Input: [Question] PIDGIN SIGNED ENGLISH (PSE) [Answer]

Output: a term often used to refer to signing that occurs when deaf people and people who are not deaf interact; PSE uses ASL vocabulary in English word order. This is also sometimes referred to as contact signing.


Input: [Question] REGISTRY OF INTERPRETERS FOR THE DEAF (RID) [Answer]

Output: a national professional organization and certifying body for interpreters and those interested in the sign language interpreting profession. RID has affiliate chapters in each state.


Input: [Question] REPETITIVE MOTION DISORDERS, REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY [Answer]

Output: a general term for several conditions that can result from using a set of muscles repeatedly or incorrectly, especially resulting from repetitive movements of the hands and arms; repetitive motion disorders are potential job hazards for sign language inte


Input: [Question] SIGNING EXACT ENGLISH (SEE 2) [Answer]

Output: a manual code for representing spoken English that follows English grammar and uses invented or modified signs to represent English vocabulary; SEE was developed in an effort to improve Deaf students' English language skills.


Input: [Question] SIGN-TO-VOICE INTERPRETING (S-V) [Answer]

Output: interpreting from a signed language into a spoken language.


Input: [Question] SOURCE LANGUAGE [Answer]

Output: the language in which the original message is conveyed.


Input: [Question] TARGET LANGUAGE [Answer]

Output: the language in which the interpreted message is conveyed.


Input: [Question] TRANSLITERATE [Answer]

Output: the act of changing a message from one form of a language to another form of the same language; in the field of sign language interpreting, this most commonly refers to changing spoken English into a visual form of English (see Manually Coded English, Pid


Input: [Question] TRANSLITERATOR [Answer]

Output: a technical term use to refer to those who transliterate; transliterators are commonly referred to more generically as interpreters.


Input: [Question] VOICE-TO-SIGN INTERPRETING (V-S) [Answer]

Output: interpreting from a spoken language into a signed language.


Input: [Question] Interpretation [Answer]

Output: the re-expression in one language of a message originally delivered in another language in such a way that the interpretation is clear, unambiguous, and immediately comprehnesible so that the listener or viewer does not have to re-interpret mentally. The


Input: [Question] Minimal Language Competency Interpreting [Answer]

Output: Persons who have inadequate education, lack of exposure to any language or for other reasons are not competent in any language. They use neither ASL nor English fluently. They may use "home signs".It is common to use props, gestures, pictures and a Deaf i


Input: [Question] Classifiers [Answer]

Output: Classifiers are signs that are used to represent general categories or "classes" of things. They can be used to describe the size and shape of an object (or person). They can be used to represent the object itself, or the way the object moves or relates t


Input: [Question] deaf [Answer]

Output: The condition of partially or completely lacking in the sense of hearing to the extent that one cannot understand speech for everyday communication purposes. (For example, you can't hear well enough to use the phone on a consis


Input: [Question] Deaf [Answer]

Output: refers to embracing the cultural norms, beliefs, and values of the Deaf Community. The term "Deaf" should be capitalized when it is used as a shortened reference to being a member of the Deaf Community.Example: He is Deaf. (Mean


Input: [Question] Non-manual markers [Answer]

Output: Non-manual markers are facial expressions and body movements. Non-manual markers are used to inflect signs. That means to change, influence, or emphasize the meaning of a sign or signed phrase. For example, when asking a question that can be answered w


Input: [Question] Pathology of Deafness [Answer]

Output: Pathology (in general) is the study of disease. Deaf people don't consider themselves to have a disease or problem.


Input: [Question] Abstract classifiers [Answer]

Output: classifiers that are smaller than life size, the shape and movement of which does not necessarily have iconic features.


Input: [Question] Abstract language [Answer]

Output: generic and lacking in specificity.


Input: [Question] Accessibility [Answer]

Output: modifications to building design, program delivery, or forms of communicatin which will allow Deaf and disabled individuals to gain access to services provided by an institution or agency.


Input: [Question] Adventitious deafness [Answer]

Output: to become deaf at some point after birth.


Input: [Question] Affect [Answer]

Output: refers to emotions or feelings.


Input: [Question] A-Language (L1) [Answer]

Output: one's first language, usually the language your parents speak although this is not always the case, also known as mother tongue or native language.


Input: [Question] Ambivalence [Answer]

Output: having both negative and positive feelings about something; common reaction of members of the oppressed group who have both postive and negative feelings about themselves and the minority group they are affiliated with.


Input: [Question] Anglicized ASL [Answer]

Output: a form of signing which blends ASL with English-based signs; a contact variety more closely affiliated with ASL than English.


Input: [Question] Anglophone [Answer]

Output: a person who uses English-based communication, as compared to French-based communication (common term in Canada for English-speaking people).


Input: [Question] Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada (AVLIC) [Answer]

Output: the national professional association and certifying body of sign lanugage interpreters in Canada.


Input: [Question] Audism [Answer]

Output: an attitude based on pathological thinking that results in a negative stigma toward anyone who does not hear; it judges labels, and limits individuals on the basis of whether a person hears and speaks.


Input: [Question] Auditory feedback loop [Answer]

Output: the channel through which hearing people hear (and monitor) their own voice as they speak.


Input: [Question] Aural-Oral languages [Answer]

Output: languages based on a structured set of linguistic rules in which the communication is based on sound; spoken languages throughout the world fall into this category.


Input: [Question] Benefactors are perfect [Answer]

Output: an idea frequently held by members of marginalized groups that members of the oppressor group are somehow super-beings, also refered to as "magical thinking"


Input: [Question] Bicultural [Answer]

Output: refers to an individual who has knowledge about two cultures, and who has developed socially appropriate behaviors necessary to fit in each of the two cultures.


Input: [Question] Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) [Answer]

Output: a philosophy of interpreting based on the belief that effective interpretation requires cultural and linguistic mediation in order to accomplish speaker goals and maintain dynamic equivalence; based on the recognition of Deaf people as members of an oppre


Input: [Question] Bilingual-Bicultural education (bi-bi) [Answer]

Output: an approach which stresses ASL as the instructional language for all subjects except English, with an ultimate goal of developing competency in both English and ASL; students study ASL, Deaf culture, Deaf heritage/history, and Deaf studies.


Input: [Question] B-Language (L2) [Answer]

Output: refers to one's second language, one acquired by living in a country where that language is spoken, by interacting frequently with people using that language or by studying the language formally.


Input: [Question] Certificate of Interpretation (COI) [Answer]

Output: the professional certificate awarded by AVLIC to individulas who successfully complete both a knowledge and skills assessment.


Input: [Question] C-Language [Answer]

Output: a language one can "manage" to comprehend what is spoken/signed, however the individual speaks/signs with a heavy accent, improper grammatical structure and frequent semantic errors.


Input: [Question] Clients/Consumers [Answer]

Output: a term used to refer to those for whom sign language interpreters work, includes both Deaf and hearing consumers.


Input: [Question] Cloze skills [Answer]

Output: the ability to mentally fill-in-the-blanks when part of an utterance is obscured or when the receiver does not understand a term or phrase (closure).


Input: [Question] Code of Ethics [Answer]

Output: a set of guidelines that require an individual to develop effective decision making skills, a clear sense of a person's beliefs and values, understand how society defines right/wrong, good/bad, and have the ability to apply all of this to spur of the mome


Input: [Question] Code switching [Answer]

Output: the conscious or unconscious movement from ASL into English-like signing or from English-like signing to ASL; this often occurs due to the experience of oppression common to Deaf people in Canada and the U.S.


Input: [Question] Communication dynamics [Answer]

Output: the way people in a communication interaction react to or engage with one another and to the overall interaction.


Input: [Question] Communication Facilitation Philosophy [Answer]

Output: a set of beliefs regarding Deaf individuals, ASL and communication dynamics that influences the way a person views her/his role and work as an interpreter; includes a belief of Deaf people as handicapped, ASL as a means of communicating only with less edu


Input: [Question] Communication [Answer]

Output: a continuous, transactional process involving two or more people who occupy different but overlapping environments; as they seek to share information or ideas, they create a relationship by simultaneously sending and receiving messages, some of which are


Input: [Question] Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE) [Answer]

Output: a manual code for English which combines English grammatical order with ASL signs and some invented initialized signs; choices of signs based on the intended concept or idea of the speaker.


Input: [Question] Conduit or Machine Philosophy [Answer]

Output: includes a belief of Deaf people as handicapped and needing to learn to take care of themselves; word-for-sign equivalents between signs and spoken English; and the interpreter as having no responsibity for the interaction or communication dynamics taking


Input: [Question] Conference of Interpreter Trainers (CIT) [Answer]

Output: an American organization of educators who teach interpretation; membership is international.


Input: [Question] Confidentiality [Answer]

Output: the agreement that information that takes place in a professional relationship is not to be shared with others outside of the specific setting and relationship; besed on a trust relationship between the professional and her/his clients.


Input: [Question] Congenital Deafness [Answer]

Output: to be born deaf or hard-of-hearing.


Input: [Question] Consecutive Interpretation [Answer]

Output: the process of interpreting into the target language after the speaker completes one or more ideas in the source language and pauses while the interpreter transmits that information; more accurate than simultaneous interpretion.


Input: [Question] Consultative [Answer]

Output: one of the individuals involved in the interchnage has "expert" status or an enhanced command of the topic at hand.


Input: [Question] Contact Varieties [Answer]

Output: a mixture of two languages resulting from prolonged language contact between members of different linguistic communities - includes code-switching, code-mixing, and lexical borrowing; sometimes referred to as PSE.


Input: [Question] Critical thinking skills [Answer]

Output: the ability to break the whole into its parts, to examine in detail, to look more deeply into a text and determine its nature by engaging in disciplined reasoning, inferring and deducing in order to extract the message carried "below the words/signs" or '


Input: [Question] Cultural and linguistic mediation [Answer]

Output: interpreting in such a way that information has equivalent meaning and impact for individuals with different languages and cultural schema; requires an interpreter to make cultural and liguistic expansions and reductions.


Input: [Question] Cultural expansion [Answer]

Output: providing the contextual information required to make sense out of something that is signed or said to someone without the requisite schema or experiential frame.


Input: [Question] Cultural reduction [Answer]

Output: reducing the volume and sometimes the detail of information within an interpretation without affecting the meaning intended; done to meet communication and cultural norms of the target language.


Input: [Question] Cultural view of Deaf people [Answer]

Output: accepts Deaf people as normal, capable human beings rather than as disabled, abnormal, etc.


Input: [Question] Culture [Answer]

Output: includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilites and habits acquired as a member of society; set of learned behaviors of a group of people who have their own language, values, rules of behavior, and traditions and consists


Input: [Question] Deaf view of "Deaf" [Answer]

Output: a label of pride and solidarity for those who have similar experiences, use a shared form of communication and who subscribe to Deaf cultural values, norms, and traditions.


Input: [Question] Hearing view of "Deaf" [Answer]

Output: refers to the inability to hear as compared to "normal' hearing, enerally seen as a deficit or an impairment; measured by decibels.


Input: [Question] Decibels [Answer]

Output: a unit for expressing the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from zero for the average least perceptible sound to about 130 for the average level where sound induces pain.


Input: [Question] Dependence on the "Benefactor" [Answer]

Output: when minority group members being dependent upon members of the power group for certain things they perceive they are unable to do for themselves.


Input: [Question] Discourse style [Answer]

Output: the way a language requires that information be presented in a monologue or dialogue.


Input: [Question] Dynamic equivalence [Answer]

Output: in an interpreted event, maintaining the "chemistry" between a speaker and her/his audience that allows a connection to be made and the speaker's goals to be accomplished.


Input: [Question] Empowerment of the client [Answer]

Output: behaving in a way that supports another's right to make decisions within an interpersonal interaction by vesting control in the hands of consumers rather than solely in the hands of the interpreter; avoiding the imposition of one's own opinions, advice, s


Input: [Question] Empowerment [Answer]

Output: a process of relcaiming one's own power in order to take carge of one's own life.


Input: [Question] English-based signs [Answer]

Output: a generic term used to refer to a variety of signing systems based on English structure, rather than the stucture of ASL; includes the Rochester Method, SEE1, SEE2, and CASE.


Input: [Question] Environmental factors [Answer]

Output: phenomena in the area surrounding communication that can affect the interaction, including lights, extraneous auditory or visual noise, distance from the interpreter to the speaker, distance from the interpreter to the audience, etc.


Input: [Question] Equivocal language [Answer]

Output: words, signs, or phrases that can be interpreted in more than one way; often misleading or confusing to the listener.


Input: [Question] Ethical behavior [Answer]

Output: making choices and acting in a way that respects others; grows out of a strong moral sense; requires the ability to think critically and the courage to choose to do the right thing.


Input: [Question] Ethics [Answer]

Output: behavioral standards - a set of principles that defines what is judged appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong.


Input: [Question] Ethnocentric [Answer]

Output: an attitude that one's own race or culture is superior to all others.


Input: [Question] Euphemistic language [Answer]

Output: is the use of socially acceptable terms and phrases in place of blunt, descriptive words/phrases (i.e. the "powder room").


Input: [Question] External noise [Answer]

Output: actual, physical factors that interfere with communication; includes flickering of an overhead florescent light, the squeal of a poorly connected microphone, or the incessant coughing of someone in the room.


Input: [Question] Fatalism or passivity [Answer]

Output: the tendency of members of an oppressed group to feel powerless to change or strike back at "the system"; a "go with the flow" and "don't rock the boat" attitude.


Input: [Question] Fear of freedom [Answer]

Output: a lack of determined action that might lead to true equality and empowerment based on fear and sense of inferiority that "paralyzes" oppressed individuals; this response is common among members of an oppressed group, in spite of their anger about the inju


Input: [Question] Francophone [Answer]

Output: a term used in Canada to refer to people who use French-based communication.


Input: [Question] Frozen form [Answer]

Output: information or texts that are "fixed" - written, videotaped or audio taped.


Input: [Question] Frozen linguistic register [Answer]

Output: "fixed" texts that are repeated verbatim every time used (i.e. The Lord's Prayer); meaning is found more in the actions accompanying the text than in the words themselves.


Input: [Question] Group oppression [Answer]

Output: a situation in which the dominant group denigrates members of a minority, including their self-worth, abilities, intelligence, and right to be differenct and affirmed in that difference; includes a denial of the minority groups language and opportunities


Input: [Question] Helper philosophical frame [Answer]

Output: views Deaf people as handicapped, limited, unable to fully manage their personal and business affairs; believes that Deaf people are mentally, emotionally, or experientially incapable of fully understanding the world around them; views the interpreter as


Input: [Question] HVO [Answer]

Output: High visual orientation; a term used to refer to individuals who have no language skills in ASL, LSQ, English, French, or any other language resulting from a developmental disability or because of educational or social deprivation; also called MLS or mini


Input: [Question] Horizontal hostility [Answer]

Output: the tendency of members of a minority group to turn its anger on other members of its own group; results range from barbed comments and putdowns to verbal or physical attacks and physical violence.


Input: [Question] Institutionalized oppression [Answer]

Output: attitudes taught overtly or covertly in schools, through the media, and in homes and churches that result in the denigration of a minority group's language, culture, and personhood; a result of individual and group oppression; members of the minority grou


Input: [Question] LSQ [Answer]

Output: La Langue Des Signes Quebecoise; the rule-governed language used by most Deaf people in Francophone areas of Canada; a complete and complex language, an integral part of French Canadian Deaf culture.


Input: [Question] Lag time [Answer]

Output: the time used by the interpreter to analyze a source language utterance and to make cultural and linguistic adjustments before producing an equivalent message in the target language; also called processing time.


Input: [Question] Lineage of Deaf children [Answer]

Output: 90% of all deaf children are born to hearing families who have no deafness in their immediate or extended families; this rate is higher among African Americans where the rate of hereditary deafness is lower.


Input: [Question] Linear grammar [Answer]

Output: grammatical structure of a language wherein lexical items and parts of speech are produced singularly, one at a time, in a string of single lexical units.


Input: [Question] Linguistic expansion [Answer]

Output: stating implied or "understood" information or ideas present in the source language message overtly in the interpretation when this information is required by the cultural and communication norms of the target language.


Input: [Question] Linguistic fluency [Answer]

Output: being able to manipulate a language with the finesse of a native or near-native user of the language; this includes being able to properly shift registers, dicuss technical and non-technical topics, and to "play" with the language; bicultural skills are i


Input: [Question] Linguistic reduction [Answer]

Output: reducing the volume and sometimes the detail of information present in the source language without affecting the meaning intended; done due to the linguistic norms and expectations in the target language.


Input: [Question] Linguistics [Answer]

Output: the study of languages and the structures of which they are composed.


Input: [Question] Machine Philosophy [Answer]

Output: a set of beliefs regarding Deaf individuals, ASL, and communication dynamics which influence the way a person views her/his role and work as an interpreter; includes a belief of Deaf people as handicapped and needing to learn how to take care of themselve


Input: [Question] Mentoring [Answer]

Output: an arrangement in which a more experienced interpreter "adopts" a less experienced interpreter and serving as a sounding board to review and evaluate the less-experienced interpreter's professional behavior, decision-making, and quality of interpretation.


Input: [Question] Modality [Answer]

Output: the channel through which a message is expressed, specifically spoken or signed.


Input: [Question] Multi-leveled grammar [Answer]

Output: the ability of a language to produce more than one lexical item or more than one part of speech simultaneously.


Input: [Question] Myth of the mis-guided child [Answer]

Output: a belief by members of a majority group that individuals in a particular minority group don't know what is best for them and thus require "guidance" by the majority group.


Input: [Question] Myths [Answer]

Output: traditional stories that ostensibly explain the world view of a particular group of people or that explains a practice or belief.


Input: [Question] Need for approval from marginalized group members [Answer]

Output: the expectation and need for some expression of appreciation and gratitude to the majority group from the minority group; failure to receive approval often results in a sense of victimization.


Input: [Question] Negative view of the oppressed group [Answer]

Output: stigmatization of members of the minority group because they do not measure up to standards established by the majority; the stigmatized group is marginalized - systematically shut out of opportunities that lead to inclusion and equality.


Input: [Question] Oppression [Answer]

Output: unjust or excessive exercise of power or position; results in the disenfranchisement of others.


Input: [Question] Oral deaf people [Answer]

Output: deaf indiviuals who do not use sign language, preferring to use speech and speech-reading as their primary form of communication.


Input: [Question] Oral transliteration [Answer]

Output: making spoken English visible for an oral Deaf individual; includes repeating what is being said without speech, selecting words that are most easily speech-readable and sometimes using a gesture for clarification.


Input: [Question] Oral transliterator [Answer]

Output: one who listens to a spoken English message, then rephrases that message into clearly speech-readable forms for a Deaf consumer who uses speech and speech reading as primary forms of communication.


Input: [Question] Paralinguistic elements [Answer]

Output: elements that accompany and add meaning to the expression of language; includes such things as gestures, tone of voice/size of signs, visual/vocal affect, etc.


Input: [Question] Passive voice [Answer]

Output: a type of sentence construction in which the actor performing the action indicated by the verb is not overtly identified.


Input: [Question] Paternalism and possessive consciousness [Answer]

Output: a caretaker attitude by members of the dominant group toward minority group members based on the assumption that they are unable to make appropriate decisions and need to be taken care of.


Input: [Question] Physiological noise [Answer]

Output: biological factors that interfere with communication; i.e. illness, exhaustion, hunger.


Input: [Question] Pragmatic use of language [Answer]

Output: the way a language is actually used rather than language function; helps us make sense of the language we encounter in our interactions with others and determine the meaning of the utterance within the given context.


Input: [Question] Process models of interpretation [Answer]

Output: attempts to graphically demonstrate the complex mental activities, decisions made and the factors influencing an interpretation; some models are based on formal research and others have been developed by long-time practitioners based on reflection and int


Input: [Question] Processing time [Answer]

Output: the time used by the interpreter to analyze the source language utterance and to make cultural and linguistic adjustments before producing an equivalent message in the target language (also called lag time).


Input: [Question] Professional competence [Answer]

Output: having the knowledge and skills base, as well as ethical judgment, to perform the task of a professional in a given field.


Input: [Question] Professional distance [Answer]

Output: a social, psychological and physical boundary established to insure individuals function within appropriate professional roles; protects both the professional and the client.


Input: [Question] Professionals [Answer]

Output: practioners working in a field in which they are expected to hold the interests of their clients paramount in all decisios made; have special knowledge, licensure or certification, adhere to clearly articulated set of values or code of ethics; expected to


Input: [Question] Prosody [Answer]

Output: the rhythm of a language including stress, inflection, intonation, pausing and phrasing that help listeners determine meaning and predict what the speaker will say next.


Input: [Question] Psychological noise [Answer]

Output: realities that exist in the heads of all participants in the communication environment and distract from or interferes with the communication; includes things like internal stress, personal judgements about the other participants, and random thoughts that


Input: [Question] Real world classifiers [Answer]

Output: classifiers that take on life-size proportions and sometimes look a bit like a reduced form of mime when being produced.


Input: [Question] Reciprocal signals [Answer]

Output: certain eye behaviors, head nods, verbal utterances (i.e. right, uh-huh) to indicate that one is attending and comprehending (or not) the messages being received.


Input: [Question] Reciprocity of perspectives [Answer]

Output: an assumption that the experiences and values of another group are identical to your own. Thus, if you traded places, members of the second group would come to view the world like yourself and develop concomitant values.


Input: [Question] Register [Answer]

Output: frozen, formal, consultative, informal, intimate; each register has specific characteristics and unwritten rules determining turn-taking, complexity/completeness of sentence structure; and choice of vocabulary.


Input: [Question] Residual hearing [Answer]

Output: the ability to hear to some degree or at some frequencies in spite of a partial hearing loss.


Input: [Question] Resistance to attempts for liberation [Answer]

Output: a fear on the part of members in the power group toward any attempts on the part of the oppressed group toward liberation or equality.


Input: [Question] Rochester Method [Answer]

Output: a manual code for English wherein each letter of the English alphabet is assigend a hand shape and all words communicated, with the exception of AND, are fingerspelled.


Input: [Question] Schema [Answer]

Output: an organizational or conceptual pattern in the mind; the contextual frame or "script" that helps us interpret what is happening; learned informally from our social and cultural interactions.


Input: [Question] SEE1 [Answer]

Output: Seeing Essential English; a manual code for English wherein each syllable is given a separate manual movement.


Input: [Question] Semantics [Answer]

Output: the way meaning is created by the use and inter-relationship of words, phrases and sentences; precise shades of meaning applied to words/signs in context.


Input: [Question] Sight translation [Answer]

Output: changing a message from the frozen form of one language into another signed or spoken language done on first sight, without the time normally required to prepare a formal translation.


Input: [Question] SSS [Answer]

Output: Sign Supported Speech; a broad term used to refer to a variety of English-based signing systems; compsed of invented hand movements that attempt to represent English in a manual/visual form, relying entirely upon the lexicon and syntax of English, and usu


Input: [Question] SE [Answer]

Output: Signed English; combines English grammatical order with ASL signs as well as some invented initialized signs.


Input: [Question] Sign-to-Voice [Answer]

Output: the part of the interpretation process in which the source language message is signed (ASL, LSQ or a manual form of English) and the output is spoken in English, French or another auditory language.


Input: [Question] Simultaneous communication [Answer]

Output: speaking and signing at the same time (sim-com); problems include omission of signs, semantic errors, unclear production of signs, and confused mouth markers (also called sign supported speech).


Input: [Question] Simultaneous interpretation/transliteration [Answer]

Output: the process of interpreting/transliterating into the target language/code at the same time that the source language message is being delivered.


Input: [Question] SASS [Answer]

Output: Size and Shape Specifiers; a specific subset of classifiers that function to describe various nouns; functions like English adjectives.


Input: [Question] Speaker goal [Answer]

Output: the motivating purpose behind communication; includes a variety of things such as teaching, inspiring, counseling, teasing, scolding, selling, etc.


Input: [Question] Speech-reading [Answer]

Output: a skill employed by some deaf and hh individuals to comprehend spoken communication; involves a combination of deciphering lip, cheek, and throat movements, clarifying gestures and use of closure skills to determine meaning.


Input: [Question] Stereotype [Answer]

Output: a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, affective attitude, or uncritical judgment.


Input: [Question] Support group [Answer]

Output: a small group of professional peers committed to confidentiality, growth, honesty, and integrity.


Input: [Question] TOI [Answer]

Output: Test of Interpretation; the test of interpreting skill required for certification in Canada, administered by AVLIC; must pass WTK first.


Input: [Question] Total Communication [Answer]

Output: first defined as using any means necessary to successfully communicate with a Deaf child; adopted and redefined by the education system to mean speaking and signing at the same time (sim-com)


Input: [Question] Translation [Answer]

Output: changing a message from the frozen form of one language into the frozen form of another language.


Input: [Question] Visual-gestural languages [Answer]

Output: based on a structured set of linguistic rules in which the communication base is the movement of the face and body rather than sound; sign languages throughout the world fall into this category.


Input: [Question] WTK [Answer]

Output: Written Test of Knowledge; the test of knowledge required as the first step toward certification in Canada, administered by AVLIC, does not constitute "partial certification", must pass the TOI to be certified.


Input: [Question] RID [Answer]

Output: Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf; began in 1964 at Ball State Teacher's College; created standards, testing, and ethics; certifications include CI, CT, CDI-P, CDI, SC:L, NIC, etc.


Input: [Question] Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1965 [Answer]

Output: made VR funds available to pay for interpreters.


Input: [Question] Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 [Answer]

Output: if receiving gov funding (i.e. state schools, etc.) the entity must provide accessibility and accomodations for all disabilities; this covers students, parents, and school personnel.


Input: [Question] PL94.142 [Answer]

Output: Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975; schools must accept all kids, all worthy of an education, all disabilities accepted despite of severity; started mainstreaming frenzy.


Input: [Question] Court Interpreters Act of 1978 [Answer]

Output: an interpreter must be provided if a non-native English speaker is involved in court, not disability legislation, witness testimony must be consecutive.


Input: [Question] IDEA [Answer]

Output: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act; covers kids ages 0-21; includes IFSPs and IEPs; accounts for LRE; clarified PL94.142.


Input: [Question] IEP [Answer]

Output: Individual Education Plan; the IEP team creates goals and ideas for facilitating a child's learning; mandated by law.


Input: [Question] IFSP [Answer]

Output: Individual Family Service Plan; for kids age 0-3 or 0-5, this intervention helps the child by helping earlier, recongnizes the whole family is affected by a disability.


Input: [Question] LRE [Answer]

Output: Least Restricted Environment; law assumes mainstreaming and parents are responsible to prove mainstreaming is not LRE and often lose.


Input: [Question] ADA [Answer]

Output: Americans with Disabilities Act; covers many aspects of life, unfunded mandate, required participation but no gov funds provided; ALL private and public places must comply except if the entity has less than 15 employees or can prove undue hardship; must p


Input: [Question] What is a Physical property? [Answer]

Output: can describe an object by its color,density,melting point,& boiling point.


Input: [Question] What is melting point? [Answer]

Output: temperature when a solid turns into a liquid


Input: [Question] What is boiling point? [Answer]

Output: Temperature when a liquid boils and turns into a gas.


Input: [Question] What is density? [Answer]

Output: The mass and volume of something.


Input: [Question] What is color [Answer]

Output: used to identify and object.


Input: [Question] What is a chemical property? [Answer]

Output: is when a substance reacts or don't reacts to something chemically.


Input: [Question] What is the ability to burn? [Answer]

Output: when oxygen reacts quickly to a substance to produce light and heat.


Input: [Question] What is the ability to rust? [Answer]

Output: when a substance reacts slowly to oxygen that produces rust.


Input: [Question] What is a physical change? [Answer]

Output: don't change composition of a substance,only the physical properties.


Input: [Question] What is change in state of matter? [Answer]

Output: when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.


Input: [Question] What is sublimation? [Answer]

Output: when a substance changes from a gas directly to a solid.


Input: [Question] What is change in size or shape? [Answer]

Output: when an object changes shape or size.


Input: [Question] What is color change? [Answer]

Output: when a substance changes color


Input: [Question] What is temperature change? [Answer]

Output: when temperature of a substance increases or decreases.


Input: [Question] What is formation of precipitate? [Answer]

Output: When two solutions are combined, they may form a solid substance.


Input: [Question] What is formation of gas [Answer]

Output: When solid or liquid substances are combined, they may form gas bubbles.


Input: [Definition] Explore the relationships between the brain/nervous systems and behavior [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Neuropsychologists


Input: [Definition] Left frontal lobe part controls language expression [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Broca's Area


Input: [Definition] loss of ability to speak [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: expressive aphasia


Input: [Definition] loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: receptive aphasia


Input: [Definition] precise destruction of brain tissue [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Lesions


Input: [Definition] Left temporal lobe that plays role in understanding language and making meaningful sentences [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Wernicke's Area


Input: [Definition] broad band of nervous tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres transmitting information from one side of the brain to the other [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Corpus callosum


Input: [Definition] consists of your brain and spinal cord [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Central Nervous System


Input: [Definition] Portion of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It inlcudes all of the sensory and motor neurons, and subdivisions called the autonomic and somatic nervous [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Peripheral Nervous System


Input: [Definition] subdivision of Peripheral Nervous System that includes motor nevers that innervate skeletal (voluntary) muscle [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Somatic Nervous System


Input: [Definition] subdivision of Peripheral Nervous System that includes motor nerves that innervate smooth (involuntary) or heart muscle. [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Autonomic Nervous System


Input: [Definition] Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous System whose stimulation results in responses that help the body deal with stressful events; prepares the body for "fight or flight"; running from a terrifying object or situation [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Sympathetic Nervous System


Input: [Definition] Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous System whose stimulation calms the body following sympathetic stimulation by restoring normal body processes; causes bodily changes for maintenance or rest; calming down after running from a terrifying object or situation [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Parasympathetic Nervous System


Input: [Definition] Do not have specific sensory or motor functions, but are involved in higher mental functions, such as thinking, planning, and communicating [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Association Areas


Input: [Definition] control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Contralaterality


Input: [Definition] Regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breakthing rate, digestion, vomiting [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Medulla Oblongata


Input: [Definition] Part of brainstem that includes portion of reticular activating system or reticular formation critical for arousal and wakefulness; sends information to and from medulla, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Pons


Input: [Definition] Maintains balance [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Cerebellum


Input: [Definition] Relay "station" for sensory pathways carrying visual, auditory, taste, somatosensory information to/from appropriate areas of cerebral cortex; Some nuclei involved in emotion [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Thalamus


Input: [Definition] Controls body temperature and heart rate via control of sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the medulla; drives such as thirst, hunger, sexual desire and behaviors; emotional states such as rage; helps determine biological rhythms:menstrual cycle [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Hypothalamus


Input: [Definition] Influences aggression and fear; someone scares you and your immediate reaction is to fling your arms in self defense the amygdala is at work [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Amygdala


Input: [Definition] Enables formation of new long-term memories [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Hippocampus


Input: [Definition] receives and processes sensory information and directs movement; center for higher order processes such as thinking, planning, and judgement [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Cerebral Cortex


Input: [Definition] Neurotransmitters cause the neuron on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential (to fire) [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Excitatory


Input: [Definition] Reducing or preventing neural impulses, (not likely to fire [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Inhibitory


Input: [Definition] Results in severe, irreversible brain damage unless a baby is fed a special diet low in phenylalanine within 30 days of birth; the infant lacks an enzyme to process this amino acid which can build up and posion cells of the nervous system [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Phenylketonuria (PKU)


Input: [Definition] dominant gene defect that invloves degeneration of the nervous system; symptoms involve forgetfulness, tremors, jerky motions, loss of the ability to talk, personality changes such as temper tantrums or inappropriate accusations, blindness or death [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Huntington's Disease


Input: [Definition] When one area of the brain is damaged, the brain can recognize to take over is function [Biological Bases of Behavior]

Output: Plasticity


Input: [Answer] autobiography [Question]

Output: A person's life story written by that person


Input: [Answer] biography [Question]

Output: A person's life story written by another person


Input: [Answer] drama [Question]

Output: A play; a form of literature meant to be performed by actore before an audience


Input: [Answer] fairy tale [Question]

Output: Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children


Input: [Answer] fiction [Question]

Output: An imaginary story


Input: [Answer] folk tale [Question]

Output: A simple story that has been handed down by word of mouth from one generation to another


Input: [Answer] folklore [Question]

Output: Traditions, customs, and stories that are passed along by word of mouth with a culture


Input: [Answer] genre [Question]

Output: A type of literature


Input: [Answer] legend [Question]

Output: A story handed down from the past about a specific person.


Input: [Answer] nonfiction [Question]

Output: Writing that tells about real people, places, and events.


Input: [Answer] fable [Question]

Output: Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale.


Input: [Answer] fantasy [Question]

Output: Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.


Input: [Answer] historical fiction [Question]

Output: Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.


Input: [Answer] mystery [Question]

Output: Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.


Input: [Answer] mythology [Question]

Output: Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.


Input: [Answer] poetry [Question]

Output: Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses, written in free verse or stanas


Input: [Answer] realistic fiction [Question]

Output: Story that can actually happen and is true to life.


Input: [Answer] science fiction [Question]

Output: Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.


Input: [Answer] tall tale [Question]

Output: Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.


Input: [Answer] speech [Question]

Output: Public address or discourse.


Input: [Answer] essay [Question]

Output: A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.


Input: [Answer] historical documents [Question]

Output: records of historical events


Input: [Answer] newspaper or newsmagazine [Question]

Output: A collectionof simple, unbiased reports of current events, along with editorials, reviews, and features.


Input: [Answer] an epic [Question]

Output: A narrative poem about about a legendary hero.


Input: [Answer] shory story [Question]

Output: A piece of prose fiction with usually fewer than 10,000 words


Input: [Answer] novel [Question]

Output: a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes.


Input: [Answer] novella [Question]

Output: a fictional prose narrative that is longer and more complex than a short story; a short novel.


Input: [Question] Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses? [Answer]

Output: Antibodies


Input: [Question] Jim, a college baseball player, tells you that he has started to take glutamine supplements. How would you advise him? [Answer]

Output: Since single amino acids do not occur naturally in foods, they offer no benefit to the body and may even be harmful


Input: [Question] Upon eating a hamburger, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated? [Answer]

Output: Stomach


Input: [Question] Which of the following is not considered to be a source of high-quality protein in human nutrition [Answer]

Output: Corn


Input: [Question] Which of the following is not an essential amino acid in human nutrition? [Answer]

Output: Proline


Input: [Question] What is the structure of an enzyme? [Answer]

Output: Protein


Input: [Question] Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? [Answer]

Output: The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA


Input: [Question] Which of the following is a feature of whey protein? [Answer]

Output: It is a waste product of cheese production


Input: [Question] Proteins, because they attract hydrogen ions, can act as [Answer]

Output: buffers


Input: [Question] The disease phenylketonuria is related chiefly to abnormal metabolism of [Answer]

Output: a certain amino acid


Input: [Question] In what organ is pepsin active? [Answer]

Output: Stomach


Input: [Question] Approximately what percentage of children worldwide have protein-energy malnutrition? [Answer]

Output: 25 %


Input: [Question] What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid? [Answer]

Output: Pepsin


Input: [Question] The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as [Answer]

Output: denaturation


Input: [Question] What is the name of the inactive form of the protein-splitting enzyme in the stomach? [Answer]

Output: pepsinogen


Input: [Question] Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? [Answer]

Output: 20


Input: [Question] What is the chief function of pepsin? [Answer]

Output: Cleaves proteins into small polypeptides


Input: [Question] In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique? [Answer]

Output: Nitrogen


Input: [Question] What process results in the hardening of an egg when it is exposed to heat? [Answer]

Output: Denaturation


Input: [Question] All of the following are contained in an amino acid excep [Answer]

Output: an aldehyde group


Input: [Question] Which of the following illustrates a deamination reaction? [Answer]

Output: Removal of the amino group from an amino acid


Input: [Question] Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods? [Answer]

Output: A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose


Input: [Question] Which of the following fibers is water insoluble? [Answer]

Output: Cellulose


Input: [Question] What is the primary function of insulin? [Answer]

Output: Lowers Blood Glucose Levels


Input: [Question] Which of the following is a feature of aspartame? [Answer]

Output: Two of its breakdown products include methanol and formaldehyde


Input: [Question] What is stevia [Answer]

Output: an herb derived sweetner


Input: [Question] Which of the following is not a feature of high-fiber foods? [Answer]

Output: Provide more energy per gram than processed foods


Input: [Question] How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides? [Answer]

Output: 6 atoms


Input: [Question] All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except [Answer]

Output: fish


Input: [Question] The types of atoms found in a glucose molecule include all of the following except [Answer]

Output: nitrogen


Input: [Question] Which of the following is known to correlate most strongly with reduced risk of deaths from heart disease? [Answer]

Output: High Fiber Intake


Input: [Question] What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin? [Answer]

Output: Fibers


Input: [Question] What is the chief reason that many people with lactose intolerance can consume foods containing some lactose without suffering any symptoms? [Answer]

Output: a change occurs in the GI bacteria


Input: [Answer] John Quincy Adams [Question]

Output: Monroe's secratary of state. Also defeated Jackson in 1824


Input: [Answer] Andrew Jackson [Question]

Output: Former military hero from Tennessee won the election against Adams


Input: [Answer] Jacksonian democracy [Question]

Output: Idea of spreading political power to all people and ensuring majority rule


Input: [Answer] Spoils system [Question]

Output: Practice of giving government jobs to political bankers


Input: [Answer] Sequoya [Question]

Output: Invented a writing system for the Cherokee language


Input: [Answer] Indian removal act [Question]

Output: In 1803 act called for government to negotiate treaties which would move Indians to the west


Input: [Answer] Indian territory [Question]

Output: Native Americans would be moved to areas that covered what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska


Input: [Answer] Trail of tears [Question]

Output: Th harsh journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian territory


Input: [Answer] Osceola [Question]

Output: Led the Seminoles in their fight against removal


Input: [Answer] John c Calhoun [Question]

Output: The foremost champion of state rights


Input: [Answer] Tariff of abomination [Question]

Output: The raise of tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods


Input: [Answer] Doctrine of nullification [Question]

Output: The right to nullify or reject a federal law that is considered unconstitutional


Input: [Answer] Webster-Hayne debate [Question]

Output: Debate over the doctrine of nullification happened in 1830


Input: [Answer] Daniel Webster [Question]

Output: He defended the nullification


Input: [Answer] Secession [Question]

Output: Withdrawal from the union if federal government tried to collect tariffs


Input: [Answer] Inflation [Question]

Output: A increase in prices and decrease in the value of money was the outcome


Input: [Answer] Martin Van Buren [Question]

Output: Was elected president in 1836 , he made the economy in panic


Input: [Answer] Panic of 1837 [Question]

Output: Widespread fear of the states economy


Input: [Answer] Depression [Question]

Output: Or severe economic slump also caused hardships money shortage


Input: [Answer] Whig party [Question]

Output: Named after a British party that opposed royal power


Input: [Answer] William Henry Harrison [Question]

Output: 1840 the Whigs chose him from Ohio to run for president


Input: [Answer] John Tyler [Question]

Output: And him for vice president


Input: [Answer] bold [Question]

Output: daring


Input: [Answer] airplane pilot [Question]

Output: aviator


Input: [Answer] without another person [Question]

Output: solo


Input: [Answer] area for pilot [Question]

Output: cockpit


Input: [Answer] chilly [Question]

Output: brisk


Input: [Answer] stylish [Question]

Output: elegant


Input: [Answer] direct [Question]

Output: outspoken


Input: [Answer] can describe an object by its color,density,melting point,& boiling point. [Question]

Output: What is a Physical property?


Input: [Answer] temperature when a solid turns into a liquid [Question]

Output: What is melting point?


Input: [Answer] Temperature when a liquid boils and turns into a gas. [Question]

Output: What is boiling point?


Input: [Answer] The mass and volume of something. [Question]

Output: What is density?


Input: [Answer] used to identify and object. [Question]

Output: What is color


Input: [Answer] is when a substance reacts or don't reacts to something chemically. [Question]

Output: What is a chemical property?


Input: [Answer] when oxygen reacts quickly to a substance to produce light and heat. [Question]

Output: What is the ability to burn?


Input: [Answer] when a substance reacts slowly to oxygen that produces rust. [Question]

Output: What is the ability to rust?


Input: [Answer] don't change composition of a substance,only the physical properties. [Question]

Output: What is a physical change?


Input: [Answer] when a substance changes from one state of matter to another. [Question]

Output: What is change in state of matter?


Input: [Answer] when a substance changes from a gas directly to a solid. [Question]

Output: What is sublimation?


Input: [Answer] when an object changes shape or size. [Question]

Output: What is change in size or shape?


Input: [Answer] when a substance changes color [Question]

Output: What is color change?


Input: [Answer] when temperature of a substance increases or decreases. [Question]

Output: What is temperature change?


Input: [Answer] When two solutions are combined, they may form a solid substance. [Question]

Output: What is formation of precipitate?


Input: [Answer] When solid or liquid substances are combined, they may form gas bubbles. [Question]

Output: What is formation of gas


Input: [Term] Chalcolithic [Definition]

Output: Copper and Stone Age, still in Stone Age but learn how to refine metal


Input: [Term] Corbeling [Definition]

Output: A method of covering a space with a stone vault, created by laying each row of blocks so that the blocks jut slightly inward beyond the blocks below, until the courses of masonry on the two sides of the space meet in the middle.


Input: [Term] Megalithic [Definition]

Output: Made with large stones. A term used to describe the Neolithic architecture of Britain, Ireland and northern France, where large slabs of sandstone were available and could be used to build sacred structures


Input: [Term] Paleolithic [Definition]

Output: Old Stone Age, the period when humans lived exclusively by hunting and gathering and had not domesticated any animals or plants


Input: [Term] Ain Ghazal [Definition]

Output: a Neolithic site in Jordan. Under the houses of the site, excavators discovered a number of statues made of straw and plaster and decorated with paint and shells


Input: [Term] Catal Hoyuk [Definition]

Output: : a Neolithic site in Turkey, near an active volcano. The people of this town made finely crafted stone tools and engaged in trade with other areas for materials that were not locally available, such as shell


Input: [Term] Chauvet Cave [Definition]

Output: Cave in the Ardeche region of France, site of the earliest cave paintings yet discovered, datable ca. 32,000-30,000 B.C.E. The animals represented include horses, rhinoceros, lions and cave-bears


Input: [Term] Durrington Walls [Definition]

Output: A Neolithic settlement in England near Stonehenge, with a circular plan and surrounding ditch. The buildings were evidently constructed of wood.


Input: [Term] Newgrange [Definition]

Output: Site in Ireland of a monumental Neolithic tomb.On the winter solstice, a beam of light enters through an opening above the entrance and penetrates directly into the burial chamber.


Input: [Term] Stonehenge [Definition]

Output: A megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, datable ca. 2900-1500. Built over many centuries by several different groups of people risng point summer solstice


Input: [Term] Willendorf, Austria [Definition]

Output: Site off a Paleolicthic settlement that yielded bine tools datable ca. 24,000 B.C.E. and a female figure carved from stone.


Input: [Question] What is Author's Purpose? [Answer]

Output: The author's reason for writing the selection. Always ask yourself- is the purpose to entertain, to inform, or to pursuade? Skim the selection and attempt to determine the author's purpose before you read the selection.


Input: [Question] What is Autobiography? [Answer]

Output: A story of the person's life written by the person.


Input: [Question] What is biography? [Answer]

Output: The story of a person's life written by another person.


Input: [Question] What is Characterization? [Answer]

Output: The Method an author uses to give info about the character to the reader. The methods are (1) character's apperance (2) character's actions (3) character's thoughts (4) character's conversations and (5) reactions of others towards character.


Input: [Question] What is Direct Characterzation? [Answer]

Output: When the author of the story tells the reader directly about the actions, personality, snd physical appearence of the character.


Input: [Question] What is Indirect Characterzation? [Answer]

Output: When the author doesn't directly tell the reader abut the character. Instead the reader has to infer what the character is like based on the character's thought's actions, and conversations.


Input: [Question] What is Compare and Contrast? [Answer]

Output: Compare means to show similairities and contrast means to show differences.


Input: [Question] What is the Climax? [Answer]

Output: the monment when the action of the story becomes at its highest point. This usually occurs at the end of the story right before the resolution.


Input: [Question] What is the Conclusion? [Answer]

Output: The end of the reading selection.


Input: [Question] What is the Conflict? [Answer]

Output: Struggle between opposing forces in literature.


Input: [Question] What is Character vs. Character? [Answer]

Output: aA conflict between characters such as family conflict, trouble with a bully, or diffuclties in romance. Or a character struggling against nature, or a character may also have a struggle within themself. All of those are Character vs. Character.


Input: [Question] What are Connections? [Answer]

Output: Text to text, text to world, and text to self. The reader can connect what he/she has read with something else.


Input: [Question] What is Context Clues? [Answer]

Output: Information within the reading selection that helps the reader the meaning of challenging words.


Input: [Question] What is Diolauge? [Answer]

Output: The actual words/conversation the character says to another character.


Input: [Question] What does Evaluate Mean? [Answer]

Output: To examine and judge.


Input: [Question] What does Explicit mean? [Answer]

Output: Referring to specific text that is included in the reading passage or directions.


Input: [Question] What is the Exposition? [Answer]

Output: The backround information that the author provides about the setting, plot, character, or other essential story elements.


Input: [Question] WHat is Expositionary Text? [Answer]

Output: Text written to convey and explain information about a specific topic.


Input: [Question] What is a Fable? [Answer]

Output: A narritive intended to convey a moral or lesson to the reader.


Input: [Question] What is Fact vs. Opinion? [Answer]

Output: Something that can be proven to be true, or is it just someone else's point of view?


Input: [Question] What is the falling action? [Answer]

Output: The part of the story following the climaxwhere there is a sharpdecline in dramatic tension; this occurs just before the resolution.


Input: [Question] What is fiction? [Answer]

Output: Any story that is the product of imagination rather than fact.


Input: [Question] Waht is figurative language? [Answer]

Output: Language that can not be taken literally because it was written to create a special effect.


Input: [Question] What is a flashback? [Answer]

Output: Technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incedent of an earlier time; flashback is often used to provide additional info to the reader.


Input: [Question] What is forshadowing? [Answer]

Output: Technique in which the author provides the reader with clues about events that will happen later in the story.


Input: [Question] What is generalizations? [Answer]

Output: When you make assumptions about differnet events and/or characters and apply them to new situations.


Input: [Question] What is genre? [Answer]

Output: caterogories in literature such as biography, mystery, historical, sports, and romance.


Input: [Question] What is a graphic organizer? [Answer]

Output: An orginational picture, such as Venn diagram or webbin, that helps the learner identify important elements.


Input: [Question] What is a homophone or homonym? [Answer]

Output: two or more words that are pronounced alike but have different meanings. Ex: too, to, two


Input: [Question] What is a hyperbole? [Answer]

Output: an exaggerated statement used to make a strong effect. Ex: My dog is so ugly, we have to pay people to pet him.


Input: [Question] What is imagery? [Answer]

Output: Words and phrases used specifically to help the reader to imagine each of the senses: smell, touch, sight, hearing, smell.


Input: [Question] What is an inference? [Answer]

Output: Reading between the lines. Talking what the author wrote and adding it to what you already know to make an assumpion.


Input: [Question] What is irony? [Answer]

Output: A difference between what is expected and what actually happens, 2 types, dramatic irony and situational irony.


Input: [Question] What is dramatic irony? [Answer]

Output: Occurs when there is an event that is the direct oppisite of what the reader and characters thought would happen.


Input: [Question] What is situational irony? [Answer]

Output: Occurs when there is a controdiction between what the character thinks and what the reader knows to be true.


Input: [Question] What is a metophor? [Answer]

Output: A comparison between two ulike things without eusing the words lie or as.Ex: Joe is a lion on the playing field.


Input: [Question] What is the mood? [Answer]

Output: The overall feeling created by the author's words.


Input: [Question] Who is the narrorarer? [Answer]

Output: The speaker of the story.


Input: [Question] What is nonfiction? [Answer]

Output: Writing that is true and the purpose is to inform. Nonfiction communicates knowledge about real people, events, and/or situations.


Input: [Question] What is otomatapia? [Answer]

Output: Words who sounds express the meaning.Ex: buzz, crash, hiss, boom


Input: [Question] What is an oxymoron? [Answer]

Output: Putting to controdictiary words together.Ex: jumbo shrimp, plastic glasses, terribly pleased, pretty ugly


Input: [Question] What is papaphrasing? [Answer]

Output: Restate in your own words. Includes more than just the main ideas.


Input: [Question] What is the plot? [Answer]

Output: The events that occur in the beginning of the story with the setting and ending withe the resolution.


Input: [Question] What is point of view? [Answer]

Output: Perspective from which the story is being told.


Input: [Question] What is the protagonist? [Answer]

Output: The character in the story that is the "good guy", or the one whom the author identifies.


Input: [Question] What is personification? [Answer]

Output: Giving life like characteristics to a nonliving thing.Ex. The tree shivered in the wind.


Input: [Question] What is the resolution? [Answer]

Output: Occurs at the end of the story and includes the story's action after the climax.


Input: [Question] What is the rising action? [Answer]

Output: The part of the story, including the exposition, which builds to the climax.


Input: [Question] What is a root word? [Answer]

Output: A word to which prefixes and suffixes are added.


Input: [Question] What is sequencial order? [Answer]

Output: Order in which the events in the story are presented to the reader.


Input: [Question] What is setting? [Answer]

Output: The enviornment of thime and place where the action of the story takes place.


Input: [Question] What is a simile? [Answer]

Output: A compairison between to unlike things using the words like or as.Ex. The thunder sounded like a roaring cannon.


Input: [Question] What is a suffix? [Answer]

Output: Letters placed at the end of a word to change it's meaning.


Input: [Question] What is a summary? [Answer]

Output: A concise explanation of a reading selection. The summary only contains main ideas.


Input: [Question] What are supporting detials? [Answer]

Output: Detials that support or back up the main idea of the passage.


Input: [Question] What is a symbol? [Answer]

Output: An image, object or character that stands for an idea beyond it's literal meaning.


Input: [Question] What is a synonym? [Answer]

Output: Two hat have highly or more words that have highly similar meanings.


Input: [Question] What is theme? [Answer]

Output: The underlying message of the selection that the author is trying to convey or communicate to the reader. Theme may be thought as the lesson or moral of the story.


Input: [Question] What is tone? [Answer]

Output: The clues of the story that suggest the writer's own attitude toward elements in the story.


Input: [Question] What is visulization? [Answer]

Output: The ability to "see" what you're reading.


Input: [Question] What is Voice? [Answer]

Output: The author's style, the quality that makes his or her writing unique.


Input: [Question] What is alliteration? [Answer]

Output: The repitition of beginning consonant sounds in words in a sentence.


Input: [Question] What is an antonym? [Answer]

Output: A word that is the oppisite of another word.


Input: [Question] What is an Antagonist? [Answer]

Output: Main character in opposition to the protaginist. Sometimes not a person but an obsticle such as a force of nature, socity, or inner conflict.


Input: [Answer] Generally Accepted Accounting Principles [Question]

Output: GAAP


Input: [Answer] Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting [Question]

Output: OCBOA


Input: [Answer] Information System that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events (transactions) of an organization to interested users. [Question]

Output: Accounting


Input: [Answer] Process that culminates in the preparation of financial reports on the enterprise as a whole for use by parties, internal and external, to the organization to interested users. [Question]

Output: Financial Accounting


Input: [Answer] Includes Internal and External users [Question]

Output: Interested users


Input: [Answer] Workers of a organization (CEO,CFO, VP, Managers (Business,Plant, & Store), Employees) [Question]

Output: Internal Users


Input: [Answer] Investors(pay for ownership), creditors (must pay back), Consumers/Citizens, Government [Question]

Output: External Users


Input: [Answer] Creditors because of debt due [Question]

Output: Primary External User


Input: [Answer] 1.Analyze Business 2.Record in Journal 3.Post to Central Ledger 4.Prepare an unadjusted Trial Balance [Question]

Output: Accounting Cycle (Chapter 1-3)


Input: [Answer] 5. Record & Post adjusting journal entries 6.Prepare an adjusted Trial Balance 7. F/S 8. Close [Question]

Output: Accounting Cycle (Chapter 4-5)


Input: [Answer] Principles means through which financial information is communicated to those outside an enterprise [Question]

Output: Financial Statements


Input: [Answer] 1.The Income Statement 2.The Statement of Retained Earnings 3.The Balance Sheet 4.The Statement of Cash Flows [Question]

Output: Financial Statements examples


Input: [Answer] Revenues - Expenses equals Net Income(or loss) [Question]

Output: Income Statement Includes


Input: [Answer] Company name, Statement name, Date,(FYE) [Question]

Output: Heading of Income Sheet, Cash Flow & Retained Earnings


Input: [Answer] Company name, Statement name, Date [Question]

Output: Heading of Balance Sheet


Input: [Answer] Performance where money is earned. Not considered revenue if money is not given immediately [Question]

Output: Revenues


Input: [Answer] Contributions to your Revenue [Question]

Output: Expenses


Input: [Answer] Beginning Balance of Retained Earnings + Net Income (or loss) – Dividends Declared equals Ending Balance of Retained Earnings [Question]

Output: Statement of Retained Earnings


Input: [Answer] From the last Calendar Year [Question]

Output: Beginning Balance of Retained Earnings


Input: [Answer] Company will announce or "declare" the payment of the dividend. This will include the dividend amount, the payout date , and who gets the dividend payment. The board of directors determines money. [Question]

Output: Dividend Declared


Input: [Answer] Assets equal Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity [Question]

Output: The Balance Sheet


Input: [Answer] Cash, Accounts Receivable, Investment, Inventory, Plant & Equipment, supplies (resource owned and operated by company), anything pre-paid (Insurance, Rent, Intangibles) [Question]

Output: Assets


Input: [Answer] Obligations, unearned revenue (cash received in advance of performance), Salaries, Dividends, interest, accounts, AND Notes payable, Taxes Paid [Question]

Output: Liabilities


Input: [Answer] (Ending Balance ONLY) Contributed Capital, Investment by owners, Capital Stock. [Question]

Output: Shareholders’ Equity


Input: [Answer] Retained Earnings [Question]

Output: Earned Capital


Input: [Answer] Sources and Uses of Cash from Operating, Investing, and Financing Activites [Question]

Output: Statement of Cash Flows


Input: [Answer] Anything from Income Statement (you see most money here) [Question]

Output: Operating Activties


Input: [Answer] Buying/Selling of plant/equipment, Investment. (You don’t usually don’t want to see any money here) [Question]

Output: Investing Activities


Input: [Answer] Issuing and Buying back shares of stock. Debt and Equity would be seen here [Question]

Output: Financing Activities


Input: [Answer] Cash, Accounts, Trade, Dividend Paid, Rents Expenses, Salary Expenses, Maintenance Expenses, Fuel Expenses [Question]

Output: Debit Examples


Input: [Answer] Notes Payable, Accounts Payable, Dividends Paid, Capital Stock, Dividend Declared [Question]

Output: Credit Example


Input: [Answer] Congress. [Question]

Output: TRICARE, formerly known as CHAMPUS, is funded through


Input: [Answer] TRICARE Standard, TRICARE Prime, and TRICARE Extra. [Question]

Output: The three choices of health care coverage for families of active duty military personnel, military retirees, and their dependents are


Input: [Answer] TRICARE Prime. [Question]

Output: The health maintenance organization provided for dependents of active duty military personnel is called


Input: [Answer] CHAMPVA beneficiaries. [Question]

Output: People NOT entitled to benefits under TRICARE are


Input: [Answer] TRI-CHECK [Question]

Output: What is the system called that TRICARE claims processors use to verify beneficiary eligibility?


Input: [Answer] certification from a military hospital stating that it cannot provide the necessary care. [Question]

Output: An NAS is a/an


Input: [Answer] Both a and c [Question]

Output: The NAS catchment area is


Input: [Answer] cooperative care. [Question]

Output: Medical care that is cost-shared by both TRICARE Standard and a civilian source is known as


Input: [Answer] October 1 to September 30. [Question]

Output: The TRICARE fiscal year extends from


Input: [Answer] All of the above. [Question]

Output: Health care professionals who may treat a TRICARE patient are


Input: [Answer] HCF. [Question]

Output: A health care professional, usually a registered nurse, who helps the patient work with his or her primary care manager to locate a specialist or obtain a preauthorization for care is referred to as a/an


Input: [Answer] no more than 115% of the TRICARE allowable charge. [Question]

Output: A physician who chooses not to participate in TRICARE bills


Input: [Answer] 1 year at a time. [Question]

Output: enrollment in TRICARE Prime is for


Input: [Answer] PCM. [Question]

Output: The physician who is responsible for coordinating and managing all of the health care for the TRICARE Prime patient is referred to as a/an


Input: [Answer] service/health benefit prgrams. [Question]

Output: TRICARE Standard and CHAMPVA are


Input: [Answer] CHAMPVA program. [Question]

Output: The Veterans Health Care Expansion Act of 1973 authorized the


Input: [Answer] Both a and b [Question]

Output: The wife of a veteran with total permanent disability resulting from a service-connected injury is eligible for CHAMPVA benefits


Input: [Answer] All of the above [Question]

Output: The Privacy Act of 1974 establishes an individual's right to review his or her medical records maintained by a


Input: [Answer] within 1 year from the dte a service is provided [Question]

Output: The time limit within which a TRICARE outpatient claim must be filed is


Input: [Answer] 1 year from a patient's discharge from an inpatient facility. [Question]

Output: The time limit within which a TRICARE inpatient claim must be filed is within


Input: [Answer] filed by the provider to a TRICARE subcontractor. [Question]

Output: TRICARE Prime and TRICARE Extra claims are


Input: [Answer] individual time limits for each item on the claim. [Question]

Output: If a TRICARE Extra claim is submitted with several items and several dates of service, the time limit that would apply to the claim for filing would be


Input: [Answer] nonavailability statement (NAS) [Question]

Output: A certification from a military hospital stating that it connot provide the care needed is called a ______________________


Input: [Answer] 10 [Question]

Output: All dependents _________ years of age or oder are required to have a Uniformed Services (military) identification card.


Input: [Answer] network. [Question]

Output: The physician who provides medical care at contracted rates to beneficiaries under the TRICARE Extra program is called a/an ________________ provider.


Input: [Answer] Mistreatment, in any form, of older people. [Question]

Output: elder abuse


Input: [Answer] Not taking proper care of someone in your care; this could be a child, an elderly person, or even a spouse. [Question]

Output: neglect


Input: [Answer] mistreatment of a child of a sexual, physical, or emotional nature; battering; beating; hurting. [Question]

Output: child abuse


Input: [Answer] this occurs when someone uses another person for sexual reasons; it is usually an adult who uses a child this way, but not always [Question]

Output: sexual abuse


Input: [Answer] mistreating a person you are married to; the meaning has been enlarged to include boyfriends and girlfriends; it is also generally called battering. [Question]

Output: spouse abuse


Input: [Answer] sexual relationship with a member of the family. [Question]

Output: incest


Input: [Answer] government office that looks after the health or well-being of children. [Question]

Output: child welfare agency


Input: [Answer] care from someone other than the natural parents. [Question]

Output: foster parenting


Input: [Answer] a court order to stop a particular activity, such as harassment. [Question]

Output: injunction


Input: [Answer] toll-free telephone number people can call for assistance of a certain kind. [Question]

Output: hotline


Input: [Answer] when a criminal has to repay the victim as part of his/her sentence. [Question]

Output: Restitution


Input: [Answer] when the government helps a victim replace his/her losses due to a crime [Question]

Output: compensation


Input: [Answer] a law in CA that states a woman's history of abuse can be considered at trial when she has committed a crime against her abuser. [Question]

Output: The Habeas Law


Input: [Answer] the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. [Question]

Output: cognition


Input: [Answer] a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. [Question]

Output: concept


Input: [Answer] a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories [Question]

Output: prototype


Input: [Answer] a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics. [Question]

Output: algorithm


Input: [Answer] a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. [Question]

Output: heuristic


Input: [Answer] a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. [Question]

Output: insight


Input: [Answer] a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. [Question]

Output: confirmation bias


Input: [Answer] the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. [Question]

Output: fixation


Input: [Answer] a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. [Question]

Output: mental set


Input: [Answer] the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. [Question]

Output: functional fixedness


Input: [Answer] judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. [Question]

Output: representativeness heuristic


Input: [Answer] estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. [Question]

Output: availability heuristic


Input: [Answer] the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. [Question]

Output: overconfidence


Input: [Answer] clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. [Question]

Output: belief perseverance


Input: [Answer] an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. [Question]

Output: intuition


Input: [Answer] the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. [Question]

Output: framing


Input: [Answer] our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. [Question]

Output: language


Input: [Answer] in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. [Question]

Output: phoneme


Input: [Answer] in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word. [Question]

Output: morpheme


Input: [Answer] in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. [Question]

Output: grammar


Input: [Answer] the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. [Question]

Output: semantics


Input: [Answer] the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. [Question]

Output: syntax


Input: [Answer] beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. [Question]

Output: babbling stage


Input: [Answer] the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. [Question]

Output: one-word stage


Input: [Answer] beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. [Question]

Output: two-word stage


Input: [Answer] early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs. [Question]

Output: telegraphic speech


Input: [Answer] impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) [Question]

Output: aphasia


Input: [Answer] control language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, uaually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. [Question]

Output: Broca's area


Input: [Answer] controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. [Question]

Output: Wernicke's area


Input: [Answer] Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. [Question]

Output: linguistic determinism


Input: [Question] What is fluorescence? [Answer]

Output: The process by which light is absorbed by a molecule and then re emitted at a longer wavelength, producing a particular color.


Input: [Question] What is a fluorophore? [Answer]

Output: the chemical structure in a fluorescent molecule that absorbs and emits the photons of light.


Input: [Question] EGFP [Answer]

Output: enhanced green fluorescent protein. has increased fluorescent light output. 35x more brightly. Ser64Thr


Input: [Question] ECFP [Answer]

Output: enhanced cyan fluorescent protein. changed the color from green to cyan.


Input: [Question] EYFP [Answer]

Output: enhanced yellow FP. changed color to yellow.


Input: [Question] DsRed [Answer]

Output: is from the coral Discosoma. It is a tetramer formed of 4 identical subunits of 26kDa.


Input: [Question] The 2 parent proteins [Answer]

Output: GFP and DsRed


Input: [Question] FP genes were cloned into the plasmid vector... [Answer]

Output: pRSET in the host bacterium E.Coli strain DH5alpha.


Input: [Question] plasmids [Answer]

Output: are circular double stranded DNA mol'cs capable of autonomous replication w/in host bacterium. they are not part of the bacterial chromosome.


Input: [Question] vectors [Answer]

Output: are a vehicle for maintaining and propagating cloned genes in a host organism, such as E.coli. foreign genes can by inserted into a plasmid vector and are rep'd along w/plasmid DNA inside bact. cell.


Input: [Question] cloning [Answer]

Output: the production of multiple identical copies of an organism, cell or gene. if a gene is isolated from genetic material of an organism, and inserted into a vector where identical copies can be rep'd, it is referred to as cloned.


Input: [Question] PT7 [Answer]

Output: bacteriophage T7 promotor. This sequence is the binding site for T7 RNA polymerase that will synthesize the mRNA.


Input: [Question] RBS [Answer]

Output: ribosome binding site. Sequence that binds the mRNA to the ribosome.


Input: [Question] ATG [Answer]

Output: vector start codon. This codon codes for methionine, and is the signal for the ribosome to initiate synthesis of the AA chain.


Input: [Question] 6xHis [Answer]

Output: His-tag. This sequence encodes 6 histidine aa acids in tandem. These will bind to a nickel aff. column for fast and efficient purification of the protein encoded on the cloned gene.


Input: [Question] Xpress Epitope Tag [Answer]

Output: 8 aa sequence(DLYDDDDK). that is recognized by an antibody. This provides an alternative method for purifying(and detecting) the protein by aff. chromatography.


Input: [Question] EK [Answer]

Output: aa seq. that is cut by the protease enterokinase. it can be used to remove the preceding aa(met,6 his, DLYDDDDK) that are encoded by the vector.


Input: [Question] MCS [Answer]

Output: multiple cloning site. a series of tandem restr.enzy. cutting sites.(BAMHI-HindIII).this is where the gene encoding the protein of interest (DNA frag. containing pRSET and gene) is inserted into vector.


Input: [Question] Stop [Answer]

Output: vector translation stop. The stop codon TAA terminates translation from the mRNA.


Input: [Question] f1 ori [Answer]

Output: origin of rep. for f1 bacteriophage of e.coli. used in connection w/helper phage(which provides all necessary f1 gene products) to produce single str. copies of the plasmid w/cloned genes(useful for DNA seq.ing of the cloned gene)


Input: [Question] Ampicillin(BLA gene) [Answer]

Output: the BLA gene that encodes beta-lactamase, the enzy. that degrades the antibiotic ampicillin. In the presence of ampicillin, only bact. containing a plasmid w/amp-resistance gene will live.


Input: [Question] Ampicillin [Answer]

Output: inhibits the enzymes that form peptide cross-links btwn carbohydrate chains and bacterial cell wall. This weakens the cell wall and lysis eventually occurs.


Input: [Question] pUC [Answer]

Output: an E.coli replication initiation site is inserted here. The DNA polymerases of the host bacterium bind to this site to replicate the vector DNA.


Input: [Question] Where were the genes for FP's cloned to? [Answer]

Output: The MCS of pRSET-B. BAMHI is the site cut by the restriction enzyme BAMHI, where the 5' end of the FP gene was insterted.EcoR1 is the site where the 3' end of the gene was inserted.


Input: [Question] The role of glucose in Solution one of alkaline lysis mini plasmid prep? [Answer]

Output: to increase the [solute] outside of the cell so when sol.II is added, osmotic pressure draws H2O out hopefully carrying the plasmid.


Input: [Question] The role of EDTA in solution I of the alkaline lysis mini plasmid prep? [Answer]

Output: EDTA is a chelator. It's main function is to remove Mg2+ and inactivate DNA nucleases for which this ion is cofactor.


Input: [Question] The role of RNase in solution I of the alkaline lysis mini plasmid prep? [Answer]

Output: It is a ribonuclease that will degrade contaminating bacterial RNA.


Input: [Question] The role of NaOH in solution II? [Answer]

Output: To raise the pH, which causes the DNA to denature and the separate strands will ppt from solution.


Input: [Question] The role of 1% SDS Page in solution II? [Answer]

Output: to lyse the cells by dissolving the cell membrane.


Input: [Question] The role of Kacetate in solution III? [Answer]

Output: It makes the solution more neutral. Causes plasmid DNA strands to re-anneal. K+ ions comples w/dodecyl sulfate ions and ppt.


Input: [Question] Why doesn't the chromosomal DNA re-anneal in solution III? [Answer]

Output: It is too big and complex to re-anneal under those conditions.


Input: [Question] The role of Isopropanol? [Answer]

Output: causes the plasmid DNA to ppt.


Input: [Question] The role of ethanol wash? [Answer]

Output: to remove remaining salts and detergents.


Input: [Question] Purity of Plasmid DNA [Answer]

Output: Is measured by the ratio of A260/A280. Greater than 1.6 is adequate. Greater than 1.8 is better. Protein contamination reduces the ratio.


Input: [Question] Nucleotides absorb UV light with a maximum at? [Answer]

Output: 260nm


Input: [Question] The purpose of an alcohol precipitation is to? [Answer]

Output: 1. concentrate DNA or RNA and/or 2. remove detergents, salts and other low MW contaminants. or to change buffer composition.


Input: [Question] nucleic acids will not precipitate unless... [Answer]

Output: there is a monovalent cation to neutralize the negative charges and permit DNA to aggregate.


Input: [Question] NH4acetate is preferred when one wants to remove.. [Answer]

Output: free deoxynucleotides, as they co-precipitate less with NH4 than Na.


Input: [Question] LiCl is commonly used to ppt [Answer]

Output: RNA, b/c it is more soluble in ethanol than Na, and efficient ppt of RNA requires large amounts of ethanol than DNA.


Input: [Question] When ppting nucleic acids in the presence of SDS, why use K+? [Answer]

Output: K+ is used when you want the SDS to ppt as well. SDS is soluble, and KDS or potassium dodecyl sulfate is is insoluble.


Input: [Question] Why is water an excellent solvent for oppositely charged molecules? [Answer]

Output: Since the polar water molecules orient in concentric shells around the charges, forming hydration spheres. This shields there charge so the attractive forces btwn them is less and they don't come together to form a ppt.


Input: [Question] hydration sphere [Answer]

Output: separates charges so the attractive forces btwn them is less and they don't come together and form a ppt.


Input: [Question] When alcohol is added to solution, solubility is decreased for two reasons: [Answer]

Output: 1.alcohols form Hbonds with water, which reduces the amt of water available to dissolve 2. the capacity of alcohols to shield opp charges and keep them apart is much less than water.


Input: [Question] restriction enzymes [Answer]

Output: are nucleases that are produced by bacteria to protect them from viruses that infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophage. They recognize a spec. seq of nucleotides in bacteriophage chrom. and produce a dbl str cut in DNA to prevent replication.


Input: [Question] How does the bacterium protect its own DNA from being cut by restriction enzymes? [Answer]

Output: By methylating adenosine or cytidine nucleotide in the sequence, which prevents endonuclease from binding.


Input: [Question] How are restriction enzymes named? [Answer]

Output: with the first letter of the genus, followed by the first 2 letters of the species, followed by the strain or serotype if any, and a roman numeral if the bacterium contains more than 1type of res. enzy.


Input: [Question] Why does DNA have a uniformly negative charge? [Answer]

Output: This is due to the acidic phosphodiaster groups.


Input: [Question] Supercoiled DNA will migrate slower or faster than liner DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis? [Answer]

Output: it migrates faster b/c it is more compact. plasmid dna is normally supercoiled


Input: [Question] If DNA is nicked, how will this affect its migration down a gel? [Answer]

Output: dna uncoils, but remains circular and usually migrates more slowly than linear dna of the same size


Input: [Question] The 2 most common buffer systems for agarose gel electrophoresis are: [Answer]

Output: Tris-acetate EDTA (TAE) and Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE).


Input: [Question] What is the difference between using TAE and TBE as a buffer system? [Answer]

Output: TAE gives a better resolution and is preferred when DNA is to be purified from the gel afterwards. TBE has a better buffering capacity.


Input: [Question] What dye was used to track the proteins in the electrophoresis gel? [Answer]

Output: bromophenol blue. it will run at about the same position as 300bp


Input: [Question] Syber safe [Answer]

Output: a fluorescent dye used in our electro gel to help visualize dna. it works by slipping btwn base pairs of dbl str. dna. it fluoresces at 500nm, and will detect down to 50ng of dna.


Input: [Question] ethidium bromide [Answer]

Output: a powerful mutagen. a fluorescent dye. fluoresces intensely at 560nm when excited by UV light (260-360nm), permitting detection of as little as 20ng dna.


Input: [Question] competent cells [Answer]

Output: cells that have been treated so they are temporarily able to take up DNA.


Input: [Question] Method for making competent cells [Answer]

Output: cold CaCl2 treatment of cells that are dividing rapidly, followed by heat shock.


Input: [Question] What cell phase is transformation most successful in? [Answer]

Output: early-mid log phase.


Input: [Question] How is it believed that the CaCl2 allow dna molecules to cross through the plasma membrane? [Answer]

Output: it is proposed that dna cross through adhesion zones where there are pores formed by the fusion of the inner and outer mbrn. adhesion zns only form in growing cells. Ca2+ shields - charge on dna and pm, allowing close contact,this may be favored by low T


Input: [Question] how is it believed the heat shock helps with dna crossing through the PM? [Answer]

Output: The heat shock could briefly destabilize the membrane so that somehow the dna is allowed to get across.


Input: [Question] JM109-DE3 [Answer]

Output: a strain of E.coli carrying the gene for T7 RNA polymerase.


Input: [Question] T7RNA polymerase [Answer]

Output: binds to the T7 promoter region in the pRSET-B plasmin and synthesizes mRNA coding for the regions marked in the pRSET-B plasmid map.


Input: [Question] Why is JM109-DE3 preferred over BL21-DE3? [Answer]

Output: JM109-DE3 grow slower, giving FP's time to mature to their full fluorescence.


Input: [Question] 2 controls for transformation [Answer]

Output: 1. competent cells w/out plasmid: positive control 2. competent cells w/out plasmid on LB + ampicillin: negative control


Input: [Question] What does the positive control tell us? (comp cells w/out plasmid) [Answer]

Output: If nothing grows, then something may be wrong with competent cells.


Input: [Question] What does the negative control tell us? (comp cells w/out plasmid + LB and ampicillin) [Answer]

Output: tests to be sure ampicillin is still good (good for 2-3 months). Should see nothing.


Input: [Question] 3 pieces of evidence when determining the identity of the fluorescent protein. [Answer]

Output: 1. Color of bacterial colony expressing the gene. 2. absorption spectrum 3. observing MW on SDS-PAGE gel.


Input: [Question] His-Tag was added to which end of the FP? [Answer]

Output: the N-terminal end.


Input: [Question] NTA stands for [Answer]

Output: nitrilotriacetic acid


Input: [Question] NTA [Answer]

Output: is a spacer molecule that nickel is chelated to.


Input: [Question] the lysis and column wash buffers have a low concentration of free imidazole, what does this low concentration do? [Answer]

Output: competes out low affinity binding to the resin of a single or two adjacent histidines in a protein.


Input: [Question] What role does the high concentration of imidazole in the elution buffer perform? [Answer]

Output: It is high enough to compete successfully for the nickel and displace the his-tagged proteins.


Input: [Question] A molecule will only absorb light when... [Answer]

Output: it contains a dipole that can be made to oscillate at the same frequency as the incident light. light sensing molecules in our retinas contain these dipoles.


Input: [Question] following the absorption of photons, the 3 principle processes by which the excitation energy is dissipated or converted are: [Answer]

Output: heat, chemical reactions and fluorescence.


Input: [Question] Why didn't we use reducing agents when we ran our SDS-PAGE gels? [Answer]

Output: to maintain fluorescence. prolonged exposure to SDS will also reduce fluorescence. This is why samples were saved in elution buffer not sample buffer.


Input: [Question] what stain did we use on our SDS-PAGE gels? [Answer]

Output: Coumassie blue


Input: [Question] Where is the GFP fluorophore located in the AA sequence? [Answer]

Output: Ser 65, Tyr 66, Gly 67


Input: [Question] What issues had to be addressed in order to make FP's more useful in the laboratory? [Answer]

Output: 1. Brightness of fluorescence 2. Color, the more colors, the more flexibility when planning experiments 3. Folding temperature,needed to be able to fold properly at warmer temperatures, at which bio systems and prtns of interest fcn 4. work as fusion prot


Input: [Question] Where is the DsRed fluorophore located in the AA sequence? [Answer]

Output: Gln 66, Tyr 67, Gly 68


Input: [Question] Why is wild type DsRed problematic when labeling proteins of interest? [Answer]

Output: It is a tetramer, and it is difficult to label a protein of interest with an FP that is more than one polypeptide.


Input: [Question] What needed to be done in order to make DsRed useful? [Answer]

Output: prevent the formation of a tetramer, and to obtain active fluorescence in the monomer form.


Input: [Question] How many aa substitutions went into mRFP1? [Answer]

Output: 33, but, from here, further substitutions produced variations in the color of the fluorescence.


Input: [Question] Why was some of the sequence of GFP added to DsRed derivatives? [Answer]

Output: after all the work to produce mRFP1, it did not work well as a fusion protein.


Input: [Question] fusion protein [Answer]

Output: the protein produced by combining coding regions of the genes of two different proteins in order to link them together as a continuous polypeptide.


Input: [Question] Can things around the fluorophore also affect fluorescence? [Answer]

Output: Yes, by changing the electrostatic environment around the rings.


Input: [Question] To get wild type FP's to fold correctly, what aa substitution was made? [Answer]

Output: Phe64Leu


Input: [Question] Blue shift [Answer]

Output: ECFP Tyr66Trp: Green to blue (shorter wave length emission max) Means emission to shorter wavelength


Input: [Question] Red shift [Answer]

Output: EYFP Ser65Gly shifts to a longer wavelength emission


Input: [Question] Using a FP to label a protein of interest [Answer]

Output: Use a mammalian expression vector and insert a fusion protein (inframe)


Input: [Question] An example of FRET-Using a FP: [Answer]

Output: Calcium binding protein fusion protein to detect Ca2+ influx. FRET needs 2 fluorophores.


Input: [Question] FRET stands for [Answer]

Output: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer


Input: [Question] bio luminescence in Jelly fish [Answer]

Output: an enzyme called acquorin catalyzes a luminescent chemical rxn. the light given off is "blue light". If GFP is close to acquorin, RET occurs.


Input: [Question] Special Amount Column [Answer]

Output: a journal amount column headed with an account title


Input: [Question] General Amount Column [Answer]

Output: journal amount column that is not headed with an account title


Input: [Question] entry [Answer]

Output: information for each transaction recorded in a journal


Input: [Question] Double entry accounting [Answer]

Output: recording of debit and credit parts of transaction


Input: [Question] Source document [Answer]

Output: business paper from which ino is obtained for a journal entry


Input: [Question] invoice [Answer]

Output: form describing the goods or services sol, the quanity, and the price


Input: [Question] sales invoice [Answer]

Output: invoice used as a source document for recording a sale on account


Input: [Question] check [Answer]

Output: business form ordering a bank to pay cash from a bank account