mixture [Answer]

Output: two or more substances that are mixed togeather, but not chemically combined


Input: [Question] solution [Answer]

Output: a very well mixed mixture


Input: [Question] pure substance [Answer]

Output: a substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties


Input: [Question] element [Answer]

Output: a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means


Input: [Question] compound [Answer]

Output: a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined


Input: [Question] weight [Answer]

Output: a measure of the force of gravity on an object


Input: [Question] mass [Answer]

Output: a measurement of how much matter is in an object


Input: [Question] international system of units (SI) [Answer]

Output: the system of units used by scientists to measure the properties of matter. (also IU)


Input: [Question] volume [Answer]

Output: the amount of space that matter occupies l x w x h = v


Input: [Question] density [Answer]

Output: the measurement how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume d = m/v


Input: [Question] atom [Answer]

Output: the smallest particle of an element


Input: [Question] molecule [Answer]

Output: a combination of two or more atoms


Input: [Question] chemical bond [Answer]

Output: the force that holds two atoms together


Input: [Answer] histogram [Questionv]

Output: *graphic representation of prevalence of signal vs exposure *horizontal-exposure in mR *vertical-prevalence of signal


Input: [Answer] absorbs xrays and re-emits part of energy as visible light [Questionv]

Output: scintillator


Input: [Answer] (CCD) solid state chip that converts analog information into electronic signal [Questionv]

Output: charged couple device


Input: [Answer] (TFT) electronic switch to allow charges to be collected at each pixel, directly converted to an image [Questionv]

Output: thin film transistor


Input: [Answer] equalization [Questionv]

Output: software function designed to even the brightness (density). light areas are made darker and dark areas lighter *good for tube placement in chest imaging


Input: [Answer] edge enhancement [Questionv]

Output: *artificial increase in contrast at edge of structures *diamond view is the siemens term *also called high pass filtering(convolution)


Input: [Answer] Smoothing [Questionv]

Output: *software function to reduce the appearance of noise but causes loss of fine detail *also call low pass filtering(convolution)


Input: [Answer] stitchgin [Questionv]

Output: *software that allows RT to place images together if too long for IR *scoliosis pt's *long bone measurement


Input: [Answer] auto re-scaling [Questionv]

Output: *auto-ranging or normalization *software that adjusts gray scale to values of interest(VOI) in histogram *provides density/brightness at a prescribed level over large range of exposures *check exposure index to make sure you aren't over exposing


Input: [Answer] look up table(LUT) [Questionv]

Output: default gradient curve or code applied to the data set of your image determining the initial display contrast *can be adjusted by changing window width or range after initial processing *image data from histogram is rescaled


Input: [Answer] fourier tranformation [Questionv]

Output: *method to convert data, permits reconstruction of portions of data when other portions and their relationships are known, use inverse fourier transformation to change back data *used to demonstrate different attenuation coefficients *allows default pro


Input: [Answer] *LAC-linear attenuated coefficients *MAC-mass attenuated coefficients [Questionv]

Output: what are the two attenuation coefficients


Input: [Answer] controls brightness -direct relationship [Questionv]

Output: window level


Input: [Answer] contrast(gray scale)(visibility of detail) -inverse relationship [Questionv]

Output: window width


Input: [Answer] invisible image after exposure, before processing [Questionv]

Output: latent image


Input: [Answer] gives off light when stimulated by xray energy [Questionv]

Output: halide


Input: [Answer] visible image on the look up table [Questionv]

Output: manifest image


Input: [Answer] converts xrays to light [Questionv]

Output: phosphor


Input: [Answer] contrast resolution [Questionv]

Output: *smallest exposure change or signal difference that can be detected *main advantage of DR/CR *linear response


Input: [Answer] *use the sun and moon icon *vertical movement up and down(window level) controls brightness/density.(up for more brightness and down for mor density) *horizontal movement side to side(window width)to control gray scale(left more gray, right less gray) [Questionv]

Output: how do you change window level & window width and what do they control


Input: [Answer] *higher DQE allows more absorbtion of xrays and allows you to use lower mAs [Questionv]

Output: what is the advantage of high DQE in a detector


Input: [Answer] *parallel motion of grid is equal to the frequency of the scanning of the grid by the electronic imaging system *easily caused by using wrong size grid(higher frequency grid for higher kV) [Questionv]

Output: grid aliasing moire


Input: [Answer] *cesium iodide(indirect)(CCD) *godolinium oxysulfide(indirect)(CCD or TFT) *amorphous selenium(direct)(TFT) [Questionv]

Output: what types of DR scintilators can we use today


Input: [Answer] *transfers xray signal to collection element using: -lens and mirror or fiber optics [Questionv]

Output: what are coupling elements


Input: [Answer] *photodiode(PSP) *CCD(amorphus silicone) *TFT(amorphus silicone) [Questionv]

Output: what are the collection elements


Input: [Answer] *PSP *CCD *CMOS *flat pannel detector [Questionv]

Output: what are the different types of DR systems


Input: [Answer] *improved contrast resolution *cost savings [Questionv]

Output: what are the advantages of electronic imaging vs film imaging


Input: [Answer] no definate size or shape [Questionv]

Output: amorphus


Input: [Answer] beam coming from pt and striking the image receptor [Questionv]

Output: exit radiation


Input: [Answer] TFT detectors that convert xray energy directly to e- charge without photodiode(direct capture amorphus sileneum system) [Questionv]

Output: photoconductor


Input: [Answer] *incorrect collimation can cause histogram error, which can result in image that is too light or too dark *collimation can also reduce the area of exposure *reduces scatter and personell dose *improves contrast *gives a more accurate EXI [Questionv]

Output: why is collimation important


Input: [Answer] percentage of pixel that is sensitive to x-radiation [Questionv]

Output: fill factor


Input: [Answer] *Dose Area Product *pt dose related to volume of tissue irradiated, dependant upon exposure and field size. measured in R-cm squared [Questionv]

Output: DAP(AKA: EXI,EI,REX or S value for CR)


Input: [Answer] cutting out uneeded areas of image, such as white edges of image that were collimated out prior to exposure, without cutting out any anatomy [Questionv]

Output: cropping


Input: [Answer] 80% [Questionv]

Output: what is the default tube rating for DR systems


Input: [Answer] *part not centered *inapropriate collimation *selecting wrong histogram [Questionv]

Output: what can cause histogram errors


Input: [Answer] computer shifts pixel back into alignment to compensate for motion [Questionv]

Output: what is pixel shifting


Input: [Answer] xray photon [Questionv]

Output: quantum


Input: [Answer] "little rings" [Question]

Output: What does annelids mean?


Input: [Answer] bristle like structures on the outside of each body segment, they help move and "sense" the enviorment [Question]

Output: What are setae?


Input: [Answer] bilateral symmetry [Question]

Output: What type of symmetry do segmented worms have?


Input: [Answer] the anus [Question]

Output: Segmented worms have 2 body openings, what is the posterior opening called


Input: [Answer] earthworms, marine worms, and leeches [Question]

Output: Name 2 examples of segmented worms


Input: [Answer] It is a sac used for storage [Question]

Output: What is the crop used for?


Input: [Answer] the gizzard [Question]

Output: What muscular structure located behind the crop grinds soil to bits of organic matter


Input: [Answer] waste that piles up at the openings of earthworm burrows [Question]

Output: What are castings?


Input: [Answer] false [Question]

Output: True or false, the earthworm has an open circulatory system


Input: [Answer] the dorsal vessel [Question]

Output: What is the blood vessel on the top of its body called


Input: [Answer] the ventral vessel [Question]

Output: What is the blood vessel on the bottom of its body called


Input: [Answer] Neither. They exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through their skin [Question]

Output: Do earthworms have gills or lungs?


Input: [Answer] They are hermaphrodites which means the produce both sperm and eggs but they cannot fertilize themselves [Question]

Output: How do earthworms reproduce?


Input: [Answer] More than 8,000 [Question]

Output: How many species of marine worms are there?


Input: [Answer] true [Question]

Output: True or false, some marine worms can produce their own light


Input: [Question] airport [Answer]

Output: a place where airplanes take off and land


Input: [Question] curious [Answer]

Output: strange, odd, or unusual


Input: [Question] delicious [Answer]

Output: pleasing to the taste


Input: [Question] described [Answer]

Output: gave a picture of something in words


Input: [Question] farewell [Answer]

Output: good-bye and good luck


Input: [Question] homesick [Answer]

Output: sad because of being away from one's home or family


Input: [Question] memories [Answer]

Output: people, events, and things you remember


Input: [Question] raindrops [Answer]

Output: drops of rain


Input: [Question] You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages? [Answer]

Output: Development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water


Input: [Question] Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? [Answer]

Output: root hairs


Input: [Question] An evolutionary adaption that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is.... [Answer]

Output: apical dominance


Input: [Question] A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by... [Answer]

Output: pruning


Input: [Question] Land plants are not composed of what tissue? [Answer]

Output: mesodermal tissues.


Input: [Question] Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except [Answer]

Output: cambium cells


Input: [Question] What functional plant cells lack a nucleus? [Answer]

Output: xylem and sieve-tube cells


Input: [Question] Long, thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow through pits [Answer]

Output: sclerenchyma


Input: [Question] Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes: they transport sugars and other organic nutrients [Answer]

Output: sieve cells


Input: [Question] The least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, synthetic, and storage functions [Answer]

Output: Parenchyma


Input: [Question] Cells with unevenly thickened primary walls hat support still-elongating parts of the plant [Answer]

Output: Collenchyma


Input: [Question] Mature cells without protoplasts with thick, lignified secondary walls that may not function in transport [Answer]

Output: Sclerenchyma


Input: [Question] Which of the following is not a characteristic of parenchyma cells? [Answer]

Output: Have secondary thickenings


Input: [Question] Which of the following tissues is incorrectly matched with its characteristics? [Answer]

Output: collenchyma- uniformly thick-walled supportive tissues


Input: [Question] The fiber cells of plants are a type of [Answer]

Output: sclerenchyma


Input: [Question] The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder root is called [Answer]

Output: stele


Input: [Question] One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that.. [Answer]

Output: a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots


Input: [Question] the photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells: [Answer]

Output: parenchyma


Input: [Question] A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What types of cells are these? [Answer]

Output: Parenchyma


Input: [Question] Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants? [Answer]

Output: Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium


Input: [Question] A friend has discovered a new plant and brings it to you to classify. h eplant has the following characteristics a taproot system with growth rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside. It is? [Answer]

Output: Woody eudicot


Input: [Question] Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to.. [Answer]

Output: cell elongation localized in each internod


Input: [Question] Axillary buds develop from [Answer]

Output: meristematic cells left by the apical meristem


Input: [Question] Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? [Answer]

Output: spongy mesophyll


Input: [Question] What is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? [Answer]

Output: root cap, apical meristem, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation


Input: [Question] Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function? [Answer]

Output: Pericycle- waterproof ring of cells surrounding the stele in roots


Input: [Question] Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? [Answer]

Output: Pericycle


Input: [Question] Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called: [Answer]

Output: stomata


Input: [Question] Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants [Answer]

Output: some plants secondary growth


Input: [Question] Which of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except... [Answer]

Output: companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem


Input: [Question] What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? [Answer]

Output: secondary xylem


Input: [Question] The vasclar system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of [Answer]

Output: 3 rings of the xylem and 1 rings of the phloem


Input: [Question] Which of the following is true of bark? [Answer]

Output: It is composed of phloem plus periderm.


Input: [Question] Suppose Geroge completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. Plant lived for several weeks but then died. What tissue was left? [Answer]

Output: xylem


Input: [Question] Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? [Answer]

Output: vascular cambium


Input: [Question] Before differentiation can begin during the process of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must [Answer]

Output: undergo differentiation


Input: [Question] In leaves, chloroplasts are found in [Answer]

Output: palisade mesophyll


Input: [Question] ------- provides cells for secondary growth. [Answer]

Output: Vascular cambium


Input: [Question] Secondary grrowth never occurs in [Answer]

Output: leaves


Input: [Question] How is he supply of vascular cambium maintained? [Answer]

Output: Through the division of cells


Input: [Question] Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue? [Answer]

Output: companion cell-ground tissue


Input: [Question] Wood consists of [Answer]

Output: secondary xylem.


Input: [Question] Which of the following is not part of an older tree's bark? [Answer]

Output: secondary xylem


Input: [Question] Which of the following arises from meristematic activity [Answer]

Output: Secondary xyelm, leaves, trichomes, and tubers (all of the above)


Input: [Question] ------ is to xylem as ---- is to phloem. [Answer]

Output: vessel element; sieve-tube member.


Input: [Question] The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to: [Answer]

Output: elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.


Input: [Question] ------ provides cells for primary growth [Answer]

Output: apical meristems


Input: [Term] Gram [Definition] Write [Example]

Output: Telegram


Input: [Term] Gymno [Definition] Naked [Example]

Output: Gymnosperm


Input: [Term] Gyno [Definition] Female, Woman [Example]

Output: Gynocologist


Input: [Term] Haplo [Definition] Single, Simple [Example]

Output: Haploid


Input: [Term] Hemi [Definition] One half [Example]

Output: Hemisphere


Input: [Term] Hemo [Definition] Blood [Example]

Output: Hemoglobin


Input: [Term] Hepato [Definition] Liver [Example]

Output: Hepatic


Input: [Term] Gono [Definition] Seed [Example]

Output: Gonads


Input: [Definition] all the soils and loose rocks on earths surfaces [Term]

Output: geosphere


Input: [Definition] thin outer layer composed of light elements [Term]

Output: crust


Input: [Definition] the layer benesath the crust [Term]

Output: mantle


Input: [Definition] earths outer layer [Term]

Output: lithosphere


Input: [Definition] the layer beneath the lithosphere [Term]

Output: asthenosphere


Input: [Definition] glide across the underlying asthenosphere [Term]

Output: tectonic plates


Input: [Definition] the removal and transport of surface matierial [Term]

Output: erosion


Input: [Definition] a mixture of gases [Term]

Output: atmosphere


Input: [Definition] the atmospheric layer nearest earths surface [Term]

Output: troposhere


Input: [Definition] above the stratosphere [Term]

Output: stratosphere


Input: [Definition] a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms [Term]

Output: ozone


Input: [Definition] the transfer of energy across space and the atmosphere [Term]

Output: radiation


Input: [Definition] the flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object [Term]

Output: conducction


Input: [Definition] the transfer of heat by aire currents [Term]

Output: convection


Input: [Definition] when gases trap heat near the earth [Term]

Output: greenhouse effect


Input: [Definition] the continous movement of water inbto the air onto land and then back to water sources [Term]

Output: water cycle


Input: [Definition] the process which liquid water is heated by the sun [Term]

Output: evaporation


Input: [Definition] water vapors form water droplets on dust particles [Term]

Output: condensation


Input: [Definition] particles falling from clouds called rain [Term]

Output: precipitation


Input: [Definition] the concentration of all the dissolved salts in the ocean water [Term]

Output: salinity


Input: [Definition] a little more than 3 percent of the earths water [Term]

Output: fresh water


Input: [Definition] the narrow layer around earths surface [Term]

Output: biosphere


Input: [Question] When a nurse asks a patient, do you know who you are, this is an example of what? [Answer]

Output: Global mental function i.e., consciousness


Input: [Question] if a person does not who they are, they lack? [Answer]

Output: 0x1 alertness or orientation


Input: [Question] if a person does not know specifically where they are, they lack what? [Answer]

Output: 0x2 orientation, such as in a nursing home or rehab center.


Input: [Question] if a patient does not know what time of day it is or what year it is, they lack what? [Answer]

Output: 0x3 orientation to time


Input: [Question] If a patient is outside at night and become disoriented and does not know where they are, this is an example of? [Answer]

Output: 0x4 situation


Input: [Question] If a patient attends a funeral and wears inappropriate clothing, this is an example of? [Answer]

Output: 0x4 situational orientation


Input: [Question] When observing a patient's emotional stability, this is an example of? [Answer]

Output: Global function of temperament and personality.


Input: [Question] if a patient appears to lack motivation, this is an example of what? [Answer]

Output: Global mental functions of energy and drive.


Input: [Question] if a person lacks good judgement, this may be considered at lack of what? [Answer]

Output: higher-level cognitive skills pertaining to mental function.


Input: [Question] If you are aware of what you are spending your time thinking about you have a what? [Answer]

Output: Higher level cognitive mental function


Input: [Question] The capacity of understand hidden truths is a specific mental function of what? [Answer]

Output: Insight and higher-level cognitive thinking


Input: [Question] If a patient is not able to sustain their attention long enough to play a board game this is called what? [Answer]

Output: lacking sustained attention.


Input: [Question] if a person is distracted during an activity they lack? [Answer]

Output: The mental function of attention.


Input: [Question] If an older patient is always talking about occurrences that happened fifty years ago, they mental function is considered? [Answer]

Output: long term memory.


Input: [Question] if you can only remember what you had for lunch and breakfast and not long a long time ago, your mental functioning is? [Answer]

Output: Short term memory.


Input: [Question] A child playing with silly puddy with their fingers would be considered a mental function of what? [Answer]

Output: Perceptual or perception of tactile function.


Input: [Question] If you cover your eyes, hold out your arm and know where it is located , this is an example of what? [Answer]

Output: Proprioception and perception.


Input: [Question] If you are looking at a cup of tea and know that it is hot, you are using what skills? [Answer]

Output: proprioception and visual association.


Input: [Question] There are at least 6 examples of thought mental functioning, do you know what they are? [Answer]

Output: Recognition, categorization, generalization, awareness of reality, logical/coherent thought, appropriate thought content.


Input: [Question] Children learning how to do math are being taught the thought process of what? [Answer]

Output: mental functioning of logical and coherent thoughts.


Input: [Question] The brain functions sequentially, this is also referred as what? [Answer]

Output: categorizations.


Input: [Question] When you visual the body movements of getting up in the morning, this is an example of what? [Answer]

Output: mental functioning of sequencing complex movement.


Input: [Question] If you are yawning during this tutorial and recognize this you are performing what? [Answer]

Output: The mental function of emotional regulation. A


Input: [Question] A person suffering from low self esteem may be lacking in what mental function? [Answer]

Output: The mental function of self esteem and the experience of self.


Input: [Question] I am not seeing too well with my new glasses, I may be lacking what function? [Answer]

Output: Sensory function of visual acuity.


Input: [Question] A person suffering from vertigo may be suffering from what sensory function? [Answer]

Output: Vestibular function of balance.


Input: [Question] When you are typing and know your hands are on the key board, this is an example of what? [Answer]

Output: Sensory function of proprioception.


Input: [Question] If a patient is not sure if they can stand long enough to be transferred this is an example of what movement related function? [Answer]

Output: Muscle endurance


Input: [Question] High blood pressure is an example of what body or system function? [Answer]

Output: Cardiovascular


Input: [Question] Your pulse rate is an example of what system function? [Answer]

Output: Cardiovascular.


Input: [Question] A person suffering from lupus may have a disorder classified under what function? [Answer]

Output: Immunological system functioning.


Input: [Answer] They have not built up their immune systems. [Question]

Output: Why are infants and young children at higher risk for getting foodborne illness?


Input: [Answer] Bacillus cereus [Question]

Output: Which bacteria is commonly linked with cooked rice dishes?


Input: [Answer] purchasing fish from approved, reputable suppliers. [Question]

Output: Scromboid poisoning can be prevented by


Input: [Answer] Sprouts [Question]

Output: Which is TCS food?


Input: [Answer] Temperature Controlled for Safety [Question]

Output: TCS stands for


Input: [Answer] Ciguatera toxin in red snapper [Question]

Output: Which is a biological contaminant


Input: [Answer] Hepatitis A [Question]

Output: Jaundice is a symptom of which foodborne illness?


Input: [Answer] 10-15 seconds [Question]

Output: As a part of handwashing, foodhandlers must scrub their hands and arms for


Input: [Answer] Restrict them from working with food [Question]

Output: What should a manager of quick-service operation do if a foodhandler reports having a sore throat and a fever?


Input: [Answer] bandage the wound and wear single-use gloves [Question]

Output: To work with food, a foodhandler with a wound must


Input: [Answer] plain band ring [Question]

Output: Which piece of jewelry is a foodhandler allowed to wear


Input: [Answer] handling raw meat, poultry or seafood [Question]

Output: Foodhandlers should wash their hands before and after


Input: [Answer] every 4 hours during continual use and more often as needed [Question]

Output: A foodhandler who spends an entire shift forming hamburger patties should change gloves


Input: [Answer] Remove the lid of a container and put the thermometer stem into the sour cream [Question]

Output: How should the temperature of a shipment of sour cream be taken when it arrives at an operation?


Input: [Answer] No USDA or state department of agriculture inspection stamp [Question]

Output: For which condition should you reject a shipment of fresh chicken


Input: [Answer] above [Question]

Output: Macaroni salad should be stored where in relation to raw salmon


Input: [Answer] 41* F or lower [Question]

Output: Cut melons should be stored at what internal temperature?


Input: [Answer] 24 [Question]

Output: All ready to eat TCS food that will be stored for longer than ___ hours must be labeled.


Input: [Answer] material safety data sheet [Question]

Output: What does MSDS stand for?


Input: [Answer] to inform staff of safe use and hazards associated with chemicals used in the operation. [Question]

Output: What is the purpose of MSDS sheets?


Input: [Answer] 145* F or higher for 15 seconds [Question]

Output: What is the minimum internal cooking temperature for seafood?


Input: [Answer] 165* F for 15 seconds within 2 hours [Question]

Output: Leftover chili to be put in hot-holding must be reheated to


Input: [Answer] 70* F [Question]

Output: Food must be cooled from 135* F to __ within 2 hours.


Input: [Answer] room temperature [Question]

Output: Food should never be thawed at this temp.


Input: [Answer] an ice-water bath [Question]

Output: A stockpot of soup that needs to cool should be placed in this


Input: [Answer] Insulated [Question]

Output: What type of container should be used to transport TCS food from the place of prep to the place of service?


Input: [Answer] 7 days [Question]

Output: How long can refrigerated food that is prepped on-site be stored in a cooler?


Input: [Answer] In a secure storage area away from food. [Question]

Output: Where should pesticides be stored?


Input: [Answer] air gap [Question]

Output: An ___ ___ is the only certain way to prevent backflow.


Input: [Answer] Close the affected area and clean it. [Question]

Output: A backup of raw sewage has occurred in the kitchen. What should happen next?


Input: [Answer] Curved, sealed edge between the floor and wall. [Question]

Output: What is coving?


Input: [Answer] rinsing, scraping or soaking items [Question]

Output: What is the first step in cleaning and sanitizing items in a 3-compartment sink?


Input: [Answer] Reducing the pathogens on a surface to safe levels. [Question]

Output: What is the definition of sanitizing?


Input: [Answer] 4 [Question]

Output: If a food-contact surface is in constant use, it should be cleaned and sanitized every _ hours.


Input: [Answer] Sanitizing [Question]

Output: What is the 3rd step in cleaning and sanitizing a cutting board?


Input: [Answer] Penetration [Question]

Output: Which probe should be used to check the temperature of a port roast?


Input: [Answer] clean and sanitize [Question]

Output: You must ___ and ___ utensils before each use to prevent cross-contact.


Input: [Answer] allergies [Question]

Output: Wheezing and hives are symptoms of __


Input: [Answer] Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [Question]

Output: Which organization makes recommendations for food safety regulation of the foodservice industry?


Input: [Answer] close an operation [Question]

Output: An infestation of cockroaches or mice could force an inspector to


Input: [Answer] tasks [Question]

Output: on-the-job training takes staff away from their ____ and this is a disadvantage


Input: [Answer] Role-play [Question]

Output: ___-____ relies on volunteers acting out a script.


Input: [Question] Why is one carbon metabolism important? [Answer]

Output: some reactions require the addition of one group, carbons don’t always want to move and usually need a little help, folates and SAM can carry carbon groups and force them elsewhere


Input: [Question] What is one carbon metabolism? [Answer]

Output: movement of one carbon group


Input: [Question] What is on the end of folic acid? [Answer]

Output: folate with glutamate on the end


Input: [Question] What synthesizes folate? [Answer]

Output: plants and bacteria


Input: [Question] Supplements have how much glutamate at the end? [Answer]

Output: just one


Input: [Question] How much glutamate is found on folate in plants? [Answer]

Output: chains


Input: [Question] What enzyme is required to reduce and activate folate? [Answer]

Output: dihydroflate reductase


Input: [Question] Where are the glutamate cleaved? [Answer]

Output: intestines


Input: [Question] What form of folate is absorbed? [Answer]

Output: monoglutamate form


Input: [Question] What is folate reduced to? [Answer]

Output: FH2 and then FH4


Input: [Question] What is the primary carbon source to FH4? [Answer]

Output: serine


Input: [Question] Where are carbon groups usually attached? [Answer]

Output: N5 or N10


Input: [Question] What are one carbon pools? [Answer]

Output: folates with carbon groups attached


Input: [Question] What processes require folates with carbons attached? [Answer]

Output: purine and dTMP synthesis, serine synthesis and methylcobalmin synthesis


Input: [Question] Folate is required for? [Answer]

Output: DNA synthesis and cell division


Input: [Question] What is the most reduced and stable form of folate? [Answer]

Output: FH4


Input: [Question] What does N5-methyl-FH4 donate its carbon to? [Answer]

Output: Vitamin B12


Input: [Question] What is B12 also called? [Answer]

Output: cobalamin


Input: [Question] What is the structure of B12? [Answer]

Output: corrin ring + cobalt


Input: [Question] How do we get B12? [Answer]

Output: by eating something that has ingested bacteria (meat)


Input: [Question] What synthesized B12? [Answer]

Output: bacteria


Input: [Question] What is the most common B12 found in supplements? [Answer]

Output: cyanocobalamin


Input: [Question] What is B12 converted to after ingestion? [Answer]

Output: methyl cobalamin or deoxyadenosylcobalamin


Input: [Question] What does B12 absorption and transport require? [Answer]

Output: protein carriers


Input: [Question] What protein is B12 gerenally bound to in the small intestine? [Answer]

Output: haptocorrin


Input: [Question] Reduced acid production by Bea’s gastric mucosa would do what to B12 absorption? [Answer]

Output: Only dietary protein because acid is not needed to break the B12 from the acid


Input: [Question] What are crystalline B12? [Answer]

Output: not bound to proteins


Input: [Question] How is B12 absorbed? [Answer]

Output: Proteases release the B12 and then it binds to IF. The IF-B12 complex enters the ileal cells


Input: [Question] What 2 reactions require B12? [Answer]

Output: Methione metabolism process; to form methionine and coversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl CoA


Input: [Question] Why is methionine essential when we make it? [Answer]

Output: becuase it requires homocyteine for production and it can only be obtained by diet


Input: [Question] What reactions are SAM needed for? [Answer]

Output: nor epi -> epi, guanidinoacetate -> creatine, nucleotides -> methylated nucleotides, phosphatidylenthanolamine -> phosphatidylcholine, acetylserotonin -> melatonin


Input: [Question] What is required for DNA and histone methylation? [Answer]

Output: SAM


Input: [Question] What is SAM? [Answer]

Output: s-adenosylmethionine


Input: [Question] What is hyperhomocysteinemia? [Answer]

Output: High levels of homocysteine


Input: [Question] What could cause hyperhomocysteinemia? [Answer]

Output: B6, B12, Folate deficiencies


Input: [Question] What disease risk factors are associated with hyperholmocysteinemia? [Answer]

Output: cadriovascular, miscarriage, neurological disorders, cancer


Input: [Question] What is PLP? [Answer]

Output: Vitamin B6


Input: [Question] How can homocystein levels be reduced? [Answer]

Output: betaine and choline supplementation as well as b12, B6 and folate supplementation.


Input: [Question] What causes macrocytic anemia? [Answer]

Output: B12 or folate deficiencies


Input: [Question] What is marcocytic anemia? [Answer]

Output: RBC are larger than normal but fewer in number


Input: [Question] What causes the larger RBC? [Answer]

Output: enlarged hematopoietic precursor cells


Input: [Question] What happens to these larger RBC? [Answer]

Output: most destroyed in the bone marrow


Input: [Question] Why does B12 deficiency cause macrocytic anemia? [Answer]

Output: You need B12 to recycle the N55-methyl-FH4 and folate is needed for methylcobalamin


Input: [Question] What does folate deficiency during pregnancy result in? [Answer]

Output: neural tube defects


Input: [Question] Why does B12 and folate deficiency results in so many problems? [Answer]

Output: needed for DNA replication!!!!


Input: [Question] What are the causes of B12 and folate deficiency? [Answer]

Output: dietary insufficiency, chronic alcoholism, abdominal surgery resulting in dec. IF production, GI disease, intestinal parasites, certain drugs, IF deficiency


Input: [Question] How is B12 and folate deficiency diagnosed? [Answer]

Output: measurement of serum B12 and folate, CBC/Diff, Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid serum levels and schilling test


Input: [Question] What is Schilling test? [Answer]

Output: Radiolabeled crystalline B12 is ingested then followed with IM B12 injection, urine is collected over time, difference between oral input and secreted amount incidcates how much is absorbed.


Input: [Question] How is B12 and folate deficiency treated? [Answer]

Output: supplements. In pernicious anemia, injection or nasal spray must be used.


Input: [Question] Where is B12 deficiency more common? [Answer]

Output: elderly


Input: [Question] acceleration [Answer]

Output: change in velocity with respect to time


Input: [Question] action [Answer]

Output: The force one object applies to another. Newton's 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.


Input: [Question] balanced forces [Answer]

Output: When two forces cancel each other out.


Input: [Question] force [Answer]

Output: A push or a pull.


Input: [Question] friction [Answer]

Output: A force that opposes the motion of one object moving past another.


Input: [Question] gravity [Answer]

Output: The force of attraction between any two objects due to their mass.


Input: [Question] inclined plane [Answer]

Output: A slanted surface used to move objects higher or lower.


Input: [Question] inertia [Answer]

Output: The tendency of a moving object to keep moving in a straight line or of any object to resist a change in motion.


Input: [Question] lever [Answer]

Output: A simple machine made of a rigid bar and a fixed pivot point, called the fulcrum.


Input: [Question] mass [Answer]

Output: A measure of the amount of matter in an object.


Input: [Question] pulley [Answer]

Output: A wheel and rope that changes the direction of force.


Input: [Question] reaction [Answer]

Output: The force with which an object responds to an action, as in Newton’s third law of motion.


Input: [Question] simple machine [Answer]

Output: A machine with few moving parts, making it easier to do work.


Input: [Question] speed [Answer]

Output: How fast an object’s position changes with time at any given moment.


Input: [Question] unbalanced forces [Answer]

Output: Forces that do not cancel each other out when acting together on a single object.


Input: [Question] velocity [Answer]

Output: The speed and direction of a moving object.


Input: [Question] weight [Answer]

Output: The force of gravity between Earth and an object.


Input: [Question] wheel and axle [Answer]

Output: A wheel with a rod through the middle.


Input: [Answer] Congruent [Question]

Output: Having the same size and shape


Input: [Answer] Vertical Angles [Question]

Output: A pair of opposite congruent angles formed by intersecting lines


Input: [Answer] Adjacent Angles [Question]

Output: Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common side


Input: [Answer] Complimentary Angles [Question]

Output: Two angles whose measures add up to 90 degrees


Input: [Answer] Supplementary Angles [Question]

Output: Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees


Input: [Answer] Tic Mark [Question]

Output: A mark on a ray or line segment to show congruence


Input: [Answer] Angle Mark [Question]

Output: A mark on an angle to show congruence


Input: [Definition] standing up for myself; asking for help when I am stuck [Term]

Output: self-advocacy


Input: [Definition] an acronym for goal setting; are my goals SMART? Specific? Measurable? Attainable? Realistic? Timely? I would like to improve my mark from 65% to 80% by studying 3 nights a week for an hour. [Term]

Output: SMART goals


Input: [Definition] breaking an assignment down into smaller parts so that it doesn't seem so overwhelming [Term]

Output: chunking assignments


Input: [Definition] is my individual education plan that is developed with me, my parents, and my SERT [Term]

Output: IEP


Input: [Definition] the belief that I cannot get better from my mistakes; who I am cannot be changed [Term]

Output: Fixed Mindset


Input: [Definition] The belief that I can get better; mistakes are okay because it helps me to grow my brain [Term]

Output: Growth Mindset


Input: [Definition] The way we speak to ourselves; especially when in reaction to something. [Term]

Output: Positive vs Negative Self- Talk


Input: [Definition] runs away from conflict; pretends it didn't happen; doesn't speak to the person who hurt them [Term]

Output: Avoidance Conflict Resolution Style


Input: [Definition] Type of conflict resolution style; they work with the other person to solve the problem [Term]

Output: Problem Solver


Input: [Definition] Type of conflict resolution style; they fight physically or verbally for their side of the argument to win [Term]

Output: Competitor


Input: [Definition] A proactive person takes charge and does things to help themselves. They take responsibility for things in their life. A reactive person lets things happen to them. They blame the world (or other people for their problems). [Term]

Output: Proactive vs Reactive


Input: [Definition] Individual Education Plan created by your SERT with you and your parents; it outlines things that you are good at and things you could get better at as well as things that will help you do well in classes and tests. [Term]

Output: IEP


Input: [Definition] Special Education Resource Teacher; this person is in the school to support you in your classes and in writing your IEP [Term]

Output: SERT


Input: [Definition] someone who wants everything to be just right; they have a hard time starting tasks or finishing tasks because of this [Term]

Output: Perfectionist


Input: [Definition] someone who leaves things to the last minute; they do things that are preferences rather than things that should be a priority [Term]

Output: Procrastination


Input: [Definition] feeling of worry and unease about an upcoming event or situation [Term]

Output: Anxiety


Input: [Definition] an accommodation where an EA or another person writes down your thoughts as you speak them outloud [Term]

Output: scribe


Input: [Definition] Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely [Term]

Output: SMART goal


Input: [Answer] Global mental function i.e., consciousness [Question]

Output: When a nurse asks a patient, do you know who you are, this is an example of what?


Input: [Answer] 0x1 alertness or orientation [Question]

Output: if a person does not who they are, they lack?


Input: [Answer] 0x2 orientation, such as in a nursing home or rehab center. [Question]

Output: if a person does not know specifically where they are, they lack what?


Input: [Answer] 0x3 orientation to time [Question]

Output: if a patient does not know what time of day it is or what year it is, they lack what?


Input: [Answer] 0x4 situation [Question]

Output: If a patient is outside at night and become disoriented and does not know where they are, this is an example of?


Input: [Answer] 0x4 situational orientation [Question]

Output: If a patient attends a funeral and wears inappropriate clothing, this is an example of?


Input: [Answer] Global function of temperament and personality. [Question]

Output: When observing a patient's emotional stability, this is an example of?


Input: [Answer] Global mental functions of energy and drive. [Question]

Output: if a patient appears to lack motivation, this is an example of what?


Input: [Answer] higher-level cognitive skills pertaining to mental function. [Question]

Output: if a person lacks good judgement, this may be considered at lack of what?


Input: [Answer] Higher level cognitive mental function [Question]

Output: If you are aware of what you are spending your time thinking about you have a what?


Input: [Answer] Insight and higher-level cognitive thinking [Question]

Output: The capacity of understand hidden truths is a specific mental function of what?


Input: [Answer] lacking sustained attention. [Question]

Output: If a patient is not able to sustain their attention long enough to play a board game this is called what?


Input: [Answer] The mental function of attention. [Question]

Output: if a person is distracted during an activity they lack?


Input: [Answer] long term memory. [Question]

Output: If an older patient is always talking about occurrences that happened fifty years ago, they mental function is considered?


Input: [Answer] Short term memory. [Question]

Output: if you can only remember what you had for lunch and breakfast and not long a long time ago, your mental functioning is?


Input: [Answer] Perceptual or perception of tactile function. [Question]

Output: A child playing with silly puddy with their fingers would be considered a mental function of what?


Input: [Answer] Proprioception and perception. [Question]

Output: If you cover your eyes, hold out your arm and know where it is located , this is an example of what?


Input: [Answer] proprioception and visual association. [Question]

Output: If you are looking at a cup of tea and know that it is hot, you are using what skills?


Input: [Answer] Recognition, categorization, generalization, awareness of reality, logical/coherent thought, appropriate thought content. [Question]

Output: There are at least 6 examples of thought mental functioning, do you know what they are?


Input: [Answer] mental functioning of logical and coherent thoughts. [Question]

Output: Children learning how to do math are being taught the thought process of what?


Input: [Answer] categorizations. [Question]

Output: The brain functions sequentially, this is also referred as what?


Input: [Answer] mental functioning of sequencing complex movement. [Question]

Output: When you visual the body movements of getting up in the morning, this is an example of what?


Input: [Answer] The mental function of emotional regulation. A [Question]

Output: If you are yawning during this tutorial and recognize this you are performing what?


Input: [Answer] The mental function of self esteem and the experience of self. [Question]

Output: A person suffering from low self esteem may be lacking in what mental function?


Input: [Answer] Sensory function of visual acuity. [Question]

Output: I am not seeing too well with my new glasses, I may be lacking what function?


Input: [Answer] Vestibular function of balance. [Question]

Output: A person suffering from vertigo may be suffering from what sensory function?


Input: [Answer] Sensory function of proprioception. [Question]

Output: When you are typing and know your hands are on the key board, this is an example of what?


Input: [Answer] Muscle endurance [Question]

Output: If a patient is not sure if they can stand long enough to be transferred this is an example of what movement related function?


Input: [Answer] Cardiovascular [Question]

Output: High blood pressure is an example of what body or system function?


Input: [Answer] Cardiovascular. [Question]

Output: Your pulse rate is an example of what system function?


Input: [Answer] Immunological system functioning. [Question]

Output: A person suffering from lupus may have a disorder classified under what function?


Input: [Question] What does annelids mean? [Answer]

Output: "little rings"


Input: [Question] What are setae? [Answer]

Output: bristle like structures on the outside of each body segment, they help move and "sense" the enviorment


Input: [Question] What type of symmetry do segmented worms have? [Answer]

Output: bilateral symmetry


Input: [Question] Segmented worms have 2 body openings, what is the posterior opening called [Answer]

Output: the anus


Input: [Question] Name 2 examples of segmented worms [Answer]

Output: earthworms, marine worms, and leeches


Input: [Question] What is the crop used for? [Answer]

Output: It is a sac used for storage


Input: [Question] What muscular structure located behind the crop grinds soil to bits of organic matter [Answer]

Output: the gizzard


Input: [Question] What are castings? [Answer]

Output: waste that piles up at the openings of earthworm burrows


Input: [Question] True or false, the earthworm has an open circulatory system [Answer]

Output: false


Input: [Question] What is the blood vessel on the top of its body called [Answer]

Output: the dorsal vessel


Input: [Question] What is the blood vessel on the bottom of its body called [Answer]

Output: the ventral vessel


Input: [Question] Do earthworms have gills or lungs? [Answer]

Output: Neither. They exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through their skin


Input: [Question] How do earthworms reproduce? [Answer]

Output: They are hermaphrodites which means the produce both sperm and eggs but they cannot fertilize themselves


Input: [Question] How many species of marine worms are there? [Answer]

Output: More than 8,000


Input: [Question] True or false, some marine worms can produce their own light [Answer]

Output: true


Input: [Answer] False - does not secrete [Question]

Output: T/F, The anterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic hormone.


Input: [Answer] hypothalamus [Question]

Output: The release of hormones from adenohypophysis is controlled by secretions of __.


Input: [Answer] thymus [Question]

Output: The __ gland declines in size & function with age.


Input: [Answer] thyroid [Question]

Output: The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the __.


Input: [Answer] pineal [Question]

Output: The __ gland may influence our day/night cycles & even regulate onset of sexual maturity.


Input: [Answer] True - they are similar [Question]

Output: T/F, Many hormones synthesized in gastrointestional tract are chemically identical to neurotranmitters.


Input: [Answer] False - they do not [Question]

Output: T/F, Peptide hormones enter target cells & elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects.


Input: [Answer] False - acts directly [Question]

Output: T/F, Direct gene activation involves a 2nd messenger system.


Input: [Answer] True - it does control metabolic function [Question]

Output: T/F, The thyroid gland controls metabolic functions throughout life.


Input: [Answer] True - they all are. [Question]

Output: T/F, ACTH, FSH, & LH are secreted by adenohypophysis.


Input: [Answer] True - it does require gene activation [Question]

Output: T/F, All peptide synthesis requires gene activation & mRNA.


Input: [Answer] False - other way around. [Question]

Output: T/F, The thyroid is embedded in the parathyroid.


Input: [Answer] steroids, amino acid based [Question]

Output: Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the __ and the __.


Input: [Answer] thyroid gland [Question]

Output: Located in throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus


Input: [Answer] Adrenal gland [Question]

Output: Found close to the kidney


Input: [Answer] Pancreas [Question]

Output: A mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine.


Input: [Answer] Testes [Question]

Output: Paired glands suspended in the scrotum.


Input: [Answer] Parathyroid [Question]

Output: Ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland.


Input: [Answer] Ovaries [Question]

Output: Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production.


Input: [Answer] Thymosin from the thymus gland [Question]

Output: Programming of T lymphocytes


Input: [Answer] PTH (parathroid gland) & thyrocalcitonin/calcitonin (thyroid gland) [Question]

Output: Regulate blood calcium levels


Input: [Answer] T4/T3 (thyroid gland) [Question]

Output: Basal metabolism hormone


Input: [Answer] Cortisone (adrenal cortex) & epinephrine (adrenal medulla) [Question]

Output: Released in response to stressors


Input: [Answer] Estrogens (ovaries) & testosterone (testes) [Question]

Output: Drive secondary sexual characteristics


Input: [Answer] ACTH, FSH, LH, & TSH - all produced by anterior pituitary [Question]

Output: Regulate the function of another endocrine gland


Input: [Answer] Epinephrine (adrenal medulla) [Question]

Output: Mimics the sympathetic NS


Input: [Answer] Glucagon & Insulin (pancreas) [Question]

Output: Regulate blood glucose levels


Input: [Answer] estrogens & progesterone (ovaries) [Question]

Output: Directly responsible for the menstrual cycle


Input: [Answer] FSH & LH (anterior pituitary) [Question]

Output: Regulate the ovarian cycle


Input: [Answer] ADH (hypothalamus) & aldosterone (adrenal cortex) [Question]

Output: Maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF


Input: [Answer] Oxytocin (hypothalamus) & prolactin (anterior pituitary) [Question]

Output: Directly involved in milk production and ejection


Input: [Answer] MSH (anterior pituitary) [Question]

Output: Questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of skin


Input: [Answer] The NS - ADH [Question]

Output: ADH is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] Humoral factors - aldosterone [Question]

Output: Aldosterone is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] another hormone - estrogens [Question]

Output: Estrogens is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] humoral factors - insulin [Question]

Output: Insulin is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] The NS - NE [Question]

Output: norephinephrine is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] Humoral factors - Parathyroid hormone [Question]

Output: Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] another hormone - T4/T3 [Question]

Output: T4/T3 is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] Another hormone - testosterone [Question]

Output: Testosterone is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] Another hormone - TSH & FSH [Question]

Output: TSH, FSH is stimulated by what factor?


Input: [Answer] Estrogen & testosterone [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes sexual immaturity.


Input: [Answer] PTH - tetany [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes tetany.


Input: [Answer] ADH - excessive diuresis [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes excessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels


Input: [Answer] Insulin - Diabetes Mellitus [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes polyurea, polyphagia, and polydipsia


Input: [Answer] Growth hormone (GH) [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes abnormally small stature, normal proportions.


Input: [Answer] Progesterone - miscarriage [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes miscarriage.


Input: [Answer] T4/T3 - lack of [Question]

Output: Lack of this causes lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity


Input: [Answer] Lantern jaw and large hands & feet in adult. [Question]

Output: Excessive amounts of growth hormone (GH) causes?


Input: [Answer] Bulging eyes, nervousness, increased pulse rate [Question]

Output: Excessive amounts of T4/T3 causes?


Input: [Answer] Demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures. [Question]

Output: Excessive amounts of PTH causes?


Input: [Answer] Parafollicular cells of the thyroid [Question]

Output: Calcitonin is released by?


Input: [Answer] Follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid [Question]

Output: T4/T3 are released by?


Input: [Answer] Beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) [Question]

Output: Insulin is released by?


Input: [Answer] Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) [Question]

Output: Glucagon is released by?


Input: [Answer] Basophil cells of the anterior pituitary [Question]

Output: TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH are released by?


Input: [Answer] Zona fasciculata cells [Question]

Output: Glucocorticoids are released by?


Input: [Answer] Zone glomerulosa cells [Question]

Output: Mineralocorticoids are released by?


Input: [Answer] Chief cells [Question]

Output: PTH is released by?


Input: [Answer] Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary. [Question]

Output: GH & prolactin are released by?


Input: [Answer] FSH [Question]

Output: A hormone that regulates gamete production.


Input: [Answer] Hormones [Question]

Output: Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood, which arouse tissues.


Input: [Answer] Pituitary Gland [Question]

Output: Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis


Input: [Answer] Adrenal medulla - chromaffin cells [Question]

Output: Controlled by the sympathetic NS & release epinephrine and norepinephrine.


Input: [Answer] ACTH - regulates cortex portion [Question]

Output: Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland.


Input: [Answer] Glucocorticoid [Question]

Output: A hormone produces in the adrenal cortex that enables the body to resist long term stress.


Input: [Answer] Cortisol [Question]

Output: Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of __.


Input: [Answer] 2nd messengers [Question]

Output: Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __.


Input: [Answer] a positive feedback control mechanism [Question]

Output: Oxytocin release is and example of __.


Input: [Answer] It is nonly a hormone storage area that receives hormones fromt he hypothalamus for release. [Question]

Output: The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because?


Input: [Answer] Entering the nucleus of a cell an initiating or altering the expression of a gene. [Question]

Output: Steroid hormones exert their action by?


Input: [Answer] Bindig to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP. [Question]

Output: The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by?


Input: [Answer] Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells. [Question]

Output: Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to:


Input: [Answer] Bones and skeletal muscles [Question]

Output: The marjor targets of growth hormone are?


Input: [Answer] The heart [Question]

Output: Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?


Input: [Answer] cortisol [Question]

Output: MIneralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to __.


Input: [Answer] aldosterone [Question]

Output: The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is?


Input: [Answer] Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, & Inositol triphosphate [Question]

Output: Name 3 second messengers.


Input: [Answer] Hormone [Question]

Output: An amino acid derivative can be a __.


Input: [Answer] True - the spleen, testes, and brain are not. [Question]

Output: T/F, the liver is affected by thyroid hormone.


Input: [Answer] a second messenger [Question]

Output: Thyroxine does not require __ to effect a response.


Input: [Answer] Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP [Question]

Output: Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise target organs & cause __.


Input: [Answer] Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, & amino acid levels & enhancing BP. [Question]

Output: Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They do so by __.


Input: [Answer] Calcium [Question]

Output: What ion is sometimes used as a 2nd messenger of amino acid-base hormones?


Input: [Term] geosphere [Definition]

Output: all the soils and loose rocks on earths surfaces


Input: [Term] crust [Definition]

Output: thin outer layer composed of light elements


Input: [Term] mantle [Definition]

Output: the layer benesath the crust


Input: [Term] lithosphere [Definition]

Output: earths outer layer


Input: [Term] asthenosphere [Definition]

Output: the layer beneath the lithosphere


Input: [Term] tectonic plates [Definition]

Output: glide across the underlying asthenosphere


Input: [Term] erosion [Definition]

Output: the removal and transport of surface matierial


Input: [Term] atmosphere [Definition]

Output: a mixture of gases


Input: [Term] troposhere [Definition]

Output: the atmospheric layer nearest earths surface


Input: [Term] stratosphere [Definition]

Output: above the stratosphere


Input: [Term] ozone [Definition]

Output: a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms


Input: [Term] radiation [Definition]

Output: the transfer of energy across space and the atmosphere


Input: [Term] conducction [Definition]

Output: the flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object


Input: [Term] convection [Definition]

Output: the transfer of heat by aire currents


Input: [Term] greenhouse effect [Definition]

Output: when gases trap heat near the earth


Input: [Term] water cycle [Definition]

Output: the continous movement of water inbto the air onto land and then back to water sources


Input: [Term] evaporation [Definition]

Output: the process which liquid water is heated by the sun


Input: [Term] condensation [Definition]

Output: water vapors form water droplets on dust particles


Input: [Term] precipitation [Definition]

Output: particles falling from clouds called rain


Input: [Term] salinity [Definition]

Output: the concentration of all the dissolved salts in the ocean water


Input: [Term] fresh water [Definition]

Output: a little more than 3 percent of the earths water


Input: [Term] biosphere [Definition]

Output: the narrow layer around earths surface


Input: [Question] Wilhelm Wundt [Answer]

Output: Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany


Input: [Question] Edward Bradford Titchener [Answer]

Output: Titchener used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements


Input: [Question] Structuralism [Answer]

Output: an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structional elements of the human mind


Input: [Question] Functionalism [Answer]

Output: a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function; how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish.


Input: [Question] William James [Answer]

Output: Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, functionalist, wrote the first psychology textbook


Input: [Question] Mary Calkins and Margaret Washburn [Answer]

Output: First women to graduate with psychology PhD. and were the first women to be presidents of the American Psychological Association.


Input: [Question] Sigmund Freud [Answer]

Output: Personality Theorist and founder of the Psychoanalytic theory of psychology. Controversial for his ideas on personality development.


Input: [Question] John B. Watson [Answer]

Output: Studied psychology as a science of observable behavior. Famous for conditioning studies on "Little Albert"


Input: [Question] Behaviorism [Answer]

Output: The view that psychology, (1) should be an objective science, (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Contemporary behaviorist, still accept (1) but not (2).


Input: [Question] Humanistic psychology [Answer]

Output: Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.


Input: [Question] Cognitive neuroscience [Answer]

Output: The inter-disciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)


Input: [Question] B.F. Skinner [Answer]

Output: A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.


Input: [Question] Psychology [Answer]

Output: The science of mental processes and behavior.


Input: [Question] Nature-Nurture Issue [Answer]

Output: The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that gene and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today"s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.


Input: [Question] Natural Selection [Answer]

Output: The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contribution to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.


Input: [Question] Biopsychosocial Approach [Answer]

Output: Integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process. It incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis.


Input: [Question] Neuroscience [Answer]

Output: Focus is on how the body and the brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences.


Input: [Question] Evolutionary psychology [Answer]

Output: How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.


Input: [Question] Behavior genetics [Answer]

Output: How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.


Input: [Question] Psychodynamic Perspective [Answer]

Output: How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.


Input: [Question] Behavioral Perspective [Answer]

Output: How we learn observable responses.


Input: [Question] Cognitive Perspective [Answer]

Output: How we encode, process, store and retrieve information.


Input: [Question] Social-Cultural Perspective [Answer]

Output: How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.


Input: [Question] Basic research [Answer]

Output: Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base


Input: [Question] Applied research [Answer]

Output: Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems


Input: [Question] Counseling psychology [Answer]

Output: A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and achieving greater well-being.


Input: [Question] Clinical psychology [Answer]

Output: A branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders.


Input: [Question] Psychiatry [Answer]

Output: A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatment as well as psychological therapy.


Input: [Question] Amoritized loan [Answer]

Output: A loan hat requires equal payments over its life; the payments include both interest and repayment of the debt.


Input: [Question] Amoritization schedule [Answer]

Output: A schedule showing precisely how a loan wil be repaid. It gives the required payment on each payment date and a breakdown of the payment, showing how much is interseted and how much is repayment of principal.


Input: [Question] Annual compounding [Answer]

Output: The arithmetic process of determining the final value of a cash flow or a series of cash flows when interest is paid once a year.


Input: [Question] Annual percentage rate,APR [Answer]

Output: The rate reported to borrowers - the periodic rate times the number of periods in the year; thus, interest compounding is not considered.


Input: [Question] Annuity [Answer]

Output: A series of payments of an equal amount at fixed, equal interval for a specific number of periods.


Input: [Question] Annuity due [Answer]

Output: An annuity whose payments occur at the beginning of each period.


Input: [Question] Cash flow time line [Answer]

Output: An important tool used in time value of money annalysis; it is a graphical representation used to show tthe timing of cash flows.


Input: [Question] Compound interest [Answer]

Output: Interest earned on interest that is reinvested.


Input: [Question] Compounding [Answer]

Output: The process of determining the value of a cash flow or series of cash flows some time in the future when compound interest is applied.


Input: [Question] Consol [Answer]

Output: A perpetual bond issued by the British government to consolidate past debts; in general, any perpetual bond.


Input: [Question] Discounting [Answer]

Output: The process of finding the present value of a cash flow or a series of cash flows received(paid) in the future; the reverse of compounding.


Input: [Question] Effective annual rate,EAR( annual percentage yield,APY) [Answer]

Output: The annual rate earned or paid considering interest compounding during the year - that is, the annual rate that equates to a given periodic rate compounded for periods during the year.


Input: [Question] Future Value(FV) [Answer]

Output: The amount to which a cash flow or series of cash flows will grow over a given period of time when compounded at a given rate of interest.


Input: [Question] Inflow [Answer]

Output: A receipt of cash from an investment, an emplyer, or other sources.


Input: [Question] Opportunity cost rate [Answer]

Output: The rate of return on the best available aleternative investment of equal risk.


Input: [Question] Ordinary(deferred) annuity [Answer]

Output: An annuity whose payments occur at the end of each period.


Input: [Question] Outflow [Answer]

Output: A payment, or disbusement, of cash for expenses, investments and so forth.


Input: [Question] Payment(PMT) [Answer]

Output: This term designates constant cash flows - that is , the amount of an innuity payment.


Input: [Question] Periodic rate, kPER [Answer]

Output: The rate charged by a lender or paid by a borrower paid each interest period.


Input: [Question] Perpituity [Answer]

Output: A stream of equal payments expected to continue forever.


Input: [Question] Present Value(PV) [Answer]

Output: The value today - that is, current value- of a future cash floe or series of cash flows.


Input: [Question] Semiannual compounding [Answer]

Output: The arithmetic process of determining the final value of a cash flow or a series of cash flows when interest is paid twice a year.


Input: [Question] Simpple, or qouted rate,kSIMPLE [Answer]

Output: The rate qouted by borrowers and lenders that is used to determine the rate earned per compounding period( periodic rate ).


Input: [Question] Terminal value [Answer]

Output: The future vlue of a cash flow stream.


Input: [Question] Time value of money [Answer]

Output: The principles and computations used to revalue cash payoffs at different times so they are stated in dollars of the same period; used to convert dollars from one time period to those of another period.


Input: [Question] Why are infants and young children at higher risk for getting foodborne illness? [Answer]

Output: They have not built up their immune systems.


Input: [Question] Which bacteria is commonly linked with cooked rice dishes? [Answer]

Output: Bacillus cereus


Input: [Question] Scromboid poisoning can be prevented by [Answer]

Output: purchasing fish from approved, reputable suppliers.


Input: [Question] Which is TCS food? [Answer]

Output: Sprouts


Input: [Question] TCS stands for [Answer]

Output: Temperature Controlled for Safety


Input: [Question] Which is a biological contaminant [Answer]

Output: Ciguatera toxin in red snapper


Input: [Question] Jaundice is a symptom of which foodborne illness? [Answer]

Output: Hepatitis A


Input: [Question] As a part of handwashing, foodhandlers must scrub their hands and arms for [Answer]

Output: 10-15 seconds


Input: [Question] What should a manager of quick-service operation do if a foodhandler reports having a sore throat and a fever? [Answer]

Output: Restrict them from working with food


Input: [Question] To work with food, a foodhandler with a wound must [Answer]

Output: bandage the wound and wear single-use gloves


Input: [Question] Which piece of jewelry is a foodhandler allowed to wear [Answer]

Output: plain band ring


Input: [Question] Foodhandlers should wash their hands before and after [Answer]

Output: handling raw meat, poultry or seafood


Input: [Question] A foodhandler who spends an entire shift forming hamburger patties should change gloves [Answer]

Output: every 4 hours during continual use and more often as needed


Input: [Question] How should the temperature of a shipment of sour cream be taken when it arrives at an operation? [Answer]

Output: Remove the lid of a container and put the thermometer stem into the sour cream


Input: [Question] For which condition should you reject a shipment of fresh chicken [Answer]

Output: No USDA or state department of agriculture inspection stamp


Input: [Question] Macaroni salad should be stored where in relation to raw salmon [Answer]

Output: above


Input: [Question] Cut melons should be stored at what internal temperature? [Answer]

Output: 41* F or lower


Input: [Question] All ready to eat TCS food that will be stored for longer than ___ hours must be labeled. [Answer]

Output: 24


Input: [Question] What does MSDS stand for? [Answer]

Output: material safety data sheet


Input: [Question] What is the purpose of MSDS sheets? [Answer]

Output: to inform staff of safe use and hazards associated with chemicals used in the operation.


Input: [Question] What is the minimum internal cooking temperature for seafood? [Answer]

Output: 145* F or higher for 15 seconds


Input: [Question] Leftover chili to be put in hot-holding must be reheated to [Answer]

Output: 165* F for 15 seconds within 2 hours


Input: [Question] Food must be cooled from 135* F to __ within 2 hours. [Answer]

Output: 70* F


Input: [Question] Food should never be thawed at this temp. [Answer]

Output: room temperature


Input: [Question] A stockpot of soup that needs to cool should be placed in this [Answer]

Output: an ice-water bath


Input: [Question] What type of container should be used to transport TCS food from the place of prep to the place of service? [Answer]

Output: Insulated


Input: [Question] How long can refrigerated food that is prepped on-site be stored in a cooler? [Answer]

Output: 7 days


Input: [Question] Where should pesticides be stored? [Answer]

Output: In a secure storage area away from food.


Input: [Question] An ___ ___ is the only certain way to prevent backflow. [Answer]

Output: air gap


Input: [Question] A backup of raw sewage has occurred in the kitchen. What should happen next? [Answer]

Output: Close the affected area and clean it.


Input: [Question] What is coving? [Answer]

Output: Curved, sealed edge between the floor and wall.


Input: [Question] What is the first step in cleaning and sanitizing items in a 3-compartment sink? [Answer]

Output: rinsing, scraping or soaking items


Input: [Question] What is the definition of sanitizing? [Answer]

Output: Reducing the pathogens on a surface to safe levels.


Input: [Question] If a food-contact surface is in constant use, it should be cleaned and sanitized every _ hours. [Answer]

Output: 4


Input: [Question] What is the 3rd step in cleaning and sanitizing a cutting board? [Answer]

Output: Sanitizing


Input: [Question] Which probe should be used to check the temperature of a port roast? [Answer]

Output: Penetration


Input: [Question] You must ___ and ___ utensils before each use to prevent cross-contact. [Answer]

Output: clean and sanitize


Input: [Question] Wheezing and hives are symptoms of __ [Answer]

Output: allergies


Input: [Question] Which organization makes recommendations for food safety regulation of the foodservice industry? [Answer]

Output: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)


Input: [Question] An infestation of cockroaches or mice could force an inspector to [Answer]

Output: close an operation


Input: [Question] on-the-job training takes staff away from their ____ and this is a disadvantage [Answer]

Output: tasks


Input: [Question] ___-____ relies on volunteers acting out a script. [Answer]

Output: Role-play


Input: [Question] Allegory [Answer]

Output: a narrative in which the characters and events represent an idea or truth about life


Input: [Question] Autobiography [Answer]

Output: a narrative in which the author writes about his.her own life


Input: [Question] Biography [Answer]

Output: a narrative in which an author writes about another person's life


Input: [Question] Comedy [Answer]

Output: a genre of literature in which life is dealt with in a humorous manner, often poking fun at people's mistakes


Input: [Question] Drama (play) [Answer]

Output: Uses dialogue to present its message to the audience and is meant to be performed


Input: [Question] Essay [Answer]

Output: a nonfiction piece that is often short and used to express the writer's opinion about a topic of to share information on a subject


Input: [Question] Fable [Answer]

Output: a short story, often with animals as the main characters, that teaches a moral or lesson to the reader