Input: the kind of writing that gives or explains information [autobiography]

Output: exposition


Input: a story of extraordinary deeds that is handed down from one generation to the next [autobiography]

Output: legend


Input: dramatic work that is light and often humorous and that in general ends happily for the main characters [autobiography]

Output: comedy


Input: any writing that is not poetry [autobiography]

Output: prose


Input: a story that explains something about the world and typically involves gods or other supernatural forces [autobiography]

Output: myth


Input: a story that has no known author and was originally passed on from one generation to another by word of mouth [autobiography]

Output: folk tale


Input: a brief story told in prose or poetry that contains a moral, a practical lesson about how to get along in life [autobiography]

Output: fable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Correlation

Output: When two or more variables change value together in the same or opposite direction.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Correlation of Zero

Output: An independent relationship between two or more variables.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] deductive model

Output: Model of sociological research that begins with a general theory or set of hypotheses and then moves on to the collection of appropriate data to test the theory or hypotheses.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Dependent Variable

Output: A variable whose value is believed to depend upon or to be caused by another variable.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Experiments

Output: Carefully designed and controlled attempts, usually conducted in a laboratory, to determine the effect of specific variables on a particular dependent variable or on the behavior or attributes of the experiement's subjects.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Field Research

Output: The study of social life in its natural setting

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Hypothesis

Output: A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Independent Variable

Output: A variable that causes or produces change in the value of another dependent variable.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Inductive Grounded model

Output: Model of sociological research that begins with specific observations upon which a theoretical account is then fashioned that accounts for and explains the observations and their meanings.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Negative correlation

Output: A relationship between two variables such that in the majority of cases, when one variable increases in value, the other decreases in value.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Operationalize

Output: To specify how the variable is to be measured.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Participant observation

Output: a research method in which the researchr systematically observes people while actually joining with them in their activities.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Perfect positive Correlation

Output: A relationship between two variables such that they both change together and in the same direction in all cases.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Positive correlation

Output: A relationship between two variables such that they both change together in the same direction in the majority of cases.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] population

Output: The group of people to whom the results of research are applicable.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Qualitative Research

Output: Research that emphasizes the uncovering of subjective meanings and ways people interact in everyday life through the use of descriptive, rather than numerical data.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Quanitative research

Output: Research that emphasizes the statistical analysis of numerical data.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Random Sampling

Output: Process by which each member of a population of interest has the same chance of being selected for participation in the study.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Reliability

Output: Consistency in the measurement of a variable over time, the quality of measurement of the variable that suggests that the same results and data would be collected in repeated observations.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Sample

Output: A subgroup of the population from which the researcher will collect data

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Secondary analysis of exisiting data

Output: The use of data initially collected by other researchers to analyze a topic of interest.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Validity

Output: The extent to which a variable actually measures what it is intended to measure.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: [Cause and Effect] Representative Sample

Output: A Subgroup of the population that accurately reflects the composition of the population as well as the distribution of important characteristics and attributes within the population.

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com

A relationship between two or more variables in which one variable influences or explains the change in the other variable


Input: When two or more variables change value together in the same or opposite direction. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Correlation

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An independent relationship between two or more variables. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Correlation of Zero

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Model of sociological research that begins with a general theory or set of hypotheses and then moves on to the collection of appropriate data to test the theory or hypotheses. [Cause and Effect]

Output: deductive model

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A variable whose value is believed to depend upon or to be caused by another variable. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Dependent Variable

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Carefully designed and controlled attempts, usually conducted in a laboratory, to determine the effect of specific variables on a particular dependent variable or on the behavior or attributes of the experiement's subjects. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Experiments

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The study of social life in its natural setting [Cause and Effect]

Output: Field Research

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Hypothesis

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A variable that causes or produces change in the value of another dependent variable. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Independent Variable

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Model of sociological research that begins with specific observations upon which a theoretical account is then fashioned that accounts for and explains the observations and their meanings. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Inductive Grounded model

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A relationship between two variables such that in the majority of cases, when one variable increases in value, the other decreases in value. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Negative correlation

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To specify how the variable is to be measured. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Operationalize

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a research method in which the researchr systematically observes people while actually joining with them in their activities. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Participant observation

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A relationship between two variables such that they both change together and in the same direction in all cases. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Perfect positive Correlation

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A relationship between two variables such that they both change together in the same direction in the majority of cases. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Positive correlation

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The group of people to whom the results of research are applicable. [Cause and Effect]

Output: population

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research that emphasizes the uncovering of subjective meanings and ways people interact in everyday life through the use of descriptive, rather than numerical data. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Qualitative Research

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research that emphasizes the statistical analysis of numerical data. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Quanitative research

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Process by which each member of a population of interest has the same chance of being selected for participation in the study. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Random Sampling

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Consistency in the measurement of a variable over time, the quality of measurement of the variable that suggests that the same results and data would be collected in repeated observations. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Reliability

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A subgroup of the population from which the researcher will collect data [Cause and Effect]

Output: Sample

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The use of data initially collected by other researchers to analyze a topic of interest. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Secondary analysis of exisiting data

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The extent to which a variable actually measures what it is intended to measure. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Validity

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A Subgroup of the population that accurately reflects the composition of the population as well as the distribution of important characteristics and attributes within the population. [Cause and Effect]

Output: Representative Sample

Chapter 2 Clep Sociology Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [autobiography] novel

Output: a long fictional story whose length is usually between one hundred and five hundred book pages

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] drama

Output: a work of literature meant to be preformed for an audience by actors

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] tall tale

Output: an exaggerated, far fetched story that is obviously untrue but is told as though it should be believed

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] tragedy

Output: a play, novel, or other narrative in which the main character comes to an unhappy ending

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] ballad

Output: a song or songlike poem that tells a story

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] biography

Output: an account of a persons life or of part of it, written or told by another person

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] essay

Output: a short piece of non fiction prose that examines a single subject

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] limerick

Output: a very short humorous or nonsensical poem

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] poetry

Output: a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our imagination

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] exposition

Output: the kind of writing that gives or explains information

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] legend

Output: a story of extraordinary deeds that is handed down from one generation to the next

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] comedy

Output: dramatic work that is light and often humorous and that in general ends happily for the main characters

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] prose

Output: any writing that is not poetry

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] myth

Output: a story that explains something about the world and typically involves gods or other supernatural forces

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] folk tale

Output: a story that has no known author and was originally passed on from one generation to another by word of mouth

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: [autobiography] fable

Output: a brief story told in prose or poetry that contains a moral, a practical lesson about how to get along in life

a person's account of his or her own life or part of it


Input: where do successive vertebrae join

Output: at the body and the articular process on the pedicles

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is flexion and extension

Output: beding anterior and posterior respectively

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what motions are the vertebrae capable of

Output: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which kind of vertebrae has a circular foramen

Output: thoracic

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the smallest vertebrae

Output: cervical

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which vertebrae has a bifid spinous process

Output: cervical

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which vertebrae has a transverse formaen for the transverse process

Output: cervical

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what vertebrae dont have a vertebral disk bt them

Output: axis and atlas

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what's more specialized the axis or the atlas

Output: the atlas

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: All the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs

Output: True

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: these vertebrae recieve the most stress

Output: the lumbar

skeleton, vertebrae Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Maximum amount of money a consumer will pay for an additional unit of some commodity [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal utility


Input: Observation that additional units of a given commodity generally have decreasing value for a consumer [Total Utility]

Output: The "law" of diminishing marginal utility


Input: Method for calculating choices that best promote the decision maker's objective [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal Analysis


Input: Difference between total utility and total expenditures for a given quantity of some commodity [Total Utility]

Output: Consumer's surplus


Input: Quantity demanded declines when consumer real income rises [Total Utility]

Output: inferior good


Input: Horizontal summation of individual demand curves [Total Utility]

Output: Market demand curve


Input: Observation that a lower price generally increase the amount of a commodity that people in a market are willing to buy. [Total Utility]

Output: The "law" of demand


Input: Ratio of percent change in quantity demanded to percent change in price [Total Utility]

Output: Price Elasticity of Demand


Input: A change in price leads to a more than proportionate change in quantity demanded [Total Utility]

Output: Elastic Demand Curve


Input: A change in price leads to a less than proportionate change in quantity supplied. [Total Utility]

Output: Inelastic demand curve


Input: A change in price accompanied by an equal proportionate change in quantity demanded [Total Utility]

Output: Unit-elastic demand curve


Input: ratio of percentage change in quantity demanded to percentage change in income [Total Utility]

Output: income elasticity of demand


Input: An increase in price of one good decreases the demand for the other [Total Utility]

Output: complements


Input: An increase in the price of one good increases the demand for the other [Total Utility]

Output: substitute


Input: Ration of percentage change in quantity demanded of one product to the percent change in the price of another [Total Utility]

Output: cross elasticity of demand


Input: decsion that best serves the objectives of the decision maker, whatever those objectives may be [Total Utility]

Output: optimal decision


Input: period of time during which none of a firm's commitments will have ended. [Total Utility]

Output: short run


Input: period of time long enough for all of a firm's commitments to end. [Total Utility]

Output: long run


Input: Costs which do not change when output rises or falls [Total Utility]

Output: fixed costs


Input: costs that change as the level of production changes [Total Utility]

Output: variable costs


Input: Graph of output generated by various quantities of one input holding other inputs fixed. [Total Utility]

Output: Total Physical Product


Input: Increase in output that results from an additional unit of a given input, holding all other inputs constant [Total Utility]

Output: Average Physical Product


Input: Increase in output that result from an addition unit of a given input, holding other inputs constant [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal physical product


Input: Dollar value of output produced by an extra unit of input [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal revenue product


Input: Increase in output greater then the proportionate increase in all inputs. [Total Utility]

Output: Economies of Scale (increasing)


Input: Difference between total revenue and total costs [Total Utility]

Output: Total Profit


Input: Net earnings minus a firm's opportunity cost of capital [Total Utility]

Output: Economic Profit


Input: Price of output times quantity sold [Total Utility]

Output: Total Revenue


Input: Total revenue divided by quantity of output [Total Utility]

Output: Average revenue


Input: Addition to total revenue when producing one more unit of output [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal Revenue


Input: Addition to profit by producing an additional unit of output [Total Utility]

Output: Marginal profit


Input: Many small firms selling an identical product [Total Utility]

Output: Perfect competion


Input: Agent or firm too small to affect the market price [Total Utility]

Output: price taker


Input: Costs that depends upon the quantity of output [Total Utility]

Output: variable cost


Input: The portion of the marginal cost curve that exceeds average variable cost [Total Utility]

Output: Firms supply curve


Input: [tá] níl [is]

Output: is not

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] an lá [is]

Output: the day

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] an aimsir [is]

Output: the weather

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] an oíche [is]

Output: the night

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] an mhaidin [is]

Output: the morning

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go breá [is]

Output: fine

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go deas [is]

Output: nice

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go maith [is]

Output: good

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go dona [is]

Output: bad

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go hálin [is]

Output: beautiful

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] go hiontach [is]

Output: wonderful

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] anois [is]

Output: now

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [tá] inniu [is]

Output: today

Buntus Cainte Ceacht 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: movement of water from high concentration to low concentration [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is osmosis?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a membrane that some solutes can cross more easily than others [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is a selectively permeable membrane?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when the solute concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is osmotic stress?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process by which living organisms control the concentration of water and salt in their bodies [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is osmoregulation?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an organism that's set point for water and electrolyte concentration matches their environment [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is an osmoconformer?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a body containing more solutes outside the body than inside [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is hypotonic?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: because they constantly lose water and gain salt [what is diffusion?]

Output: why are marine fish under constant osmotic stress?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: because they gain water and lose salt [what is diffusion?]

Output: why are freshwater fish constantly under osmotic stress?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when the solution inside the body contain more solutes than the surrounding water [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is a hypertonic solution?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: marine fish because they constantly lose water [what is diffusion?]

Output: which fish constantly drinks water?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: freshwater fish because they gain too much water [what is diffusion?]

Output: what fish doesn't drink water?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: evaporation [what is diffusion?]

Output: how do terrestrial animals lose water?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: diffusion of a solute along a electrochemical gradient, requires no atp [what is diffusion?]

Output: whats passive transport?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: requires atp to move s solute against it's concentration gradient [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is active transport?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: proteins that form a pore that selectively admits an ion or ions [what is diffusion?]

Output: what's a channel?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a membrane protein that binds a specific molecule to pass it through the membrane by changing shape [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is a carrier?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a cotransporter that moves solutes in opposite directions [what is diffusion?]

Output: whats a sympoter?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a active transport method passing two molecules [what is diffusion?]

Output: whats a cotransporter?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when salt moves in water moves out or salt moves out water moves in [what is diffusion?]

Output: explain how water moves in and out of cells?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: animals set up a strong electrochemical gradient for one ion (typically salt) which is then used to transport other substances without more energy [what is diffusion?]

Output: why do animals use an electrochemical gradient?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it secretes a concentrated salt solution [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the rectal gland secrete?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the na+ gradient [what is diffusion?]

Output: how do ions move into cells?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a pump diffuses them into the lumen of the gland [what is diffusion?]

Output: when a buildup of cl- ions happens where do they go?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a substance in insects that is pumped by the heart which carries electrolytes, nutrients,oxygen and waste products [what is diffusion?]

Output: what is hemolymph?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they form a filtrate from the hemolymph where it is processed in the hindgut [what is diffusion?]

Output: what do the malpighian tubules in insects do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it will try to recollect its water and electrolytes from the filtrate and put them back into the hemolymph [what is diffusion?]

Output: what if an insect is osmotically stressed?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stress by the enviornment [what is diffusion?]

Output: what factor regulates reabsorbtion?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: all water will be reabsorbed and the concentration of waste molecules will be higher in excretion [what is diffusion?]

Output: if there is no water how will it affect reabsorbtion?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: water is less conserved and waste molecules will [what is diffusion?]

Output: if there is an abundace of water , how will this affect reabsorbtion?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urine is waste and water processed in the kidneys that pass through the ureter to the bladder then passed to the body surface by the urethra [what is diffusion?]

Output: explain the path of urine from creation to exit

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the nephron maintains water and electrolyte balance [what is diffusion?]

Output: what part of the kidney does work involving water and electrolytes?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the cortex [what is diffusion?]

Output: the kidneys outter region is called what?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: medulla [what is diffusion?]

Output: the kideys inner region is called what?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: renaal corpuscle to the proximal tube to the loop of henle to the distal tube and finally to the collecting duct [what is diffusion?]

Output: explain the path of the nephron.

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: filters blood to make pre urine [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the renal corpuscle do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reabsorbs nutrients, vitamins, valuable ions and water [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the proximal tube do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: has a strong osmotic gradient with outside tissues and having osmolarity increase as it move down the tube. [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the loop of henle do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ions and water are reabsorbed in a regulated manner [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the distal tube do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this collects urine but may also reabsorb water if necessary. [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does the collecting duct do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: causes reabsorbtion of water [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does adh do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it causes reabsorbtion of salt through the distal tube [what is diffusion?]

Output: what does aldosterone do?

bios 171 chapter 42 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a leaf object?

Output: an object that does not contain another object

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the primary property of the Organization object?

Output: permissions

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Does intrasite replication need to be configured?

Output: no

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Does intersite replication need to be configured?

Output: yes

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The DS component supports directory access through what two interfaces?

Output: the MAPI interface and LDAP

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is single-instance storage?

Output: a message sent to multiple users on the same server is stored only onece

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What component is responsible for delivering messages to users on the same server?

Output: the Information Store

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What component is responsible for alerting users to new mail?

Output: the Information Store

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What two protocols are built into the Information Store?

Output: POP3 and IMAP4

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a dedicated server?

Output: a server that holds either the Public or Private Information Store, but not both

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the purpose of a dedicated server?

Output: to improve access performance

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) do?

Output: manages message routing

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What component handles the actual transfer of messages between servers?

Output: connectors

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the three main routing functions of MTA?

Output: addressing messages, translating message formats, and making routing decisions

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The MTA component is based on what standard?

Output: X.400

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the MTA's routing table called?

Output: Gateway Address Routing Table (GWART)

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the System Attendant do?

Output: monitors other Exchange services, and builds and maintains routing tables for the site

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How often is the routing table rebuilt by default?

Output: once a day

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Internet Mail Service (IMS) connector do?

Output: allows Exchange to interoperate with SMTP mail systems

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What connector does Exchange use to interoperate with USENET?

Output: the Internet News Service (INS)

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the only time the Directory Service initiates communication?

Output: during directory replication

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does the Directory Service communicate during directory replication if the other server is in the same site?

Output: directly with the DS on the other server

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does the Directory Service communicate during directory replication if the other server is in another site?

Output: through MTA

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What component does the Information Store use when resolving an address?

Output: the Directory Service

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a message is sent to a distribution list, what component handles expanding the list?

Output: the MTA

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: By default, what e-mail addresses are created when a recipient is added?

Output: Microsoft Mail, X.400, Lotus cc:Mail, and SMTP

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Link Monitor do to test the link between servers?

Output: sends a test email

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the process for sending the email used by Link Monitor?

Output: the SA generates the email and places it in the IS, which sends it to the MTA for routing

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Directory Synchronization Agent (DXA) do?

Output: handles the exporting or importing of directory information between Exchange and a compatible foreign directory

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is necessary for the Directory Synchronization Agent (DXA) to communicate with a foreign message system directory?

Output: the foreign system must use the Microsoft Mail directory synchronization protocol

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What version of Schedule+ does Exchange ship with?

Output: v7.5

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Schedule+ Free/Busy Connector do?

Output: allows the versions of Schedule+ shipped with Exchange and Microsoft Mail to interoperate

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the three main communication processes that take place within a site?

Output: directory replication, mail message transfer, and Link Monitor message transfer

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does Exchange use to ensure all directory changes are replicated throughout a site?

Output: an Update Sequence Number (USN)

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What advantage do Update Sequence Numbers (USN's) provide?

Output: they allow Exchange to replicate only modified information, rather than entire directories

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does using USNs contribute to fault tolerance?

Output: it ensures current and accurate directories throughout a site

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the three main fault tolerance features for directory replication?

Output: USNs, replication lists, and Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC)

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) do?

Output: compares the replication list on the local system to the replication lists on other servers

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a replication list?

Output: a list of Exchange servers in a site

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How often does the KCC run by default?

Output: every three hours

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How long is the default replication period?

Output: 5 minutes

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a stub directory?

Output: a copy of the directory without recipients

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When is a stub directory used?

Output: when setting up a new server in an existing site

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What format does the Exchange Client create messages in?

Output: X.400 Interpersonal Message (IPM)

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the two main parts of a message formatted with the Interpersonal Mail (IPM) format?

Output: message content and message envelope

Exchange 5.5 Set 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is it important to know the duties and responsibilities of personnel in other ratings?

Output: Because QM1 or QMC will take part in types of training which may involve personnel from other divisions.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Why are military obligations similar for all ratings in the navy?

Output: Because it is important to act as a military person above all else.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is the basic requirement for effective communication in the u.s.navy?

Output: A correct knowledge of the english language.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is the primary purpose of all communications?

Output: The improvement of understanding

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Which u.s. navy instruction shows the requirements for advancement in rating?

Output: BUPERSINST 1430.16

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: How often should the leading QM check the log and station file on the signal bridge?

Output: at least once a day.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What are the 2 main classes of files?

Output: Mandatory files and optional files

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is contained in the visual log?

Output: It is a record of the entire history of each signal watch and is a register of all messages transmitted by visual methods

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Which pub sets forh the requirement that a visual log is required to be maintained on the signal bridge?

Output: NTP 4.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is ment by the abbreviation TOR?

Output: Time of receipt

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is ment by the abbreviation TOD?

Output: Time of delivery

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: When are exempted addees to be recorded in the visual log?

Output: At all times, even if no traffic is transmitted to them

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What must be logged in the visual log for multiple address messages?

Output: Just the last transmission only

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is the last column in the visual station log used for?

Output: The recording of visual numbers.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What type of markers are authorized for making entries in the visual log?

Output: Black ink pens

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What notations is made in the visual log, once a message has been internally routed and/or relayed?

Output: The visual number assigned is circled in the visual log.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Would a change in the local time zone be entered in the visual log?

Output: Yes, as well as any important event which affects the watch.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Which file is a chronological record of all the visual traffic which is dealt with by the signal crew?

Output: The visual station file.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: When are tactical signals to be inserted into the visual station file?

Output: Never

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: What is another informal name for the communication center file?

Output: The date-time group file

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: How are classified messages to be filed in the communications center file?

Output: They are either filed in their encrypted form or are filed by means of a dummy or a filler.

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: How is a copy of a dummy or filler marked for filing in the communications center file?

Output: They are filed by message heading

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Where are the plain language translations of classified messages maintained?

Output: They are held in the crypto file

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: Are top secred messages stowed separately from other classified messages?

Output: yes under usual circumstances

QM admin procedures Flashcards - Cram.com

The QM's value as a supervisor, a leader,teacher and a technical specialist.


Input: [Hands off] Rights of protected parties

Output: the court will enforce an agreement where to do so serves to protect those the statutory limitation intended to protect

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Wagering statute

Output: no financial interest other than that created by the bet, the contract will not be enforced

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Risk shifting agreements

Output: where the parties agree who bears an existing risk the contract is enforceable

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Speculative bargains

Output: such as stock and commodities transactions are enforceable

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Usury

Output: prohibit charging more than a stated amount of interest for the use of money

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Sunday/Blue laws

Output: prohibit performance of certain work and/or transactions of business on Sunday

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Revenue rising statutes

Output: one major exception

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Fiduciary

Output: a person in a position of trust or confidence like a trustee, agent, or partner

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Exculpatory clause

Output: provision in a contract that attempts to relieve one party to the contract from liability for the consequences of his or her own negligence

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Ancillary

Output: no broader than reasonably necessary

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Unconscionable contract

Output: shock the conscience of the court

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Hands off] Adhesion contracts

Output: contract does not amount to a contract at all – no bargaining

Business Law Chapter 15 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What anatomical location are stones most likely to get lodged in swine or cattle?

Output: Distal penile urethra Sigmoid flexure

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What anatomical location are stones most likely to get lodged in small ruminants?

Output: Urethral process Sigmoid flexure

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: It is common for production animals to have their ureter or renal pelvis obstructed

Output: False

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Urinary tract infection is usually associated with urolithiasis

Output: False

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of calculi with the best prognosis?

Output: Struvites

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of calculi that dissolve in acidic solutions?

Output: Struvites

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Most common type of calculi in feedlot animals and small ruminants on concentrates or alfalfa?

Output: Struvites

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Least common type of calculi in production animals?

Output: Oxalate

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bead-like calculi with a poor prognosis?

Output: Calcium carbonate

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of calculi common in ruminants grazing on sandy soil or on poor roughage diets?

Output: Silicate Also caused by drinking silica containing water

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of calculi that have sharp edges and can cause laceration and urethral rupture?

Output: Silicate Poor prognosis

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Struvite and silicate calculi both dissolve in acidic solutions

Output: False! Only struvites dissolve in acidic solutions.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis?

Output: Pain, lethargy Straining to urinate Inappetence Hematuria Crystal formation on preputial hair Post-renal azotemia Acid-base and electrolyte derangements

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Possible sequella of obstructive urolithiasis?

Output: Urethral rupture Bladder rupture

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What serum chemistry values are commonly seen in cases of obstructive urolithiasis?

Output: Azotemia Electrolyte derangements Acid-base derangements Hemoconcentration

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which type of calculi is most visible on radiographs?

Output: Calcium carbonate

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How can you decide if the urinary bladder has ruptured?

Output: Perform an abdominocentesis. Fluid may smell uremic Test the fluid for creatinine. If fluid creatinine is twice as high plasma creatinine, it's a ruptured bladder.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are preoperative considerations when treating urinary obstruction?

Output: Administer fluids if needed (but avoid rupturing the bladder. Do cystocentesis or perineal urethrostomy if needed) Evaluate kidneys via ultrasound and look for calculi and hydronephrosis Evaluate the urethral process in small ruminants Use NSAIDS with caution because of nephrotoxicity Abx that concentrate in the urine (procaine penicillin, ampicillin, potentiated sulfonamides, ceftiofur)

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: For intact males, how long should they recover after sx for obstructive urolithiasis before they can be used for breeding again?

Output: 2 months of sexual rest is required

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What dietary modification should be made for an animal that is diagnosed and treated for struvites?

Output: No alfalfa hay, no grain, only very little concentrated feed Vegetables and fruits can be used as treats. Give free access to water at all times Add salt to feed to increase water intake and diuresis

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What dietary modification should be made for an animal that has silicate stones?

Output: Hay and water tested for silicate, and only feed low silicate feed. Give free access to water at all times Add salt to feed to increase water intake and diuresis

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What dietary modification should be made for an animal that has calcium carbonate stones?

Output: Decrease Ca intake by testing feed Give free access to water at all times Add salt to feed to increase water intake and diuresis

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What can you give to acidify the urine?

Output: Periodic feeding/oral administration of ammonium chloride (450 mg/kg QD for 7 days once a month)

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What surgical procedures can be done to treat urinary obstruction?

Output: Urethral process amputation (small ruminants) Penile amputation (usually bovines) Perineal urethrostomy Ischial urethrostomy Ischial urethrotomy Targeted urethrotomy Cystotomy Tube cystotomy Bladder marsupalization

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What muscles are transected during penile amputation?

Output: Retractor penis muscles

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Perineal urethrostomy is a procedure with very good long term outcome.

Output: False! This is a salvage procedure.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which procedure would you use to relieve a urinary obstruction if it was important to preserve the animal's ability to breed?

Output: Ischial urethrotomy Urethral process amputation Targeted urethrotomy

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Breeding ability is likely to be retained if incision into the urethra is avoided.

Output: True

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What surgical approach do you use when performing a cystotomy?

Output: Caudal paramedian or caudal midline approach

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the most commonly performed procedure for obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants, camelids, and potbelly pigs?

Output: Tube cystotomy

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Breeding ability is retained after bladder marsupalization.

Output: True

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is preputial prolapse?

Output: Eversion of the lamina interna of the prepuce. Most common in polled English breeds, and Bos Indicus related breeds due to lack of development of the retractor preputii muscles or due to an excessively pendulous prepuce.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the conservative treatment for preputial prolapse?

Output: Local or systemic abx Hydrotherapy Local wound lavage Moisturizing ointment Pressure wrap around prepuce with urine tube into preputial cavity 2-4 months sexual rest

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the surgical treatment options for preputial prolapse and when would you choose surgical treatment?

Output: Circumcision Preputial amputation (salvage procedure) Surgical treatment is chosen if scarring or stricture occurs or if medical treatment is unsuccessful or if prolapse recurs.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How do you treat strictures due to scarring after preputial surgery?

Output: Incise the scars in a direction longitudinal to the shaft of the penis and re-appose the incised tissue in a transverse direction, which results in a wider lumen of the preputial lamina.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a possible sequel to preputial prolapse, laceration, and penile hematoma?

Output: Preputial abscess

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the best way to drain a preputial abscess?

Output: Drain the abscess into the preputial cavity to prevent adhesion formation to the skin

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the most common location for a tear in the tunica albuginea to occur?

Output: A transverse tear on the dorsum of the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure (opposite to the retractor penis muscle insertion) is the most common location for a tear to occur in the tunica albuginea (causes penile hematoma)

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the clinical signs of penile hematoma? Differentials?

Output: Large, firm swelling cranial to the scrotum, centered around the penis. +/- paraphimosis, preputial prelapse Signs of pain are uncommon Paracentesis: blood (Perform sterilely!!) Ddx: Prepucial abscess Urethral rupture Abdominal hernia

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When is it appropriate to do conservative treatment for a penile hematoma?

Output: Only in bulls with limited value! Or if the injury is older than 14 days Or if the hematoma is less than 15 cm in diameter Treatment is hydrotherapy, manual massage, 90 days sexual rest, and abx and NSAIDs as needed.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When is the best time to do surgical treatment for penile hematoma?

Output: 3-5 days after the injury This is the best choice for hematomas > 15 cm Good prognosis for surgical treatment (up to 80% breed again)

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Complications of penile hematoma?

Output: Recurrence Abscess formation Adhesion formation Damage to dorsal nerve of the penis Venous shunting

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Persistent frenulum is a heritable problem

Output: True! Do not breed these animals, unless the offspring will only be for meat.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or False: If animals are under anesthesia there is no need for a local block when performing castration.

Output: False! Always use local. It's nicer for the animal, and makes your job easier. 5-10 ml/testicle

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are three different methods of incising into the scrotum when performing a castration?

Output: Removal of lower 1/3 of scrotum, or Incise along back or side of scrotum, or Newberry knife

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If you perform an open castration, what should you make sure to remove, in addition to the testes?

Output: The vaginal tunic

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Possible complications of castration?

Output: Hydrocele - due to inadequate removal of the vaginal tunic Hemorrhage Infection

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are two non-surgical meathods of castration?

Output: Emasculatome (Burdizzo instrument) - Crushes the spermatic cord without breaking the skin Elastrator bands - only for newborn calves, lambs, kids

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How do you perform castration in piglets (< 2 weeks old), small pigs, and adult boars?

Output: Piglets: scrotal incision, transect with steady traction Small pigs: Inguinal incision, transect with traction Adult boars: general anesthesia, 2 scrotal incisions, ligate spermatic cords

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the "twist and tack" technique?

Output: If there is an inguinal herniation this technique is used. 1. Twist the testicle in the vaginal tunic 2. Ligate the spermatic chord over the vaginal tunic, using a transfixation ligature 3. Tack it to the external abdominal oblique muscle

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: When castrating camelids you can leave the incision open or close it primarily.

Output: True

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the most common location to find a cryptorchid testicle in cattle?

Output: Subcutaneously or inguinally. Abdominal location is less common (requires flank incision to remove)

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True or false: Cryptorchid testes produce functional sperm.

Output: False

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are you likely to find a cryptorchid testicle in a goat?

Output: Can be anywhere between the caudal pole of the kidney and the subcutaneous inguinal area. For abdominal testicles, a parainguinal, ventral midline, or flank approach can be used.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are you most likely to find cryptorchid testes in a camelid? What approach should be used?

Output: Most cryptorchid testes in camelids are located within the abdomen and a parainguinal incision is preferred.

Production Animal Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the modal model and who proposed it [Sensory store]

Output: Atkinson and Shiffrin's dual store theory

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the properties of the modal model? [Sensory store]

Output: Stm is short and brief while LTM is more durable STM is limited while LTM is virtually unlimited Forgetting in STM occurs through displacement and replacement STM serves to transfer info into LTM through encoding

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the two basic divisions of the long term memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Semantic memory Episodic memory

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is episodic memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Personal memory system contains temporal and contextual info of when and where

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is semantic memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Store of general knowledge contains facts, words, language and grammar

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Explicit memory tasks involve reporting on recall Implicit memory tasks involve recording rate of performance with out consciousness

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Two ways in which implicit knowledge is tested? [Sensory store]

Output: Procedural learning Priming

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is procedural learning characterized by? [Sensory store]

Output: Acquisition of generalized rules for performing tasks or procedure

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the different combination of skills required for procedural learning? [Sensory store]

Output: Cognitive skills Motor Skills Perceptual Skills

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tulving's theory of monohierarchy? [Sensory store]

Output: Procedural memory is divided into Semantic memory which divides into Episodic memory

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the perceptual representation system tulving describes in his monohierarchy theory [Sensory store]

Output: Priming effect on memory is a system which overlaps onto procedural and semantic memory

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is Squires method of memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Division of memory into two parts Declarative and Non Declarative Episodic and Semantic fit into the first Procedural Priming Habits and Classical condition fit into the second

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are three stages of memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Encoding Storage Retreival

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is state dependent retrieval? [Sensory store]

Output: Memories encoded in one state of consciousness are more accessible in the same state

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What part of the brain does N.A. have impaired? [Sensory store]

Output: the thalamus

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is Depth of processing theory [Sensory store]

Output: One memory system is hypothesized to exist Degree of cognitive processing determines whether something is remembered

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of processing leads to better retention in incidental learning? [Sensory store]

Output: Deeper cognitive processing

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Testing with two cognitive tasks where one required more attention than the other is a form of testing for what? [Sensory store]

Output: Level of Depth processing

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Two criticisms on Depth of Processing theory? [Sensory store]

Output: No independent measures exist Term "depth" is unclear. Elaboration or distinctiveness?

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is transfer appropriate processing theory? [Sensory store]

Output: Recall of cognitive process use during encoding will aid in retrieval process

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How are explicit and implicit memory tested for in transfer appropriate theory? [Sensory store]

Output: Explicit is done through elaborative processing Implicit is done through perceptual operations (recognition of items)

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Five assumptions made by the connectionist model? [Sensory store]

Output: 1. A neural network model, each neural unit can potentially connect to many others 2. Successive pairings of neurons strengthens connections 3. Neural Units can be activated much like a neuron- activation gradually fades to baseline 4. Threshold for activation: Multiple units may be required to activate a particular unit 5. There can be layers of activation: which deeper layers combine and summate to previous layers

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a different name for neural units? [Sensory store]

Output: Nodes

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the delta rule? [Sensory store]

Output: Maximum activation minus Current activation times Delta Thus showing the learning curve

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What other sets of knowledge has the connectionist model been applied to? [Sensory store]

Output: Semantic Memory Spatial learning in hippocampus Instrument response - outcome contingencies Classically conditioned associations

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does the connectionist model describe short term memory? [Sensory store]

Output: Items are activated in their neural representations, then slowly decay to baseline Elaboration is the activation of multiple units

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Explain the encoding and retrieval patterns in stages of memory using the connectionist theory? [Sensory store]

Output: Encoding is the strengthening of connections Retrieval is the activation of retrieval cues, which activate relevant cues.

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the two dimensions of amnesia [Sensory store]

Output: Cause related (physical or psychological) Time related (trauma)

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are psychogenic amnesia? [Sensory store]

Output: Functional amnesia due to trauma

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Forgetting events before a trauma is called? [Sensory store]

Output: Retrograde amnesia

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Forgetting of events after trauma and inability to form memories? [Sensory store]

Output: Anterograde amnesia

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Patients of what syndrome cannot form semantic memory, have trouble with episodic memory yet procedural memory remains intact? [Sensory store]

Output: Amnesic Syndrome

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Korsakoff's syndrome is due to what? [Sensory store]

Output: Alcohol abuse Thiamine deficiency

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Three explanations for amnesia of psychogenic amnesia? [Sensory store]

Output: Repression Emotional state dependence impeding recall Implicit memory, memory goes implicit

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are general items in everyday forgetting? [Sensory store]

Output: Momentary forgetting Prospective forgetting Absentmindedness Temporary forgetting of common names and words

Learning and Memory: Human Memory Chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is gene expression regulated by?

Output: hard wired molecular programs and molecules produced by the developing cells or external environment

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: General name of molecules that guide development?

Output: Transcription factors

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: How do TFs act?

Output: molecules produced by the genes of the cell that stay within the cell to alter gene function

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Define- signaling molecules-

Output: produced by the cell and traffic to other cells to influence those genes

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: BMP 1-9

Output: Bone morphogenic protein -- signaling molecule has to be inhibited by the notochord secretion to allow the ectoderm to develop into the CNS

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Cadherins

Output: Cell attachment proteins needs to inhibited to allow the trophoblast to become a connected layer also inhibited by FGF8 to allow the cells to detach and form 3 layers

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: FGF 1-10

Output: Fibroblast growth factor 1-10 signaling molecule

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Hox a-d

Output: Homeobox containing a-d --transcription factor does the segmentation of the vertebral column

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Lefty

Output: signaling molecule


Input: NCAM

Output: neural cell adhesion molecule- -cellular adhesion molecule has to be inhibited so the neural crest cells can detach


Input: Nodal

Output: signaling molecule -- important because it activates pip to do the rotation of the heart and its secreion help form the primitive streak


Input: noggin

Output: signaling molecule


Output: Transcription factor - important for early embryonic cleavages


Input: Ptc

Output: Patched --receptor molecule


Input: RA

Output: Retinoic Acid - Retinoid


Input: Shh

Output: Sonic hedgehog - Signaling molecule


Input: TGF- beta1 and beta2

Output: Transforming growth factor -- signaling molecule

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: At what cell stage is each blastomere able to form a complete organism?

Output: the 8 cell stage

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: zygote--

Output: formed when the sperm and egg fuse


Input: Does the blastomere cells become larger or smaller with each division?

Output: The cells become smaller and the zona pellucida stays the same size

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does oct-4 do?

Output: regulates early cleavage and maintains the undifferentiated state. Critical for establishing the germ cell and maintaining pluripotency -- with each division the cells have less Oct 4

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: morula-

Output: at 16 cells formed into a mass and the name changes from blastomere to morula


Input: How is the morula organized?

Output: inner and outer cell mass

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the inner mass of the morula form?

Output: embryo and contribute components to the fetal membrane (amniotic membrane and chorionic membrane)

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the outer mass of the morula form?

Output: fetal membranes such as the fetal component of the placenta and umbilical cord

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What structurally happens to the outer mass of the morula? what controls this?

Output: becomes more compact and attach to each other through gap junctions and tight junctions which forms an impermeable boundary cadherins

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is the zona pellucida?

Output: a glycoprotein that surrounds the ovum, prevents multiple fertilization, immunological barrier between mother and child, prevents blastomeres from dissociating, prevents premature implantation of the embryo until it reaches the uterine wall

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What destroys the zona pellucida? when?

Output: destroyed enzymatically by chemicals similar to trypsin secreated from the outer cell mass cells - trophoblast cells by day 5

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Why is it important to remove the zona pellucida?

Output: so the embryo can implant in the uterus

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What forms the fluid filled blastocyst cavity? when?

Output: At day 6 a fluid forces the inner cell mass away from the outer cell mass everywhere except 1 spot. where the embryoblast stays attached

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: embryoblast- (where, what does it do)

Output: inner cell mass attached to one side of the blastocyst helps orient the developing embryonic structure

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: The point with the embryoblast attached to the blastocyst is called what?

Output: the embryonic pole of the blastocyst

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is the first part of the blastocyst to penetrate the uterine wall

Output: the embryonic pole of the blastocyst -- where the embryoblast is attached to the blastocyst

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Trophoblast cells -- where, gives rise to

Output: Found as the outer cell mass and lines the blastocyst cavity Contributes to the placenta

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Syncytiotrophoblast--

Output: part of the trophoblast in direct contact with uterine wall. the cells lose their membrane and become an multinucleated mass that invades the uterus to allow the blastocyst to implant. Secretes hCG to maintain pregnancy

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: During day 8 what does the embryoblast differentiate into?

Output: the epiblast (columnar cells in contact with cytotrophoblast) and hypoblast (cubodial cells adjacent to blastocyst cavity)

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What forms the amniotic cavity?

Output: the epiblast cells form a cavity

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What was the trophoblast before it got that name?

Output: the outer cell mass of the morula

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Whats a difference between the two types of trophoblast?

Output: 1. the part in contact with the uterine wall is renamed the syncytiotrophoblast and loses its plasma membrane as it becomes a huge cell mass cytotrophoblast - stays around the blastocyst and keeps its plasma membrane

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Which cells form the amnion (amniotic membrane)??

Output: the more dorsal epiblast cells that line the embryonic end of the amniotic cavity

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: How does the syncytiotrophoblast expand into the uterine lining?

Output: By eroding the endometrium and eroding the maternal blood vessels which becomes the blood supply for the placenta

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What changes does the endometrial cells go under during day 8?

Output: They swell with accumulations of glycogen and lipid droplets (this is called decidual reaction and start to secrete interleukin-2 to prevent the cells from attacking the embryo

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What prevents the maternal body from attacking the embryo?

Output: the Leukocytes in the endometrium secrete interleukin-2 which prevents recognition

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the hypoblast give rise to?>

Output: responsible for the formation of many EXTRAembryonic tissues but not the actual embryo

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What are the nonmigrating hypoblast cells replaced with?

Output: the cells derived from the epiblast layer - which forms the endoderm

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What forms the yolk sac? and name of the cells that line it?

Output: The expanding hypoblast cells from the yolk sac. The cells surrounding it are renamed to exocoelomic membrane

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: By when does the blood filled lacunae start to appear? what do they form? whats another name?

Output: by day 9-10 start to form the primitive uteroplacental circulation also known as the primary villus

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Gastrulation- when? what does it form? what?

Output: A process of proliferation and migration of epiblast cells through an invagination in the midline of the epiblast. - week 3 -- results in 3 germ layers

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is the primitive streak? when doe it form?

Output: Formed by day 15- its a groove that begins to form at the caudal end of the epiblast layer It is where the epiblast cells travel through and then form the mesoderm and endoderm

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Primitive node-

Output: an expanded mound of cells at the rostral extension -cells from the primitive node later form the precordal plate and notocord

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What 2 signalling molecules induce the formation of the primative streak?

Output: Chordin and nodal

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is secreted from the primitive streak cells? what does it do?

Output: FGF-8 is secreted and inhibits cadherins which allows the epiblast cells to detach and migrate to the primitive streak

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the primitive streak look like in cross section?

Output: appears as a depression in the midline of the epiblast cell layer

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Where does the epiblast cells go after detachment from the epiblast layer?

Output: pass through the primitive streak and some displace the hypoblast cells below to form the endoderm

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Which germ layer forms first?

Output: Trick question - -the endoderm and mesoderm form at the same time

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: How is theintraembryonic mesoderm formed? where is it located?

Output: It is also formed by the epiblast cells (future mesoderm cells) the cells travel through the primitive streak and locate theirself in the middle between the endoderm and epiblast layer

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the endoderm cells develop into?

Output: linings of the digestive, respiratory, pharyngeal pouches of the head and nech region and urogenital systems

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the intraembryonic mesoderm develop into?

Output: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, dermis of skin, portion of kidneys and gonads

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What forms the ectoderm cell layer?

Output: the remaining epiblast cells now form the ectoderm

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the ectoderm form?

Output: nervous system and epidermis of skin

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Where are the migrating cells of the primitive streak not allowed to go? why?

Output: Unable to enter 2 midline regions b/c the ectoderm and endoderm are firmly attached to one another to form 2 bilaminar membranes

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What are the 2 bilaminar membranes and what do they form?

Output: 1. buccopharyngeal membrane- future mouth opening 2. cloacal membrane - future opening for the anus

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Where are the 2 bilaminar membranes located?

Output: Buccopharynegeal -area of adhesion between the ectoderm and endoderm at the head end of the embryo Cloacal membrane - area of adhesion between the ectoderm and endoderm near the caudal end

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What happens to the embyo's membrane if you have less that 2 layers? more than 2?

Output: 2 layers or less - membrane will rupture more than 2 - membrane will not rupture

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is one of the first migrations associated with the primitive streak/

Output: the rostral midline migration. -

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the rostral midline migration form? When does this occur?

Output: forms the prechordal plate and the notochord by day 18

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Where is the prechordal plate located?

Output: the cells that form it migrate toward the buccopharyngeal membrane

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Where is the notocord located?

Output: in front of the prechordal plate

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What induces the formation of the head and brain?

Output: the prechordal plate

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What induces the vetebral column to form? what segments the column?

Output: ssh and Pax (both signaling molecules secreted by the notocord) segmentation -by hox gene expression

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What are the remnants of the notocord?

Output: the nucleus pulposis in the intravetebral disks

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What does the notochord secrete? what do these do?

Output: noggin, chordin, ssh, -- these inhibit ectoderm cells from secreting BMP-4 and allows the dorsal ectoderm to develop into the CNS

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: When does the embryo become unsymmetrical?

Output: when the cells of the primitive node are established their cilia start to beat unidirectionally -- usually left

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: Define neurulation-

Output: the process that results in the formation of the primitive nervous system

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is neurulation?

Output: process that results in the formation of the primitive nervous system

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What forms the neural plate? how? where is it?

Output: the notochord secretes inducing factors which causes the overlying ectoderm to proliferate and thicking forming the neural plate. its location is similar to the primitive streak

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is the process from neural groove to neural tube?

Output: neural groove formed by the neural fold, neural groove deepens by the neural crest, the neural crest encloses and forms the neural tube.

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What day does the neural folds fuse to create the neural tube? Where does the fusion begin?

Output: about day 21 6th cervical vertebra and proceeds rostrally and caudally

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What are the last portions of the neural tube to close?

Output: the anterior and posterior neuropores

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What happens if the anterior neuropore doesnt close?

Output: leads to exposed neural tissue or an exposed brain - usually survive only for a few days - called cranioschisis

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What happens if the posterior neuropore doesnt close?

Output: leads to spina bifida -- not fatal

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: What is the difference between the 2 different types of spina bifida?

Output: 1. spina bifida oculta - absence of a portion of the vertebral arch in the lumbosacral region 2. spina bifida cystica- meninges/ spinal cord protrude through the skin meningomyelocele- both spinal cord and meninges meningocele - just the meninges

Embryo -- Anatomy Self Study Flashcards - Cram.com

expression of specific genes at a particular temporal and spartial points


Input: [partitioning] format the drive

Output: installs a file system onto the drive that organizes each partition

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] basic disks

Output: creates MBR and partition table and stores them on the boot sector

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] boot sector

Output: the first sector of the hard drive

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] MBR

Output: tiny bit of code that takes control of the boot process from the system BIOS look in the partition table for a valid OS

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] primary partitions

Output: designed to support bootable operating systems up to 4 lettersC: - Z:

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] extended partitions

Output: not bootable do not get letters only get 1

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] logical drives

Output: after creating a extended you must create this gets a letter D: - Z:

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] C:

Output: always reserved for the first primary partition in a window pc

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] active partition

Output: on or off at boot the MBR chooses which partition to load and boots that OS

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] volume boot sector

Output: stores information important to its partition location of OS boot files every partition on a hard drive has one

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] dual boot multi boot

Output: able to run more than one OS on a machine

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] no fixed disk present

Output: forgot to tell CMOS to look for the hard drive reboot, access CMOS and try setting the drive up again

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] basic volumes

Output: primary partitions and logical drives on basic disks

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] dynamic storage partitioning

Output: dynamic disks spanned volume make as many volumes as you want

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] spanned volume

Output: goes across more than one drive risky - if one fails you lose all data

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] hidden partition

Output: primary partition that is hidden from your operating system hide backup copies of OS incase you mess up

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] swap partition

Output: linux and BSD systems act like RAM when your system needs it

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] root directory

Output: provides the foundation upon which the OS builds files and folders

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] FAT file allocation table

Output: card catalog that keeps track of which sectors store the various parts of a file data structure two column spreadsheet

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] FAT16

Output: 16 bits usb thumb drives

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] high level formatting

Output: OS located bad sectors, mark them as unusable, prevents files from being written on them

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] clustering

Output: enables you to format partitions larger than 32 MB

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] end of file marker

Output: FFFF last cluster

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] bad sector

Output: FFF7

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] fragmentation

Output: files in FAT start to separate

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] disk defragmenter

Output: rearrange the files into neat contiguous chunks

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] FAT32

Output: supports partitions up to 2 terabytes 32 bits to describe each cluster dont need defragmentation as often

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] New Technology File System NTFS

Output: redundancy security compression encryption disk quotas cluster sizing

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] master file table MFT

Output: NTFS a backup copy of the most cruicial parts of the MFT in the middle of the disk reduces the chance that a serious error can wipe out both the MFT and the copy

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D:


Input: [partitioning] NFTS Security

Output: access control list only one person can access a direct path of folders C:\programs\davids secrete folder

Chapter 12: Implementing Hard Drives Flashcards - Cram.com

process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives into groups of cylinders called partitions C: D: