Input: [Question] NaBH4 is not [Answer]

Output: sensitive to moisture and does not reduce other common functional groups. Adds the equivalent of "H"


Input: [Question] LiAlH4 is [Answer]

Output: more powerful than NaBH4, less specific, and very reactive with water. Adds the equivalent of "H"


Input: [Question] Carboxylic acids and esters are reduced using LiAlH4 to give [Answer]

Output: primary alcohols(NaBH4 is not effective)


Input: [Question] Alkyl, aryl, and vinylic halides react with Mg in ether or tetrahydrofuran to generate [Answer]

Output: Grignard Reagents. These Grignard reagents in turn react with carbonyl compounds to yield alcohols


Input: [Question] Grignard Reagents act as [Answer]

Output: nucleophilic carbanions in adding to the carbonyl group. The intermediate alkoxide is then protonated to produce the alcohol


Input: [Question] to produce only an aldehyde, milder oxidizing agents must be used (PCC, C5H6NCrO3Cl) pyridium chlorochromate in dichloromethane bc [Answer]

Output: other stronger oxidizing agents will oxidize the intermediate aldehydes into carboxylic acids


Input: [Question] oxidizing agents used by chemists, such as chromate and permanganate salts are not [Answer]

Output: present in living systems


Input: [Question] oxidation of a secondary alcohol produces [Answer]

Output: a ketone as the product


Input: [Question] PCC is used to oxidize [Answer]

Output: sensitive secondary alcohols at low temperatures


Input: [Question] Swern Oxidiztion is carried out in [Answer]

Output: DMSO not an Aqueous solvent,so the product stops at the aldehyde. also, the reaction does not involve chromium-based reagents which are toxic


Input: [Question] tertiary alcohols react with HCl or HBr by [Answer]

Output: SN1 through carbocation intermediate to form alkyl halides


Input: [Question] primary and secondary alcohols are converted into halides by treatment with [Answer]

Output: SOCl2 or PBr3 via SN2 mechanism


Input: [Question] Reacting an alcohol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride, p-TsCl)in pyridine yields [Answer]

Output: alkyl tosylates, ROTs. The formation of the tosylate does not involve the C–O bond so configuration at a chirality center is maintained. Alkyl tosylates react like alkyl halides, i.e. good leaving groups.


Input: [Question] The SN2 reaction of an alcohol via a tosylate produces [Answer]

Output: an inversion at the chirality center.


Input: [Question] The SN2 reaction of an alcohol via a halide proceeds with [Answer]

Output: two inversions, giving the product the same arrangement as the starting alcohol


Input: [Question] an alkene can be formed from an alcohol by [Answer]

Output: a dehydration reaction to create a pi bond. specific reagents are needed to facilitate this elimination (usually strong acid)


Input: [Question] tertiary alcohols are readily [Answer]

Output: dehydrated with acid


Input: [Question] secondary alcohols require what for dehydration? [Answer]

Output: severe conditions (75% H2SO4, 100C) and sensitive molecules dont survive


Input: [Question] primary alcohols require what for dehydration? [Answer]

Output: very harsh conditions; they are impractical and usually rearrange to form a more stable carbocation. reactivity is the resul of the nature of the carbocation intermediate


Input: [Question] Phosphorus oxychloride in the amine solvent pyridine can lead to [Answer]

Output: dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols at low temperatures. This reaction proceeds via an E2 mechanism from an intermediate ester of POCl2


Input: [Question] hydroxyl groups can easily [Answer]

Output: transfer their proton to a basic reagent


Input: [Question] Converting the hydroxyl to a (eventually removable) functional group without an acidic proton [Answer]

Output: protects the alcohol


Input: [Question] Reaction with chlorotrimethylsilane in the presence of base yields [Answer]

Output: an unreactive trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether. The ether can be cleaved with acid or with fluoride ion to regenerate the alcohol.


Input: [Question] The hydroxyl group of phenols is strongly activating, making phenols [Answer]

Output: good substrates for electrophilic halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel–Crafts reactions (or any electrophilic substitution).


Input: [Question] Reaction of a phenol with a strong oxidizing agent will yield [Answer]

Output: a quinone


Input: [Question] Fremy's salt [(KSO3 )2 NO] works under mild conditions through [Answer]

Output: a radical mechanism


Input: [Question] Ubiquinones mediate electron-transfer processes involved in energy production through [Answer]

Output: their redux reactions


Input: [Question] Ether [Answer]

Output: has two organic groups (alkyl, aryl or vinyl) bonded to the same oxygen atom R-O-R'


Input: [Question] diethyl ether can be prepared by [Answer]

Output: sulfuric acid catalyzed dehydration of ethanol or other primary alcohols. This is a good way to prepare symmetrical ethers


Input: [Question] Williamson Ether Synthesis [Answer]

Output: reaction of metal alkoxides and primary alkyl halides and tosylates. Best method for the preparation of ethers.Best way to prepare unsymmetrical ethers, but is a good way to prepare symmetrical ethers too


Input: [Question] Alkoxides made by reacting an alcohol with [Answer]

Output: a strong base like NaH


Input: [Question] Reaction of alcohols with Ag2O directly with alkyl halide forms [Answer]

Output: ether in one step. Glucose reacts with excess iodomethane in the presence of Ag2O to generate a pentaether in 85% yield


Input: [Question] Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes [Answer]

Output: react alkene with an alcohol and mercuric acetate or trifluoroacetate. demercuration with NaBH4 yields an ether. overall Markovnikov addition of alcohol to alkene.


Input: [Question] Mechanicallistically, the alkoxymercuration of alkenes is analagous to [Answer]

Output: the hydration of an alkene


Input: [Question] reactions of ethers: acidic cleavage [Answer]

Output: ethers are generally unreactive. strong acid will cleave an ether at elevated temperature. HI, HBr produce an alkyl halide from less hindered component by SN2(tertiary ethers undergo SN1)


Input: [Question] The protonated ether can undergo substitution reactions because [Answer]

Output: a good leaving group (ROH) has been generated.


Input: [Question] The neutral ether is unreactive because [Answer]

Output: it has a very poor leaving group (RO-)


Input: [Question] chemically inert ethers are commonly used as organic solvents because [Answer]

Output: they can dissolve both polar and non-polar organics and because they are unreactive with most reagents except strong acids.


Input: [Question] autoxidation is an unwanted side reaction that makes the handling of some ethers potentially dangerous due to [Answer]

Output: the formation of explosive hydroperoxides


Input: [Question] Cleavage of Ethers by HX: primary and methyl ethers [Answer]

Output: cleavage occurs by an SN2 mechanism. Initial attack occurs on the less hindered carbon. The alcohol formed in the first step of the reaction will react further with HX. reaction is slow and requires high temperatures and concentrated acids


Input: [Question] Cleavage of secondary, tertiary, allylic and benzylic ethers [Answer]

Output: The cleavage occurs by an SN1 mechanism with formation of the more stable carbocation. the reaction occurs at lower temperatures so the alcohol formed during the first step may not react further. E1 elimination will complete the substitution process.


Input: [Question] Autoxidation of ethers [Answer]

Output: Autoxidation is a particular problem for 2° ethers but also occurs with common laboratory solvents such as diethyl ether and THF.


Input: [Question] Reactions of ethers: claisen rearrangement [Answer]

Output: specific to allyl aryl ethers, ArOCH2CH=CH2. heating to 200-250C leads to an o-allylphenol. result is alkylation of the phenol in an ortho position


Input: [Question] Cyclic ethers behave like acyclic ethers except if [Answer]

Output: the ring is 3-membered


Input: [Question] dioxane and tetrahydrofuran are used as [Answer]

Output: solvents


Input: [Question] Cyclic ethers: epoxides (oxiranes) [Answer]

Output: three membered ring ether is called an oxirane or an epoxide.


Input: [Question] ethylene oxide is industrially important as an intermediate fro several processes. it is prepared by [Answer]

Output: a reaction of ethylene with oxygen at 300C and silver oxide catalyst


Input: [Question] reactions of cyclic ethers [Answer]

Output: 5 and 6 membered rings such as THF and THP are as unreactive as their acyclic analogues.


Input: [Question] 3 membered rings are uniquely reactive, much like cyclopropanes are much more reactive than ordinary alkanes. the reason for the reactivity is the same in both cases: [Answer]

Output: Any reaction that cleaves the ring releases about 25 kcal/mol of bond strain. This can make otherwise endergonic reactions thermodynamically feasible; can speedup the rate of reactions


Input: [Question] the release of strain energy makes an epoxide [Answer]

Output: much more reactive than an acyclic ether


Input: [Question] Epoxides from halohydrins [Answer]

Output: Addition of HO-X to an alkene gives a halohydrin. Treatment of a halohydrin with base gives an epoxide via intermolecular willamson ether synthesis. The nucleophile and leaving group muct be able to be anti


Input: [Question] Preparation of Epoxides using a Peroxyacid [Answer]

Output: treat an alkene with a peroxyacid, mCPBA is the most common


Input: [Question] Reactions of epoxides: acid catalyzed Ring-opening [Answer]

Output: water adds to epoxides with dilute acid at room temperature to give a 1,2-diol. Mechanism: acid protonates oxygen and water adds to the opposite side(trans addition)


Input: [Question] halohydrins from epoxides [Answer]

Output: anhydrous HF,HBr, HCl, or HI combines with an epoxide and gives a trans product


Input: [Question] regiochemistry of acid-catalyzed opening of epoxides [Answer]

Output: Nucleophile preferably adds to less hindered site if primary and secondary C’s. Beware however, if there is a tertiary center the ring will open to generate the tertiary carbocation and the nucleophile will add there.


Input: [Question] rapid acid catalyzed ring cleavage of epoxides [Answer]

Output: The stereoselectivity is consistent with an ordinary SN 2 reaction, but the regiochemistry is not.


Input: [Question] the transition state for an epoxide opening [Answer]

Output: The transition state for the reaction has an unbalanced structure with bond cleavage ahead of bond formation.


Input: [Question] nucleophilic addition (and ring opening) TO EPOXIDES [Answer]

Output: Epoxides are subject to SN 2 reactions under conditions in which other ethers are inert. The attack occurs at the less hindered carbon and with inversion of configuration at the reacting carbon.


Input: [Question] base catlayzed epoxide opening: SN2 [Answer]

Output: strain of the three membered ring is relieved on ring opening. hydroxide cleaves epoxides at elevated temperatures to give trans 1,2-diols


Input: [Question] organometallic addition to epoxides [Answer]

Output: reactions with nucleophilic organo metallics RLi and RMgX are important C-C bond forming reactions. The configuration of the carbon that does not react remains unchanged


Input: [Question] epoxides in biological systems: arene oxides [Answer]

Output: arene oxides are subject to two different reactions, the first is the nucleophilic attack like other epoxides and the second is a rearrangement via the NIH shift to make phenols


Input: [Question] chemical carcinogens are electrophiles that react with [Answer]

Output: nucleophilic sites on the DNA bases, particularly deoxyguanosine


Input: [Question] crown ethers [Answer]

Output: specifically bind certain metal ions or organic molecules to form a host-guest complex, an example of molecular recognition.


Input: [Question] crown ethers can serve as phase-transfer catalysts by bringing ionic salts into non-polar solvents that they [Answer]

Output: are not normally soluble in. The anions that are brought into solution are very weakly solvated. these weakly solvated anions may react at an increased rate in these solvents as nucleophiles, redox reagents etc.


Input: [Question] thiols are sulfure analogs of alcohols [Answer]

Output: thiols (RSH) named with the suffix thiol. SH group is called a mercapto group


Input: [Question] although they have similar chemistry to alcohols, thiols have unique properties that are distinct from alcohols [Answer]

Output: In protic solvents RS- are better nucleophiles than the corresponding RO- because they are less heavily solvated.


Input: [Question] RSH2+ are not usually used as substrates in substitution reactions because [Answer]

Output: H2S is not as good a leaving group as H2O and RSH is more difficult to protonate.


Input: [Question] thiols: formation and reaction [Answer]

Output: From alkyl halides by displacement with a sulfur nucleophile such as –SH or S-2 . The alkylthiol product can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give a symmetrical sulfide, giving a poorer yield of the thiol.


Input: [Question] thiols: formation and reaction 2 [Answer]

Output: Thioamides may be hydrolyzed to yield thiols, but very slow and relatively basic conditions are necessary.


Input: [Question] using thiourea to form alkylthiols [Answer]

Output: Thiols can undergo further reaction with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides. For a pure alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2 (C=S)NH2 ) as the nucleophile.


Input: [Question] using thiourea to form alkylthiols 2 [Answer]

Output: This gives an intermediate alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed cleanly to the alkyl thiourea.


Input: [Question] oxidation of thiols to disulfates [Answer]

Output: Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with bromine or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR). The thiol is oxidized in the process and the halogen is reduced.


Input: [Question] sulfides [Answer]

Output: Thiolates (RS- ) are formed by the reaction of a thiol with a base. Thiolates react with primary or secondary alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR’). Thiolates are excellent nucleophiles and react with many electrophiles.


Input: [Question] More on the Synthesis of Thioethers (Sulfides). [Answer]

Output: Reaction is analogous to the Williamson ether synthesis. Since RS- is a relatively weak base it is less likely to cause elimination reactions than is RO- . R' should still be as unhindered as possible.


Input: [Question] The thioether is far more [Answer]

Output: nucleophilic than an ether is


Input: [Question] Sulfur compounds are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogs. [Answer]

Output: The 3p electrons valence electrons (on S) are less tightly held than 2p electrons (on O). Sulfides react with primary alkyl halides (SN 2) to give trialkylsulfonium salts (R3 S+ )


Input: [Question] oxidation reactions of sulfides/thioethers [Answer]

Output: Sulfides are easily oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2 SO). Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2 SO2 ). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often used as a polar aprotic solvent.


Input: [Question] Aldehydes and Ketones [Answer]

Output: Aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (R2 CO) are characterized by the the carbonyl functional group (C=O) The compounds occur widely in nature as intermediates in metabolism and biosynthesis


Input: [Question] Class I carbonyl compounds [Answer]

Output: Class I carbonyl compounds have groups that can be replaced by a nucleophile. A carbonyl group has a C=O. An acyl group is an alkyl or aryl group attached to the carbonyl group.


Input: [Question] Class I carbonyl compounds 2 [Answer]

Output: The group attached to the carbonyl group strongly affects the reactivity of the carbonyl compound.


Input: [Question] Class I carbonyl compounds 3 [Answer]

Output: carboxylic acid (O=COH), ester(OR), acid anhydride(O[C=O]R), acyl halides(O=CX), amides(NH2, NHR, NR2)


Input: [Question] Class II carbonyl compounds [Answer]

Output: s have groups that cannot be replaced by a nucleophile. These are commonly aldehydes and ketones. The H bonded to the acyl group of an aldehyde or the R group bonded to the acyl group of a ketone cannot be readily replaced by a nucleophile.


Input: [Question] structure of a carbonyl carbon [Answer]

Output: the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives is sp2 hybridized, has bond angles of 120 and has a trigonal planar shape


Input: [Question] naming aldehydes and ketones [Answer]

Output: Aldehydes are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with –al The parent chain must contain the ⎯CHO group The ⎯CHO carbon is numbered as C1 If the ⎯CHO group is attached to a ring, use the suffix carbaldehyde.


Input: [Question] Naming Ketones [Answer]

Output: Replace the terminal -e of the alkane name with –one Parent chain is the longest one that contains the ketone group Numbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl carbon


Input: [Question] ketones and aldehydes as substituents [Answer]

Output: The R–C=O as a substituent is an acyl group, used with the suffix -yl from the root of the carboxylic acid CH3 CO: acetyl; CHO: formyl; C6 H5 CO: benzoyl


Input: [Question] ketones and aldehydes as substituents 2 [Answer]

Output: The prefix oxo- is used if other functional groups are present and the doubly bonded oxygen is labeled as a substituent on a parent chain


Input: [Question] Preparation of aldehydes and ketones [Answer]

Output: Oxidize primary alcohols using pyridinium chlorochromate Ozonolysis of alkenes with a vinylic hydrogen Reduce esters with diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAH)


Input: [Question] preparing ketones [Answer]

Output: Oxidize a 2° alcohol Many reagents possible: choose for the specific situation (scale, cost, and acid/base sensitivity


Input: [Question] Ketones from ozonolysis [Answer]

Output: Ozonolysis of alkenes yields ketones if one of the unsaturated carbon atoms is disubstitute


Input: [Question] Aryl ketones by acylation [Answer]

Output: Friedel–Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with an acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst


Input: [Question] Methyl ketones by hydrating alkynes [Answer]

Output: Hydration of terminal alkynes in the presence of Hg 2


Input: [Question] oxidation of aldehydes and ketones [Answer]

Output: CrO3 in aqueous acid oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids efficiently. Silver oxide, Ag2O, in aqueous ammonia (Tollens’ reagent) oxidizes aldehydes (no


Input: [Question] ketones oxidize with difficulty [Answer]

Output: Undergo slow cleavage with hot, alkaline KMnO4 C–C bond next to C=O is broken to give carboxylic acids Reaction is practical for cleaving symmetrical ketones


Input: [Question] nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones [Answer]

Output: A nucleophile attacks the positively charged carbonyl carbon producing a ionic tetrahedral intermediate. This addition can be either acid or base catalyzed.


Input: [Question] Relative Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones [Answer]

Output: Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions. Nu - approaches 75° to the plane of C=O and adds to the carbonyl carbon


Input: [Question] Relative Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones 2 [Answer]

Output: The transition state for addition is less crowded and lower in energy for an aldehyde (a) than for a ketone (b). Aldehydes have one large substituent bonded to the C=O: ketones have two.


Input: [Question] Electrophilicity of Aldehydes and Ketones [Answer]

Output: Aldehyde C=O is more polarized than ketone C=O. As in carbocations, more alkyl groups stabilize positive character. Ketone has more alkyl groups, stabilizing the C=O carbon inductive


Input: [Question] Reactivity of Aromatic aldehydes [Answer]

Output: Less reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions than aliphatic aldehydes. Electron-donating resonance effect of aromatic ring makes C=O less reactive electrophile than the carbonyl group of an aliphatic aldehyde.


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of H2O: Hydration [Answer]

Output: Aldehydes and ketones react with water to yield 1,1-diols (geminal (gem) diols). Hyrdation is reversible: a gem diol can eliminate water


Input: [Question] hydration of aldehydes [Answer]

Output: Aldehyde oxidations occur through 1,1-diols (“hydrates”). Reversible addition of water to the carbonyl group. Addition of water is catalyzed by both acid and base. Aldehyde hydrate is oxidized to a carboxylic acid by usual reagents for alcohols


Input: [Question] Base-Catalyzed Addition of Water [Answer]

Output: The base-catalyzed hydration nucleophile is the hydroxide ion, which is a much stronger nucleophile than water.


Input: [Question] Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Water [Answer]

Output: The first step is the protonation of C=O, this makes it more electrophilic


Input: [Question] Addition of H-Y to C=O [Answer]

Output: Reaction of C=O with H-Y, where Y is electronegative, gives an addition product (“adduct”). Formation is readily reversible


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation [Answer]

Output: Aldehydes and unhindered ketones react with HCN to yield cyanohydrins, RCH(OH)C≡N. Addition of HCN is reversible and base-catalyzed, generating nucleophilic cyanide ion, CN- .


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation 2 [Answer]

Output: Addition of CN- to C=O yields a tetrahedral intermediate, which is then protonated. Equilibrium favors adduct.


Input: [Question] Uses of Cyanohydrins [Answer]

Output: The nitrile group (⎯C≡N) can be reduced with LiAlH4 to yield a primary amine (RCH2 NH2 ). Can be hydrolyzed by hot acid to yield a carboxylic acid


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Grignard Reagents and Hydride Reagents: Alcohol Formation [Answer]

Output: Treatment of aldehydes or ketones with Grignard reagents yields an alcohol. Nucleophilic addition of the equivalent of a carbon anion, or carbanion.


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Grignard Reagents and Hydride Reagents: Alcohol Formation 2 [Answer]

Output: . A carbon–magnesium bond is strongly polarized, so a Grignard reagent reacts for all practical purposes as R: - MgX+


Input: [Question] Mechanism of Addition of Grignard Reagents [Answer]

Output: Complexation of C=O by Mg 2+, Nucleophilic addition of R: - , protonation by dilute acid yields the neutral alcohol. Grignard additions are irreversible because a carbanion is not a leaving group


Input: [Question] Hydride Addition [Answer]

Output: Convert C=O to CH-OH. LiAlH4 and NaBH4 react as hydride ion donors to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. Subsequent protonation of the oxygen anion of the tetrahedral intermediate after addition yields the alcohol


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation [Answer]

Output: RNH2 adds to C=O to form imines, R2 C=NR (after loss of HOH) R2 NH yields enamines, R2 N⎯CR=CR2 (after loss of HOH) (ene + amine = unsaturated amine)


Input: [Question] Mechanism of Formation of Imines [Answer]

Output: Primary amine adds to C=O. Proton is lost from N and adds to O to yield a neutral amino alcohol (carbinolamine). Protonation of OH converts into water as the leaving group. Result is iminium ion, which loses proton.


Input: [Question] Mechanism of Formation of Imines 2 [Answer]

Output: Acid is required for loss of OH – too much acid blocks RNH2


Input: [Question] Imine Derivatives [Answer]

Output: Addition of amines with an atom containing a lone pair of electrons on the adjacent atom occurs very readily, giving useful, stable imines. For example, hydroxylamine forms oximes and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine


Input: [Question] Imine Derivatives 2 [Answer]

Output: readily forms 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazones. These are usually solids and help in characterizing liquid ketones or aldehydes by melting points.


Input: [Question] Enamine Formation [Answer]

Output: For enamine formation on the α-carbon there must a hydrogen present in order for elimination to occur. After addition of R2 NH, proton is lost from adjacent carbon


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Hydrazine: The Wolff–Kishner Reaction [Answer]

Output: Treatment of an aldehyde or ketone with hydrazine, H2 NNH2 and KOH converts the compound to an alkane. Originally carried out at high temperatures but with dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent takes place near room temperature.


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Alcohols: Acetal Formation [Answer]

Output: Alcohols are weak nucleophiles but acid promotes addition forming the conjugate acid of C=O. Addition yields a hydroxy ether, called a hemiacetal (reversible); further reaction can occur


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Alcohols: Acetal Formation 2 [Answer]

Output: Protonation of the ⎯OH and loss of water leads to an oxonium ion, R2 C=OR+ to which a second alcohol adds to form the acetal


Input: [Question] Uses of Acetals [Answer]

Output: Acetals can serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. It is convenient to use a diol, to form a cyclic acetal (the reaction goes even more readily)


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Phosphorus Ylides: The Wittig Reaction [Answer]

Output: The sequence converts C=O is to C=C. A phosphorus ylide adds to an aldehyde or ketone to yield a dipolar intermediate called a betaine. The intermediate spontaneously decomposes through a four-membered ring


Input: [Question] Nucleophilic Addition of Phosphorus Ylides: The Wittig Reaction 2 [Answer]

Output: to yield alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide, (Ph)3 P=O. Formation of the ylide is shown above, it must be formed from a 1° or 2° alkyl halide or tosylate


Input: [Question] Uses of the Wittig Reaction [Answer]

Output: Can be used for monosubstituted, disubstituted, and trisubstituted alkenes but not tetrasubstituted alkenes. The reaction yields a pure alkene of known structure.


Input: [Question] The Cannizaro Reaction [Answer]

Output: The adduct of an aldehyde and OH- can transfer hydride ion to another aldehyde C=O resulting in a simultaneous oxidation and reduction (disproportionation)


Input: [Question] Conjugate Nucleophilic Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones [Answer]

Output: A nucleophile can add to the C=C double bond of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone (conjugate addition, or 1,4 addition. The initial product is a resonance-stabilized enolate ion, which is then protonated


Input: [Question] Conjugate Addition of Amine [Answer]

Output: Primary and secondary amines add to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to yield β-amino aldehydes and ketones


Input: [Question] Conjugate Addition of Alkyl Groups: Organocopper Reactions [Answer]

Output: Reaction of an α, β-unsaturated ketone with a lithium diorganocopper reagent. Diorganocopper (Gilman) reagents form by reaction of 1 equivalent of cuprous iodide and 2 equivalents


Input: [Question] Conjugate Addition of Alkyl Groups: Organocopper Reactions 2 [Answer]

Output: of organolithium. 1°, 2°, 3° alkyl, aryl and alkenyl groups react but not alkynyl groups.


Input: [Question] Mechanism of Alkyl Conjugate Addition [Answer]

Output: Conjugate nucleophilic addition of a diorganocopper anion, R2 Cu - , to an enone. Transfer of an R group and elimination of a neutral organocopper species, RCu


Input: [Answer] Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors [Question]

Output: Active Solar Energy Systems


Input: [Answer] Power supplied by people or animals [Question]

Output: Animate Power


Input: [Answer] The number of species in a specific habitat [Question]

Output: Biodiversity


Input: [Answer] Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste [Question]

Output: Biomass Fuel


Input: [Answer] The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming it at a less rapid pace than it can be replaced [Question]

Output: Conservation


Input: [Answer] Metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel [Question]

Output: Ferrous


Input: [Answer] Energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago [Question]

Output: Fossil Fuel


Input: [Answer] Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks [Question]

Output: Geothermal Energy


Input: [Answer] Anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide(emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface [Question]

Output: Greenhouse Effect


Input: [Answer] Power generated by moving water [Question]

Output: Hydroelectric Power


Input: [Answer] Power supplied by machines [Question]

Output: Inanimate Power


Input: [Answer] Metals utilized to make other products than iron and steel [Question]

Output: Non-Ferrous


Input: [Answer] A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted [Question]

Output: Non-Renewable Energy


Input: [Answer] Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate [Question]

Output: Pollution


Input: [Answer] The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist [Question]

Output: Potential Reserve


Input: [Answer] Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible [Question]

Output: Preservation


Input: [Answer] The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits [Question]

Output: Proven Reserve


Input: [Answer] A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans [Question]

Output: Renewable Energy


Input: [Answer] A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially accepted to use [Question]

Output: Resource


Input: [Answer] The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development [Question]

Output: Sustainable Development


Input: [Answer] A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughtout the life span. [Question]

Output: developmental psychology


Input: [Answer] The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. [Question]

Output: zygote


Input: [Answer] The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. [Question]

Output: embryo


Input: [Answer] The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. [Question]

Output: fetus


Input: [Answer] Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. [Question]

Output: teratogens


Input: [Answer] Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. [Question]

Output: fetal alcohol syndrome


Input: [Answer] Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. [Question]

Output: habituation


Input: [Answer] Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. [Question]

Output: maturation


Input: [Answer] All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. [Question]

Output: cognition


Input: [Answer] A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. [Question]

Output: schema


Input: [Answer] Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. [Question]

Output: assimilation


Input: [Answer] Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. [Question]

Output: accommodation


Input: [Answer] In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. [Question]

Output: sensorimotor stage


Input: [Answer] The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. [Question]

Output: object permanence


Input: [Answer] In Piagate's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. [Question]

Output: preoperational stage


Input: [Answer] The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. [Question]

Output: conservation


Input: [Answer] In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. [Question]

Output: egocentrism


Input: [Answer] People's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. [Question]

Output: theory of mind


Input: [Answer] In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. [Question]

Output: concrete operational stage


Input: [Answer] In piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive developing (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. [Question]

Output: formal operational stage


Input: [Answer] A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' state of mind. [Question]

Output: autism


Input: [Answer] The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. [Question]

Output: stranger anxiety


Input: [Answer] An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the careegiver and showing distress on separation. [Question]

Output: attachment


Input: [Answer] An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. [Question]

Output: critical period


Input: [Answer] The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. [Question]

Output: imprinting


Input: [Answer] According to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. [Question]

Output: basic trust


Input: [Answer] Our understanding and evaluation of who we are. [Question]

Output: self-concept


Input: [Answer] The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. [Question]

Output: adolescence


Input: [Answer] The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. [Question]

Output: puberty


Input: [Answer] The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. [Question]

Output: primary sex characteristics


Input: [Answer] Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. [Question]

Output: secondary sex characteristics


Input: [Answer] The first menstrual period. [Question]

Output: menarche


Input: [Answer] Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. [Question]

Output: identity


Input: [Answer] The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I/" that comes from our group memberships. [Question]

Output: social identity


Input: [Answer] In erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. [Question]

Output: intimacy


Input: [Answer] For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood. [Question]

Output: emerging adulthood


Input: [Answer] the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. [Question]

Output: menopause


Input: [Answer] A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. [Question]

Output: cross-sectional study


Input: [Answer] Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. [Question]

Output: longitudinal study


Input: [Answer] Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. [Question]

Output: crystallized intelligence


Input: [Answer] The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. [Question]

Output: social clock


Input: [Answer] Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. [Question]

Output: fluid intelligence


Input: [Definition] the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words in a sentence.Ex. sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen, bigger and better, jump for joy [Term]

Output: Alliteration


Input: [Definition] a word that is the opposite of another word. [Term]

Output: Antonym


Input: [Definition] main character in opposition to the protagonist. Sometimes not a person but an obstacle such as a force of nature, society or inner conflict. [Term]

Output: Antagonist


Input: [Definition] the author's reason or intention for writing the selection. Always ask youself- is the purpose to entertain, to inform, or persuade. [Term]

Output: Author's purpose


Input: [Definition] the story of a person's life written by the person [Term]

Output: Autobiography


Input: [Definition] the story of a person's life written by another person [Term]

Output: Biography


Input: [Definition] the method an author uses to communicate information about the characters. [Term]

Output: Characterization


Input: [Definition] the moment when the action of the story comes to its highest point. This usually occurs at the end of the story just before the resolution. [Term]

Output: Climax


Input: [Definition] the end of the selection [Term]

Output: Conclusion


Input: [Definition] struggle between opposing forces in literature. [Term]

Output: Conflict


Input: [Definition] information within the reading selection that helps the reader figure out the meanings of challenging words [Term]

Output: Context clues


Input: [Definition] the actual words/ conversation that the character says to another character. [Term]

Output: Dialogue


Input: [Definition] the examine and judge; to say if something is good or bad [Term]

Output: Evaluate


Input: [Definition] text written to explain and convey information about a pecific topic. [Term]

Output: Expository text


Input: [Definition] a narrative intended to convey a moral or lesson to the reader [Term]

Output: Fable


Input: [Definition] the part of the story following the climax where there is a sharp decline in dramatic tension [Term]

Output: Falling action


Input: [Definition] any story that is a product of imagination rather than fact [Term]

Output: Fiction


Input: [Definition] language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create speacial effect [Term]

Output: Figurative language


Input: [Definition] technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incident of an earlier time [Term]

Output: Flashback


Input: [Definition] technique in which the author provides the reader with clues about events that will happen later in the story [Term]

Output: Foreshadowing


Input: [Definition] when you make assumptions about different events and/or characters apply them to new situations. [Term]

Output: Generalizations


Input: [Definition] catagories of literature such as biography, mystery, historical, sports, and romance. [Term]

Output: Genre


Input: [Definition] a organizational picture, such as Venn diagram or webbing, that helps the learner identify the important elements. [Term]

Output: Graphic organizer


Input: [Definition] two or more words that are pronounced alike but have a different meaning [Term]

Output: Homophone or homonym


Input: [Definition] an exxaggerated statement used to make a stong effect. [Term]

Output: Hyperbole


Input: [Definition] words and phrases used specifcally to help the reader to imagine each of the senses. [Term]

Output: imagery


Input: [Definition] reading between the lines. taking what the author worte and adding it to what you already know to make an assumption. [Term]

Output: inference


Input: [Definition] a difference between what is expected and what actually happens. [Term]

Output: irony


Input: [Definition] a comparison between two unlike things without using the word like or as. [Term]

Output: Metaphor


Input: [Definition] the overall feeling created by the author's words. [Term]

Output: Mood


Input: [Definition] the speaker of the story [Term]

Output: Narrator


Input: [Definition] writing that is true and the purpose is to inform. [Term]

Output: nonfiction


Input: [Definition] words whose sounds express their meaning. Ex. buzz crash cland hiss boom hush [Term]

Output: onomatopoeia


Input: [Definition] the events that occur in the story beginning with the setting and ending with the resolution [Term]

Output: plot


Input: [Definition] perspective from which the story is being told [Term]

Output: point of view


Input: [Definition] makeing and educated guess as to what will happen next. [Term]

Output: prediction


Input: [Definition] letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. [Term]

Output: prefix


Input: [Definition] the central character in a story that is the good guy or the one with whom the reader identifies [Term]

Output: protagonist


Input: [Definition] giving lifelike characteristics to inanimated objects [Term]

Output: personification


Input: [Definition] occurs at the end of a story and include the story's action after the climax. [Term]

Output: resolution


Input: [Definition] order in which the events in the story are presented to the reader. [Term]

Output: sequential order


Input: [Definition] the enviroment of the time and place where the action of a story occurs. [Term]

Output: setting


Input: [Definition] a comparison between two unlike things by using the word like or as . [Term]

Output: simile


Input: [Definition] letters placed at the end of a word to change its meaning [Term]

Output: suffix


Input: [Definition] a concise explanation of a reading selection contain only main ideas [Term]

Output: summary


Input: [Definition] details that support or back up the main idea of the passage. [Term]

Output: supporting details


Input: [Definition] an image, object, character, or action that stands for an idea beyond its literal meaning. [Term]

Output: symbol


Input: [Definition] two or more words that have highly similar meanings. [Term]

Output: synonym


Input: [Definition] the underlying message of the selection that the author is trying to convey or communicate to the reader. [Term]

Output: theme


Input: [Definition] the clues of the story that suggest the writer's own attitude toward elements in the stoy. [Term]

Output: tone


Input: [Definition] the ability to imagine or see what you are reading [Term]

Output: visualizaton


Input: [Definition] the author's style the quality that makes his or her writing unique [Term]

Output: voice


Input: [Definition] compare means to show similarities, contrast means to show differences [Term]

Output: Compare and contrast


Input: [Definition] a conflict between characters, such as a family feud, trouble with a bully, or romantic difficulties [Term]

Output: Conflict: character vs. character


Input: [Definition] conflict between a character and a force of nature, such as a tornado [Term]

Output: Conflict: character vs. nature


Input: [Definition] an internal conflict that takes place in a character's mind. (character may have to decide between right and wrong or between 2 solutions to a problem.) [Term]

Output: Conflict: character vs. self


Input: [Definition] a fact can be proven to be true, an opinion is someones feelings [Term]

Output: fact vs. opinion


Input: [Definition] the story is told from the viewpoint of a character. As a result the reader is only exposed to what that character experiences. [Term]

Output: point of view (limited 3rd Person)


Input: [Definition] all knowing; instead of being a character in the story, the narrator is outside the story so the thoughts of all characters are presented. [Term]

Output: point of view (omniscient 3rd Person)


Input: [Definition] the narrator uses I, me, we and other first-person pronouns to relate his thoughts, experiences, and observations in a work of fiction or nonfiction. [Term]

Output: point of view (1st person)


Input: [Definition] a word to which prefixes and/or suffixes are added [Term]

Output: root word


Input: [Term] Biotic [Definition]

Output: Living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria


Input: [Term] Abiotic [Definition]

Output: Nonliving factor in ecosystem


Input: [Term] Producer [Definition]

Output: Organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources


Input: [Term] Primary Consumer [Definition]

Output: Herbivores because they r first consumer above trophic level


Input: [Term] Secondary Consumer [Definition]

Output: Carnivores, eat herbivores


Input: [Term] Tertiary Consumer [Definition]

Output: Carnivores that eat secondary consumers


Input: [Term] Herbivore [Definition]

Output: organisms that eat only plants


Input: [Term] Carnivore [Definition]

Output: eat only animals


Input: [Term] Omnivore [Definition]

Output: eat plants and animals


Input: [Term] Detritivore [Definition]

Output: eat detritus or dead organic matter


Input: [Term] Decomposer [Definition]

Output: detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds


Input: [Term] Generalist [Definition]

Output: consumers that have varying diets dont rely on single food source


Input: [Term] Specialist [Definition]

Output: consumer that primarily eats 1 specific organism or feeds on very small number of organisms


Input: [Term] Autotrophic [Definition]

Output: get energy from nonliving resources make own food


Input: [Term] Heterotrophic [Definition]

Output: get energy by eating other living or once living resources such as plants and animals


Input: [Term] Keystone Species [Definition]

Output: species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystems


Input: [Term] Natural Selections [Definition]

Output: mechanism by which individuals that have inherited veneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals


Input: [Term] Adaptation [Definition]

Output: inherited trait that is selected for overtime because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment


Input: [Term] Niche [Definition]

Output: all physical, chemical, and biological factors that species need to survive, stay healthy and reproduce


Input: [Term] Competition [Definition]

Output: ecolofical relationship in which two organisms attempt to obtain the same resource


Input: [Term] Predation [Definition]

Output: process by which one organism hunts and kills another organism for food


Input: [Term] Symbiosis [Definition]

Output: ecological relationship between memers of at least 2 different species that libe in direct contact with one another


Input: [Term] Parasite [Definition]

Output: species that directly harms a host


Input: [Term] Host [Definition]

Output: organism fed on by parasite


Input: [Term] Mutualism [Definition]

Output: ecological relationsjip between two spevies in which each species gets a benefit from the interaction


Input: [Term] Commensalism [Definition]

Output: ecological relationship in which one species recieves a venefit but the oter species is not affected one way or another


Input: [Term] Parasitism [Definition]

Output: ecological relationship in which one organism benefits by harming another organism


Input: [Term] Habitat [Definition]

Output: combined biotic and aviotic factors found in the area where an organism lives


Input: [Term] Competitive exculsion [Definition]

Output: theory that states that no two spevies can occupy the same niche at the same time


Input: [Term] ecological equivalent [Definition]

Output: organisms that share a similar niche but live in different geographical regions


Input: [Term] Population Density [Definition]

Output: measure of individuals living in a defines area


Input: [Term] Population Dispersion [Definition]

Output: way in which individuals of a population are spread out over an area or volume


Input: [Term] Survivorship Curve [Definition]

Output: graph showing the surviving memvers of ech age group of a population over time


Input: [Term] Immigration [Definition]

Output: movement of individuals INTO a population


Input: [Term] Emigration [Definition]

Output: mocement of individuals OUT of a population


Input: [Term] Exponential growth [Definition]

Output: dramtic increase in population over a short period of time


Input: [Term] Logistic Growth [Definition]

Output: population growth that is characterized by a period of slow growth, followed by a period of exponential growht, followed by a period of almost no growth


Input: [Term] Carrying Capacity [Definition]

Output: number of individuals that the resources of an environment can normally and persistently support


Input: [Term] Population crash [Definition]

Output: dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time


Input: [Term] Limiting factor [Definition]

Output: environmental factor that limits the growth and size of a population


Input: [Term] density-dependent limiting factor [Definition]

Output: environmental resistnace that affects a population that has become overly crowded


Input: [Term] density-independent limiting factor [Definition]

Output: environmental resistance that affects a population regardless of population density


Input: [Term] succession [Definition]

Output: sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damged community or start a community in a previously uninhavited are


Input: [Term] primary succesion [Definition]

Output: establishment and development of an ecosysten in an area that was previously uninhavited


Input: [Term] pioneer species [Definition]

Output: first to live in new ecosystem


Input: [Term] secondary succession [Definition]

Output: reestablishment of a damged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact


Input: [Term] who is the awesomest person ever? [Definition]

Output: Jordan McElroy


Input: [Answer] аптека [Question]

Output: drug store


Input: [Answer] банк [Question]

Output: bank


Input: [Answer] брат [Question]

Output: brother


Input: [Answer] да [Question]

Output: yes


Input: [Answer] кот [Question]

Output: cat


Input: [Answer] Доброе утро! [Question]

Output: Good morning!


Input: [Answer] Добрый день! [Question]

Output: Good afternoon!


Input: [Answer] почта [Question]

Output: post office


Input: [Answer] Кто это? [Question]

Output: Who is it?


Input: [Answer] Что это? [Question]

Output: What is it?


Input: [Answer] мама [Question]

Output: mother


Input: [Answer] папа [Question]

Output: father


Input: [Answer] комната [Question]

Output: room


Input: [Answer] Что? [Question]

Output: What?


Input: [Answer] море [Question]

Output: sea


Input: [Answer] нет [Question]

Output: no


Input: [Answer] не [Question]

Output: not


Input: [Answer] окно [Question]

Output: window


Input: [Answer] он [Question]

Output: he


Input: [Answer] она [Question]

Output: she


Input: [Answer] оно [Question]

Output: it


Input: [Answer] пока [Question]

Output: bye


Input: [Answer] доска [Question]

Output: blackboard


Input: [Answer] ручка [Question]

Output: pen


Input: [Answer] секрет [Question]

Output: secret


Input: [Answer] секретарь [Question]

Output: secretary


Input: [Answer] семья [Question]

Output: family


Input: [Answer] сестра [Question]

Output: sister


Input: [Answer] собака [Question]

Output: dog


Input: [Answer] студент [Question]

Output: student


Input: [Answer] студентка [Question]

Output: student (f.)


Input: [Answer] утро [Question]

Output: morning


Input: [Answer] день [Question]

Output: day


Input: [Answer] час [Question]

Output: hour


Input: [Answer] дом [Question]

Output: house


Input: [Answer] мяч [Question]

Output: ball


Input: [Answer] ты [Question]

Output: you


Input: [Answer] мы [Question]

Output: we


Input: [Answer] Кто? [Question]

Output: Who?


Input: [Answer] май [Question]

Output: May


Input: [Answer] там [Question]

Output: there


Input: [Answer] урок [Question]

Output: lesson


Input: [Question] Active Solar Energy Systems [Answer]

Output: Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors


Input: [Question] Animate Power [Answer]

Output: Power supplied by people or animals


Input: [Question] Biodiversity [Answer]

Output: The number of species in a specific habitat


Input: [Question] Biomass Fuel [Answer]

Output: Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste


Input: [Question] Conservation [Answer]

Output: The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming it at a less rapid pace than it can be replaced


Input: [Question] Ferrous [Answer]

Output: Metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel


Input: [Question] Fossil Fuel [Answer]

Output: Energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago


Input: [Question] Geothermal Energy [Answer]

Output: Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks


Input: [Question] Greenhouse Effect [Answer]

Output: Anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide(emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface


Input: [Question] Hydroelectric Power [Answer]

Output: Power generated by moving water


Input: [Question] Inanimate Power [Answer]

Output: Power supplied by machines


Input: [Question] Non-Ferrous [Answer]

Output: Metals utilized to make other products than iron and steel


Input: [Question] Non-Renewable Energy [Answer]

Output: A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted


Input: [Question] Pollution [Answer]

Output: Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate


Input: [Question] Potential Reserve [Answer]

Output: The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist


Input: [Question] Preservation [Answer]

Output: Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible


Input: [Question] Proven Reserve [Answer]

Output: The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits


Input: [Question] Renewable Energy [Answer]

Output: A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans


Input: [Question] Resource [Answer]

Output: A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially accepted to use


Input: [Question] Sustainable Development [Answer]

Output: The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development


Input: [Question] A person's life story written by that person [Answer]

Output: autobiography


Input: [Question] A person's life story written by another person [Answer]

Output: biography


Input: [Question] A play; a form of literature meant to be performed by actore before an audience [Answer]

Output: drama


Input: [Question] Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children [Answer]

Output: fairy tale


Input: [Question] An imaginary story [Answer]

Output: fiction


Input: [Question] A simple story that has been handed down by word of mouth from one generation to another [Answer]

Output: folk tale


Input: [Question] Traditions, customs, and stories that are passed along by word of mouth with a culture [Answer]

Output: folklore


Input: [Question] A type of literature [Answer]

Output: genre


Input: [Question] A story handed down from the past about a specific person. [Answer]

Output: legend


Input: [Question] Writing that tells about real people, places, and events. [Answer]

Output: nonfiction


Input: [Question] Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale. [Answer]

Output: fable


Input: [Question] Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality. [Answer]

Output: fantasy


Input: [Question] Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting. [Answer]

Output: historical fiction


Input: [Question] Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. [Answer]

Output: mystery


Input: [Question] Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. [Answer]

Output: mythology


Input: [Question] Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses, written in free verse or stanas [Answer]

Output: poetry


Input: [Question] Story that can actually happen and is true to life. [Answer]

Output: realistic fiction


Input: [Question] Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets. [Answer]

Output: science fiction


Input: [Question] Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance. [Answer]

Output: tall tale


Input: [Question] Public address or discourse. [Answer]

Output: speech


Input: [Question] A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point. [Answer]

Output: essay


Input: [Question] records of historical events [Answer]

Output: historical documents


Input: [Question] A collectionof simple, unbiased reports of current events, along with editorials, reviews, and features. [Answer]

Output: newspaper or newsmagazine


Input: [Question] A narrative poem about about a legendary hero. [Answer]

Output: an epic


Input: [Question] A piece of prose fiction with usually fewer than 10,000 words [Answer]

Output: shory story


Input: [Question] a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes. [Answer]

Output: novel


Input: [Question] a fictional prose narrative that is longer and more complex than a short story; a short novel. [Answer]

Output: novella


Input: [Answer] scientific study of mental problems [Question]

Output: What is abnormal psychology


Input: [Answer] gather information predict and explain [Question]

Output: Clinical Scientists


Input: [Answer] detect and treat abnormalities [Question]

Output: clinical practitioners


Input: [Answer] Deviance Distressing Dysfunctional and dangerous [Question]

Output: What are the 4 D's


Input: [Answer] Stated and unstated rules for conduct [Question]

Output: Norms


Input: [Answer] history values in situations habits skills technology and arts [Question]

Output: Culture


Input: [Answer] thought abnormal psych was a myth that society creates to control the norm [Question]

Output: who was Szaz


Input: [Answer] Sufferer seeking relief, trained and accepted listener, series of contacts between the two [Question]

Output: What are 3 essential features to therapy


Input: [Answer] Instrument used to cut away circular section of the skull [Question]

Output: What was Trephination


Input: [Answer] tortured scared prayed and plead for sprints to leave [Question]

Output: What is exorcism


Input: [Answer] that we have yellow bile black bile blood and phlegm, too much yellow- frenzy too much black-depression [Question]

Output: Humors believed what


Input: [Answer] church was highly involved so satans work was assumed usually [Question]

Output: How was Europe in the middle ages?


Input: [Answer] posessed by wolves [Question]

Output: what does lycanthropy mean


Input: [Answer] bit by a spider [Question]

Output: what is tyrantism


Input: [Answer] Johann Weyer, formed asylums [Question]

Output: Who was the first mental illness specialist


Input: [Answer] First supporters and activists of moral treatment [Question]

Output: Who were Pinel and Turke?


Input: [Answer] If a response is followed by a positive consequence response will be repeated if a response is followed by a negative one it wont [Question]

Output: What is Thorndikes law of effect?


Input: [Answer] thinking and feeling [Question]

Output: What are behaviorist interested in


Input: [Answer] self esteem emotions, thinks we are genetically programmed to be as good as posible. [Question]

Output: What are humanistic interested in


Input: [Answer] Person is the center and there are 3 conditions of worth genuineness, unconditional positive regaurd, empathy [Question]

Output: What did Rogers believe


Input: [Answer] Cake ingrediants, all are needed and we need to focus on the now [Question]

Output: What did Gostaut think


Input: [Answer] youre so close you cant breathe [Question]

Output: What is an enmensed family


Input: [Answer] dont talk very often [Question]

Output: what is a disengaged family


Input: [Answer] gay, gender, weight [Question]

Output: What are biases that increase anxiety


Input: [Answer] individual information about clients that could help a person overcome problems specific to them [Question]

Output: What is Idiographic


Input: [Answer] collecting information to reach a conclusion [Question]

Output: what is an Assessment


Input: [Answer] How and why a person is behaving abnormally using interviews tests and observations [Question]

Output: Clinical assessment


Input: [Answer] set up common steps to be followed no matter who is administering, also helpful to do when reading so we can avoid biasis [Question]

Output: Standardize


Input: [Answer] consistancy of measures should answer the same in the same situations [Question]

Output: Reliability


Input: [Answer] needs more than one judge because it isnt black or white [Question]

Output: Interrater reliability


Input: [Answer] accurately measure what its intended to measure [Question]

Output: validity


Input: [Answer] may seem correct because it would make sense but could be wrong [Question]

Output: face validity


Input: [Answer] test to judge what will happen in the future, for example on kids ot see if they will become smokers [Question]

Output: predictive


Input: [Answer] degree in which the tool compares with one already in use [Question]

Output: concurrent validity


Input: [Answer] face to face encounter [Question]

Output: Clinical interviews


Input: [Answer] detailed list of problems feels and reason for therapy [Question]

Output: What happens in the first contact with a clinical interview


Input: [Answer] needs memories past events and relationships [Question]

Output: psychodynamic


Input: [Answer] try to pinpoint stimulus and consequences [Question]

Output: behaviorial


Input: [Answer] assumptions and interpretations [Question]

Output: cognitive


Input: [Answer] self evaluation and values [Question]

Output: humanistic


Input: [Answer] chemicals and dysfunction [Question]

Output: biological


Input: [Answer] family and the social environments impacts [Question]

Output: sociocultural


Input: [Answer] ask open ended questions, usually for humanistic and psychodynamic [Question]

Output: Unstructured


Input: [Answer] Designed for same questions for everyone regaurdless of answer, behavioral and cognitive uses [Question]

Output: Structured


Input: [Answer] set of questions that evaluate clients awareness and regaurd to time place attention memory judgement and insight through content mood and appearance [Question]

Output: Mental Status exam


Input: [Answer] clients may alter themselves for personal reasons, we rely on first impressions too highly, people respond differently to inverviewers based on race gender and age [Question]

Output: What are the limitations of clinical tests


Input: [Answer] device for gathering information, currently 500 in US [Question]

Output: Test


Input: [Answer] Do little tasks like draw or interpret for inner feelings to come out [Question]

Output: Projective test


Input: [Answer] A projective test, Inkplot [Question]

Output: Rorschach Test


Input: [Answer] Projective test 30 general pictures of people, you have to tell a story [Question]

Output: Thematic Appreciation


Input: [Answer] Projective spring board for discussion [Question]

Output: Sentence Completion


Input: [Answer] Projective Must draw humans and the details reveal [Question]

Output: Drawing


Input: [Answer] asks questions about behavior beliefs and feelings [Question]

Output: Personality Inventories


Input: [Answer] Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, more than 500 true false questions with 10 scales rating 0-120 for each [Question]

Output: What is MMPI2


Input: [Answer] Obsessions compulsions abnormal fears guilt and indecisiveness [Question]

Output: Psychathenia


Input: [Answer] more specific questions about themselves with emotion or social or cognitive to understand its role in a person [Question]

Output: Response inventories


Input: [Answer] measures severity as well [Question]

Output: Affective


Input: [Answer] Rates the level of sadness and functioning [Question]

Output: Beck Depression Inventory


Input: [Answer] measures physical response to psychological things like heart rate temperature and blood pressure [Question]

Output: Psychophysilogical


Input: [Answer] polygraph test [Question]

Output: Example of Psychophysiliogical


Input: [Answer] electroencephalogram- brain qaves and neron fire [Question]

Output: Neuro test


Input: [Answer] x ray [Question]

Output: Cat scan


Input: [Answer] motion picture of chemicals [Question]

Output: Pet Scan


Input: [Answer] magnets create detailed picture [Question]

Output: MRI


Input: [Answer] measure cognitive perceptual and motor [Question]

Output: Neuropsycho Test


Input: [Answer] look at a picture and redraw it [Question]

Output: Bender Visual motor gestult test


Input: [Answer] Judge reason and comprehend well can only be indirectly measured [Question]

Output: intellegence test


Input: [Answer] IQ Test [Question]

Output: Simon and Binet


Input: [Answer] Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders text revised volume 4 [Question]

Output: DSM 4TR


Input: [Answer] more than one diagnosis [Question]

Output: comorbid


Input: [Answer] employee assiistance program, we send mental illness to hospital, hospital sends employees to therapists [Question]

Output: EAP


Input: [Answer] enviornment thats helpful with meditation [Question]

Output: milieu


Input: [Answer] In US made it so that there were laws for humane treatement and got 32 state hospitals [Question]

Output: Dorthea Dix


Input: [Answer] clinical practitioner [Question]

Output: If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a


Input: [Answer] their behaviors are valued by the culture. [Question]

Output: Brilliant scholars or champion athletes are not considered clinically abnormal because


Input: [Answer] dysfunction [Question]

Output: Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?


Input: [Answer] it appears in all cultures at all periods of time [Question]

Output: Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the incidence of psychological abnormality, historically and worldwide?


Input: [Answer] exorcism [Question]

Output: made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that “evil spirits” will be driven from the person's body. This form of “therapy” is called


Input: [Answer] people bring on mental illness themselves [Question]

Output: The largest percentage of survery respondents believe that


Input: [Answer] state mental hospitals [Question]

Output: Which of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix


Input: [Answer] somatogenic [Question]

Output: Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as


Input: [Answer] various medications [Question]

Output: The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to be the most successful is the use of


Input: [Answer] hypnotism [Question]

Output: The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Mesmer, Josef Breuer, and even Sigmund Freud was


Input: [Answer] unconscious [Question]

Output: Freud was all about


Input: [Answer] patients lack the necessary insight and verbal skills. [Question]

Output: Psychoanalysis is NOT very effective for hospitalized mental patients because


Input: [Answer] antipsychotics [Question]

Output: Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed


Input: [Answer] antianxiety medicine [Question]

Output: If your primary symptom were excessive worry, the best psychotropic drug for you would be an


Input: [Answer] on the street or in jail [Question]

Output: In the United States today, one is most likely to find a severely ill mental patient


Input: [Answer] correlational [Question]

Output: Wich of the following research methods is used to determine a relationship between two variables, but does not prove cause and effect


Input: [Answer] patients choice in how many sessions of therapy [Question]

Output: Which of the following is not a common feature of managed care programs?


Input: [Answer] psychiatrist [Question]

Output: A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a


Input: [Answer] abnormal psych functioning has physical causes [Question]

Output: Somatogenic Perspective


Input: [Answer] the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological [Question]

Output: Psychogenic Perspective


Input: [Answer] interrater reliability [Question]

Output: A panel of psychologists and psychiatrists evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high:


Input: [Answer] affective inventory [Question]

Output: An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, and anger


Input: [Answer] paradigms [Question]

Output: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as


Input: [Answer] psychodynamic [Question]

Output: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality.” Which model of abnormality does this quote most closely represent?


Input: [Answer] behavior [Question]

Output: “Abnormal” behaviors—indeed, all behaviors—are acquired through learning.” Which model of abnormality does this quote most closely represent?


Input: [Answer] low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine [Question]

Output: Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality


Input: [Answer] instinctual needs, realistic thinking, and conscience. [Question]

Output: Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the


Input: [Answer] fixiated [Question]

Output: A psychoanalyst says that a middle-aged patient appears to be extremely dependent, mistrustful, and depressed. The term the psychoanalyst would most likely use for this patient is:


Input: [Answer] they reflect unconscious needs and desires [Question]

Output: According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams


Input: [Answer] conditioned stimulus [Question]

Output: A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is called a


Input: [Answer] systematic desensitization [Question]

Output: A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines formerly anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. Most likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy


Input: [Answer] began in 1960's mass releasing of mental illness paitents [Question]

Output: deinstitutionalized


Input: [Answer] mainly affect the brain and reduces dysfunction [Question]

Output: psychotrophic medications


Input: [Answer] 19th century approach using respect and talking [Question]

Output: moral treatment


Input: [Answer] 16th century almost like a prison [Question]

Output: asylum


Input: [Answer] observations and experiments on single subject before and after manipulated [Question]

Output: single subject experiment


Input: [Answer] experimenter produces abnormal behavior in subjects then experiments on them [Question]

Output: analogue experiment


Input: [Answer] make use of already existing control and experimental factors in the large world [Question]

Output: quasi experiment


Input: [Answer] a sham that people beleive to be real [Question]

Output: placebo experiment


Input: [Answer] people do not know if they are in the experiment or control group [Question]

Output: blind design


Input: [Answer] an element that affects the dependent variable other than the independent [Question]

Output: confound


Input: [Answer] total number of cases of a disorder in a population over time [Question]

Output: prevalence


Input: [Answer] prevalance and incidence in population [Question]

Output: epidimiological


Input: [Answer] the extent that the results can be generalized to the population [Question]

Output: external validity


Input: [Answer] understanding of nature causes and treatments in abnormal psychology in form of laws and principles [Question]

Output: nomethetic understanding


Input: [Answer] released by glands into the bloodstream [Question]

Output: hormones


Input: [Answer] Predisposition [Question]

Output: Diathesis


Input: [Answer] cause, psych social and biological [Question]

Output: Ediology


Input: [Answer] pleasure center [Question]

Output: id


Input: [Answer] reality and reason [Question]

Output: ego


Input: [Answer] conscience ideal self [Question]

Output: superego


Input: [Answer] 0-1 [Question]

Output: oral


Input: [Answer] 1-2 [Question]

Output: anal


Input: [Answer] 3-5 [Question]

Output: phallic


Input: [Answer] puberty and beyond [Question]

Output: genital


Input: [Answer] perging of the mind [Question]

Output: cartharsis


Input: [Answer] emotional bond [Question]

Output: transference


Input: [Answer] meaningless until we find a value for it [Question]

Output: existential


Input: [Answer] an extensive list of clinical sydromes causing impairment ex. major depressive disorder [Question]

Output: Axis 1


Input: [Answer] Personality disorder/ mental retardation example dependent personality disorder [Question]

Output: Axis 2


Input: [Answer] information concerning relevant general medical condition example diabetes [Question]

Output: Axis 3


Input: [Answer] special psychosocial or enviornmental problems example school or housing problems [Question]

Output: Axis 4


Input: [Answer] global assessment of functioning GAF of 1-100 on severity [Question]

Output: Axis 5


Input: [Term] Alliteration [Definition]

Output: the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words in a sentence.Ex. sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen, bigger and better, jump for joy


Input: [Term] Antonym [Definition]

Output: a word that is the opposite of another word.


Input: [Term] Antagonist [Definition]

Output: main character in opposition to the protagonist. Sometimes not a person but an obstacle such as a force of nature, society or inner conflict.


Input: [Term] Author's purpose [Definition]

Output: the author's reason or intention for writing the selection. Always ask youself- is the purpose to entertain, to inform, or persuade.


Input: [Term] Autobiography [Definition]

Output: the story of a person's life written by the person


Input: [Term] Biography [Definition]

Output: the story of a person's life written by another person


Input: [Term] Characterization [Definition]

Output: the method an author uses to communicate information about the characters.


Input: [Term] Climax [Definition]

Output: the moment when the action of the story comes to its highest point. This usually occurs at the end of the story just before the resolution.


Input: [Term] Conclusion [Definition]

Output: the end of the selection


Input: [Term] Conflict [Definition]

Output: struggle between opposing forces in literature.


Input: [Term] Context clues [Definition]

Output: information within the reading selection that helps the reader figure out the meanings of challenging words


Input: [Term] Dialogue [Definition]

Output: the actual words/ conversation that the character says to another character.


Input: [Term] Evaluate [Definition]

Output: the examine and judge; to say if something is good or bad


Input: [Term] Expository text [Definition]

Output: text written to explain and convey information about a pecific topic.


Input: [Term] Fable [Definition]

Output: a narrative intended to convey a moral or lesson to the reader


Input: [Term] Falling action [Definition]

Output: the part of the story following the climax where there is a sharp decline in dramatic tension


Input: [Term] Fiction [Definition]

Output: any story that is a product of imagination rather than fact


Input: [Term] Figurative language [Definition]

Output: language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create speacial effect


Input: [Term] Flashback [Definition]

Output: technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incident of an earlier time


Input: [Term] Foreshadowing [Definition]

Output: technique in which the author provides the reader with clues about events that will happen later in the story


Input: [Term] Generalizations [Definition]

Output: when you make assumptions about different events and/or characters apply them to new situations.


Input: [Term] Genre [Definition]

Output: catagories of literature such as biography, mystery, historical, sports, and romance.


Input: [Term] Graphic organizer [Definition]

Output: a organizational picture, such as Venn diagram or webbing, that helps the learner identify the important elements.


Input: [Term] Homophone or homonym [Definition]

Output: two or more words that are pronounced alike but have a different meaning


Input: [Term] Hyperbole [Definition]

Output: an exxaggerated statement used to make a stong effect.


Input: [Term] imagery [Definition]

Output: words and phrases used specifcally to help the reader to imagine each of the senses.


Input: [Term] inference [Definition]

Output: reading between the lines. taking what the author worte and adding it to what you already know to make an assumption.


Input: [Term] irony [Definition]

Output: a difference between what is expected and what actually happens.


Input: [Term] Metaphor [Definition]

Output: a comparison between two unlike things without using the word like or as.


Input: [Term] Mood [Definition]

Output: the overall feeling created by the author's words.


Input: [Term] Narrator [Definition]

Output: the speaker of the story


Input: [Term] nonfiction [Definition]

Output: writing that is true and the purpose is to inform.


Input: [Term] onomatopoeia [Definition]

Output: words whose sounds express their meaning. Ex. buzz crash cland hiss boom hush


Input: [Term] plot [Definition]

Output: the events that occur in the story beginning with the setting and ending with the resolution


Input: [Term] point of view [Definition]

Output: perspective from which the story is being told


Input: [Term] prediction [Definition]

Output: makeing and educated guess as to what will happen next.


Input: [Term] prefix [Definition]

Output: letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.


Input: [Term] protagonist [Definition]

Output: the central character in a story that is the good guy or the one with whom the reader identifies


Input: [Term] personification [Definition]

Output: giving lifelike characteristics to inanimated objects


Input: [Term] resolution [Definition]

Output: occurs at the end of a story and include the story's action after the climax.


Input: [Term] sequential order [Definition]

Output: order in which the events in the story are presented to the reader.


Input: [Term] setting [Definition]

Output: the enviroment of the time and place where the action of a story occurs.


Input: [Term] simile [Definition]

Output: a comparison between two unlike things by using the word like or as .


Input: [Term] suffix [Definition]

Output: letters placed at the end of a word to change its meaning


Input: [Term] summary [Definition]

Output: a concise explanation of a reading selection contain only main ideas


Input: [Term] supporting details [Definition]

Output: details that support or back up the main idea of the passage.


Input: [Term] symbol [Definition]

Output: an image, object, character, or action that stands for an idea beyond its literal meaning.


Input: [Term] synonym [Definition]

Output: two or more words that have highly similar meanings.


Input: [Term] theme [Definition]

Output: the underlying message of the selection that the author is trying to convey or communicate to the reader.


Input: [Term] tone [Definition]

Output: the clues of the story that suggest the writer's own attitude toward elements in the stoy.


Input: [Term] visualizaton [Definition]

Output: the ability to imagine or see what you are reading


Input: [Term] voice [Definition]

Output: the author's style the quality that makes his or her writing unique


Input: [Term] Compare and contrast [Definition]

Output: compare means to show similarities, contrast means to show differences


Input: [Term] Conflict: character vs. character [Definition]

Output: a conflict between characters, such as a family feud, trouble with a bully, or romantic difficulties


Input: [Term] Conflict: character vs. nature [Definition]

Output: conflict between a character and a force of nature, such as a tornado


Input: [Term] Conflict: character vs. self [Definition]

Output: an internal conflict that takes place in a character's mind. (character may have to decide between right and wrong or between 2 solutions to a problem.)


Input: [Term] fact vs. opinion [Definition]

Output: a fact can be proven to be true, an opinion is someones feelings


Input: [Term] point of view (limited 3rd Person) [Definition]

Output: the story is told from the viewpoint of a character. As a result the reader is only exposed to what that character experiences.


Input: [Term] point of view (omniscient 3rd Person) [Definition]

Output: all knowing; instead of being a character in the story, the narrator is outside the story so the thoughts of all characters are presented.


Input: [Term] point of view (1st person) [Definition]

Output: the narrator uses I, me, we and other first-person pronouns to relate his thoughts, experiences, and observations in a work of fiction or nonfiction.


Input: [Term] root word [Definition]

Output: a word to which prefixes and/or suffixes are added


Input: [Answer] Storage of fat (TAGs), energy metabolism, thermal insulator, plasma membrane, vitamins A,D,K,E, steroid hormones [Question]

Output: What are the different functions of Lipids?


Input: [Answer] Long hydrocarbon tail with charged carboxyl, amphipathic, MP increases with chain length and decreases with degree of unsaturation, free fatty acids are esterified [Question]

Output: Describe the structure and properties of fatty acids.


Input: [Answer] in humans 16-20 carbons & double bonds cis @ 3-interval carbons. Can only be desaturated between carbons 9/10 or between 9/10 and carboxyl end [Question]

Output: Describe fatty acids in humans


Input: [Answer] palmitate [Question]

Output: Synthesis of fatty acids usually leads to:


Input: [Answer] linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid [Question]

Output: What are the essential fatty acids?


Input: [Answer] no but a smaller member of the same family can be used to form a larger fatty acid [Question]

Output: Can humans change a fatty acid of a high family to a lower?


Input: [Answer] Synthesis of arachidonic acid. Deficiency leads to mead acid (marker for EFA deficiency) [Question]

Output: What is linoleic acid essential for and what happens during its deficiency?


Input: [Answer] total parenteral nutrition [Question]

Output: What is the intravenous method to administer EFA?


Input: [Answer] Main form of storage of fatty acids. Can be stored in adipocytes which only increase/decrease in size in non-obese ppl [Question]

Output: What is the clinical relevance of TAGs?


Input: [Answer] spingomyelin-contains a sphingosine backbone [Question]

Output: Which phospholipids contain a different backbone other than glycerol?


Input: [Answer] Spingolipids with sugars attached to ceramide [Question]

Output: Describe glycolipids


Input: [Answer] palmitoyl-CoA and serine (plus vitB) produces ceramide [Question]

Output: Describe the synthesis of ceramide


Input: [Answer] spingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides and gangliosides [Question]

Output: What is ceramide a component of?


Input: [Answer] regulates the water permeability of skin [Question]

Output: What is the function of ceramide in skin?


Input: [Answer] found in outer leaflet of PMs and important for myelin of nerve fibers & grey matter. [Question]

Output: What is the importance of sphingomyelin?


Input: [Answer] defective degradation leads to lysosomal storage disease [Question]

Output: What is the biological importance of glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin?


Input: [Answer] Ceramide+sugar=cerebroside +sugars=globoside [Question]

Output: Describe the synthesis of cerebrosides and globosides.


Input: [Answer] N-acetyl-neuraminic acid+globoside [Question]

Output: Describe the synthesis of gangliosides


Input: [Answer] cerebro and globo found in brain and peripheral nervous tissue and myelin, gangliosides in ganglion cells of CNS [Question]

Output: What is the biological importance of cerebrosides, globosides and gangliosides?


Input: [Answer] phosphatidic acid. 1 fatty acid is saturated, 2 fatty acid unsaturated [Question]

Output: Describe the structure of glycerophospholipids.


Input: [Answer] major component of membrane lipids. Analogue of plasmalogen in heart. [Question]

Output: Biological importance of phospatidylcholine


Input: [Answer] major component of membrane lipids. Analogue of plasmalogen in nerve tissue. [Question]

Output: Biological importance of phospatidylethanolamine


Input: [Answer] phosphatidylserine [Question]

Output: Which glcerophospholipid is not a major membrane lipid?


Input: [Answer] Used to form PIP2 which is cleave by phospholipase C to DAG and IP3 in Ca2+ second messenger system. [Question]

Output: Biological importance of phospatidylinositol


Input: [Answer] inner mito membrane [Question]

Output: Where is cardolipin found?


Input: [Answer] Deficiency leads to Barth's syndrome a rare but severe cardiomyopathy. [Question]

Output: Biological importance of cardiolipin


Input: [Answer] Major membrane component. Released in bile. Used for sphingomyelin synthesis. Provides dipalmitoyl-PC for lung surfactant. [Question]

Output: Biological importance of phospatidylcholine


Input: [Answer] from choline or phosphotidylethanolamine methylation [Question]

Output: How is phoshpotidylcholine made?


Input: [Answer] the lecithin (phosphotidylcholine)/sphingomyelin ratio must be 2 or above [Question]

Output: How can you predict lung maturity in infants?


Input: [Answer] unpolar-storage/transport in lipoproteins, regulation of PM fluidity, steroid hormone synthesis, vitD synthesis, liver bile acid synthesis [Question]

Output: What are all the functions of cholesterol in the body?


Input: [Answer] adrenal cortex:cortisol, aldosterone, androgens. ovaries:estradiol. testes:testosterone [Question]

Output: What steroid hormones are formed by cholesterol?


Input: [Answer] 7-dehydrocholesterol [Question]

Output: What is the precursor of cholesterol used for vit D deficiency?


Input: [Answer] separate cell from external environment, allow specific reactions to be localized [Question]

Output: What are the functions of biological membranes?


Input: [Answer] glycolipids and glycoproteins. acts as a shield and involved in cell-cell recognition [Question]

Output: What is the glycocalyx composed of and what is its function?


Input: [Answer] increases fluidity inside bilayer while sterol rings decrease fluidity close to polar heads. Can increase/decrease fluidity with temp change. [Question]

Output: Describe the functions of cholesterol inside the lipid bilayer.


Input: [Answer] unsaturated and shorter fatty acids make membrane more fluid [Question]

Output: How do fatty acids affect membrane fluidity?


Input: [Answer] oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachiodonic acid [Question]

Output: Examples of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes?


Input: [Answer] gases, hydrophobic molecules and small polar molecules. [Question]

Output: What types of molecules can penetrate the lipid bilayer?


Input: [Answer] charged and large polar molecules [Question]

Output: What cannot pass the membrane?


Input: [Answer] passive facilitated diffusion. [Question]

Output: What kind of transport is required for glucose inside of a cell?


Input: [Answer] low affinity of transporter to substrate. [Question]

Output: What does a high Kt signify?


Input: [Answer] 12 TM domains. , (low Kt for both). , liver, kidney and beta-cells of pancreas [Question]

Output: Describe the transporter of glucose


Input: [Answer] GLUT-1 (low Kt) in RBC and brain [Question]

Output: Where is GLUT-1 found?


Input: [Answer] GLUT-2 (high Kt) intestinal mucosal cell (enterohepatic circulation), liver, kidney and beta-cells of pancreas [Question]

Output: Where is GLUT-2 found?


Input: [Answer] GLUT-3 (low Kt) in neurons [Question]

Output: Where is GLUT-3 found?


Input: [Answer] insulin-dependent-fat cells and muscle (low Kt) [Question]

Output: Where is GLUT-4 found?


Input: [Answer] (high Kt) intestinal mucosal cell (intestinal lumen) and testes. (mainly frutose transport, glucose at high concentration) [Question]

Output: Where is GLUT-5 found?


Input: [Answer] patients with diabetes can't use GLUT-4 efficiently. It is stored inside the cell. [Question]

Output: What is the biological relevance of GLUT-4?


Input: [Answer] secondary active symporter. pumps glucose into intestinal mucosal cells with 2 Na ions [Question]

Output: Describe the SGLT transporter.


Input: [Answer] ABC-transporter. Phosphorylation gated (PKA). Two ATPs cleaved and channel opens for chloride ions and Na exits via paracellular tight junctions. Water follows [Question]

Output: Describe the CFTR channel


Input: [Answer] congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens [Question]

Output: What happens to males with CF?


Input: [Answer] codon deletion of phenylalanine causing CFTR to not be transported to the membrane [Question]

Output: Describe the mutation leading to CF


Input: [Answer] leads to an unregulated CFTR [Question]

Output: What affect does cholera have on CFTR?


Input: [Element Symbol] H [Element Name]

Output: Hydrogen


Input: [Element Symbol] He [Element Name]

Output: Helium


Input: [Element Symbol] Li [Element Name]

Output: Lithium


Input: [Element Symbol] Be [Element Name]

Output: Beryllium


Input: [Element Symbol] B [Element Name]

Output: Boron


Input: [Element Symbol] C [Element Name]

Output: Carbon


Input: [Element Symbol] N [Element Name]

Output: Nitrogen


Input: [Element Symbol] O [Element Name]

Output: Oxygen


Input: [Element Symbol] F [Element Name]

Output: Fluorine


Input: [Element Symbol] Ne [Element Name]

Output: Neon


Input: [Element Symbol] Na [Element Name]

Output: Sodium


Input: [Element Symbol] Mg [Element Name]

Output: Magnesium


Input: [Element Symbol] Al [Element Name]

Output: Aluminum


Input: [Element Symbol] Si [Element Name]

Output: Silicon


Input: [Element Symbol] P [Element Name]

Output: Phosphorus


Input: [Element Symbol] S [Element Name]

Output: Sulfur


Input: [Element Symbol] Cl [Element Name]

Output: Chlorine


Input: [Element Symbol] Ar [Element Name]

Output: Argon


Input: [Element Symbol] K [Element Name]

Output: Potassium


Input: [Element Symbol] Ca [Element Name]

Output: Calcium


Input: [Element Symbol] Mn [Element Name]

Output: Manganese


Input: [Element Symbol] Fe [Element Name]

Output: Iron


Input: [Element Symbol] Co [Element Name]

Output: Cobalt


Input: [Element Symbol] Ni [Element Name]

Output: Nickel


Input: [Element Symbol] Cu [Element Name]

Output: Copper


Input: [Element Symbol] Zn [Element Name]

Output: Zinc


Input: [Element Symbol] Ag [Element Name]

Output: Silver


Input: [Element Symbol] I [Element Name]

Output: Iodine


Input: [Element Symbol] Au [Element Name]

Output: Gold


Input: [Element Symbol] Pb [Element Name]

Output: Lead


Input: [Term] Cent [Example] Century, Centimeter [Definition]

Output: A hundred


Input: [Term] Cephala [Example] Cephalothorax, Cephalic [Definition]

Output: Head


Input: [Term] Cereb [Example] Cerebellum [Definition]

Output: Brain


Input: [Term] Cervic [Example] Cervical [Definition]

Output: Neck


Input: [Term] Chloro [Example] Chlorophyll [Definition]

Output: Green


Input: [Term] Chondro [Example] Chondrichthyes [Definition]

Output: Grain, Cartilage


Input: [Term] Chromo [Example] Chromatin, Chromosome [Definition]

Output: Color


Input: [Term] Cede [Example] Proceed, Recede [Definition]

Output: To go, To yield


Input: [Question] business owned by one person [Answer]

Output: proprietorship


Input: [Question] financial rights to the assets of a business [Answer]

Output: equities


Input: [Question] an amount owed by a business [Answer]

Output: liability


Input: [Question] the amount remaining after the value of all liabilities is subtracted by the value of all assets [Answer]

Output: owner's equity


Input: [Question] account used to summarise the owner's equity in a business [Answer]

Output: capital account


Input: [Question] a financial statement that reports assets; liabilities; and owners equities on a specific date [Answer]

Output: balance sheet


Input: [Question] _______ is the language of business [Answer]

Output: accounting


Input: [Question] the relationship between assets; liabilities; & owners equity can be written as an_________. [Answer]

Output: equation


Input: [Question] the________ is the owner's equity account [Answer]

Output: capital


Input: [Question] an increase in owners equity resulting from the operation of a business [Answer]

Output: revenue


Input: [Question] a sale for which cash will be recieved at a later date [Answer]

Output: sale on account


Input: [Question] a decrease in owners equity resulting from the operation of a business [Answer]

Output: expense


Input: [Question] assets taken out of a business for the owners personal use [Answer]

Output: withdrawals


Input: [Question] a ________ may be prepared on anyday [Answer]

Output: balance sheet


Input: [Question] the side of an account that is increased [Answer]

Output: normal balance side


Input: [Question] an amount recorded on the left side [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] amount recorded on the right side [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] a list of accounts used by a business [Answer]

Output: chart of accounts


Input: [Question] the values of all things owned are on the account equation's_______________. [Answer]

Output: left side


Input: [Question] the balues of all equities or claims against the assets are on the equations's_______________. [Answer]

Output: right side


Input: [Question] an amount recorded on the left side of a t account is a _______. [Answer]

Output: debit


Input: [Question] an amount recorded on the right side of a t account is a ________. [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] the normal balance side of any asset account is the ________. [Answer]

Output: debit side


Input: [Question] normal balance side of any liability account________. [Answer]

Output: credit


Input: [Question] normal balance side of owner's capital account_______. [Answer]

Output: credit side


Input: [Question] debits must always =________. [Answer]

Output: credits


Input: [Question] normal balance side of any revenue account_________. [Answer]

Output: credit side


Input: [Question] normal balance side of any expense account________. [Answer]

Output: debit side


Input: [Question] normal balance side of owners drawing account________. [Answer]

Output: debit side


Input: [Question] preparing a source document for each transction in an application of the accounting concept__________. [Answer]

Output: objective evidence


Input: [Question] the account debited when cash is paid for supplies [Answer]

Output: supplies


Input: [Question] the source document for a payment of cash is a ______. [Answer]

Output: check


Input: [Question] a group of accounts [Answer]

Output: ledger


Input: [Question] a ledger that contains all accounts needed to prepare financial statements [Answer]

Output: general ledger


Input: [Question] the number assigned to an account [Answer]

Output: account number


Input: [Question] the procedure for arranging accounts in a general ledger, assigning account numbers, and keeping records current [Answer]

Output: file maitenance


Input: [Question] writing the account title and heading of an account [Answer]

Output: opening an account


Input: [Question] transferring information from a journal entry to a ledger account [Answer]

Output: posting


Input: [Question] determing the amount of cash agrees with the balance of the cash account in the accounting records [Answer]

Output: proving cash


Input: [Question] a journal entry made to correct an error in the ledger [Answer]

Output: correcting entry


Input: [Question] expense accounts are arranged in __________. [Answer]

Output: chronological order.


Input: [Question] a bank account from which payments can be ordered by a depositor [Answer]

Output: checking account


Input: [Question] a signature or stamp on the back of a check; transferring ownership [Answer]

Output: endorsement


Input: [Question] an endorsement consisting of only the owner's signature [Answer]

Output: blank endorsement


Input: [Question] an endorsement indicating the new owner of a check [Answer]

Output: special endorsement


Input: [Question] an endorsement restricting further trasnser of a check's ownership [Answer]

Output: restrictive endorsement


Input: [Question] a check with a future date on it [Answer]

Output: postdated check