Input: [Question] What regulates the relative amount of blood entering a capillary bed? [Answer]

Output: local chemical conditions and arteriolar vasomotor nerve fibers


Input: [Question] When are venules formed and what do they form? [Answer]

Output: When capillaries unite and they form veins


Input: [Question] Why are veins called capacitance vessels and blood reservoirs? [Answer]

Output: because of their large blood supply; up to 65% of the body's supply


Input: [Question] What low-pressure adaptations ensure venous blood is returned to the heart at the same rate it is pumped into the circulation? [Answer]

Output: large diameter lumens and valves that prevent blood from backflowing


Input: [Question] What are venous valves formed from and where are they most abundant and where are they absent? [Answer]

Output: folds of the tunica intima; in the veins of the limbs, where the upward flow of blood is opposed by gravity; they are absent in veins of the ventral body cavity


Input: [Question] What is a homeostatic imbalance of veins that causes them to become tortuous and dilated because of leaky valves? [Answer]

Output: Varicose veins


Input: [Question] What are several factors that contribute to varicose veins? [Answer]

Output: heredity; prolonged standing in one position, obesity, pregnancy; elevated venous pressure


Input: [Question] What are highly specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium called and where are they found? [Answer]

Output: venous sinuses, ie coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain


Input: [Question] What are alternate blood pathways in case one branch is cut or blocked by a clot, provided by anastomoses called? [Answer]

Output: collateral channels


Input: [Question] Where do arterial anastomoses occur? [Answer]

Output: around joints, abdominal organs, the brain and the heart


Input: [Question] What does arteriovenous anstomoses connect? [Answer]

Output: arterioles and venules


Input: [Question] What is friction encountered by blood in the systemic circulation called and what are the 3 important sources? [Answer]

Output: peripheral resistance; blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter


Input: [Question] What is the internal resistance to flow that exists in all fluids and is related to the thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid? [Answer]

Output: blood viscosity


Input: [Question] How is blood's peripheral resistance influenced by vessel length? [Answer]

Output: longer veins make for more resistance


Input: [Question] How is blood flow related to the peripheral resistance in the systemic circulation? [Answer]

Output: inversely proportional


Input: [Question] What is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues called? [Answer]

Output: mean arterial pressure (MAP) and it is roughly equal to the diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure


Input: [Question] In what 3 ways do veins adapt to venous return to overcome low pressure? [Answer]

Output: respiratory pump-breathing which squeezes veins & forces blood toward heart;muscular pump-as skeletal muscles surrounding deep veins contract/relax, they 'milk' blood toward heart;layer of smooth muscle around veins that constricts under SNS control


Input: [Question] Cardiac output (CO) is equal to Stroke volume times what? [Answer]

Output: heart rate


Input: [Question] What is normal CO (cardiac output)? [Answer]

Output: 5.0 to 5.5 L/minute


Input: [Question] What is usually in charge of heart rate? [Answer]

Output: cardioinhibitory center in the medulla


Input: [Question] What nerves maintain the resting heart rate? [Answer]

Output: parasympathetic vagus nerves


Input: [Question] What controls the heart's stroke volume during 'resting' periods? [Answer]

Output: venous return (end diastolic volume)


Input: [Question] During stress, which center take over, activating the sympathetic nervous system and increasing both heart rate (by acting on SA node) and stroke volume (by enhancing cardiac muscle contractility)? [Answer]

Output: cardioacceleratory center


Input: [Question] What is the neural center - the cluster of neurons in the medulla - that oversees changes in the diameter of blood vessels called? [Answer]

Output: the vasomotor center


Input: [Question] How does the cardiovascular center integrate blood pressure control? [Answer]

Output: by altering cardiac output and blood vessel diameter


Input: [Question] How is vasomotor tone achieved in the arterioles? [Answer]

Output: by impulses transmitted by the vasomotor center, along sympathetic efferents called vasomotor fibers and innervate the smooth muscle of blood vessels, (mainly arterioles)


Input: [Question] What happens in the carotid sinuses when arterial blood pressure rises? [Answer]

Output: neural receptors called baroreceptors are stretched, sending a rapid stream of impulses to vasomotor center which results in vasodilation of arterioles and veins and a decline in blood pressure


Input: [Question] What does a decline in mean arterial pressure (MAP) initiate? [Answer]

Output: reflex vasoconstriction and increases cardiac output, causing blood pressure to rise.


Input: [Question] What are regulated together so that changes in blood pressure are minimized? [Answer]

Output: peripheral resistance and cardiac output


Input: [Question] What is the function of rapidly responding barorecptors? [Answer]

Output: to protect the circulation against short-term changes in blood pressure, such as those which occur when you change your posture


Input: [Question] When do chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of the neck transmit impulses to the cardioacceleratory center, to increase cardiac output and to the vasomotor center, which causes reflex vasoconstriction? [Answer]

Output: when the oxygen content or pH of the blood drops sharply or the CO2 levels rise


Input: [Question] What are the 2 most prominent chemoreceptors located close by the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch? [Answer]

Output: carotid and aortic bodies


Input: [Question] Where are reflexes that regulate blood pressure found? [Answer]

Output: integrated in the medulla of the brain stem


Input: [Question] Hormones that affect blood pressure are: [Answer]

Output: Adrenal medulla hormones - norepinephrine and epinephrine; atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ADH(vasopressin); angiotensin II


Input: [Question] What mechanisms are a long term control of blood pressure? [Answer]

Output: renal mechanisms


Input: [Question] How does the direct renal mechanism alter blood volume? dependently or independently of hormones [Answer]

Output: independently


Input: [Question] How does the indirect renal mechanism (renin-angiotensin mechanism) alter blood volume? [Answer]

Output: kidneys release renin into blood which triggers a series of reactions that produce angiotensin II which increasing peripheral resistance via its potent vasoconstriction properties


Input: [Question] How does aldosterone affect blood pressure? [Answer]

Output: enhances renal reabsorption of sodium and prods posterior pitutiary to release ADH, which promotes more water reabsorption, causing both blood volume and blood pressure to rise


Input: [Question] What is hypotension? [Answer]

Output: low blood pressure - systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg


Input: [Question] What is orthostatic hypotension? [Answer]

Output: temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when suddenly arising


Input: [Question] What can chronic hypotension be a sign of? [Answer]

Output: Addison's disease; hypothyroidism, or severe tissue wasting. Can be an important signs of circulatory shock


Input: [Question] What is hypertension and who is likely to have it? [Answer]

Output: high BP; obese people due to more total length of their blood vessels


Input: [Question] What can happen in cases of prolonged hypertension? [Answer]

Output: heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke


Input: [Question] What factors can contribute to hypertension? [Answer]

Output: diet; obesity; age (over 40); diabetes mellitus; heredity; stress; smoking


Input: [Question] How can primary hypertension be controlled? [Answer]

Output: by restricting salt, fat, and cholesterol intake, losing weight, stopping smoking, managing stress, and antihypertensive drugs (diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.


Input: [Question] What is the function of tissue perfusion? [Answer]

Output: delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from, tissue cells, gas exchange in the lungs; absorption of nutrients from digestive tract; urine formation in the kidneys


Input: [Question] What percent of blood flow does the following receive when the body is at rest: brain heart kidneys abdominal organs skeletal muscles [Answer]

Output: brain - 13% heart - 4% kidneys - 20% abdominal organs - 24% skeletal muscles - 20%


Input: [Question] What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system in ruling blood vessel diameter? [Answer]

Output: vasoconstriction


Input: [Question] What is the primary role in causing vasodilation? [Answer]

Output: Nitrous oxide


Input: [Question] What potent vasoconstrictor is released by the endothelium? [Answer]

Output: endothelins


Input: [Question] What is the dramatically increased blood flow into a tissue that occurs after the blood supply to the area has been temporarily blocked? [Answer]

Output: reactive hyperemia


Input: [Question] What are 1)metabolic and 2)myogenic factors that determine the final autoregulatory response of a tissue? [Answer]

Output: chemical and physical


Input: [Question] What is the phenomenon called that is particularly common in the heart when a coronary vessel is partially occluded where the number of blood vessels in the region increases and existing vessels enlarge? [Answer]

Output: angiogenesis


Input: [Question] When muscles becomes active, blood flow increases in direct proportion to their greater metabolic activity and is known as what? [Answer]

Output: active or exercise hyperemia


Input: [Question] What organ in the the body is the most metabolically active but the least able to store essential nutrients? [Answer]

Output: the brain


Input: [Question] What is the usual result of pressures over 160 mm Hg, which dramatically increases brain capillary permeability? [Answer]

Output: cerebral edema


Input: [Question] What 3 functions does blood flowing thru the skin provide/ [Answer]

Output: 1) supplies nutrients to the cells 2) aids in body temp regulation 3) provides a blood reservoir


Input: [Question] What does low pulmonary oxygen levels in the pulmonary circulation system cause? [Answer]

Output: vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels)


Input: [Question] The blood flow thru capillary networks is slow and intermittent and is known as what? [Answer]

Output: vasomotion


Input: [Question] What is the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall? [Answer]

Output: hydrostatic pressure


Input: [Question] Hydrostatic pressure is the same as? [Answer]

Output: capillary blood pressure


Input: [Question] What is the process of forcing fluids thru the capillary walls via capillary hydrostatic pressure? [Answer]

Output: filtration


Input: [Question] What is the force opposing a hydrostatic pressure, created by the presence in a fluid of large nondiffusible molecules such as plasma proteins, called? [Answer]

Output: colloid osmotic pressure


Input: [Question] What is the condition called in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally resulting in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs? [Answer]

Output: circulatory shock


Input: [Question] What is the most common form of circulatory shock, resulting from large scale loss of blood, as in hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea or extensive burns? [Answer]

Output: hypovolemic shock


Input: [Question] What occurs when the heart is so inefficient that it cant sustain adequate circulation, usually caused by myocardial damage, such as heart attack? [Answer]

Output: cardiogenic shock


Input: [Question] What is the most common cause of sudden cardiovascular death in men in their early 40s and 50s? [Answer]

Output: hypertension


Input: [Question] All systemic arteries branch from where? [Answer]

Output: The aorta


Input: [Question] Where does blood pass to after first moving thru pulmonary circuit and systemic veins? [Answer]

Output: systemic arteries


Input: [Question] Blood is carried away from the heart by what? [Answer]

Output: arteries


Input: [Question] Blood is brought toward the heart by what? [Answer]

Output: veins


Input: [Question] What carries blood to tissue cells and are exchange sites? [Answer]

Output: capillaries


Input: [Question] All blood vessels except what have three layers: [Answer]

Output: capillaries


Input: [Question] Where are elastic (conducting) arteries that expand during systole and act as pressure reservoirs found? [Answer]

Output: close to the heart


Input: [Question] What carries blood to specific organs, are less stretchy and more active in vasoconstriction? [Answer]

Output: muscular (distributing) arteries


Input: [Question] What regulates blood flow into capillary beds? [Answer]

Output: arterioles


Input: [Question] What is a degenerative vascular disease that decreases the elasticity of arteries? [Answer]

Output: arteriosclerosis


Input: [Question] What is the formation of fatty subendothelial lesions called? [Answer]

Output: atherosclerosis


Input: [Question] What is found on capillaries and aid in the exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid? [Answer]

Output: clefts


Input: [Question] What are the most permeable capillaries? [Answer]

Output: sinusoids (wide, tortuous channels)


Input: [Question] What are the 2nd most permeable capillaries? [Answer]

Output: fenestrated capillaries


Input: [Question] What are the least permeable capillaries and why? [Answer]

Output: continuous capillaries, which lack pores


Input: [Question] What do vascular shunts connect? [Answer]

Output: terminal arteriole and venule at opposite ends of a capillary bed


Input: [Question] Where do most true capillaries arise from? [Answer]

Output: the shunt channels


Input: [Question] What regulates the amount of blood flowing into the true capillaries? [Answer]

Output: precapillary sphincters


Input: [Question] How do veins serve as blood reservoirs? [Answer]

Output: They are usually only partially filled


Input: [Question] What is the joining together of arteries to provide alternate channels for blood to reach the same organ called? [Answer]

Output: anastomosis


Input: [Question] Where do vascular anastomoses form? [Answer]

Output: between veins and between arterioles and venules


Input: [Question] Where is systemic blood pressure highest and lowest? [Answer]

Output: highest - aorta lowest - venae cavae


Input: [Question] Where is the steepest drop in BP? [Answer]

Output: in the arterioles, where resistance is greatest


Input: [Question] What does arterial blood pressure depend on? [Answer]

Output: compliance of the elastic arteries and on how much blood is forced into them


Input: [Question] When does arterial blood pressure peak? [Answer]

Output: during systole


Input: [Question] What varies directly with CO (cardiac output), peripheral resistance, and blood volume? [Answer]

Output: blood pressure


Input: [Question] How does the vasomotor center regulate blood pressure? [Answer]

Output: regulates blood vessel diameter


Input: [Question] How do kidneys regulate low bp? [Answer]

Output: releasing renin, which triggers the formation of angiotensin II (a vasconstrictor) and release of aldosterone


Input: [Question] What is the major cause of myocardial infarct, stroke, and renal disease? [Answer]

Output: hypertension


Input: [Question] What is considered chronic hypertension? [Answer]

Output: 140/90 or higher


Input: [Question] Which other 2 organs are most affected vascularly by chronic hypertension? [Answer]

Output: eyes and kidneys


Input: [Question] What are risk factors of hypertension? [Answer]

Output: high fat, high salt diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, smoking, stress, being black and having a family history


Input: [Question] What is autoregulation usually controlled by? [Answer]

Output: oxygen deficits and accumulation of local metabolites


Input: [Question] What is autoregulation in the brain controlled by? [Answer]

Output: primarily by a drop in pH and by myogenic mechanisms


Input: [Question] How do water soluble substances move across capillary walls? [Answer]

Output: thru clefts or fenestrations


Input: [Question] Where do fat-soluble substances pass thru the capillary wall? [Answer]

Output: through the lipid portion of the endothelial cell membrane


Input: [Question] How are larger molecules transported through capillary walls? [Answer]

Output: actively transported via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae


Input: [Question] What collects the small net loss of fluid and protein into the interstitial space and returns it to the cardiovascular system? [Answer]

Output: the lymphatic vessels


Input: [Question] What occurs when blood perfusion of body tissues is inadequate? [Answer]

Output: circulatory shock


Input: [Question] What do most cases of shock reflect? [Answer]

Output: low blood volume (hypovolemic shock), abnormal vasodilation (vascular shock), pump failure (cardiogenic shock)


Input: [Question] Which circulation system transports oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide rich blood to the lungs for oxygenation and carbon dioxide unloading? [Answer]

Output: pulmonary circulation


Input: [Question] Which circulation system transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all body tissues via the aorta and its branches? [Answer]

Output: systemic circulation


Input: [Question] Which veins tend to have numerous interconnections? [Answer]

Output: superficial veins


Input: [Question] What does the dural sinuses and the hepatic portal circulation have in common? [Answer]

Output: They are both venous drainage patterns


Input: [Question] Where does the fetal vasculature develop from? [Answer]

Output: embryonic blood islands and mesenchyme


Input: [Question] By which week is the fetal vasculature functioning? [Answer]

Output: the 4th week


Input: [Question] What happens to the pulmonary and hepatic shunts and special umbilical vessels shortly after birth? [Answer]

Output: they are occluded


Input: [Answer] smallest unit of life [Question]

Output: cell


Input: [Answer] organic molecule that is the building block of protein [Question]

Output: amino acids


Input: [Answer] organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used by living things as an energy source [Question]

Output: carbohydrates


Input: [Answer] bilipd layer that encloses the cytoplasm, essential to cell's cytoplasm [Question]

Output: cell membrane


Input: [Answer] principle that states all organisms are made of one or more cells that are derived from other cells [Question]

Output: cell theory


Input: [Answer] carb that is the main structural component of cell wall [Question]

Output: cellulose


Input: [Answer] membrane bound cavity in plant cells used for storage [Question]

Output: central vacuole


Input: [Answer] rod shaped organelle that help move chromosomes during cell division [Question]

Output: centriole


Input: [Answer] cellular structure in which genes are located [Question]

Output: chromosome


Input: [Answer] in cells, tightlly packed rows of short flagella used for movement [Question]

Output: cilia


Input: [Answer] fibrous structural protein present in all multicellular organisms, particulary in connective tissue [Question]

Output: collagen


Input: [Answer] the material between the cell membraane and the nuclear membrane [Question]

Output: cytoplasm


Input: [Answer] deoxyribonucleic acid-nucleic acid that stores hereditary info [Question]

Output: DNA


Input: [Answer] cell membrane in the cytoplasm that transports materials made by the cell [Question]

Output: ER


Input: [Answer] protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction [Question]

Output: enzymes


Input: [Answer] complex cell that has nucleus enclosed by a membrane [Question]

Output: eukaryotic


Input: [Answer] whiplike structure that grows out of a cell and enables it to move [Question]

Output: flagella


Input: [Answer] polymemr of glucose used for short term enegy storage [Question]

Output: glycogen


Input: [Answer] cell organelle of a euk. cell that consists of flattened sacs and collects, packages, and distributes molecules produced by the cell [Question]

Output: golgi apparatus


Input: [Answer] cell organelle of a euk. cell containing hydrolytic, digestive enzymes [Question]

Output: lysosome


Input: [Answer] hollow protein fiber in the cytoplasm of a euk. cell involved in cell movement and structure. [Question]

Output: microtubule


Input: [Answer] cell organelle of a euk. cell that supplies the cell with ATP by preforming oxydative respiration [Question]

Output: mitochondrion


Input: [Answer] double membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus [Question]

Output: nuclear membrane


Input: [Answer] organic molecule that stores info for cell function, DNA or RNA [Question]

Output: nucleic acid


Input: [Answer] the organelle that houses the DNA of a euk. cell [Question]

Output: nucleus


Input: [Answer] subcellular structure that has a special function [Question]

Output: organelle


Input: [Answer] chain of amino acids [Question]

Output: polypeptide


Input: [Answer] complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides [Question]

Output: polysaccharide


Input: [Answer] cell without a nucleus [Question]

Output: prokaryote


Input: [Answer] organic compound formed of one or more chains of polypeptide [Question]

Output: protein


Input: [Answer] cytoplasmic organelle on which proteins are synthesized [Question]

Output: ribosome


Input: [Answer] a type of nucleic acid that participates in the expression of genes [Question]

Output: RNA


Input: [Answer] fat that caontains no c=c bonds [Question]

Output: saturated fat


Input: [Answer] a storage form of glucose consisting of hundreds of glucose molecules [Question]

Output: starch


Input: [Answer] a class of lipids that includes cholesterol and some hormones [Question]

Output: steriod


Input: [Answer] fat that contains c=c bonds [Question]

Output: unsaturated fat


Input: [Answer] membrane enclosed sac in cell's interior [Question]

Output: vesicle


Input: [Question] The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste is prepared for elimination. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients more readily available to the body. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Acessory Organs [Answer]

Output: Tongue, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Teeth, Liver, Pancreas


Input: [Question] Alimentary Canal [Answer]

Output: Esophagus, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Mouth, Pharynx


Input: [Question] Dentin anchors the tooth in place. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Cystic fibrosis may significantly impair the activity of the liver. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Another term for swallowing is deglutination. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph [Answer]

Output: Absorption


Input: [Question] The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow. [Answer]

Output: False


Input: [Question] Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube [Answer]

Output: Peristalsis


Input: [Question] The first teeth are called deciduous teeth. [Answer]

Output: True


Input: [Question] Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into substances that can be absorbed [Answer]

Output: Digestion


Input: [Question] Enzymatic breakdown of any food molecule [Answer]

Output: Hydrolysis


Input: [Question] The plicae circularis and the intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall? [Answer]

Output: Mucosa


Input: [Question] Hepatocytes do not: [Answer]

Output: Produce Digestive Enzymes


Input: [Question] The solutes contained in the saliva include: [Answer]

Output: Electrolytes, digestive, enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA


Input: [Question] The structure that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the: [Answer]

Output: Intestinal Crypts


Input: [Question] The capillaries that nurish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the [Answer]

Output: Lamina Propia


Input: [Question] Which of the following enzymes are specific for proteins? [Answer]

Output: Trypsin


Input: [Question] Short-chain tryglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? [Answer]

Output: Lipase


Input: [Question] Chief Cells? [Answer]

Output: are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands.


Input: [Question] Pancreatic amylase does not get into the small intestine via the: [Answer]

Output: Cystic Duct


Input: [Question] Parietal cells of the stomach produce: [Answer]

Output: HCL, Hydrochloric acid


Input: [Question] The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the ______ canal. [Answer]

Output: Alimentary


Input: [Question] Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall= [Answer]

Output: Mesentary


Input: [Question] Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption= [Answer]

Output: Villi


Input: [Question] large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine [Answer]

Output: Peyer's patches


Input: [Question] Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine= [Answer]

Output: Circular Folds


Input: [Question] 2 regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically= [Answer]

Output: Oral Cavity and stomach


Input: [Question] Mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing= [Answer]

Output: Tongue


Input: [Question] Conduit for both air and food= [Answer]

Output: Pharynx


Input: [Question] Three structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum= [Answer]

Output: Greater Omentum, lesser omentum, and mesentery


Input: [Question] The "gullet"; no digestive/absorptive function= [Answer]

Output: Esophagus


Input: [Question] Folds of the gastric mucosa= [Answer]

Output: Rugae


Input: [Question] Sacculations of the large intestine= [Answer]

Output: Haustra


Input: [Question] Projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell= [Answer]

Output: Microvilli


Input: [Question] Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines= [Answer]

Output: ileocecal valve


Input: [Question] Primary region of food and water absorption= [Answer]

Output: Small Intestine


Input: [Question] Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth= [Answer]

Output: Frenulum


Input: [Question] Absorbs water and forms feces= [Answer]

Output: Large Intestine


Input: [Question] Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks= [Answer]

Output: Vestibule


Input: [Question] Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum= [Answer]

Output: Appendix


Input: [Question] Initiates protein digestion= [Answer]

Output: Stomach


Input: [Question] Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach= [Answer]

Output: Lesser Omentum


Input: [Question] Organ distal to the stomach= [Answer]

Output: Small Intestine


Input: [Question] Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum= [Answer]

Output: Pyloric Valve


Input: [Question] Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= [Answer]

Output: Soft Palate


Input: [Question] Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass= [Answer]

Output: Small Intestine


Input: [Question] Serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall= [Answer]

Output: Parietal Peritoneum


Input: [Question] Principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms= [Answer]

Output: Large Intestine


Input: [Question] Region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body= [Answer]

Output: Anus


Input: [Question] Bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= [Answer]

Output: Hard Palate


Input: [Question] visible portion of the tooth in situ= [Answer]

Output: Clinical Crown


Input: [Question] material covering the tooth root= [Answer]

Output: Cementum


Input: [Question] hardest substance in the body= [Answer]

Output: Enamel


Input: [Question] attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures= [Answer]

Output: peridontal ligament


Input: [Question] portion of the tooth embedded in bone= [Answer]

Output: root


Input: [Question] forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone= [Answer]

Output: dentin


Input: [Question] produces the dentin= [Answer]

Output: odontoblast


Input: [Question] site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics= [Answer]

Output: pulp


Input: [Question] entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel= [Answer]

Output: anatomical crown


Input: [Question] produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine= [Answer]

Output: duodenal glands


Input: [Question] produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth= [Answer]

Output: salivary glands


Input: [Question] produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum= [Answer]

Output: pancreas


Input: [Question] produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct= [Answer]

Output: liver


Input: [Question] produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen= [Answer]

Output: gastric glands


Input: [Question] found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice= [Answer]

Output: intestinal crypts


Input: [Question] Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? [Answer]

Output: parotid


Input: [Question] Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? Lining the [Answer]

Output: Sinusoid Walls or Sinusoids


Input: [Question] The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells-those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? The ________ cells. [Answer]

Output: Acinar


Input: [Question] In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is ___(1)___ ; the number of permanent teeth is ___(2)___. [Answer]

Output: In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is 20; the number of permanent teeth is 32.


Input: [Question] Identify the subdivisions of the mucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? [Answer]

Output: The subdivisions are the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The major functions are absorbtion and secretion.


Input: [Question] Identify the subdivisions of the submucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? [Answer]

Output: There are no subdivisions. The major functions are to provide a vascular supply for mucosa and protection.


Input: [Question] Identify the subdivisions of the muscularis externa (if applicable). What are the major functions? [Answer]

Output: The subdivisions are the circular layer and the longitudinal layer. The functions are churning, mixing, and propulsion of food along the tract.


Input: [Question] Identify the subdivisions of the serosa or adventitia (if applicable). What are the major functions? [Answer]

Output: There are no subdivisions. The functions are protection and anchoring for adventitia and reduction of friction for abdominal organs by serosa.


Input: [Question] How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified and how does this modification relate to the function of the stomach? [Answer]

Output: It has a third (obliquely oriented) muscle layer. Vigorous churning activity occurs here.


Input: [Question] What transition in epithelium type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? How do the epithelia of these two organs relate to their specific functions? [Answer]

Output: Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach).


Input: [Question] Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine. [Answer]

Output: The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal.


Input: [Question] The dental formula for permanent teeth is ([2,1,2,3]/[2,1,2,3]) x 2 = 32. Explain what this means and provide the dental formula for deciduous teeth. [Answer]

Output: There are two incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each jaw (upper and lower) from the medial line posteriorly.


Input: [Question] What teeth are the "wisdom teeth"? [Answer]

Output: The number 3 (most posterior) molars.


Input: [Question] What is the role of the gallbladder? [Answer]

Output: To store and concentrate bile made by the liver.


Input: [Question] Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver? [Answer]

Output: Branch of the bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein.


Input: [Question] What is the function of Kupffer cells of the liver? [Answer]

Output: Phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells.


Input: [Question] Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? [Answer]

Output: Because it is a blood reservoir.


Input: [Question] increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product= [Answer]

Output: catalyst


Input: [Question] provides a standard of comparison for test results= [Answer]

Output: control


Input: [Question] biologic catalyst: protein in nature= [Answer]

Output: enzyme


Input: [Question] substance on which a catalyst works= [Answer]

Output: substrate


Input: [Question] Name the end products of digestion for proteins: [Answer]

Output: amino acids


Input: [Question] Name the end products of digestion for carbohydrates: [Answer]

Output: simple sugars


Input: [Question] Name the end products of digestion for fats: [Answer]

Output: fatty acids and glycerol and monoglycerides


Input: [Question] List the three characteristics of enzymes. [Answer]

Output: Specificity (act on a small number of substrates), temperature specific, and pH specific.


Input: [Question] The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean? [Answer]

Output: Hydrolases break down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers.


Input: [Question] Why is bile not considered an enzyme? [Answer]

Output: Bile only physically separates the fat droplets. It does not break the molecular bonds as do the digestive enzymes.


Input: [Question] What role does bile play in fat digestion? [Answer]

Output: Emulsification of fat by bile increases the surface area for lipase activity.


Input: [Question] The three-dimensional structure of a functional protein is altered by intense hear or nonphysiological pH even though peptide bonds may not break. Such inactivation is called denaturation, and denatured enzymes are nonfunctional. Explain why. [Answer]

Output: Their three-dimensional structures and active sites are necessary for their activity. If their structures are changed, the active sites change, thus inactivating the enzyme.


Input: [Question] Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a pH that is slightly alkaline, yet the chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach is very acid. How is the proper pH for the functioning of the pancreatic-intestinal enzymes ensured? [Answer]

Output: The pancreas delivers its enzymes to the small intestine in an alkaline-rich fluid.


Input: [Question] What conclusions can you draw when an experimental sample gives both a positive starch test and a positive maltose test? [Answer]

Output: Starch digestion is partial (incomplete).


Input: [Question] Assume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 or 6 minutes. How would you expect its taste to change during this interval? Why? [Answer]

Output: The bread would begin to taste sweet because starch is broken down to glucose by amylase.


Input: [Question] What is the mechanism of absorption for fatty acids and glycerol, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? [Answer]

Output: The mechanism is by diffusion and it results in their movement into some blood capillaries but mostly lymph capillaries.


Input: [Question] What is the mechanism of absorption for Amino acids, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? [Answer]

Output: The mechanism is by active transport and results in their movement into the blood capillaries.


Input: [Question] What is the mechanism of absorbtion of water, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? [Answer]

Output: The mechanism is by osmosis (diffusion) and results in their movement into blood capillaries.


Input: [Question] What is the mechanism of absorption for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? [Answer]

Output: The mechanism is by active transport for sodium and calcium and by diffusion for chloride and all are moved into the blood capillaries.


Input: [Question] People on a strict diet to lose weight begin to metabolize stored fats at an accelerated rate. How does this condition affect blood pH? [Answer]

Output: It would become acidic (decreased pH).


Input: [Question] Define Language [Answer]

Output: Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (such as words or gestural signs) in rule-based ways to create meaning


Input: [Question] 4 Levels of Language- Define Phonemes [Answer]

Output: Categories of sounds our vocal apparatus produces


Input: [Question] 4 Levels of Language- Define Morphemes [Answer]

Output: Smallest meaningful units of speech


Input: [Question] 4 Levels of Language- Define Syntax [Answer]

Output: Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings


Input: [Question] 4 Levels of Language-Syntax- Define Dialects [Answer]

Output: language variations used by groups of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background


Input: [Question] 4 Levels of Language- Define Extralinguistic Information [Answer]

Output: Elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning


Input: [Question] Food By Analogy- Explain the meaning of the 4 Levels [Answer]

Output: (1) Phonemes=Ingredients, (2) Morphemes=Food, (3) Syntax=Menu/Courses, (4) Extralinguistic Info=Dining Experience


Input: [Question] Arbitrariness & Exceptions-Define Phonesthemes [Answer]

Output: Groups of words that start with the same sound in a non-random way


Input: [Question] Kid Speak- Define Holophrases [Answer]

Output: One word takes the place of many (ex. "Doggie!"=There is a dog!


Input: [Question] Theories of Language Development- Define Imitation Account [Answer]

Output: Babies learn by hearing people speak


Input: [Question] Theories of Language Development- Define Nativist Account [Answer]

Output: Children are born knowing how language works


Input: [Question] Theories of Language Development- Define Social Pragmatics Account [Answer]

Output: Children use context to infer topic of conversation, word meaning


Input: [Question] Theories of Language Development- Define General Cognitive Processing Account [Answer]

Output: Language isn't special; just one of many many things babies develop as the brain develops


Input: [Question] Calorie [Answer]

Output: The quantity of heat raises the temperature of 1 g of pure water.


Input: [Question] Calorimeter [Answer]

Output: An apparatus for measuring heat changes.


Input: [Question] Calorimetry [Answer]

Output: The measurement of heat changes.


Input: [Question] Chemical Potential Energy [Answer]

Output: Energy stored within the structural units of units of chemical substances.


Input: [Question] Energy [Answer]

Output: The capacity for doing work; it exists in several forms, including chemical, nuclear, electrical, radiant, mechanical, and thermal energies.


Input: [Question] Endothermic Process [Answer]

Output: Heat absorbing process.


Input: [Question] Exothermic Process [Answer]

Output: A heating dissipating process.


Input: [Question] Enthalpy [Answer]

Output: The amount of heat that a substance has at a given temperature and pressure.


Input: [Question] Heat [Answer]

Output: The energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a temperature difference.


Input: [Question] Heat Capacity [Answer]

Output: The quantity of heat required to change an object's temperature by exactly 1 degree of C.


Input: [Question] Heat of Combustion [Answer]

Output: The heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction in which one mole of a substance is completely burned.


Input: [Question] Heat of Reaction [Answer]

Output: The heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction; equivalent to H, the change in enthalpy.


Input: [Question] Hess's Law of Heat Summation [Answer]

Output: In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular sec of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place or in a series of steps.


Input: [Question] Joule [Answer]

Output: The SI unit of energy; 4.184 joules equal 1.000 calorie.


Input: [Question] Law of Conservation of Energy [Answer]

Output: Energy is neither created or destroyed in an ordinary chemical or physical process.


Input: [Question] Molar Heat of Fusion [Answer]

Output: The energy, in kilojoules, required to melt one mole of a solid.


Input: [Question] Molar Heat of Vaporation [Answer]

Output: The energy, in kilojoules, required to vaporize one mole of a liquid.


Input: [Question] Specific Heat Capacity [Answer]

Output: The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of the substance 1 degree C and is measured in J/(g x 6 degrees C)


Input: [Question] Standard Heat of Formation [Answer]

Output: The change in enthalpy (H) for a reaction in which one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements.


Input: [Question] Surroundings [Answer]

Output: The remainder of the universe that is outside the system.


Input: [Question] System [Answer]

Output: Any part of the universe that attention is focused on.


Input: [Question] Thermochemical Equation [Answer]

Output: A chemical equation that includes the amount of heat produced or absorbed during the reaction.


Input: [Question] Thermochemistry [Answer]

Output: The study of heat changes in chemical reactions.


Input: [Question] Universe [Answer]

Output: The totality of all existing things.


Input: [Word] break-of-bulk point [Definition]

Output: a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible


Input: [Word] bulk-gaining industry [Definition]

Output: makes something that gains volume or weight during production


Input: [Word] bulk-reducing industry [Definition]

Output: an economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs


Input: [Word] cottage industry [Definition]

Output: home-based manufacturing


Input: [Word] fordist [Definition]

Output: form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly


Input: [Word] Industrial Revolution [Definition]

Output: a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods


Input: [Word] labor-intensive industry [Definition]

Output: an industry in which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses


Input: [Word] Maquiladora [Definition]

Output: factories built by the U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico


Input: [Word] New international division of labor [Definition]

Output: transfer of some types of jobs, especially the ones with lower pay and skill from MDC to LDC


Input: [Word] Post-Fordist [Definition]

Output: adoption by companies of more flexible work rules


Input: [Word] Right-to-work state [Definition]

Output: a U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negociating a contract that requires a worker to join a union as a condition of employment


Input: [Word] site factors [Definition]

Output: location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land labor and capital


Input: [Word] situation factors [Definition]

Output: location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory


Input: [Word] textile [Definition]

Output: a fabric made by weaving, used to make clothing


Input: [Word] trading bloc [Definition]

Output: a group of neighboring countrys that agree to trade with one another and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs


Input: [Question] cell [Answer]

Output: smallest unit of life


Input: [Question] amino acids [Answer]

Output: organic molecule that is the building block of protein


Input: [Question] carbohydrates [Answer]

Output: organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used by living things as an energy source


Input: [Question] cell membrane [Answer]

Output: bilipd layer that encloses the cytoplasm, essential to cell's cytoplasm


Input: [Question] cell theory [Answer]

Output: principle that states all organisms are made of one or more cells that are derived from other cells


Input: [Question] cellulose [Answer]

Output: carb that is the main structural component of cell wall


Input: [Question] central vacuole [Answer]

Output: membrane bound cavity in plant cells used for storage


Input: [Question] centriole [Answer]

Output: rod shaped organelle that help move chromosomes during cell division


Input: [Question] chromosome [Answer]

Output: cellular structure in which genes are located


Input: [Question] cilia [Answer]

Output: in cells, tightlly packed rows of short flagella used for movement


Input: [Question] collagen [Answer]

Output: fibrous structural protein present in all multicellular organisms, particulary in connective tissue


Input: [Question] cytoplasm [Answer]

Output: the material between the cell membraane and the nuclear membrane


Input: [Question] DNA [Answer]

Output: deoxyribonucleic acid-nucleic acid that stores hereditary info


Input: [Question] ER [Answer]

Output: cell membrane in the cytoplasm that transports materials made by the cell


Input: [Question] enzymes [Answer]

Output: protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction


Input: [Question] eukaryotic [Answer]

Output: complex cell that has nucleus enclosed by a membrane


Input: [Question] flagella [Answer]

Output: whiplike structure that grows out of a cell and enables it to move


Input: [Question] glycogen [Answer]

Output: polymemr of glucose used for short term enegy storage


Input: [Question] golgi apparatus [Answer]

Output: cell organelle of a euk. cell that consists of flattened sacs and collects, packages, and distributes molecules produced by the cell


Input: [Question] lysosome [Answer]

Output: cell organelle of a euk. cell containing hydrolytic, digestive enzymes


Input: [Question] microtubule [Answer]

Output: hollow protein fiber in the cytoplasm of a euk. cell involved in cell movement and structure.


Input: [Question] mitochondrion [Answer]

Output: cell organelle of a euk. cell that supplies the cell with ATP by preforming oxydative respiration


Input: [Question] nuclear membrane [Answer]

Output: double membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus


Input: [Question] nucleic acid [Answer]

Output: organic molecule that stores info for cell function, DNA or RNA


Input: [Question] nucleus [Answer]

Output: the organelle that houses the DNA of a euk. cell


Input: [Question] organelle [Answer]

Output: subcellular structure that has a special function


Input: [Question] polypeptide [Answer]

Output: chain of amino acids


Input: [Question] polysaccharide [Answer]

Output: complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides


Input: [Question] prokaryote [Answer]

Output: cell without a nucleus


Input: [Question] protein [Answer]

Output: organic compound formed of one or more chains of polypeptide


Input: [Question] ribosome [Answer]

Output: cytoplasmic organelle on which proteins are synthesized


Input: [Question] RNA [Answer]

Output: a type of nucleic acid that participates in the expression of genes


Input: [Question] saturated fat [Answer]

Output: fat that caontains no c=c bonds


Input: [Question] starch [Answer]

Output: a storage form of glucose consisting of hundreds of glucose molecules


Input: [Question] steriod [Answer]

Output: a class of lipids that includes cholesterol and some hormones


Input: [Question] unsaturated fat [Answer]

Output: fat that contains c=c bonds


Input: [Question] vesicle [Answer]

Output: membrane enclosed sac in cell's interior


Input: [Definition] a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible [Word]

Output: break-of-bulk point


Input: [Definition] makes something that gains volume or weight during production [Word]

Output: bulk-gaining industry


Input: [Definition] an economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs [Word]

Output: bulk-reducing industry


Input: [Definition] home-based manufacturing [Word]

Output: cottage industry


Input: [Definition] form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly [Word]

Output: fordist


Input: [Definition] a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods [Word]

Output: Industrial Revolution


Input: [Definition] an industry in which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses [Word]

Output: labor-intensive industry


Input: [Definition] factories built by the U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico [Word]

Output: Maquiladora


Input: [Definition] transfer of some types of jobs, especially the ones with lower pay and skill from MDC to LDC [Word]

Output: New international division of labor


Input: [Definition] adoption by companies of more flexible work rules [Word]

Output: Post-Fordist


Input: [Definition] a U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negociating a contract that requires a worker to join a union as a condition of employment [Word]

Output: Right-to-work state


Input: [Definition] location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land labor and capital [Word]

Output: site factors


Input: [Definition] location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory [Word]

Output: situation factors


Input: [Definition] a fabric made by weaving, used to make clothing [Word]

Output: textile


Input: [Definition] a group of neighboring countrys that agree to trade with one another and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs [Word]

Output: trading bloc


Input: [Question] Ranking [Answer]

Output: The process of putting things into a position on an ordinal scale in relation to others.


Input: [Question] Criteria [Answer]

Output: The standards used in making an evaluation of alternatives.


Input: [Question] Revenue [Answer]

Output: Price times the quantity.


Input: [Question] Best Practices [Answer]

Output: The "best ways'' to do something to lead to success.


Input: [Question] Quality Business [Answer]

Output: A business that tries to meet its costumers' needs through a process of continuous improvements.


Input: [Question] Job responsibilities [Answer]

Output: The specific tasks and duties associated with a particular job.


Input: [Question] Promissory Note [Answer]

Output: A promise to repay a loan within a certain time period.


Input: [Question] Selling Price [Answer]

Output: The amount of money a buyer pays and a seller receives for the purchase of a unit of a good or service.


Input: [Question] Inventory [Answer]

Output: Goods that a business has in stock to sell.


Input: [Question] Advertising [Answer]

Output: A way of persuading people to want goods or services.


Input: [Question] Internship [Answer]

Output: A short-term, career-related work experiences for students, with or without pay.


Input: [Question] Job-Shadow [Answer]

Output: To follow a worker who is preforming job duties.


Input: [answer] stiulated emission [question]

Output: the process that occurs when an exited atom is stuck by one photon and emists two photons


Input: [answer] violet [question]

Output: color of visible light with the highest frequency


Input: [answer] Max Planck [question]

Output: German scientist who showed tht the energy of an electromgnetic wave is irectly related to the wave's freuency


Input: [answer] microwaves [question]

Output: waves commonly used for radar, satellite communications, and heating food items


Input: [answer] radar [question]

Output: a device that uss reflected electromagnetic waves to measure the istance and direction of faraway objects


Input: [answer] time dilaton [question]

Output: the apparent slowing down of time (from the perspective of an outside observer) for an object traveling at newr-light speed


Input: [answer] refraction [question]

Output: the bending of light rays when they cross a boundary between two mediums


Input: [answer] fiber optics [question]

Output: the technique of transmitting light through narrow glasslike "wires" used for communications


Input: [answer] theory of relativity [question]

Output: states that all motion is relative to some reference point and that the speed of light is constant in relation to an observer


Input: [answer] red [question]

Output: the color of visible light with the lowest frequency


Input: [answer] visible spectrum [question]

Output: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet


Input: [answer] electromagnetic spectrum [question]

Output: an arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic radioation in order of frequency and wavelength


Input: [answer] Theodore H. Maiman [question]

Output: American scientist who constructed the first laser


Input: [answer] radio waves [question]

Output: low-frequency waves widely used for communicaton


Input: [answer] hologra [question]

Output: a three dimensional image produced by laser light


Input: [answer] cherent [question]

Output: light in which all the waves are "in step"


Input: [answer] particles [question]

Output: light acts like _____ when interacting with matter


Input: [answer] X-rays [question]

Output: high frequency electromagnetic aves used in meicine, dentistry, andin airport security to "see" inside solid objects


Input: [answer] white [question]

Output: a combination of all the colors of light mixed together is perceived as this


Input: [answer] Wihelm Roentgen [question]

Output: German scientist who discovered X-rays


Input: [answer] C [question]

Output: the speed of light in a vacuum


Input: [answer] photons [question]

Output: light is descrimed as consisting of tiny bundles or "packest" of energy. these travel as the electromagnetic waves


Input: [answer] particles theory of light [question]

Output: states that light canbe pictured as streams of tiny particles emitted by light sources


Input: [answer] reflection [question]

Output: the boncing of light rays off a surface so that they continue in a different direction


Input: [answer] coherent, intence, monochromatic [question]

Output: properties of laser light


Input: [answer] James Clerk Maxwell [question]

Output: Scottish scientist ho discovered that light consists of electromagnetic waves


Input: [answer] rainbow [question]

Output: visible spectrum produced in the sky by falling randrops


Input: [answer] laser [question]

Output: light amplification by stimulated emission of rdiation


Input: [answer] red, green, blue [question]

Output: the thre additve primary colors of light


Input: [answer] UVB [question]

Output: the type of ultraviolet radiation that causes suntas and sunburn


Input: [answer] Heirich Hertz [question]

Output: Germa scientist who first studied radio waves in the laboratory


Input: [answer] iridescence [question]

Output: an array of many colors caused by the nterference of light waves often seen on the surface of soap bubbles and thin films of oil


Input: [answer] diffraction [question]

Output: the spreading out of light waves aa result of passing though a narrow gap


Input: [answer] nanometer [question]

Output: one billionth of a meter


Input: [answer] black [question]

Output: the absence of all colors flight is perceived as this


Input: [answer] lens [question]

Output: a piece of glass or other substance secifically designed to refract light


Input: [answer] quantum thory of light [question]

Output: state that light has characteristics of both particles and waves


Input: [answer] ultraviolet rays [question]

Output: electromagnetic waves responsible for tanning and subnburn


Input: [answer] monochromatic [question]

Output: light that consists of only one frequency


Input: [answer] Aristotle [question]

Output: Greek philosopher who taught that pure white lit contains no color


Input: [answer] polarized [question]

Output: a beam of light containing wae that all vibrate in the same direction


Input: [answer] mirage [question]

Output: an example is an illusion of "water" covering a hot highway i the distane in the summer


Input: [answer] Christian Huyges [question]

Output: Dutch scientist who first proposed the wave theory of light


Input: [answer] cyan, magenta, and yellow [question]

Output: the hree subtractive primary colors of piment


Input: [answer] convex [question]

Output: a lens that is thickeer in the middle than at the edges, causes light rays to be concentrated and obectto appear magnified


Input: [answer] infrared waves [question]

Output: electromagnetic wavs sometimes referred to as "heat waves"


Input: [answer] Albert Einstein [question]

Output: Jewish scientist who redited stimulated emission and fomulated the theory of relativity


Input: [answer] interference [question]

Output: the mtual reinforcement or cancellation of two light waves


Input: [answer] Gamma rays [question]

Output: the most powerful and penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation


Input: [answer] Isaac Newton [question]

Output: English scientist who discovered that white light is a combination of various other colors and frequencies of light; proposed the particles theory of light in his book Optiks


Input: [answer] visible lig [question]

Output: electromagneticwaves tht our eyes can perceive


Input: [answer] concave [question]

Output: a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges, causing light rays to be spreadout and objects to appear smaller


Input: [answer] approximatly 300,000 kilometers per second or 300,000 km/s: the speed of light is always constant: it is the fastest possibl speed in the universe [question]

Output: facts about the speed of light in a vacuum


Input: [Question] tall [Answer]

Output: Hight


Input: [Question] wide [Answer]

Output: width


Input: [Question] weak [Answer]

Output: weakness


Input: [Question] long [Answer]

Output: length


Input: [Question] ugly [Answer]

Output: ugliness


Input: [Question] beautiful [Answer]

Output: beauty


Input: [Term] Trading Account [Definition]

Output: The purpose of this account is to find out if the business made a gross profit or gross loss while trading


Input: [Term] Trading Period [Definition]

Output: Refers to the year the accounts are made for


Input: [Term] Gross Profit [Definition]

Output: This is the difference between sales and the cost of actual sales, if sales are greater than the cost of sales


Input: [Term] Gross Loss [Definition]

Output: This is the difference between sales and the cost of actual sales, if the sales are less than the cost of sales


Input: [Term] Net Sales [Definition]

Output: True value of sales, i.e. sales less sales returns


Input: [Term] Net Purchases [Definition]

Output: True value of purchases, i.e. purchases less purchases returns


Input: [Term] Sales [Definition]

Output: The goods sold by the business


Input: [Term] Purchases [Definition]

Output: The goods bought by the business, which they intend to sell


Input: [Term] Sales Returns [Definition]

Output: The goods that were returned to the business, sometimes known as returns inwards


Input: [Term] Purchases Returns [Definition]

Output: The goods returned by the business to its suppliers, also known as returns outwards


Input: [Term] Customs Duty [Definition]

Output: The tax or duty paid on goods imported from non-EU countries, also known as import duty


Input: [Term] Import Duty [Definition]

Output: Another name for Customs Duty


Input: [Term] Carriage Inwards [Definition]

Output: The cost of collection of goods purchased from the supplier


Input: [Term] Cost of Sales [Definition]

Output: The figure subtracted from net sales to get Gross Profit (or Loss)


Input: [Term] Opening Stock [Definition]

Output: The stock left over from the previous years' trading, is known as this at the start of the next trading period


Input: [Term] Closing Stock [Definition]

Output: The stock left at the end of the Trading Period. This figure is calculated by stock-taking.


Input: [Question] Marketing communications mix (promotion mix) [Answer]

Output: The specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations a company uses


Input: [Question] Advertising [Answer]

Output: Any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor


Input: [Question] Sales promotion [Answer]

Output: Short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service


Input: [Question] Public relations [Answer]

Output: Building good relations with the company’s various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good “corporate image,” and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, and events


Input: [Question] Personal selling [Answer]

Output: Personal presentation by the firm’s sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships


Input: [Question] Direct marketing [Answer]

Output: Direct communications with carefully targeted individual consumers—the use of telephone, mail, fax, email, the internet, and other tools to communicate directly with specific consumers


Input: [Question] Integrated marketing communications (IMC) [Answer]

Output: The concept under which a company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products


Input: [Question] Buyer-readiness stages [Answer]

Output: The stages consumers normally pass through on their way to purchase, including awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, and purchase


Input: [Question] Personal communication channels [Answer]

Output: Channels through which two or more people communicate directly with each other, including face to face, person to audience, over the telephone, or through the mail


Input: [Question] Word-of-mouth communication [Answer]

Output: Personal communication about a product between target buyers and neighbors, friends, family members, and associates


Input: [Question] Buzz marketing [Answer]

Output: Cultivating opinion leaders and getting them to spread information about a product or service to others in their communities


Input: [Question] Nonpersonal communication channels [Answer]

Output: Media that carry messages without personal contact or feedback, including major media, atmospheres, and events


Input: [Question] Affordable method [Answer]

Output: Setting the promotion budget at the level management thinks the company can afford


Input: [Question] Percentage-of-sales method [Answer]

Output: Setting the promotion budget at a certain percentage of current or forecasted sales or as a percentage of the unit sales price


Input: [Question] Competitive-parity method [Answer]

Output: Setting the promotion budget to match competitors’ outlays


Input: [Question] Objective-and-task method [Answer]

Output: Developing the promotion budget by 1) defining specific objectives, 2) determining the tasks that must be performed to achieve these objectives, and 3) estimating the costs of performing these tasks


Input: [Question] Push strategy [Answer]

Output: A promotion strategy that calls for using the sales force and trade promotion to push the product through channels. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote to retailers, and the retailers promote to consumers


Input: [Question] Pull strategy [Answer]

Output: A promotion strategy that spends a lot on advertising and promotion to build up consumer demand. If successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers.


Input: [Question] What is an amendment? [Answer]

Output: A change


Input: [Question] What does it mean to impeach? [Answer]

Output: To formally accuse someone of a crime


Input: [Question] What is a precedent? [Answer]

Output: An act or decision that sets an example for others to follow


Input: [Question] What is the electoral college? [Answer]

Output: A group of electors from each state that meets every 4 years to officially elect a president


Input: [Question] What is the cabinet? [Answer]

Output: A group of department heads who serve as the President's chief advisers


Input: [Question] What is a veto? [Answer]

Output: A rejection


Input: [Question] What is the job of the executive branch? [Answer]

Output: To enforce laws


Input: [Question] What is the job of the legislative branch? [Answer]

Output: To make the laws


Input: [Question] What is the job of the Judicial branch? [Answer]

Output: To interpret the laws


Input: [Question] What is justice? [Answer]

Output: Fair treatment and rightness


Input: [Question] What is checks and balances? [Answer]

Output: A system so each branch has equal power


Input: [Question] What does it mean if something is unconstitutional? [Answer]

Output: It's against the constitution


Input: [Question] What is a bill? [Answer]

Output: A proposed law


Input: [Question] What is the bill of rights? [Answer]

Output: Amendments 1-10 in the US constitution


Input: [Question] How does a bill become a law? [Answer]

Output: 1. A bill is introduced in both houses of Congress 2. The committee votes on the bill 3. The bill is passed by a majority of members in both houses of Congress 4. If both houses pass the bill, it's sent to the President 5The president signs and passes


Input: [Question] What are the requirements to be President? [Answer]

Output: You have to be a natural born citizen, 35 years of age, and must have lived in the US for 14 years


Input: [Question] What is the Whiskey Rebellion and why was it important? [Answer]

Output: It was a tax on whiskey by the government and farmers refused, so Washington sent Militia men to show the point that he would not back own and that laws and taxes were important


Input: [Question] What are the 5 rights of the 1st amendment? [Answer]

Output: Freedom of... Religion Assembly Press Petition Speech


Input: [Question] sociology [Answer]

Output: the systematic study of human society


Input: [Question] manifest functions [Answer]

Output: the recognized and intended consequences of a social structure or institution in society


Input: [Question] latent functions [Answer]

Output: the unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social structure or institution in society


Input: [Question] social dysfunction [Answer]

Output: any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society


Input: [Question] variable [Answer]

Output: a concept whose value changes from case to case


Input: [Question] correlation [Answer]

Output: a relationship in which two or more variables changes together


Input: [Question] cause and effect [Answer]

Output: a relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable cause change in another (the dependent variable)


Input: [Question] culture [Answer]

Output: the way of thinking, the way of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life


Input: [Question] society [Answer]

Output: people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture


Input: [Question] values [Answer]

Output: culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living


Input: [Question] beliefs [Answer]

Output: specific statements that people hold to be true


Input: [Question] norms [Answer]

Output: rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members


Input: [Question] mores [Answer]

Output: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance


Input: [Question] folkways [Answer]

Output: norms for routine or casual interaction


Input: [Question] technology [Answer]

Output: knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings


Input: [Question] socialization [Answer]

Output: the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learns culture


Input: [Question] personality [Answer]

Output: a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling


Input: [Question] id [Answer]

Output: Freud's term for the human being's basic drives


Input: [Question] ego [Answer]

Output: Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society


Input: [Question] superego [Answer]

Output: Freud's term for cultural values and norms internalized by an individual


Input: [Question] sensorimotor stage [Answer]

Output: Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses


Input: [Question] preoperational stage [Answer]

Output: Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols


Input: [Question] concrete operational stage [Answer]

Output: Piaget's term for the level of of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings


Input: [Question] formal operational stage [Answer]

Output: Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically


Input: [Question] self [Answer]

Output: George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image


Input: [Question] looking-glass self [Answer]

Output: Charles Horton Cooley's term of self-image based on how we think other sees us


Input: [Question] significant others [Answer]

Output: people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization


Input: [Question] generalized other [Answer]

Output: Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as reference in evaluating ourselves


Input: [Question] peer group [Answer]

Output: the social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common


Input: [Question] total institution [Answer]

Output: a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff


Input: [Question] resocialization [Answer]

Output: radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling their environment


Input: [Question] social interaction [Answer]

Output: the process by which people act and react in relation to others


Input: [Question] status [Answer]

Output: a social position that a person a holds


Input: [Question] status set [Answer]

Output: all the statuses a person hold at a given time


Input: [Question] ascribed status [Answer]

Output: a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life


Input: [Question] achieved status [Answer]

Output: a social position a person takes on voluntary that reflects personal ability and effort


Input: [Question] master status [Answer]

Output: a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life


Input: [Question] role [Answer]

Output: behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status


Input: [Question] role set [Answer]

Output: a number of roles attached to a single status


Input: [Question] role conflict [Answer]

Output: conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses


Input: [Question] role strain [Answer]

Output: tension among the roles connected to a single status


Input: [Question] social construction of reality [Answer]

Output: the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction


Input: [Question] Thomas theorem [Answer]

Output: W.I. Thomas' statement that situations define as real are real in their consequences


Input: [Question] personal space [Answer]

Output: the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy


Input: [Question] social group [Answer]

Output: two or more people who identify and interact with one another


Input: [Question] primary group [Answer]

Output: small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships


Input: [Question] secondary group [Answer]

Output: a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity


Input: [Question] dyad [Answer]

Output: a social group with two members


Input: [Question] formal organization [Answer]

Output: a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently


Input: [Question] organizational environment [Answer]

Output: factors outside an organization that affect its operation


Input: [Question] bureaucratic ritualism [Answer]

Output: a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals


Input: [Question] sex [Answer]

Output: the biological distinction between females and males


Input: [Question] primary sex characteristics [Answer]

Output: the genitals, organs used for reproduction


Input: [Question] secondary sex characteristics [Answer]

Output: bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males


Input: [Question] sexual orientation [Answer]

Output: a person' romantic and emotional attraction to another person


Input: [Question] pornography [Answer]

Output: sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal


Input: [Question] deviance [Answer]

Output: the recognized violation of cultural norms


Input: [Question] crime [Answer]

Output: the violation of society's formally enacted criminal law


Input: [Question] social control [Answer]

Output: attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior


Input: [Question] criminal justice system [Answer]

Output: a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law


Input: [Question] labeling theory [Answer]

Output: the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much form what people do as form how others respond to those actions


Input: [Question] stigma [Answer]

Output: a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity


Input: [Question] crimes against the person [Answer]

Output: (violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others


Input: [Question] retribution [Answer]

Output: an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime


Input: [Question] deterrance [Answer]

Output: the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment


Input: [Question] rehabilitation [Answer]

Output: a program for reforming the offender to prent later offenses


Input: [Question] societal protection [Answer]

Output: rendering an offender incapable of further offense temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution


Input: [Question] criminal recidivism [Answer]

Output: later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes


Input: [Answer] triglycerides and cholesterol [Question]

Output: what are the two forms of lipids in the blood


Input: [Answer] specialized lipid carrying proteins [Question]

Output: what are apolipoproteins


Input: [Answer] combo of triglyderides or cholesterol with apolipoprotein [Question]

Output: what is lipoprotein


Input: [Answer] VLDL- very low density lipoproteins LDL- low density HDL- high density [Question]

Output: what are the types of lipoproteins


Input: [Answer] recycle cholesterol and is the good cholesterol [Question]

Output: what does HDL do


Input: [Answer] >300mg/dl 3-4x greater than <200mg/dl [Question]

Output: what level of cholesterol makes someone risk for CHD


Input: [Answer] male 45+, female 55+, family hx, smoker, BP 140/90+, HDL <40 [Question]

Output: What are positive risk factors for CHD


Input: [Answer] high HDL >60 [Question]

Output: what are negative risk factors (beneficial)


Input: [Answer] lower lipid levels, adjunct to diet therapy [Question]

Output: What do antilipemic drugs do


Input: [Answer] 6 months and then fail [Question]

Output: how long should non-drug means of lowering lipid levels be attempted before drug therapy


Input: [Answer] HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors(HMGs or statins) bile acid sequestrants Niacin Fibric acid derivitives (fibrates) Cholesterol absorption inhibitor (Zetia) Combination drugs (Vytorin) [Question]

Output: What are the classes of antilipemics (6)


Input: [Answer] inhibit HMG-CoA reductase which is used by liver to produce cholesterol, block liver from producing cholesterol, first line drugs [Question]

Output: How do HMGs or statin reduce lipids


Input: [Answer] myopathy, muscle pain which can lead to rhabdomyolysis(destroyed muscle cells) [Question]

Output: What is an adverse affect for statins


Input: [Answer] cholestyramine(Questran) colestipol hydrocholoride(Colestid) colesevelam(tablet form) [Question]

Output: What are the bile acid sequestrants


Input: [Answer] bile acids are necessary for absorption of cholesterol, they gather up bile and prevent reabsorption of bile acids from sm. intestine [Question]

Output: how do bile acids sequestrants work


Input: [Answer] natural way liver excretes cholesterol, the more bile acids excreted in feces, more the liver converts cholesterol to bile acids. reduces chol. in liver [Question]

Output: Bile acids reduce cholesterol how


Input: [Answer] mgmt of type II hyperlipoproteinemia and alongside statins [Question]

Output: What are the indications of bile acids


Input: [Answer] constipation, heartburn, N, bleching, bloating [Question]

Output: what are adverse affects of bile acid sequestrants


Input: [Answer] vitamin B3, need lg doses to lower cholesterol [Question]

Output: What vitamin is Niacin


Input: [Answer] lowers triglycerides, total serum cholesterol and LDL levels and incr HDL. Reduce metabolism/catabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol [Question]

Output: how is niacin affective in lowering cholesterol


Input: [Answer] flushing, pruritis, GI distress, can take NSAIDs 30 min before, take weeks to work [Question]

Output: what are adverse affects of niacin


Input: [Answer] gemfibrozil(Lopid), fenofibrate(Tricor) [Question]

Output: What are two fibric acid derivatives


Input: [Answer] decr triglycerides, incr HDL 25%, suppress release of free fatty acids from adipose [Question]

Output: what is the mechanism of action for fibric acid derivatives


Input: [Answer] blurred vision..."fiber in your eyes", constipation esp. Clofibrate so incr fiber in diet [Question]

Output: what are adverse affects of fibric acid derivatives


Input: [Answer] Zetia [Question]

Output: What is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor


Input: [Answer] garlic, flax, Omega 3, interactions with Warfarin [Question]

Output: what are some herbal products that help lower cholesterol


Input: [spelling words 1/28] toll [Use word in a sentence]

Output: I have to pay a toll on that highway.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] faucet [Use word in a sentence]

Output: Turn off the faucet. It is dripping.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] boyhood [Use word in a sentence]

Output: His boyhood was a time when he was young.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] choice [Use word in a sentence]

Output: Make a choice between ordering a hambuger or a hotdog.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] dawn [Use word in a sentence]

Output: Dawn is the time in the morning that the sun is rising.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] awful [Use word in a sentence]

Output: That medicine tastes awful!


Input: [spelling words 1/28] flaw [Use word in a sentence]

Output: There is a flaw in the sewing of his shirt.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] allow [Use word in a sentence]

Output: My mom will not allow me to walk to school.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] spoon [Use word in a sentence]

Output: I eat ice cream with a spoon.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] royal [Use word in a sentence]

Output: The King and Queen are royal.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] browse [Use word in a sentence]

Output: I browse through the coupons and ads in the newspaper.


Input: [spelling words 1/28] laundry [Use word in a sentence]

Output: I sort the clothes before I do the laundry.


Input: [Answer] Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (such as words or gestural signs) in rule-based ways to create meaning [Question]

Output: Define Language


Input: [Answer] Categories of sounds our vocal apparatus produces [Question]

Output: 4 Levels of Language- Define Phonemes


Input: [Answer] Smallest meaningful units of speech [Question]

Output: 4 Levels of Language- Define Morphemes


Input: [Answer] Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings [Question]

Output: 4 Levels of Language- Define Syntax


Input: [Answer] language variations used by groups of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background [Question]

Output: 4 Levels of Language-Syntax- Define Dialects


Input: [Answer] Elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning [Question]

Output: 4 Levels of Language- Define Extralinguistic Information


Input: [Answer] (1) Phonemes=Ingredients, (2) Morphemes=Food, (3) Syntax=Menu/Courses, (4) Extralinguistic Info=Dining Experience [Question]

Output: Food By Analogy- Explain the meaning of the 4 Levels


Input: [Answer] Groups of words that start with the same sound in a non-random way [Question]

Output: Arbitrariness & Exceptions-Define Phonesthemes


Input: [Answer] One word takes the place of many (ex. "Doggie!"=There is a dog! [Question]

Output: Kid Speak- Define Holophrases


Input: [Answer] Babies learn by hearing people speak [Question]

Output: Theories of Language Development- Define Imitation Account


Input: [Answer] Children are born knowing how language works [Question]

Output: Theories of Language Development- Define Nativist Account


Input: [Answer] Children use context to infer topic of conversation, word meaning [Question]

Output: Theories of Language Development- Define Social Pragmatics Account


Input: [Answer] Language isn't special; just one of many many things babies develop as the brain develops [Question]

Output: Theories of Language Development- Define General Cognitive Processing Account


Input: [Definitions] The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. [Words]

Output: Agricultural density


Input: [Definitions] The total number of people divided by the total land area. [Words]

Output: Arithmetic density


Input: [Definitions] An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States. [Words]

Output: Base line


Input: [Definitions] The science of making maps. [Words]

Output: Cartography


Input: [Definitions] The spread of something over a given area. Concentric zone model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. [Words]

Output: Concentration


Input: [Definitions] Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. [Words]

Output: Connections


Input: [Definitions] The rapid, widespread diffusionfeature or trend throughout a population. [Words]

Output: Contagious diffusion


Input: [Definitions] Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships. [Words]

Output: Cultural ecology


Input: [Definitions] Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. [Words]

Output: Cultural landscape


Input: [Definitions] The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition. [Words]

Output: Culture


Input: [Definitions] The frequency With which something exists within a given unit of area. [Words]

Output: Density


Input: [Definitions] The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. [Words]

Output: Diffusion


Input: [Definitions] The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. [Words]

Output: Distance decay


Input: [Definitions] Distribution [Words]

Output: Distribution


Input: [Definitions] A 19th early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities. [Words]

Output: Environmental determinism


Input: [Definitions] The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. [Words]

Output: Expansion diffusion


Input: [Definitions] (or uniform or homogeneous region) An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics. [Words]

Output: Formal region


Input: [Definitions] An area organized around a node or focal point. [Words]

Output: Functional (or nodal) region


Input: [Definitions] A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. [Words]

Output: GIS


Input: [Definitions] A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers. [Words]

Output: Global Positioning System (GPS)


Input: [Definitions] Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. [Words]

Output: Globalization


Input: [Definitions] The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude. [Words]

Output: Greenvich Mean Time


Input: [Definitions] The region from which innovative ideas originate. [Words]

Output: Hearth


Input: [Definitions] A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. [Words]

Output: Hierarchical religion


Input: [Definitions] An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. [Words]

Output: International Date Line


Input: [Definitions] A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. [Words]

Output: Land Ordinance of 1785


Input: [Definitions] The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0°). [Words]

Output: Latitude


Input: [Definitions] The position of anything on Earth's surface. [Words]

Output: Location


Input: [Definitions] The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian(0°). [Words]

Output: Longitude


Input: [Definitions] A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. [Words]

Output: Map


Input: [Definitions] An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. [Words]

Output: Mental map


Input: [Definitions] An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles. [Words]

Output: Meridian


Input: [Definitions] circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians. [Words]

Output: Parallel


Input: [Definitions] Pattern [Words]

Output: Pattern


Input: [Definitions] The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. [Words]

Output: Physiological density


Input: [Definitions] A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. [Words]

Output: Place


Input: [Definitions] Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area. [Words]

Output: Polder


Input: [Definitions] The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. [Words]

Output: Possibilism


Input: [Definitions] A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States. [Words]

Output: Principal meridian


Input: [Definitions] The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. [Words]

Output: Projection


Input: [Definitions] An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. [Words]

Output: Region


Input: [Definitions] An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area. [Words]

Output: Regional (or cultural landscape) studies


Input: [Definitions] The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. [Words]

Output: Relocation diffusion


Input: [Definitions] The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. [Words]

Output: Remote sensing


Input: [Definitions] A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. [Words]

Output: Resource


Input: [Definitions] Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. [Words]

Output: Scale


Input: [Definitions] A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections. [Words]

Output: Section


Input: [Definitions] The physical character of a place [Words]

Output: Site


Input: [Definitions] The location of a place relative to other places. Situation factors Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. [Words]

Output: Situation


Input: [Definitions] The physical gap or interval between two objects. [Words]

Output: Space


Input: [Definitions] The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems. [Words]

Output: Space-time compression


Input: [Definitions] The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. [Words]

Output: Stimulus diffusion


Input: [Definitions] The name given to a portion of Earth's' surface. [Words]

Output: Toponym


Input: [Definitions] A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships. [Words]

Output: Township


Input: [Definitions] A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. [Words]

Output: Transnational corporation


Input: [Definitions] The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy. [Words]

Output: Uneven development


Input: [Definitions] An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity. [Words]

Output: Venacular region (or perceptual region)


Input: [Definitions] Human-induced changes on the natural environment. [Words]

Output: Anthropogenic


Input: [Definitions] Theory and practice of making visual representations of the earth's surface in the form of maps. [Words]

Output: Cartography


Input: [Definitions] The study of the interactions between societies and the nat-ural environments they live in. Cultural landscape The human-modified natural landscape specifically con¬taining the imprint of a particular culture or society. [Words]

Output: Cultural ecology


Input: [Definitions] Systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between the earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale. [Words]

Output: Earth system science


Input: [Definitions] The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa. [Words]

Output: Environmental geography


Input: [Definitions] The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate com¬putation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography." [Words]

Output: Eratosthenes


Input: [Definitions] Name given to crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretch-ing from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 800 [Words]

Output: Fertile Crescent


Input: [Definitions] A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic data. [Words]

Output: Geographical Information Systems


Input: [Definitions] A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on the earth's surface with a portable electronic device. [Words]

Output: Global Positioning System


Input: [Definitions] Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place. [Words]

Output: Idiographic


Input: [Definitions] Inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his clas¬sic work, Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions. [Words]

Output: George Perkins Marsh


Input: [Definitions] The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. [Words]

Output: Natural landscape


Input: [Definitions] Concepts or rules that can be applied universally. [Words]

Output: Nomothetic


Input: [Definitions] He claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition. [Words]

Output: W. D. Pattison (think of Robert Pattinson, how his family has distinct traditions)


Input: [Definitions] The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface. [Words]

Output: Physical geography


Input: [Definitions] Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude. [Words]

Output: Ptolemy


Input: [Definitions] Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geog-raphy, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the inter¬pretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives. [Words]

Output: Qualitative data


Input: [Definitions] Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. [Words]

Output: Quantitative data


Input: [Definitions] A period in human geography associated with the widespread adoption of mathematical models and statistical techniques. [Words]

Output: Quantitative revolution


Input: [Definitions] A territory that encompasses many places that share similar attributes (may be physical, cultural, or both) in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere. [Words]

Output: Region


Input: [Definitions] Regional geography [Words]

Output: Regional geography


Input: [Definitions] Observation and mathematical measurement of the earth's surface using aircraft and satellites. The sensors include both photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images. [Words]

Output: Remote sensing


Input: [Definitions] he defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental un graphical analysis.This landscape results from interaction between & the physical environment. Argued that virtually no land escaped alteration by human activities. [Words]

Output: Carl Sauer (Geographer from University of California)


Input: [Definitions] Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place. [Words]

Output: Sense of place


Input: [Definitions] An intellectual framework that looks at the locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is , and, finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other place [Words]

Output: Spatial perspective


Input: [Definitions] The concept of using the earth's resources in such they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishing ability to provide for future generations. [Words]

Output: Sustainability


Input: [Definitions] The study of the earth's integrated systems instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place. [Words]

Output: Systematic geography


Input: [Definitions] Individual maps of specific features that are of another in a Geographical Information System to understand spatial relationship. [Words]

Output: Thematic layers


Input: [Definitions] The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer. [Words]

Output: Absolute distance


Input: [Definitions] The exact position of an object or place, measured witl the spatial coordinates of a grid system. [Words]

Output: Absolute location


Input: [Definitions] The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place. [Words]

Output: Accessibility


Input: [Definitions] A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface. [Words]

Output: Azimuthal projection