Input: they are located in the plasma membrane have no nucleus the cytoplasm fluid is in the membrane has no true organelles [what is matter?]

Output: what are prokaryotic cells?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: All human cells are eukaryotic have a plasma membrane nucleus:information center Cytoplasm fluid within a membrane orgaganelles:structured with specialized functions [what is matter?]

Output: what are eukaryotic cells?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: microscopic cannot be seen without magnification [what is matter?]

Output: what is the size of the cell?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1000X's and is the earliest microscope [what is matter?]

Output: how much can a light microscope magnify?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: up to 100,000X's 100X's greater than a light microscope the magnification is sufficiently high that one can see the structural details of organelles within cells. [what is matter?]

Output: what is a transmission electron microscope and how much can it magnify?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: up to 100,000X it gives a three dimensional look to the surface of the object. [what is matter?]

Output: what is the scanning electron microscope, what does it do, and how much does it magnify?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to stay efficient *small cells have a higher surface volume ratio *high surface: volume ratio problems efficiency in -acquisition of nutrients -disposal of wastes [what is matter?]

Output: why does the cell remain small?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a wall called the plasma membrane surrounds the cell separates a cell from its enviroment selectively permeable -permits movement of some substance into and out of the cell, but blocks others Enables transfer of information between environment and cell [what is matter?]

Output: what surrounds the cell?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a lipid bilayer -phospholipids:polar head and nonpolar tail -cholesterol:makes membrane a bit more regid -proteins:provide means of transport through membrane -carbohydrates:recognition patterns for cells and organisms *non rigid *fluid mosaic [what is matter?]

Output: what exactly is the plasma membrane?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: passive transport active transport bulk transport [what is matter?]

Output: How to molecules cross the plasma membrane?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cell does not need to expend energy bc it moves through a concentration gradient -diffusion through lipid layer -osmosis -facilitated transport [what is matter?]

Output: what is the passive transport through the plasma membrane?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cell must expend energy by moving moving substances from a lower concentration to an area of higher concentration -requires ATP [what is matter?]

Output: What is the active transport through the plasma membrane?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -involves membranous vesicles to move larger substance -endocytosis -exocytosis [what is matter?]

Output: what is the bulk transport through the plasma membrane?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: moves materials is bulks into the cell [what is matter?]

Output: What is endocytosis?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: moves material in bulk out of the cell [what is matter?]

Output: what is exocytosis?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sodium-potassium pump- expels unwanted ions,keeps needed ones and maintains cell volume. ATP is used to expel3 Na+ ions into the cell and 2 K+ into the cell [what is matter?]

Output: what is the sodium potassium pump?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increase in cell volume(decreasing pumping) [what is matter?]

Output: the sodium potassium pump helps the cell_____________by allowing more sodium into the cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: decrease in volume(increasing pumping) [what is matter?]

Output: the sodium potassium pump allows the cells to _______________by expelling sodium out side of the cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: extracellular and intracellular ionic concentrations are equal cells maintain a normal volume in isotonic extracellular fluids -regulatory mechanisms maintain extracellular fluid that is isotonic with intracellular fluid [what is matter?]

Output: what is isotonic?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: relative concentration of solutes in two fluids [what is matter?]

Output: what is tonicity?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypertonic hypotonic [what is matter?]

Output: what are some variations in tonicity?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -extracellular ionic concentration higher than intracellular water will diffuse out of cell -cell will shrink and die [what is matter?]

Output: what is hypertonic tonicity?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -extracellular ionic concentration lower than intracellular -water will diffuse into cell -cell may swell and burst [what is matter?]

Output: what is hypotonic tonisity?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: site of protein synthesis free floating in cytoplasm attached to outer surface of endoplasmic reticulum [what is matter?]

Output: what are ribosomes?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Rough ER -has ribosomes on surface -protein manufacturing, modifications Smooth ER -no ribosomes on surface -lipid synthesis -packages the proteins [what is matter?]

Output: what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: refines synthesized products packaging and shipping center products are packaged into vesicles and shipped to other locations within cell membrane for export [what is matter?]

Output: what is the golgi apparatus?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: contains powerful digestive enzymes, they perform housekeeping tasks like removing damaged mitochondria and other cellular debris. [what is matter?]

Output: what are lybosomes?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "power plant of the cell Surrounded by double membrane utilizes oxygen to produce Co2 generates ATP [what is matter?]

Output: what is the mitochondria?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: triglycerides -long-term energy storage in animals [what is matter?]

Output: fat is what type of energy?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: carbohydrate storage short term storage in animals [what is matter?]

Output: glycogen is what type of fat?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: consist of microtubes and microfilaments...forms a framework for the soft plasma membrane and it also supports and anchors the other structure w/in cell [what is matter?]

Output: what is the cytoskeleton?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cilia- are hairlike particles in a few cells (2-10 microns long) moves material along the surface of with a brushing motion flagella-(200 microns long) are ONLY found in sperm cells and allows them to swim [what is matter?]

Output: what is the cilia and flagella?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: requires enzymes breakdown of molecules may release energy used in breaking down nutrients and recycling all components used to access energy storage [what is matter?]

Output: what is catabolism?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it provides energy for the cell energy in glucose is used to generate ATP in absense of glucose other carbs, fats, proteins, can be catabolized to generate ATP [what is matter?]

Output: why is glucose so important for the cell?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: glycolisis preparatory step citric acid cycle electron transport system [what is matter?]

Output: what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs int eh cytoplasm series of ten reactions that split glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid 2 ATP are produced high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are removed and picked up by a coenzyme NAD+ forming NADH [what is matter?]

Output: what is glycolysis?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs in mitochondria also known as krebs cycle extracts high energy electrons to form NADH and FADH2 produces 2 ATP and carbon dioxide [what is matter?]

Output: what is the citric acid cycle?

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: affect virtually every facet of our lives, and for this reason, it is important and useful to know something about them [Organic Chemistry]

Output: These organic chemicals

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Methane the main component of natural gas burns in the presence of oxygen [Organic Chemistry]

Output: CH4

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is formed by the fermentation of sugar and can can produced in the lab exactly the same [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Ethanol

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the compound responsible for the spiciness of hot peppers is the active ingredient in several topical creams for pain [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Capsaicin

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is the bitter-tasting stimulant found in coffee, tea,cola beverages and chocolate [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Caffeine

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: carbon atoms and most contain Hydrogen atoms. Carbon always forms four covalent bonds and hydrogen forms one covalent bond. [Organic Chemistry]

Output: All organic compounds contain

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Carbon forms

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Ethane (C2H6) each carbon atom is surrounded by three hydrogen atoms and connect together by a single bond [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A Carbon atom surrounded by four atoms forms four single bonds

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In ethylene (C2H4) each carbon atom is surrounded by two hydrogen atoms and each Carbon atoms forms a double bond with each other [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A Carbon atom surrounded by three atoms forms a double bond

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In acetylene (C2H2) each carbon atom is surrounded by two atoms one hydrogen and one carbon thus each carbon forms a single bond with the hydrogen atom and three with each carbon [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A Carbon atom surrounded by two atoms generally forms a triple bond

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a heteroatom [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Organic compounds may also contain elements than carbon and hydrogen

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: determined by its location in the periodic table [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Each heteroatom forms a characteristic number of bonds

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lone pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight electrons [Organic Chemistry]

Output: The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is carbon oxygen double bond C=O [Organic Chemistry]

Output: The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Carbon atoms combine together to form rings and chains [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Carbon forms four strong bonds with itself and other elements

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is linear and had a bond angle of 180 [Organic Chemistry]

Output: An atom surrounded by two groups

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: triangular planar [Organic Chemistry]

Output: An atom surrounded by three groups is

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tetrahedon giving bond angles of approximately 109.5 [Organic Chemistry]

Output: An atom surrounded by four groups places these four groups at the corners of a

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tetralhedral [Organic Chemistry]

Output: All carbons having four single bonds are

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: shape around these atoms [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Don't forget about lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen and oxygen when determining the

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: but the two-electron bond lines are generally omitted lone pairs o heteratoms are omitted [Organic Chemistry]

Output: all the atoms are drawn in

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3h's becomes CH3 2H's become CH2 1H becomes CH [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A carbon bonded to

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Assume there is a carbon atom

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: around carbon to give it four bonds [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Assume there are enough hydrogens

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: directly bonded to them [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: with characteristic chemical and physical properties [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a multiple bond or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A functional group contains a heteroatom

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hydrocarbons Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom Compounds containing a C=O group [Organic Chemistry]

Output: The most common functional groups can be subdivided into three types

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is an OH group that makes Ethanal CH3CH2OH [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Hydroxyl functional group

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: only the elements of carbon and hydrogen [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Hydrocarbons contain

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have only C-C single bonds and no functional group Ethane CH3CH3 is a simple alkane [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Alkanes

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have only C-C double bond as their functional group Ethylene CH2+CH2 is a simple alkene [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Alkenes

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have a simple C-C triple bond as their functional group Acetylene HCthree lines CH is a simple alkyne [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Alkynes

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: contain a benezene ring a six membered ring with three double bonds [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon [Organic Chemistry]

Output: An Aldehyde

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: contains an OH group directly to the Carbonyl carbon [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A carboxylic acid

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an OR group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon [Organic Chemistry]

Output: an ester contains

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: with much weaker intermolecular forces--the forces that exist between molecules--than those seen in ionic compounds which are held together by very strong interactions of oppositely charge ions [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Organic compounds exist as discrete molecules

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together thus C-C and C-H bonds are non polar bonds [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: are joined together thus bonds between carbon and common heteroatoms (N O and the HAlogens) are polar bonds [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A covalent bond is polar when atoms of different electronegativity

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: usually C or H [Organic Chemistry]

Output: The symbol theta+ is given to the less electronegative atom

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: usually N, O, or a halogen [Organic Chemistry]

Output: the sybol theta - is given to the more electronegative atom

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: nonpolar molecules [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Hydrocarbons are

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cancel in a molecule , the molecule is nonpolar [Organic Chemistry]

Output: If the individual bonds dipoles

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: are soluble in organic solvents [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Most organic compounds

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organic compounds are not soluble in water [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Hydro carbons and other nonpolar

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: water soluble if they are small and contain a nitrogen or oxygen atom that can hydrogen bond with water [Organic Chemistry]

Output: Polar organic compounds are

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in an organic solvent but is insoluable in water Fat-soluble vitamins have many nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds and few polar functional groups [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A fat soluble vitamin dissolves

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in water Water soluble vitamins have many polar bonds [Organic Chemistry]

Output: A water soluble vitamin dissolves

Chapter 11 introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: macroeconomics

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: microeconomics

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: normative statements

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: positive statements

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: production possibilities frontier

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: absolut advantage

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: comparative advantage

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: good and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: exports

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: whatever must be given up to obtain some item [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: opportunity cost

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: competitive market

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tow goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: complements

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: demand curve

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: demand schedule

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: equilibrium

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: equilibrium price

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: equilibrium quantity

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: inferior good

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: law of demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: law of supply

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: law of supply and demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a group of buyers and seller of a particular good or service [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: market

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: normal good

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: quantity demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: quantity suppled

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a situation in wich quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: shortage

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: substitutes

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: supply curve

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: supply schedule

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: surplus

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: cross-price elasticity of demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: elasticity

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: income elasticity of demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: price elasticity of demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in price quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: price elasticity of supply

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold [Circular Flow Diagram]

Output: total revenue(in a market)

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally cause.

Output: what is the person perception definition of attribution theory?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and over estimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

Output: what is the person perception definition of fundamental attribution error?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.

Output: what is the person perception definition of self-serving bias?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the tendency to selectivity interpret what one sees on the basis of ones interest background experience and attitudes.

Output: what is the definition of frequent used shortcut in judging other selective perception?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the tendency to draw to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

Output: what is the definition of frequent used shortcut in judging other halo effect ?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Evaluation of person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Output: what is the definition of frequent used shortcut in judging other contrast effect?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.

Output: stereotyping

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A form of sterotypingin which a group of individuals is singled out typically on the basis of race or ethnicity for intensive inquiry scrutiny or investigation.

Output: profiling

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.

Output: what is the definition of self-fulfilling prophecy?

perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] assay is biochemical test which searches for unique property of a protein. measures the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase lactate + NAD+--ladehy--->pyruvate + NADH + H+ Test looks for absorbtion of light that NADH has that NAD does not. (340 nm in one minute)) [proteome]

Output: Explain using lactate and NAD+ how an assay works

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] protein assay to measure enzyme activity protein concentration with these two measure specific activity [proteome]

Output: What are the two things you need for purifying protein? Once you have them, what can you measure?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] ratio of enzyme activity to amount of protein in enzyme the idea is to maximize and increase the specific activity through purification [proteome]

Output: specific activity

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] source of protein from cells and tissues [proteome]

Output: homogenate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] homogenizer disrupts cells homogenate is centrifuged in step by step process yeilding: 500 x g for 10 min = nuclear fraction 10,000 g's for 20 min = mitochondrial fraction 100,000 gs for 1 hour = microsomal fraction [proteome]

Output: differential centrifugation

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] increased salt decreases a protein's solubility there are different concentrations for different proteins i.e. 0.8 M ammonium sulfate for fibrinogen 2.4 M ammonium sulfate for serum albumin concentrates dilute protein solutions [proteome]

Output: Describe salting out

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] separates proteins from small molecules and salts, but not other proteins can remove ammonium sulfate from protein preparation cellulose membrane is semipermeable [proteome]

Output: Dialysis

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA and RNA individual monomers are a sugar, base and phosphate DNA uses 2' deoxyribose for sugar RNA uses ribose the linear polymer is linked via phosphodiester bond from 3' end of one monomer to 5' start of next monomer [proteome]

Output: what are nucleic acids comprised of?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Adenine and Thymine Adenine and Uracil (RNA) Guanine and Cytosine [proteome]

Output: Base pairings?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Adenine and Guanine [proteome]

Output: Which bases are from purine?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Thymine and Cytosine Uricil [proteome]

Output: Which bases are from pyrimidine?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] base and a sugar with a B-glycosidic linkage RNA--adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine DNA--deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, thymidine [proteome]

Output: What is a nucleoside? What are the names of the nucleosides for RNA? DNA?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] N--9 [proteome]

Output: where does the b-glyocsidic linkage occur with A & G (purine base)?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] N--1 all bases attach to C-1 of sugar. [proteome]

Output: where does the B glycosidic linkage occur in C, T and U (pyrimidine bases)?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] nucleotides include the Phosphodiester linkage Pi attaches to 5' of sugar [proteome]

Output: why is a nucleotide different from a nucleoside?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Adenosine Tri Phosphate nucleotide [proteome]

Output: what is ATP?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] deoxyguanosine 3' monophosphate [proteome]

Output: What is 3' dGMP?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] RNA- Adenylate DNA - deoxyadenylate [proteome]

Output: What's the nucleotide name for Adenine for RNA and DNA?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] RNA -- guanylate DNA -- deoxyguanylate [proteome]

Output: what's the nucleotide name for DNA and RNA for Guanine?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] RNA - uridylate DNA- thymidylate [proteome]

Output: What's the nucleotide name for Thymine/ uracil for RNA and DNA?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] RNA-- cytidylate DNA--deoxycytidylate [proteome]

Output: WHat's the name for nucleotide for cytosine RNA and DNA?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] comprised of the 4 nucleotides deoxyguanylate, deoxyadenylate, deoxycytidylate thymidylate 5'-pApCpGpT-3' chain polarity and only one direction. [proteome]

Output: Describe the composition of DNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] single strand 4.6 mil nucleotides long [proteome]

Output: E coli DNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 2 oppositely oriented helical polynucleotide chains coiled around common axis bases are inside, sugars are outside bases perpindicular to axis rise of 3.4 A structures repeat every 34 A so 10 bases / turn and rotation of 36 degrees / base diameter 20A [proteome]

Output: Describe a double helix

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] G=C A=T held together by weak H bonds 1-5 kcal/mol van der waals forces = 0.5-2.0 kcal / mol bases are hydrophobic and clustered inside while polar sugars (- charge) are exposed to water [proteome]

Output: How are bases paired (DNA)?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] basically shows that the double helix splits open and replicates. In the daughter generation one strand on new helix is from parent and one is nacent [proteome]

Output: What is semiconservative replication?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] E Coli parent DNA labeled with 15N. Then they grew Ecoli in 14N environment. Showed the incorporation of 14N during replication They could detect the difference due to the density difference (1.66 vs. 1.76 g/mol) after one replication, density was half for 14N and half for 15N after 2 generations equal amounts of hybrid and 14N DNA [proteome]

Output: Explain the Meselson and Stahl experiment

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA helix can be reversibly melted heat to Tm (temp at which 50% of structure is lost)~70 degrees C or add alkali or acid to ionize bases [proteome]

Output: What is DNA melting?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] a way to determine if bases are stacked or not Stacked bases absorb less light than unstacked so at Tm single strands will abosorb more uv light at 260 nm [proteome]

Output: What is hypochromism?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] continuous may be supercoiled to superhelix for compactibility may be relaxed [proteome]

Output: What are some characteristics of circular DNA?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] made by ssDNA or ssRNA may form watson-crick base pairs with other mismatched base pairs can have non-standard base pairing [proteome]

Output: Describe a stem loop structure

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Kornberg discovered it catalyzes DNA synthesis adds deoxyribonucleotides to preexisting DNA template directed by the existing DNA template some remove mismatched pairings [proteome]

Output: What is DNA polymerase?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA n dNTP (of all 4 bases) 5' deoxynucleoside triphosphates Mg2+ free 3'OH primer [proteome]

Output: What does DNA replication require to take place?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] goes in a 5' -----> 3' direction 3' OH mounts a Nucleophilic attack on the alpha triphosphate chain attached to the 5' of the previous nucleotide PPi (pyrophosphate) is given off [proteome]

Output: How does the template direct DNA replication?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA transcription to mRNA mRNA takes it to ribosome RNA translates with help from tRNA the codons into proteins [proteome]

Output: describe the order in which a protein is made.

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] template with codons which serves as the master for translation. 1.2 kb long average for E coli 5% of total RNA (ribosomal RNA, tRNA make up rest) [proteome]

Output: Describe mRNA (E.coli)

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] one for each of 20 amino acids ~75 nucleotides ~25 kDa carries the activated amino acid and with its corresponding anticodon aids in translation in ribosome makes up about 15% of RNA [proteome]

Output: Describe tRNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] ribosomal RNA makes up 80% in E. coli This 80% is comprised of 23S, 16S and 5S species [proteome]

Output: Describe rRNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] only in Eukaryotes works in splicing out the inons [proteome]

Output: Describe snRNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] micro RNA class of small non-coding RNA's (~21 nucleotides These guys bind complementary mRNAs and therefore inhibit translation [proteome]

Output: Describe miRNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] siRNA small non-coding RNA bind up mRNA and degrade it [proteome]

Output: describe small interfering RNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] catalyzes transcription uses dsDNA or ssDNA as template makes and elongates RNA chains [proteome]

Output: Describe RNA polymerases

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP Mg2+ or Mn2+ template but NO primer needed [proteome]

Output: What does an RNA polymerase need to start elongation?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] RNA polymerase aids for the free 3'OH to mount nucleophilic attack on the incoming alpha phosphate reaction is aided by hydrolysis of PPi No proofreading here. The new mRNA strand is identical to the coding DNA strand. (not identical to template, but complementary to template) [proteome]

Output: Describe transcription

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] There is a 5' cap and a 3' poly AAAAAAAA structure added after transcription [proteome]

Output: How do mRNA in Eukaryotes differ from those in Prokaryotes?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] brings amino acids to ribosome for making proteins aminoacyl tRNA synthetase uses ATP to make aminoacyl-tRNA which is a unique tRNA for each amino acid each one of these aminoacyl-tRNA's have a unique anticoding site which will recognize the codon on mRNA [proteome]

Output: Describe the role and mechanism of tRNA

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] amino acids can have more than one codon. 64 possible codons for 20 amino acids 3 triplets are stop codons so the leftover 61 code for the 20 amino acids degenerate code decreases harmful mutations and having too many chain terminators [proteome]

Output: what is and what is the significance of a degenerate genetic code?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 3' end of tRNA attaches to the carboxyl carbon of the amino acid 5' end is phosphorolated [proteome]

Output: Where is the amino acid attached to tRNA? What's on the other end

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Trp Met [proteome]

Output: Which two amino acids only have one codon?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Leu Ser Arg [proteome]

Output: Which three amino acids have 6 codons?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] UAA UAG UGA [proteome]

Output: What are the stop codons?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] UGG Take a Trp to australia to get some uggs [proteome]

Output: What is the codon for Trp

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] AUG Mett's birthday is in AUG [proteome]

Output: What is the codon for Met?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] C and U [proteome]

Output: XY___ and XY____ ALWAYS encode for the same amino acid

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] G and A [proteome]

Output: XY____ and XY_____ USUALLY code for same amino acid

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] On the mRNA chain a 5' shine dalgano (purine rich) marker occurs at -10, and then an AUG or GUG is +1 which tells the fMet to bind there and begin [proteome]

Output: For E. coli what starts translation?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] At the 5' cap, Met-tRNA binds to the first AUG it sees and goes from there. [proteome]

Output: For eukaryotes what starts translation?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] UAA, UAG and UGA are stop codons This binds protein which is not tRNA and it uses release factors to release the new protein [proteome]

Output: How does translation know when to stop?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Nearly universal but some deviations in humans UGA is a code for Trp and not a stop codon instead we have AGA and AGG as stop codons and we don't code for Arg mitochondrial DNA is different because they make their own tRNA's 16 organisms deviate from the standard genetic code [proteome]

Output: Describe how universal the genetic code is.

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] introns are unused code and exons are expressed genes which means we must splice these guys. Humans have 8 introns which can be 50-10000 nucleotides long [proteome]

Output: what are introns and exons

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 3 exons and 2 introns [proteome]

Output: Describe human hemoglobin B chain with regard to introns and exons

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] pre m RNA is heavier--has a 15S rate as opposed to the actual mRNA which is 9S rate. [proteome]

Output: Describe how we know about introns and exons?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] assemblies of proteins and small RNA molecules recognizes that introns begin with GU and end with AG preceeded by essential pyrimidine tract [proteome]

Output: What is a spliceosome?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] shuffling allows for recombined genes which may provide diversity of function alternative splicing may lead to new proteins being formed [proteome]

Output: What would be the benefit of exon shuffling or alternative splicing?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] restriction endonucleases cut DNA in certain spots where they recognize specific sequences and cut both strands [proteome]

Output: How do restriction enzymes provide the bases for gene exploration?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] the cleavage site is 4-8 bp at a palindromic symmetry site. They see this symmetry and hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds here can leave staggered (sticky) or even (blunt) cuts. [proteome]

Output: Where do restriction enzymes know where to cut?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 5' G*AATTC 3' 3' CTTAA*G 3' derived from E. coli [proteome]

Output: EcoRI

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] In cells, these guys cleave foriegn DNA without harming host DNA In labs, we use it to cleave DNA into fingerprints so we can work with it better [proteome]

Output: What are the endogenous and laboratory uses for restriction endonucleases

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 5.1 kb circular DNA has 1 EcoRI cleavage sit has 4 HpaI has 11 HindIII [proteome]

Output: Describe SV40

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Gel electrophoresis will separate up to 1,000bp (more porous agarose up to 20 kb) Pulse Field Gel Elect. separates chromosomes [proteome]

Output: Once you have DNA fragments what do you do with them to manipulate them?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] stains dsDNA fragments after separated by gel elect. and has sensitivity to show 50ng with orange fluorescence [proteome]

Output: what does ethidium bromide do?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Separate different fragments in gel denature them to make ssDNA use a nitrocellulose sheet a strand, matching the one you are looking for has 32P incorporated. when it finds its ppair it links up and audioradiography will show you which one it is on paper southern blotting [proteome]

Output: Explain how to identify restriction fragments using 32P probe which technique is this?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] mutations on restriction fragment grounds for polymorphism RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism [proteome]

Output: What other things can southern blots reveal about a restriction fragment?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] same technique as southern but for RNA [proteome]

Output: What is northern blotting?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] The method of incorporating a small amount of dideoxynucleoside triphosphatees which serve to effectively terminate replication at various points primed with synthesized fragment use DNA polymerase add all the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and 2' 3' dideoxy gel and audioradiogram to sequence [proteome]

Output: Describe dideoxy method for DNA sequencing

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] fluorescence tagging can run all four bases in one reaction up to 500 bases can be determined automated. can generate more than 1 million bases / day [proteome]

Output: what's a more modern less radioactive sanger method?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] solid phase phosphite triester method use glass bead add excess reagents to drive rxn to completion sequential addition of protonated (proteceted) deoxyribonucleoside 3' phosphoramidites wash soluable protectors away [proteome]

Output: What method is used for making DNA or DNA probes?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] deoxynucleoside 3' phosphoramidite DMT dimethoxytrityl BCE B cyanoethyl I2 (oxidizer) dicholoroacetic acid NH3 [proteome]

Output: what are the reagents for phosphite triester method?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] remove all protecting groups and remove the deoxyribonucleoside 3' phosphoramidite from the glass bead [proteome]

Output: What is the role of NH3 in phosphite triester method?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] removes DMT from 5' end of newly added deoxyribonucleoside. [proteome]

Output: what is role of dichloroacetic acid in phosphite triester method?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] phosphit on 3' of activated monomer attaches to 5 ' OH of chain. [proteome]

Output: where does the triester form in phosphite diester method on activated monomer and chain?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 99% 10 min per cycle elongation is never 100% so the longest one is the golden one. You can find this using PAGE or HPLC [proteome]

Output: What's the efficiency of the phosphite triester method?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] make probes (32P or fluorescence tag and then set it loose in fragments to find the needles in the haystack) use it as a primer for new neighboring DNA make new designer genes which can make new funcitons or new proteins [proteome]

Output: Once you makes some DNA using the phosphite triester method, what can you do with it?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Polymerase Chain Reaction amplifies your sample [proteome]

Output: What is PCR?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] strand separation (heat) hybridize primers (cool with a ton of primers in there --20-30 nucleotides long) heat to 72 so Taq polymerase can start making the strand 5' -3' repeat 25-30 times n cycles = 2tothe n results [proteome]

Output: What are the 3 steps in PCR>

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA fragment + a vector (plasmids or lambda phage) host (E. coli) [proteome]

Output: Describe recombinant DNA technology

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] cuts pSC101 at a specific site leaving a sticky end. If you use Eco RI to cut any piece of inserting DNA those same sticky ends will line up and voila. [proteome]

Output: Describe how Eco RI works with plasmid pSC101

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds needs a free 3'OH and 5' phosphate as well as ATP or NAD+ [proteome]

Output: What is DNA ligase?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] If you have a DNA segment you can add cohesive ends to put the tape on the ends. polynucleotide kinase phosphorylates the 5' end of a linker T4phage ligase seals them (can be blunt ended). then use EcoRI to make the sticky ends and insert into your vector [proteome]

Output: Describe the cohesive ends (Linkers) method.

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] a synthetic DNA fragment programed with several sequences that many restriction endonucleases recognize. Can custom make your sticky ends. [proteome]

Output: what is a polylinker?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] they get the recombinant DNA into bacteria easily which you can then select for. Plasmids carry genes for inactivation of antibiotics and can replicate independently of host genome [proteome]

Output: why are plasmids and lambda phages good vectors?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] has genes for resistance to tetracycline and ampicilin the EcoRI site isn't in these genes for the ab resistance but it does have other restriction enzyme sites which will interrupt the resistance [proteome]

Output: What is it about pBR322 that makes it good for cloning?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] pBR322 uses the enzyme cut in amp. resistant element and foreign DNA ligated in. Now these guys are going to be amp sensitive. Still resistant to tetra. grow E coli on plates of tetra. transferred in matching postions to new plates . One plate has tetra and another has amp and tetra. Now you will know which ones are amp sensitive [proteome]

Output: Describe selection using pBR322

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 2-100+ kb [proteome]

Output: What size is a plasmid?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 48 kb [proteome]

Output: What is the size of lambda phage?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] lytic kills host cell quickly and produces ~100 virons lysogenic inserts DNA into host cell genome and it is replicated for many generations Upon activation it expresses dormant viral DNA [proteome]

Output: What are the differences between a lytic and lysogenic pathway?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] mutant lambda phage with only 2 EcoRI sites as opposed to the normal 5 enter bacteria way easier than plasmid [proteome]

Output: What is lambda gt-lambdaB

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] EcoRI cleavage gives two arms, and foreign DNA inserted to make it 93% (fits in the 75-105% size requirements [proteome]

Output: Describe lambda gt-lambdaB and how it gets packaged.

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] hybrid of lambda phage and a plasmid accomodates large DNA inserts of 45 kb!! [proteome]

Output: what is cosmid lambda?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Bacterial artificial chromosome engineered version of ecoli fertility F factor. accomodates inserts of DNA in 100,000-300,000 bp selectable with chloramphenicol resistance put in bacteria by electroporation [proteome]

Output: What is a BAC

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Yeast Artificial Chromosome accomodates inserts as big as 2,000,000 bp lots of stuff in em that we didn't really cover but that makes them ideal for big genomes [proteome]

Output: What is a YAC

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] mechanically sheared fragments of a 3,000,000 kb genome makes random overlapping fragments which can be PAGEd isolate 15 kb long molecules and add linkers and then insert into lambda phages and then grown in E coli. gives you genomic library [proteome]

Output: What is a genomic digest?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Allows us to screen the genomic library [proteome]

Output: Why do we need DNA hybridization?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] the recombinant phages are plated on a lawn of bacteria where they like guys grow a plaque. Nitrocellulose is then applied and we add NaOH to lyse and denature the DNA. 32P probe DNA is introduced and the target sequence is radioaudiographed. [proteome]

Output: What is DNA hybridization?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] take the mRNA from an enriched source of what you are looking for. Make a cDNA from this mRNA and use as probe use amino acid sequence from target (use sequences with a lot of Trp and Met Synthesize the probes with 32P Use all the probes and isolate and sequence positive clones [proteome]

Output: How do we know how to make the probe for human hybridization screening?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] lots of peptides are encoded by several oligonucleotides. Sequences where there is alot of Met or Trp are best because they only have one codon [proteome]

Output: Why do we need a probe with minimal degeneracy?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] E. coli doesn't have the ability to splice, so we have to make cDNA from mRNA (which doesn't have introns) [proteome]

Output: Why isn't Ecoli. good for mammalian mRNA?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] Short intersperced elements (DNA that doesn't code for proteins) 1,000,000 Alu sequences of 300bp Long intersperced elements nearly 1 million LINES up to 10 kbp [proteome]

Output: What is the difference between SINES and LINES?

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] mRNA + oligo T primer with 3'OH + 4 dNTP's oligo T pairs with poly A at 3' end of mRNA reverse transcriptase makes a DNA complementary to RNA template increase the pH and dissolve mRNA add terminal transferase which adds oligo GGG to 3' end of the ssDNA then add oligo CCCC to make cDNA [proteome]

Output: how do we make cDNAs

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 125I antibody [proteome]

Output: What antibody do we use in immunochemical screening of cloned cDNA?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteins expressed by genome] 0.1 mm micropipet yeilds 2% viability foster mother mouse [proteome]

Output: Describe DNA microinjection method/

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Input: [proteins expressed by genome] rat growth hormone in rats it is promoted by metallothionein promoter have an activator [proteome]

Output: what is GH 21-kd protein?

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [basic level category] classical concept

Output: a concept that can be characterized by unchanging criteria: For instance, a triangle can be defined as a three sided figure.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] color term

Output: any word that refers to a color, e.g. magenta

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] compound word

Output: a word composed of two or more free morphemes (e.g. blackboard, merry-go-round)

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] core group

Output: a small subset of the vocabulary of a child, used very frequently

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] deictic terms

Output: from the Greek deiktikos (able to show); words that are used as linguistic pointers (e.g. here, there) also call deixis.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] derived word

Output: a complex word made from a base morpheme to which various affixes have been assed: e.g. unhappiness is derived from happy by the addition of the affixes un- and -ness

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] fast mapping

Output: children's ability to form an initial hypothesis about a word's meaning very quickly, after hearing it only once or twice; in depth learning requires multiple exposures to the word in many different contexts, however.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] focal colors

Output: among colors, those that are the most typical, the reddest reds and bluest blues.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] folk etymology

Output: an explanation of a word's origing that is not based on the actual historical record, but rather on common sense or custom: e.g. "It's called Friday because that's the day you eat fried fish"

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] free-word association

Output: a word association in which the sub ject responds freely with the first word that comes to mind

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] irony

Output: using words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning: e.g. "It's so clean in here," said of a messy dorm room

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] metalinguistic awareness

Output: knowledge about language: e.g. an understanding of what a word is and a consciousness of the sounds of language. the ability to think about language.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] metaphor

Output: figure of speech in which one thing is called by the name of another to indicate the similarities between them: e.g. "This room is a pig pen"

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] novel name-nameless category principle

Output: a strategy followed by yound language learners, who assume that if they hear a new word in the presence of an object whose name they do not know, the word refers to that object.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] onset and rime

Output: Onset refers to the initial consonant or group of consonants in a syllable, and rime refers to the remainder of the syllable.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] ontological categories

Output: concepts about how the world is organized that yound children have before they begin to learn language

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] ostension

Output: pointing to referent; a technique used by mothers in teaching basic level categories e.g. that's your shoe.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] overextension

Output: used here to refer to a child's use of a word in a broader context than is permissible in the adult language: e.g. an infant may call all men Daddy. parents who call tigers kitty are also producing this.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] phoneme

Output: a speech sound that can signal a difference of meaning: two similar speech sounds p and b represent diff phonemes in English because there are pairs of words with diff meanings that have the same phonetic form, execept that one contains b where the other contains p: e.g. pet and bet

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] phonological awareness

Output: a form of metalinguistic knowledge that includes the ability to recognize the sounds of language and to talk about them. one of the basic skills that underlies literacy.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] preferential looking paradigm

Output: an experimental design used with prelinguistic infants that tracks their eye movements when they are presented with verbal stimuli

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] principle of contrast

Output: children's assumption that no two words have the same meaning. Hence they assume that a new word will ot refer to something for which they already have a name

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] principle of mutual exclusitivity

Output: a cognitive bias shown by yound children, who typically avoid labeling anything at more than one level of generality; hence, they may refer to their pet as a dog, but not also as an animal

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] principles

Output: rules or maxims. Basic tenets of a theory

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] probabilistic concept

Output: a concept that is characterized by a variab le set of criteria, unlike a classical concept. For instance bird is a probabilistic concept, because no criterion defines it exclusively: a creature need not fly or have a beak or feathers to qualify as a bird.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] productivity

Output: refereing to the regular forms of a language that are used in the formation of new words, regular plural endings, for instance.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] prototypes

Output: an instance of a category that best exemplifies it: e.g., a robin is a prototypeical member of the category bird, because it has all of the important defining features.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] referent

Output: the actual things to which a particular word alludes-an actual cat, for instance-as opposed to the meaning of the word, which is a mental construct.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] sarcasm

Output: a use of language meant to wound others or convey contempt, often accomplished by the use of exaggerated intonation patterns and ironic devices (e.g. saying thank you SO MUCH to the person who say on your hat and crushed it.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] semantic development

Output: the acquisition of words and their many meanings and the development of that knowledge into a complex hierarchical network of associated meanings.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] semantic feature

Output: one of the criteria by which a concept is defined and distinguished from other concepts. For instance, + male and + relative are two features of the concept brother.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] semantic network

Output: a word and all of the words that are related to it through various hierarchies of meaning.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] semantic transparency

Output: obvious meaning. one of the principles children use in making new words: "plant man" for gardener, for instance

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] set task

Output: a verbal task in which the respondent is required to produce particular types of items; for instance, to name in a short period of time as many items of clothing as possible or words beginning with a particular letter.

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] shape bias

Output: a constraint on early word learning that leads the child to assume that a new word refers to the shape of an object rather than to its color, texture, or other properties

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] simplicity

Output: one of the principles children follow in creating new words. They extend forms they already know to cover new situations, creating words like bicycler for one who rides a bicycle

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift

Output: the change-word association patterns seen when children reach the age of about seven; where previously they responded with a word that typically follows in conversations (eat: dinner), after the shift takes place they respond, like adults, with the same part of speech (eat: drink)

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] taxonomic principle

Output: the assumption that a new word can be extended to members of the same category

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] underextension

Output: use or understanding of a word that does not include its full range: assuming, for instance that dog refers only to collies

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: [basic level category] word assoiciations

Output: words that come to mind as a result of hearing other words

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com

the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie


Input: Decreased light sensitivity Impaired night vision Increased glare sensitivity Decreased ability to adjust from light to darkness. Decreased ability to focus on near objects (presbyopia), the light is focused pass the retina

Output: Age associated visual changes that are not severe

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: decreased elasticity of the lens, considered to be normal aging, far sided Lens can't focus near objects Affects most older people Starts as early as age 40 Correctable by glasses

Output: Presbyopia

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "looking through a waterfall" Cloudiness of lens, the leading cause of REVERSIBLE blindness in the U.S., doesn't always cause loss of vision, 50% of people 60+ have cataracts, reversible through surgery which removes the lens and replaced with artificial lens or glasses

Output: Cataracts

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: caused by increased buildup of aqueous humor, which causes interocular pressure and damages the optic nerve and the retina, leading cause of IRREVERSIBLE blindness in older people in the U.S., "sneak thief of sight", there is medication to eliminate fluid build up

Output: Glaucoma

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Loss of central vision Dry & wet forms: wet is more dangerous Until recently, MD was NOT reversible, but there are some promising new drugs

Output: Macular degeneration

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Presbycusis - "usual" aging, noise, disease, medications 1/3 of 65+ populations have hearing loss

Output: Causes of hearing loss in aging

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: age associated hearing loss, leading cause of hearing loss in older adults, loss of high pitched sounds, harder to screen out background noise, men are at greater risk

Output: Presbycusis

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hearing loss is not perceived or acknowledged, decreased social activities, withdrawl, depression, paranoid feelings, others withdraw from the hearing-impaired person

Output: Impact of presbycusis

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hearing is not 100% restored, 20-25% use hearing aids, not perfect solution but many times helpful, uncomfortable, expensive, some say it stigmatizes them

Output: Why are hearing aids underused?

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: vestibular senses visual peripheral

Output: Balance and equilibrium involves...

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Not inevitable part of life Most often preventable May relate to meds Elders may not report Unpredictable impact on lives of elderly

Output: Falling

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Improves balance and strength UCLA study that shows it augments immunity, protects against varicella zoster virus

Output: Tai Chi

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Developed by Leiberman (grad student at Harvard), first developed for astronauts who had trouble with balance after returning from space Pressure sensors relay data to MD An alarm in the shoe to report falling

Output: Ishoe

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: As we age, receptors decrease both in number and sensitivity. There is a decreased ability to detect, locate, and identify objects. This also impairs ability to manipulate objects.

Output: What happens to touch as we age?

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Modest changes (10%) Decrease in number of sensory neurons in nasal lining Indicator of Alzheimer's disease Food-borne illnesses, impairs appetite, inability to smell natural, gas, burned food, etc

Output: What happens to smell as we age?

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Age related changes affect hearing and balance Earwax can build up Organ of Corti can be affected by atherosclerotic changes Prebycusis - hearing loss with age which is common. Lose higher pitches first, inability to screen out background noise, shorter hair cells which respond to higher pitches witness wear and tear

Output: What happens to hearing as we age?

Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The smallest branches of the repiratory system tubes terminate in clusters of microscopic air sacs called _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: alveoli

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Gas exchange takes place between the blood and the atmosphere in structures called ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: alveoli

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Blood enters the lung from the heart through a major artery known as the ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: pulmonary artery

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The mouth and nasal cavities meet in a region known as the ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: pharynx

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The nasal cavities open to the external environment at the nostrils, also called the _________________. [circulatory system]

Output: external nares

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Passageways in the nasal cavity are separated from one another by bony extensions of the nasal septum known as the _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: nasal conchae

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Many bones of the skull contain openings from the nasal cavities referred to as ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: sinuses

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: At the roof of the nasal cavities the sense of smell is associated with an area called the ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: olfactory region

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Three functions of the nose include moistening the air, filtering the air, and ___________________. [circulatory system]

Output: warming the air

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Allergic reactions occurring within the nasal chambers are given the general name ___________________. [circulatory system]

Output: allergic rhinitis

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Another name for the pharynx is the ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: throat

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The digestive and respiratory passageways meet one another at a region of the pharynx referred to as the ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: oropharynx

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The lateral walls of the nasopharynx contain openings of tubes from the middle ear known as ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: Eustachian tubes

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The mass of lymphatic tissue on the medial posterior wall of the nasopharynx is the _________________. [circulatory system]

Output: pharyngeal tonsils

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The largest cartilage of the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple, is the ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: thyroid cartilage

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring and connects the trachea and larynx is the _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: cricoid cartilage

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The opening to the larynx is referred to as the __________. [circulatory system]

Output: glottis

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Vibrations of the vocal chords are due to air exhaled from the _________________. [circulatory system]

Output: lungs

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Because men have longer vocal chords, their voices have lower ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: pitch

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The trachea is supported by a series of C-shaped rings of ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: cartilage

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The two primary tubes that branch from the trachea are the _______________. [circulatory system]

Output: bronchi

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: There is no cartilage in the tubes when the bronchi become ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: bronchioles

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bronchioles are composed entirely of muscle referred to as ________________. [circulatory system]

Output: smooth muscle

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The common name for inflammation of the bronchial tree is ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: bronchitis

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The lungs occupy most of the space of the _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: thoracic cavity

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The number of alveoli in the average adult numbers approximately ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: 300 million

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The left lung is subdivided into two lobes, while the right lung is subdivided into __________. [circulatory system]

Output: three lobes

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The two-layer membrane surrounding each lung is the _______________. [circulatory system]

Output: pleura

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The outer layer of pleura lining the inner surface of the thoracic cavity is the __________________. [circulatory system]

Output: parietal pleura

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The underlying principle of breathing is that air flows from the region of high pressure to a region of ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: low pressure

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pressure changes occurring in the lungs can be traced to the activity of skeletal muscles known as __________. [circulatory system]

Output: respiratory muscles

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During inspiration, the ribs are raised upward and outward by a set of repiratory muscles called _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: external intercostal muscles

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During inspiration, contractions cause the downward movement of a dome-shaped muscle known as the _____________. [circulatory system]

Output: diaphragm

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The relaxation of repiratory muscles compresses the thorax and increases the air pressure in the ___________. [circulatory system]

Output: lungs

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: While inspiration is an active process, the process of expiration is a(n) __________. [circulatory system]

Output: passive process

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal breath under resting conditions is the _________. [circulatory system]

Output: resting tidal volume

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a forced inspiration is the _______________. [circulatory system]

Output: vital capacity

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Breathing is controlled by an area of the brain called the repiratory control center, which includes part of the medulla oblongata and the ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: pons

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The repiratory centers in the brain are regulated indirectly by the bloodstream's level of __________________. [circulatory system]

Output: carbon dioxide

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rate of breathing is controlled by an area of the brain known as the ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: pneumotaxic area

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The respiratory center is activated by the cerebrospinal fluid level of ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: hydrogen ions

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: While the contraction of skeletal muscles is usually voluntary, the control of breathing is usually _______________. [circulatory system]

Output: involuntary

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The great majority of oxygen is carried in the body in association with __________. [circulatory system]

Output: hemoglobin molecules

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Approximately 70-75 percent of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of _________. [circulatory system]

Output: bicarbonate ions/sodium bicarbonate

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Aproximately 25-30 percent of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as ____________. [circulatory system]

Output: carboxyhemoglobin molecules

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The driving force behind the exchange of gases in the alveoli is the process of __________________. [circulatory system]

Output: diffusion

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: While active transport is an active process for the movement of molecules, diffusion is a(n) _________. [circulatory system]

Output: passive process

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During lung gas exchange, oxygen molecules move toward the ______________. [circulatory system]

Output: red blood cells

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During lung gas exchange, carbon dioxide molecules move toward the ___________. [circulatory system]

Output: alveolar sac

The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [what is matter?] what is an element?

Output: cannot be broken down to a simpler form, periodic table of elements list of them

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is chemistry?

Output: the study of matter

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is an atom?

Output: the smallest functional unit of elements

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a nucleus?

Output: is the central core of the atom and is made of positively charged protons and a nearly equal number of neutral particles called neutrons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] a proton is?

Output: positively charged and has mass

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] a neutron is?

Output: neutral and has mass

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is an electron?

Output: negatively charged particles that surround the atom, has hardly any mass and affect how an atom interacts with another element

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] protons and electrons together make most atoms?

Output: neutrally charged

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the atomic symbol?

Output: one or two letters exp: Na for sodium and O for oxygen

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the atomic number?

Output: the number of protons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the atomic mass?

Output: roughly the same number of protons plus neutrons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are isotopes?

Output: atoms with either more or fewer neutrons than the usual number for that element, they have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass(diff number of neutrons.)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are radioisotopes?

Output: unstable isotopes that give off energy in the form of radiation

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what can radioisotopes be used for?

Output: exp: Carbon 14 used for dating fossils, diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, power supply for implants such as cardiac pacemakers

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is energy?

Output: the capacity to do work

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is potential energy?

Output: stored energy

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is kinetic energy?

Output: energy in motion

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] shells outside of the nucleus have?

Output: more potential energy, (electrons have potential energy)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the types of chemical bonds?

Output: covalent ionic hydrogen

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what do covalent bonds consist of?

Output: STRONG bonds- a bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms result in each atom having a maximally filled outer shell of electrons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a non-polar covalent bond?

Output: when electrons among atoms are shared equally

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is polar covalent bond?

Output: when atoms dont share electrons equally

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is an ionic bond?

Output: MODERATE bond- the bond between two oppositely charged ions (atoms or molecules that were formed by the permanent transfer if one or more electrons)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a positively charged ion?

Output: forms when an atom loses electrons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a negatively charged ion?

Output: forms when if an atom gains electrons

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a hydrogen bond?

Output: WEAK bond and is formed between polar molecules

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] WATER..why does life depend on it?

Output: *is polar *water is liquid at body temperature *water can absorb and hod heat energy *water is the biological solvent *water helps regulate body temperature

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a solvent?

Output: liquid in which other substances dissolve

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a solute?

Output: any dissolved substance

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is hydrophilic?

Output: polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact easily with water

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements