Input: [Push and Pull?] Buoyant force?

Output: Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by fluid on materials of lower density.

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Pushing a volleyball or pulling a bowstring applies muscular force when the muscles expand and contract. Elastic force is when any object returns to its original shape (for example when a bow is released).


Input: [Human Relations] Motivation

Output: An inner drive that directs a person's behavior toward goals

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Morale

Output: An employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Because business strive to: -Boost morale -Maximize productivity+creativity -Motivate diverse employees

Output: Why is human relations important?

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Classical Theory of Motivation

Output: Theory suggesting that money is the sole motivator for workers

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Output: A theory that arranges the five basic needs of people--physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization--into the order in which people strive to satisfy them

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Pysiological needs

Output: The most basic human needs to be satisfied--water, food, shelter, and clothing

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Security needs

Output: The need to protect oneself from physical and economic harm

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Social needs

Output: The need for love, companionship, and friendship--the desire for acceptance

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Esteem needs

Output: The need for respect--both self-respect and respect from others

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Self-Actualization

Output: The need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Hygiene Factors

Output: Aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the work setting and not the content of the work; these aspects include adequate wages, comfortable and safe working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Motivational Factors

Output: Aspects of Herzberg's theory of motivation that focus on the content of the work itself; these aspects include achievement, recognition, involvement, resonsibility, and advancement.

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Theory X

Output: McGregor's traditional view of management whereby it is assumed that workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Theory Y

Output: McGregor's humanistic view of management whereby it is assumed that worker's like to work and that under proper conditions employees will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Theory Z

Output: A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Equity Theory

Output: An assumption that how much people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness, or equity, of the rewards they will receive in exchange

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Expectancy Theory

Output: The assumption that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on that person's perception on how likely he or she is to get it

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Behavior modification

Output: Changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Job Rotation

Output: Movement of employees from one job to another in an effort to relieve the boredom often associated with job specialization

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Job enlargement

Output: The addition of more tasks to a job instead of treating each task as seperate

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Job enrichment

Output: The incorporation of motivational factors, such as opportunity for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement, into a job

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Flextime

Output: A program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, provided that they are at work during a specified core period

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Compressed workweek

Output: A four-day (or shorter) period during which an employee works 40 hours

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [Human Relations] Job sharing

Output: Performance of one full-time job by two people on part-time hours

BUS 170 Chapter 10 Flashcards - Cram.com

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings


Input: [2] cortisol [1]

Output: Depression and suicide often associated with hypersecretion of _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] hypothalamus [1]

Output: More likely, depression arises from problems in the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] reduced; shorter; increased. Cortisol, GH, and prolactin [1]

Output: Depression is associated with (reduced/increased) slow wave sleep,(shorter,longer) period of REM sleep, (increased/decreased) core body temperature and abnormalities in the nocturnal secretion of _, _ and _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] enzymes responsible for the degradation of bioamines [1]

Output: MAOIs are inhibitors of _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blocking reuptake of serotonine or NE [1]

Output: TCAs work by _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] selectively inhibiting the reuptake or serotonin [1]

Output: SSRIs work by _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] electroconvulsive therapy. This involves the induction of a generalized brain seizure (6-8 times at 2 day intervals) [1]

Output: The most effective short term treatment for severe depression and mania is _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Lithium carbonate It ultimately blocks ca increase and reduces the responsiveness of the neurons in the IP3 pathway [1]

Output: _is a mood stabilizer (evens out the highs and lows), and works by affecting the phosphoinositol pathway.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] unmyelinated fila olfactoria [1]

Output: Regarding olfaction: receptor neurons send out (un/myelinated) axons grouped into bundles called _, collectively form cranial nerve I

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] olfactory glomeruli All neurons expressing a given receptor converge on only one or two glomeruli [1]

Output: axons of olfactory receptor neurons contact neurons of the olfactory bulb in complexes of synapses called _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] excitatory, glutamate inhibitory; GABA, DA and various peptides [1]

Output: Mitral/Tufted cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) projection neurons that use what NT? PG & G cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) interneurons that use what NT?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] enchance contrast between M/T cells by acting as a filter to restrict the signal coming from a specific glomerulus to a signal generated only by high affinity odorant This allows you to distinguish between perpetually similar scents [1]

Output: With regards to olfaction, granular cells _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ipsilaterally olfactory bulb and the anterior nucleus on the opposite side. [1]

Output: The lateral olfactory tract first contacts the olfactory bulb to the anterior olfactory nucleus (contralaterally/ipsilaterally). This nucleus contacts the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] lateral olfactory stria in the primary olfactory cortex. [1]

Output: At the level of the olfactory tubercle, the olfactory tract continues as the _ and terminates where?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] olfactory, taste and other food related cues that produce the experience of flavor [1]

Output: The medial orbitofrontal cortex appears particularly important in the integration of _ and _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami [1]

Output: The taste experiences include _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] False. They are a complex of supporting cells and taste receptor cells [1]

Output: (T/F) taste buds are neurons

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical [1]

Output: The _ end of the receptor cells in taste buds is covered with microvilli where taste transduction occur.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] fungiform, foliate and circumvallate Filiform [1]

Output: In the tongue, taste buds are located in 3 types of papillae: _ (25% of taste buds), _(25%), and _(50%). _papillae are nongustatory.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the tip, edges back anterior edges [1]

Output: The locations that the taste sensations are more sensitive: sweet most at _ sour at _, bitter in the _ and salty in the _ of the tongue.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical microvilli [1]

Output: Taste transduction begins when soluble chemicals interact with receptors located on the exposed _ of receptor cells.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] G protein coupled metabotropic variant of the glutamate directly interact with ion channels Activation of these receptors produces either depolarization or hyperpolarization through a second messenger (cAMP, IP3) [1]

Output: Some sweet, sour and bitter –tasting compounds used _ receptors. Umami –tasting compounds uses a _receptors. Other receptors such as those for bitter, salty, and sour ..._

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] greater petrosal pterygopalatine lesser palatine nerve (CN V2) [1]

Output: tastes buds on soft palate are carried through the _nerve via _ganglion & _ nerve

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] solitary, solitary [1]

Output: SVA fibers carrying taste enter the brainstem, descend in the _ tract and terminate in the _ nucleus.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ipsilaterally central tegmental ventral posteromedial nucleus [1]

Output: Rostral solitary nucleus projection ascend (contralaterally/ipsilaterally) with fibers in the_ tract to terminate in the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] posterior limb of the internal capsule frontal operculum and anterior insular cortex. [1]

Output: Regarding taste projections: The VPM projects through the _ to the _ and _. This pathway is involved in taste discrimination.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] appreciation of flavor, food reward and control of feeding. [1]

Output: Orbitofrontal cortex is involved in _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] primary taste cortex taste, olfactory and visual cues associated with ingestion of food. [1]

Output: The lateral posterior orbitofrontal cortex receives inputs from _ and integrates _,_,_

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cationic TRP (transient receptor potential) [1]

Output: The transduction mechanisms of irritants such capsaicin or menthol is the activation of _channels, the _channels,

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ageusia bilateral lesions of cranial nerve VII and IX, or else local damage to taste buds. [1]

Output: Complete loss of taste is called _, for this to happen, it requires _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] optic chiasm pituitary tumor [1]

Output: Bilateral hemianopsia is most likely a lesion or compression of _. This is an indicator of _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ventromedial hypothalamus [1]

Output: Increased appetite is associated with what part of the hypothalamus?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] lateral hypothalamus [1]

Output: Decreased appetite is associated with what part of the hypothalamus?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] tuberomammilary region [1]

Output: Pt presents with intermittent daytime hypersomnolence, you start to think about what region of the hypothalamus?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterior hypothalamic - the anterior part has an excitatory effect on pans [1]

Output: Lesions of the _ nucleus of the hypothalamus can produce hyperthermia

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 1. ADH 2. LH AND FSH 3. TSH 4. ACTH 5. ACTH [1]

Output: What pituitary hormones are associated with the following abnormalities? A. Polyuria, increased thirst B Impotence C. cold intolerance D. Fatigue and decreased muscle endurance E. Decreased appetite and weight loss

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Consolidation [1]

Output: _ is the encoded information is converted into a form that can be permanently stored. Associated with structural changes in the brain.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] declarative and nondeclarative These primary types of memory are associated with different circuitries that can be distinguished by different types of damage. [1]

Output: What are the two primary types of memory?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval [1]

Output: Each new explicit memory is formed by four sequential processes, what are they?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] association cortices [1]

Output: Encoding-information for memory is assembled from different sensory systems by the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] hippocampus and surrounding areas cortex [1]

Output: Consolidation- information is transformed by _ and _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] association cortex [1]

Output: Storage- consolidated information is transferred to _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] spatial representation words, objects or people. [1]

Output: Right hippocampal damage produces greater deficits in memory for _, whereas left hippocampal damage produces greater deficits in memory for _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] hippocampus. CA 1 [1]

Output: The consolidation process is particularly sensitive to processes which damage or interfere with the _ The_ area is particularly sensitive to anoxia

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Entorhinal cortex [1]

Output: _ is the first region to degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Classical (Pavlov) conditioning involve learning a relationship between two stimul Operant conditioning involve learning a relationship behavior and the consequences of that behavior (call trial and error ) [1]

Output: There are two forms of associative learning, what are they?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amygdala [1]

Output: Emotional memory involves the _ as a nodal stage in the association of exteroceptive sensory inputs

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] striatum cerebellum [1]

Output: Procedural memory is composed of two subsystems; one involves the _ and mediates habit and skills. The other involves the _ and mediates sensori-motor adaptation

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] fear conditioning [1]

Output: Patients with amygdala damage fail to develop _.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] consolidation. [1]

Output: The process of converting information in working memory to long term memory is _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] prefrontal cortex. Frontal lobe damage is associated tendency to forget how information was acquired: source amnesia. [1]

Output: Episodic (autobiographical) knowledge about time and place involved the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia [1]

Output: The inability to form new memories results in _ whereas difficult in retrieving memories already established is _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] facilitatory interneuron The effect of the facilitatory interneuron will be to enhance the amount of neurotransmitter released by sensory neuron, [1]

Output: Sensitization as a result of synaptic connections on presysnaptic terminals (presynaptic facilitation) is believed to have the potential for short and long term effects. It requires a _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] K+ calcium [1]

Output: Short term sensitization can occur by the activation of metabotropic receptors and associated second messenger pathways (cAMP & PKA / DAG & PKC) to broaden the action potential by inhibiting _ channels and act on _ channels to increase it's influx in sensory neuron.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Schaffer collaterals; pyramidal dentate [1]

Output: Long term potentiation is produced in _ of _neurons in the hippocampus and in mossy fiber terminals of the _gyrus. It is also produced in the perforant path.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] calcium [1]

Output: Long Term Potentiation induction depends on _ increase either in the pre or post synaptic cell

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] AMPA ; (ionotropic glutamate receptors, depolarizing). The addition of additional AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane can lead to enhanced efficacy of the postsynaptic response. [1]

Output: Regarding LTP, The increase in Ca++ concentration in a dendrite lead to the activation of a cascade that increases the number of _receptors

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arcuate fasciculus [1]

Output: The perisylvian structures for implementation include a motor speech area (Broca’s area) and a language comprehension center (Wernicke’s area) that are linked by the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] motor speech area (Broca’s area) and a language comprehension center (Wernicke’s area) [1]

Output: The perisylvian structures for implementation include _ and _ areas that are linked by the arcuate fasciculus

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] angular gyrus. [1]

Output: Comprehension of written words (reading) involves the transfer of information from visual cortex to the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Posterior sensory association cortices, left prefrontal cortex, inferotemporal region, and temporal pole [1]

Output: Important areas that mediate between implementation and conceptual systems include _(4)

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Fluency Comprehension Verbatim repetition [1]

Output: For classification purposes the clinician must consider three factors: What are they?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Expressive Aphasia (Broca’s aphasia) Typically involves Brocas area and the anterior insula. These patients are aware of their condition and frustrated with it. [1]

Output: _ is impaired production of speech (fluency) and repetition with intact auditory comprehension

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia) Patient is unable to understand what is said to them, unable to read and unable to write comprehensible language, involves damage to the left posterior superior temporal cortex [1]

Output: _ is impaired auditory comprehension, naming, and repetition

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] of Meyer’s loop and optic radiations deeper in the white matter. contralateral homonymous hemianopia (or quadrantanopia). [1]

Output: Other deficits that may accompany Wernicke’s aphasia arise from lesions of _ and _ deeper in the white matter. This results in _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Arcuate fasciculus [1]

Output: Conduction aphasia results in impaired naming and repetition with intact comprehension. It is due to damage of the _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] impaired repetition [1]

Output: Damage anterior to Broca’s area or posterior to Wernicke’s area results in transcortical aphasia, which lacks _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Transcortical Motor Aphasia [1]

Output: _ Resembles Broca’s aphasia but the ability to repeat verbatim is preserved

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Transcortical Sensory Aphasia this results from damage to temporal occipital parietal junction - the angular gyrus [1]

Output: _ Resembles Wernicke’s aphasia, except verbatim repetition is relatively spared

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] dominant angular gyrus [1]

Output: Alexia with agraphia is associated with lesion of the _. In this case, aphasia may be absent or mild.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] left visual cortex and splenium of corpus callosum. [1]

Output: Alexia without agraphia is associated with lesions of _ and _

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Input: [2] lateral geniculate and through the pulvinar. [1]

Output: Magnocellular stream processing involves pathways both from the _ and through the _

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Input: [2] geniculostriate pathways [1]

Output: Patients with lesions of the _ pathways may loose all conscious vision, yet can demonstrate the perception of movements or changes in illumination.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] navigation, directing eye movements, and MOTION perception/appreciation [1]

Output: The medial temporal cortex functions to include _, _ and _

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Input: [2] recognition of faces [1]

Output: The parvocellular pathways appear to be involved with _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Balint syndrome. This produces a triad consisting of optic apraxia (poor control of eye movements), optic ataxia (poor visually guided movements), and simultagnosia (inability to percieve visual field as a whole) [1]

Output: Bilateral lesions involving the region of the parieto-occipital junction produce _. What are the symptoms?

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] spatial relationships and selective attention. [1]

Output: While language is localized in the dominant hemisphere, lesions to the parietal areas in the nondominant hemisphere result in the disruption of _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] working memory, intellectual capacities, creative and flexible thinking [1]

Output: The dorsolateral prefrontal region is involved with _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] judgement, planning, decision making, social conduct [1]

Output: The ventromedial prefrontal region is involved with _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] emotional behavior and basic drive associated with motivation and arousal [1]

Output: Superior Mesial prefrontal region is involved with _

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] positive negative [1]

Output: In general, the left hemisphere is associated with more _emotional affect, while the right hemisphere is associated with _ ones.

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] right, left an emotion response or smile to a humorous object [1]

Output: In split brain patients, if a word is placed in the _ visual field, he will be able to read it, but not if it's placed in the _. If an object is placed in the left visual field, a patient may show a _ response

Neuro.Block 3 Part 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of joint is the knee?

Output: synovial bicondylar

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: where is the adductor tubercle?

Output: small sharp prominence at the superior edge of the medial condyle

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where is the trochanteric fossa?

Output: medial surface of the gr. trochanter where it meets the neck of femur

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: where is the unnamed fossa?

Output: anterior to trochanteric fossa

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: what is the ridge from the great trochanter to the lesser trochanter?

Output: intertrochanteric crest

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What are the parts of the medial lip of linea aspera?

Output: Superiorally becomes spiral line which is continious w/ the intertrochanteric line anteriorally. Inferiorally becomes the medial supracondylar line which ends at the adductor tubercle

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What are the parts of the intermediate lip of linea aspera?

Output: Gives rise to pectineal line which ends at the lesser trochanter

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What are the parts of the lateral lip of linea aspera?

Output: Superior continuation is gluteal tuberosity, inferiorally is lateral supracondylar line which ends at the lateral epicondyle

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where is the popliteal surface of the femur?

Output: posterior inferior surface of the shaft of the femur

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: How is the nutrient foramen directed?

Output: superiorly because it angles away from the more rapidly developing bone

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where is the primary center of ossification of the femur?

Output: midshaft at the 7th fetal week

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: When/where are the secondary ossification centers of the femur?

Output: Femoral condyles-birth, Head-1yr, Greater trochanter-4-5yrs, Lesser trochanter-12-14yrs

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: In the frontal plane, what is the angle of the femoral shaft?

Output: 10-15 degrees also called the angle of declination or angle of femoral torsion. decreases w/ maturity.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the angle of inclination?

Output: angle of long axis of the head and neck w/ the long axis of the shaft, decreases from 150 to 125 at adulthood

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where is the ventral sacroiliac ligament?

Output: b/t auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?

Output: PSIS, PIIS, the dorsolateral aspect of the sacrum and the dosrolateral aspect of the coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?

Output: From the dorsolateral margin of the inferior 1/2 of the sacrum and the dorsolateral margin of the coccyx to the ischial spine

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the inguinal/pouparts ligament connect?

Output: ASIS and pubic tubercle, also divides hip and thigh regions

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the lacunar /gimbernats ligament do?

Output: medial portion of inguinal ligament, where fibers change direction

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the pectineal/Coopers ligament do?

Output: extension of the lacunar ligament along the pubic pectineal line.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the upper band of the iliolumbar ligament connect?

Output: Anterior aspect of 5th lumbar vert to posterior part of the internal lip of the iliac crest

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the lower band of the iliolumbar ligament connect?

Output: Anterior acpect of the 5th lumbar to the anterolateral aspect of the sacrum, superiorly

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the long dorsal sacroiliac connect?

Output: From lateral crests of 3rd and 4th sacral vert to post. superior iliac spine.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the short dorsal sacroiliac ligament connect?

Output: From intermediate and lateral crests of 1st and 2nd sacral verts to PSIS and internal lip of the iliac crest posteriorally

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament connect?

Output: sacral tuberosity to the iliac tuberosity

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What, structurally type of joint is the sacroiliac?

Output: synovial planar joint

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: the sacroiliac joint is a functional ____________?

Output: Diarthrosis

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: at what vertebral levels is the sacroiliac articulation?

Output: S-1 to S-3

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: what covers the articular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint?

Output: Fibrocart.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the only intrinsic ligament of the SI joint?

Output: Ventral sacroiliac ligament. a thickening of the joint capsule anteriorally

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: This extrinsic ligament of the os coxa is sometime considered a structural syndesmosis?

Output: Interosseous SI ligament

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What ligament prevents superior rotation of the pelvic bone on the sacrum during weight bearing to aid in stabilizing the SI joint posteriorally?

Output: Sacrospinous lig. and sacrotuberous lig.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What structurally is the syphysis pubis?

Output: fibrous syndesmosis joint

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What functionally is the symphysis pubis/pubic symphysis?

Output: amphiarthrosis

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What type of cart is between pubic articulations?

Output: hyaline, then fibro which is the interpubic disc

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: How many vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx?

Output: 4 fused into 2-3 segments

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What are the transverse ridges formed from?

Output: Fusion of the vertebral bodies, are the last place in the body to ossify

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What goes through the anterior sacral foramina?

Output: Ventral rami S-1 to S-4; holes at anterolateral sacral canal

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the sacral promontory composed of?

Output: Anterior superior ridge of S-1 Vertebra

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the sacral alae?

Output: Fused transveres processes of S-1

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the superior articular processes?

Output: UNFUSED superior articular processes of S-1; articular surface is posterior

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the median sacral crest?

Output: Fused spinous processes of S-1 to S-4

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the sacral hiatus?

Output: From lamina of S-5 that do NOT fuse, its a passage for meninges and spinal nerves

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the function of the sacral cornu?

Output: inferior projection of the sacrum which is formed by ligamentous attachment to the coccyx

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What goes thru the posterior sacral foramnia?

Output: Dorsal rami of S-1 to S-4

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the intermediate sacral crest?

Output: Superior and inferior artucular processes.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What forms the sacral groove?

Output: Fusion of the vertebral laminae S-1 to S-4

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the Lateral Sacral crest?

Output: Fusion of transverse processes

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What makes up the coccygeal cornu?

Output: Superior articular processes of Co-1 vertebra; articulate with sacral cornu via ligamentous attachment

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the auricular surface of the sacrum articulate with and its char's?

Output: Pelvic bone; Part of the sacroiliac joint, which is a synovial joint

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the fxn of the sacral tuberosity?

Output: Posterior part of lateral surface; for attaching ligaments

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: *Where are primary centers of ossification in the sacrum?

Output: All present at birth, one in each vertebral body, one in each segment of the lateral masses, and one in each of the lamina(around sacral canal)

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where are the secondary centers of ossification in the sacrum>

Output: Upper and lower surfaces of the bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, and lateral surfaces.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: When do the secondary ossification centers appear in the sacrum?

Output: Appear between puberty and 20 yrs, all fused by 25 except transverse ridges which are at middle age

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What are the pelvic bones' lateral, anterior, and posterior articulations?

Output: Lateral-Femoral head; Anterior-symphyseal surface of the other pelvic bone; Posterior-Lateral surface of the sacrum

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the posterioinferior portion of the pelvic bone?

Output: Ischium....Duh

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What os coxa feature is used to measure limb length?

Output: ASIS

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What closes the Greater sciatic notch to make it the greater sciatic foramen?

Output: Sacrospinous ligament

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the landmark between the greater and lesser sciatic notches?

Output: Ischial spine

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What muscle goes thru the greater sciatic foramen?

Output: piriformis

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What ligament forms the lesser sciatic foramen?

Output: Sacrotuberous ligament

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What muscle passes thru the lesser sciatic foramen?

Output: obturator internus

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What separates the iliac body and ala?

Output: Arcuate line

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the pecten pubis/pectineal line separate?

Output: border between the pectineal and pelvic surfaces of the pubis

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What does the iliopectineal eminence/iliopubic eminence separate?

Output: Iliac body and superior pubic ramus; it is continious w/ the arcuate line of the ilium via the iliopectineal line

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What percent of the acetabulum does the ilium make? the ischium? pubic ramus?

Output: body of ilium-40%; Body of ischium-40%; Superior pubic ramus-20%

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: At which surface does the head of the femur articulate w/ the acetabulum?

Output: Lunate surface

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the acetabular fossa?

Output: Roughened central depression w/in the acetabulum; formed mostly by the ischial body; its for passage of ligament and neurovascular structures

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What is the acetabular notch?

Output: depressed area between the ends of the lunate surface.

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: The acetabular foramen is closed to the acetabular notch by what structure?

Output: Transverse acetabular ligament

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: When does the primary center of ossification of the ilium appear?

Output: 9th Fetal week in the iliac ala

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: When does the primary center of oss. of the ischium appear?

Output: 4th fetal month in the ischial body

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: When does the primary center of oss. of the pubis appear?

Output: late 4th fetal month in the superior pubic ramus

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: Where are the secondary centers of ossification of the os coxa and when?

Output: Iliac crest, acetabulum, pubic body, ischial tuberosity (15-25)

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: In the anatomical position, what 2 structures of the innominate bone lie in the same coronal plane?

Output: ASIS and pubic tubercles

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: What lines make up linea terminalis?

Output: arcuate, iliopectineal, pectineal/pecten pubis, and pubic crest

a depression at the medial edge for attachment of ligament and passage of vessel


Input: [tube feeding] use of steth to indentify sound standard

Output: Ausultation

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] more likely to under report food intake

Output: Obese women

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Oral

Output: Type of preferred enteral feeding

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] % of unexplained wt. loss during 1mouth period that is a concern

Output: five

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] up to two

Output: Appropriate age to measure height of children while they are lying down

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] three

Output: # of days that may result in complications for a client if bedfast

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] determine immune status

Output: Function of a lab test that measures lymphocyte count

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] apple juice and broth

Output: Foods found on a clear liquid diet

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Urine creatinine

Output: Test used to measure protein metabolism

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] nutrient energy and texture

Output: Ways a therapeutic diet may be modified

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] elbow breath

Output: A measurement used to determine a person's body frame

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] pudding and refined cereal

Output: Foods found on a full liquid diet

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] firm muscle tone

Output: Example associated with good nutritional status

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Health care professional responsible for nutrition diagnoses

Output: Dietician

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] access metabolism of protein

Output: Purpose of a 24-hour urine test

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] nutrition assessment

Output: First step in the nutrition care process

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] total arm length

Output: Measurement to assess body height of a non-ambulatory patient

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Important to complete to identify which patients should receive a full nutrition assessment

Output: nutrition screening

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Important factor that help to make nutritional therapy successful

Output: diet match to clients food preferences

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Anthropometric measure that estimates subcutaneous fat reserves

Output: Tricep skin fold thickness

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Diet HX

Output: One method to determine a person's basic eating habits

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] paraenteral

Output: Method of feeding needed if GI tract is NOTt working

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] measure nitrogen balance

Output: Purpose of a urinary urea nitrogen laboratory test

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] cooked carrots applsauce

Output: Foods found on a soft diet

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] type of malnutrition that may be caused by hospital routines

Output: Iatrogenic

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Instrument used to measure elbow breadth

Output: caliper

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] factor that may make laboratory tests unreliable

Output: dehydration

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Anthropometric indexes

Output: Science of taking body measurements

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Health professional responsible for preparing total parenteral nutrition solutions

Output: Pharmacist

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Examination method of body using touch

Output: Palpatation

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Type of parenteral feeding that is used for a long-term basis

Output: Total parenteral nutrition

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] May make standing height measurement inaccurate

Output: Kyphosis

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] providing basic interpetation of diet

Output: Role that register nurse can assume in supporting clients' nutrition care

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: [tube feeding] Measurements used to measure a person's Body Mass Index

Output: Height and weight

Nutrition ass chpt 16 Flashcards - Cram.com

method of feeding if pt cant eat but GI IS functional


Input: a requirement that all past, unpaid preffered stock dividends be paid before any stock dividends declared [Preferred Stock]

Output: Cumlative Feature


Input: protect the investors interest, voting in event of nonpayment of common stock dividends, or restrict the payment of common stock dividends [Preferred Stock]

Output: Protective Provisions


Input: preferred shares that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares of common stock, if investors so choose [Preferred Stock]

Output: Convertible Preferred Stock


Input: a provision that entitles the corporation to repurchase its preferred stock from investors at stated prices over specified periods [Preferred Stock]

Output: Call Provision


Input: a protective provision that requires the firm periodically to set aside an amount of money for the retirement of its preferred stock. [Preferred Stock]

Output: Sinking Fund Provision


Input: shares that represent the ownership in a corporation [Preferred Stock]

Output: Common Stock


Input: a protective provision whereby the investor is not liable for more than the amount he or she has invested in the firm [Preferred Stock]

Output: Limited Liability


Input: a means of voting in which a desingated party is provided with the temporary power of attorney to vote for the signee at corporations annual meeting [Preferred Stock]

Output: Proxy


Input: a battle between rival groups for proxy votes in order to control the decisions made in a stockholders meeting [Preferred Stock]

Output: Proxy fight


Input: voting in which each share of stock allows the sharholder one vote, and each position on the board of directors is voted on separately [Preferred Stock]

Output: Majority Voting


Input: voting in which each share of stock allows the shareholder a number of votes equal to the number of directors being elected. Can select one or many candidates [Preferred Stock]

Output: Cumulative Voting


Input: the right entitiling the common stockholder to maintain his or her proportionate share of ownership in the firm [Preferred Stock]

Output: Preemptive Right


Input: a certificate issued to common stockholders giving them an option to purchase a stated number of new shares at a specified price during a 2 to 10 week period [Preferred Stock]

Output: Right


Input: a firms growth rate resulting from reinvesting the companys profits rather than distributing them as dividends [Preferred Stock]

Output: Internal growth


Input: the companys percentage of profits retained [Preferred Stock]

Output: Profit retention rate


Input: divdends as a percentage of earnings [Preferred Stock]

Output: Dividend payout ratio


Input: the rate of return that investors expect to receive on an investment by paying the current market price of the security [Preferred Stock]

Output: Expected rate of return


Input: 1. no fixed maturity date 2. fails to pay dividends does not bring bankruptcy 3. dividends are not deductible for tax purposes [Preferred Stock]

Output: How is preferred stock different from common stock?


Input: More than one series of stock [Preferred Stock]

Output: What is multiple series stock?


Input: Has higher priority on claims of assets and income [Preferred Stock]

Output: What are claim on assets or income on preferred stock?


Input: Have the right to residual income after creditors and preferred stockholders -common shareholders might not gain any dividends from there investements if it is eaten up by preferred stock holders and creditor -same goes with claims on assets [Preferred Stock]

Output: What are claims on income for common stock?


Input: - the amount of money that investors will lose in bankruptcy is only the amount that they invested [Preferred Stock]

Output: What is limited liability?


Input: can elect a board of directors -change in the coroporate charter -majority vote in proxy [Preferred Stock]

Output: What are voting rights with common stocks?


Input: -managers have there say in which directors to vote in [Preferred Stock]

Output: What is a common problem with voting in directors?


Input: Dividends rely on the profitability of the firm [Preferred Stock]

Output: How is the dividend different for a common stock to a bond?


Input: R = mean of offspring (from selected parents) - mean of the population [GAIN] [Selection Differential]

Output: Selection Response

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: proportion of genetic variance to total variance. [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the full set of genes an organism contains. [Selection Differential]

Output: Genome

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: any change in the genetic material, can be synonymous or nonsynonymous. [Selection Differential]

Output: Mutation

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aka gene complex, sets of genes occurring across a number of different species which often serve similar biological functions (example: globin family, cytochrome family) [Selection Differential]

Output: Gene Family

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Synonymous mutations are usually not deleterious, NonSyn are. [Selection Differential]

Output: Syn v. NonSyn

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the fixation rate of mutation is theoretically constant and equal to neutral mutation rate, holds that macromolecules should diverge from one another at a constant rate [Selection Differential]

Output: Molecular Clock

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: disabled duplicate gene sequences [Selection Differential]

Output: Pseudogenes

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is the most important process enabling proteins to acquire new functions, it may involve a part of a gene, parts of a chromosome or whole chromosomes. [Selection Differential]

Output: Gene Duplication

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: genes found in different organisms that arose from a single gene in their common ancestor [Selection Differential]

Output: Orthologs

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: genes that are related through gene duplication events in a single lineage [Selection Differential]

Output: Paralogs

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: theory tested by Pasteur, culture medium in sealed beaker, warmed and allowed to sit, nothing happened. Did a second experiment with foreign particles added (first was free from any) again nothing happened. [Selection Differential]

Output: Spontaneous Generation

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: four most abundant elements in the body's of most living things. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen [Selection Differential]

Output: NOCH

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: D and L aminos have chirality (they're mirror images) all of life's major functions utilize L-aminos, had we come from more than a single common ancestor there's a good chance some organisms would utilize D-aminos, none do (except the peptidoglycan cell walls of some bacteria) [Selection Differential]

Output: D v. L- aminos

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lacks an internal plane of symmetry and has a non superimposable mirror image. [Selection Differential]

Output: Chiral Molecule

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: live in environments from 60 degrees C and up, have a higher GC (C and G are joined by 3 H bonds, AT only has 2) content than organisms less suited to the heat, non photosynthetic, DNA polymerase from them is used in the PCR due to its ability to maintain protein integrity at high temperatures. [Selection Differential]

Output: Hyperthermophiles

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RNA molecules with a specially designed tertiary structure that allows them to catalyze reactions (phosphodiester bonds, hydrolysis in other RNA, aminotransferase activity in ribosome) gives a lot of heft to the RNA world theory. [Selection Differential]

Output: Ribozymes

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: composed mainly of hydrogen gas, water vapor, methane gas and ammonia. theorized recombination (in presence of lightning as an energy source) is due to the idea that when the above are bonded together, forming amino acids and the like, they exist in a lower energy state than when they are free. [Selection Differential]

Output: Early Atmosphere

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: synthesized aminos (both D and L stereochemistry) and organic matter from sea water, electricity and a mixture of gases similar to earth's early atmosphere. [Selection Differential]

Output: Miller-Urey

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: macromolecules, almost entirely composed of NOCH elements, made the same way, and in roughly the same proportions, in all living things [Selection Differential]

Output: P, C, L and N.A.

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: means no natural selection. if there is only a single type of thing being produced there are no alternatives. [Selection Differential]

Output: No Heredity

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: decided that Lamarckism was bullshit, there was no means by which acquired characteristics could be passed from P to O, like "sending a telegraph to China and having it arrive translated into Chinese" [Selection Differential]

Output: Weissman

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: decrease the error rate of nucleic acid replication. in free solution the error rate is 1:20 (far too high to maintain life) but in our body the error rate is more like 1:1,000,000,000 [Selection Differential]

Output: Enzymes and Proteins

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: causes RNA to polymerize while blocking formation of molecules that could work to degrade RNA, early earth had much more UV light getting through (more support for RNA World theory) [Selection Differential]

Output: UV Light

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: both initially served a different purpose they do now (not certainly in RNA's case, but most likely). [Selection Differential]

Output: RNA and Feathers

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: probably used AAs as cofactors early on, since the AAs are more reactive than the nucleotides. [Selection Differential]

Output: Ribozymes

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: able to self replicate, or duplicate other RNA able to catalyze simple reactions able to catalyze peptide bonding to produce short peptides (which could become proteins) [Selection Differential]

Output: RNA Resume

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RNA has a hydroxyl at 2 prime (decreases stability vs DNA) also RNA has a Uracil in place of its Thymine (Uracil requires less energy to produce) [Selection Differential]

Output: DNA/RNA Differences

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: probably due to competition between genes for resources, aligning them and making them dependent upon on another would stop that. "8 men in a boat, all must row or none go home" [Selection Differential]

Output: Formation of Chromosomes

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is very similar in Tuna and Rice, necessary molecules (or those known to work exceedingly well) don't tend to change over time. [Selection Differential]

Output: Cytochrome C

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: proposed the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, postulating that at the molecular level the majority of mutations are selectively neutral and thus the majority of evolutionary changes in macromolecules is due to random genetic drift. [Selection Differential]

Output: Motoo Kimura

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avg. fitness population - (+) helps a little avg. fitness among populations - (+) helps by adding genetic variability. [Selection Differential]

Output: Mutation - Populations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avg. fitness population - (-) hurts a little avg. fitness among populations - (+) helps a bit by fixing different genes. [Selection Differential]

Output: Genetic Drift - Populations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avg. fitness population - (+) helps a little, brings in new alleles avg. fitness among populations - (-) hurts, homogenizing force, mixes gene pools [Selection Differential]

Output: Gene Flow - Populations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avg. fitness population - hurts, homozygosity @ loci avg. fitness among populations - hurts, homozygosity @ several alleles [Selection Differential]

Output: Inbreeding - Populations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avg. fitness population - either way, depending on alleles affected avg. fitness among populations - helps, because of differentiation of environments [Selection Differential]

Output: Selection - Populations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Orthologs [Selection Differential]

Output: Genes found in different organisms that arose from a single gene in their common ancestor are called?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Paralogs [Selection Differential]

Output: Genes that are related through gene duplication events in a single lineage are called?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amounf of non-coding DNA such as pseudogenes (disabled duplicates) and transposable elements (reproduce faster than the host genome) [Selection Differential]

Output: What accounts for most of the variation in genome size between organisms?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (1) both copies retain original function (2) one copy becomes incapacitated due to deleterious mutations and becomes a pseudogene (3) one copy retains original function while other accumulates enough mutations to allow it to change functions [Selection Differential]

Output: What are the possible fates of a duplicated gene?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gene duplication. [Selection Differential]

Output: What is the most important process enabling proteins to acquire new functions?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True. Euks have more than Proks, plants have more than single celled organisms, Vertebrates have more than Non-Vertebrates. [Selection Differential]

Output: T or F. More complex organisms have more DNA than less complex organisms?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pseudogenes (fastest) 4.5 per site per 10 million years. Synonymous Subs 3.5 NonSynonymous .9 [Selection Differential]

Output: Rates of Substitution

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: proposed by Kimura in 1968, postulates that, at the molecular level, the majority of mutations are selectively neutral and that the majority of evolutionary changes in macromolecules result from random genetic drift. [Selection Differential]

Output: What does the Neutral Theory state?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: theoretically, the fixation rate of mutation is constant and equal to the neutral mutation rate, the concept holds that macromolecules (Nucleotides and AAs) should diverge from one another at a constant rate, we can use this rate to estimate time. [Selection Differential]

Output: What is the Molecular Clock?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aka gene family, sets of genes occurring across a number of species often serving similar functions [Selection Differential]

Output: What is a Gene Complex?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species, syntenic group. [Selection Differential]

Output: Synteny

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the full compliment of genes in an organism, most found in nucleus, some located in mitochondria (circular like bacteria) [Selection Differential]

Output: What is the genome?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: genes are competitive (dunno how) but grouping them together in the form of a chromosome makes them all row together (8 men in a boat, all row or they don't get anywhere) forming strong interdependencies and division of labor among them. [Selection Differential]

Output: Selfish Genes

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: are deleterious, for example, simply replacing the glutamic acid with a valine in one of the genes that codes for RBCs causes sickle cell trait. [Selection Differential]

Output: Non-Synonymous Mutations...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: R = H^2 * S H^2 = R/S (gain/difference) COVop/VARp V(P) = V(G) + V(E) [Selection Differential]

Output: Equations

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Artio - even toed Perisso - odd-toed [Selection Differential]

Output: Artio and Perisso - dactyls

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a faster rate of molecular evolution. [Selection Differential]

Output: Organisms with short generation times generally have...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the rate of occurrence of neutral mutations per species per generation and is independent of population size. [Selection Differential]

Output: The rate of random fixation of neutral mutations, per species per generation is equal to...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: geographic separation of one continuous (actually or potentially breeding) population into two [Selection Differential]

Output: Allopatry

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one continuous population diverges into two or more while still inhabiting the same general area [Selection Differential]

Output: Sympatry

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the event causing the one continuous (potentially or actually breeding) population to split into two, most often a force of nature. [Selection Differential]

Output: Vicariance

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gene flow will cancel natural selection in groups trying to split, the two groups must completely cut ties in order for them to actually become separate gene pools. [Selection Differential]

Output: Gene Flow Power

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: yields hybrids, the greater the amount of time that passes between the split and the 2ndary contact, the greater the chance that the hybrid will be infertile or inviable. [Selection Differential]

Output: Secondary Contact

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: look very similar but have different gene pools [Selection Differential]

Output: Cryptic Species

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: energy and carbon from organic [Selection Differential]

Output: Chemohetero

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: energy and carbon from inorganic, aka chemolitho [Selection Differential]

Output: Chemoauto

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: light for energy, inorganic for carbon [Selection Differential]

Output: Photoauto

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: light for energy, organic for carbon [Selection Differential]

Output: Photohetero

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (1) ditch the cell wall (2) increase surface flexibility and surface area (allows for endocytosis and more rapid exchange with environment) (3) cytoskeleton (actin or tubulin) to allow organization (4) nuclear envelope (keep genetic and metabolic processes separate) (5) digestive vesicles (6) endosymbiosis of organelles (mitochondria from cyano, chloroplasts from RGA) [Selection Differential]

Output: Evolution of Eukaryotic Cell

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: completed the modern eukaryotic cell. [Selection Differential]

Output: Endosymbiosis of Mitochondria

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inside out cell. RNA ribozyme may have attached to lipid molecules causing conformational changes leading to the lipid surrounding the RNA, this leads to a more suitable environment for RNA to thrive. [Selection Differential]

Output: Globel

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) assemble simple molecules into building blocks for polymers 2) assemble polymers so they can store info and catalyze 3) add membrane (Globel theory) and energy source. [Selection Differential]

Output: Oparin-Haldane

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bacteria whose polymerase is utilized in the PCR. [Selection Differential]

Output: Thermus aquaticus

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: no membrane bound elements and no cytoplasmic division. [Selection Differential]

Output: Prokaryotes have...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (1) primary- large eukaryotes engulf cyanobacteria, double membrane (2) secondary- euglenoids engulf green algae, triple membrane (3) tertiary- Dinoglagellates engulf Euglenoids, quadruple membrane. [Selection Differential]

Output: Endosymbiont Theory

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tiny photosynthetic symbiotic flagellate protozoans, very sensitive to changes in their environment, a sort of bioindicator of pollution. [Selection Differential]

Output: Zooxanthellae

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aerobes use oxygen, anaerobes utilize sulfates and nitrates. [Selection Differential]

Output: Terminal Electron Acceptor

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: are aquatic, living in fresh water, salt water, body fluid or soil water. [Selection Differential]

Output: Most Protists...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a facultative aerobe can utilize O2 if need be but doesn't have to, Oxygen is sufficient but not necessary. Obligate aerobes must use oxygen, it is necessary. [Selection Differential]

Output: Facultative vs. Obligate

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: flagellated (push and pull), some are photoauto and some are photohetero [Selection Differential]

Output: Euglena

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: low light photosynthesis, cover rocks in streams, major producers in coastal and fresh water, have silica shells [Selection Differential]

Output: Diatoms

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: false foot, extension of the cytoplasm, allow for movement. think amoebas. [Selection Differential]

Output: Pseudopod

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tiny hairs which move in coordination allowing movement fore and aft. [Selection Differential]

Output: Cilia

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: like a sperm's tail [Selection Differential]

Output: Flagella

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: then the likelihood that the two groups will diverge into distinct biological entities increases. [Selection Differential]

Output: If gene flow between groups ceases...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is based fundamentally on sexually reproducing species, doesn't apply to asexual ones. [Selection Differential]

Output: The BSC

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: evolution of new lineages - relationships of large groups to each other. [Selection Differential]

Output: Macroevolution

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gradual accumulation of minute differences within a species over time. [Selection Differential]

Output: Microevolution

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a means of preventing zygote formation, most often a phenotypic difference (plumage differences, song differences) [Selection Differential]

Output: Prezygotic Isolating Mechanism

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prevents development of offspring after conception has occurred, zygote forms but it's development is halted and it dies. [Selection Differential]

Output: Postzygotic Isolating Mechanism

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it's the heterogamete (mammals - males, birds - females) which is the infertile sex. [Selection Differential]

Output: In Hybrids...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: primitive characteristics - already present all along the lineage [Selection Differential]

Output: Plesiomorphy

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: derived, new characters. [Selection Differential]

Output: Apomorphy

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: character that seems like an apomorphy but isn't. flight. [Selection Differential]

Output: Homoplasy

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RNA has a hydroxyl @ 2' (making it less stable than DNA) and it utilizes Uracil in place of Thymine (Uracil requires less energy to produce) [Selection Differential]

Output: DNA - RNA Differences

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RNA is able to self replicate and duplicate other RNAs RNA can catalyze simple reactions RNA can catalyze peptide bonding to produce short peptides (which can link to form polypeptides and eventually proteins) [Selection Differential]

Output: Evidence in Favor of RNA World

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lipids, Carbs, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids, all present in living things in roughly the same proportions and all are made in the same fashion. [Selection Differential]

Output: 4 Macromolecules

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: phosphodiester bonds, hydrolysis, and aminotransferase activity in ribosomes. [Selection Differential]

Output: Ribozymes are known to catalyze...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: only the L form is present in living things (except the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria). L and D are chiral molecules. [Selection Differential]

Output: L and D Stereochemistry (AAs)

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen. 4 main life elements. Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important. [Selection Differential]

Output: NOCH Elements

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: supported by the existence of hyperthermophiles (which live in similar conditions (sans the water element) as would have been present during the time of the first life) their use of inorganic materials and anaerobic metabolism show that life can be supported in such an environment. [Selection Differential]

Output: Earthly Origin

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: supported by the Murchison Meteorites [Selection Differential]

Output: ET Origin

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: are pretty much exactly the same. [Selection Differential]

Output: Modern Bacteria and their extant relatives...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: was a reducing environment until about 3bya. [Selection Differential]

Output: Earth's atmosphere...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: as cells began using photons for energy (with O2 as a biproduct) the later evolving (and currently existing) forms of life had to adapt to the increasingly O2 rich oxidizing atmosphere, some anaerobes probably became facultatively aerobic and others changed all together. [Selection Differential]

Output: How did O2 become the electron acceptor of choice?

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: based on sets of 3 nucleotides (ACTG) forms a high number of possible combinations allowing tons of stuff to be coded for. [Selection Differential]

Output: Genetic Code

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is based on the structure of the protein, any small change in this conformation can cause the protein to be inactive or change function. [Selection Differential]

Output: Protein function...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tells NOTHING about the specific genes that contribute to a trait. [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: shared/unique. [Selection Differential]

Output: Jaccard Similarity Index

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1 - heritability. [Selection Differential]

Output: Environmentability =

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: experimental error or HUGE environmental effect. [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability < 0

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: experimental error or HUGE genetic effect. [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability > 1

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: more environmental influence, low heritability [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability close to 0 Small/Large

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: not much environmental influence, high heritability [Selection Differential]

Output: Heritability close to 1

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a trait is very important to survival or reproduction or if there's a population bottleneck. [Selection Differential]

Output: Genetic Variance is eliminated by selection if...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the high cellulose diet of cows and langurs has altered their lysosyme, the two species are identical at 5 spots, even though they are so distant, because of their diet, their lysosyme has become more resistant to pancreatic enzymes and the low pH of the stomach. [Selection Differential]

Output: Similarity between Cows and Langurs (foregut fermenters)

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the greater the difference in their AA sequence, the more synonymous mutations they will differ by. [Selection Differential]

Output: The longer ago two species shared a common ancestor...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: proteins were unable to change their functional roles. the thousands of functional genes that exist today must have arisen from a small number of ancestral genes. [Selection Differential]

Output: Evolution would not have been possible if...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: all independently evolved a similar molecule that enables them to recover nutrients from fermenting bacteria. [Selection Differential]

Output: Leaf eating monkeys, Leaf eating birds and Artiodactyls have...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pre-birth alpha and gamma carry most of the oxygen transporting weight, leading up to birth the gamma falls off and the beta picks up its slack. The change in globins is due to the need for different oxygen binding characteristics in the low oxygen amniotic environment. [Selection Differential]

Output: Globins

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: OWM are trichromats (with red and green on the X chromosome and blue on an autosome) NWM are tri and dichromats Prosimians are dichromats. [Selection Differential]

Output: OWM, NWM and Prosimians

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: formation of a gene family - group of homologous genes with related functions. [Selection Differential]

Output: Several rounds of duplication and mutation may lead to...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: able to distinguish Red, Blue and Green at equal light intensity. [Selection Differential]

Output: Trichromat

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have evolved color vision. [Selection Differential]

Output: Colored Animals and Fruit Eaters...

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: rare spontaneous errors in DNA replication cause the mutations that drive molecular evolution. the accumulation of evolutionarily neutral differences between 2 sequences can be used to measure the error rate of DNA replication. fossils are used to calibrate by dating the fossil and then comparing it to a living species. [Selection Differential]

Output: Molecular Clock

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: idea that organisms are constantly originating, becoming more and more complex over time, proven to be bullshit by Pasteur's experiment. [Selection Differential]

Output: Theory of Spontaneous Generation

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: process by which one ancestral species becomes divided into two descendant species. [Selection Differential]

Output: Cladogenesis

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: condition in which one or more complete sets of chromosomes is added to the diploid genome. [Selection Differential]

Output: Polyploidy

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organism that contains the genomes of 2 or more different species [Selection Differential]

Output: Allopolyploid

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: polyploid organism that contains a duplicated genome of the same species. may result from a meiotic error. [Selection Differential]

Output: Autopolyploid

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that state, may result from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal. [Selection Differential]

Output: Homoplasy

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one of two or more distinguishable forms of a character, such as the presence or absence of teeth in amniote vertebrates. [Selection Differential]

Output: Character State

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: similar structures in not-directly-related organisms. [Selection Differential]

Output: Convergent Evolution

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: means that genetic variance has been eliminated by selection, the trait is very important (birth weight) [Selection Differential]

Output: Low H2

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: means that genetic variance has not been eliminated by selection, variability in the trait is very important (MHC genes) [Selection Differential]

Output: High H2

BIOL 1130 Second Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Preferred Stock] Cumlative Feature

Output: a requirement that all past, unpaid preffered stock dividends be paid before any stock dividends declared

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Protective Provisions

Output: protect the investors interest, voting in event of nonpayment of common stock dividends, or restrict the payment of common stock dividends

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Convertible Preferred Stock

Output: preferred shares that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares of common stock, if investors so choose

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Call Provision

Output: a provision that entitles the corporation to repurchase its preferred stock from investors at stated prices over specified periods

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Sinking Fund Provision

Output: a protective provision that requires the firm periodically to set aside an amount of money for the retirement of its preferred stock.

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Common Stock

Output: shares that represent the ownership in a corporation

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Limited Liability

Output: a protective provision whereby the investor is not liable for more than the amount he or she has invested in the firm

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Proxy

Output: a means of voting in which a desingated party is provided with the temporary power of attorney to vote for the signee at corporations annual meeting

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Proxy fight

Output: a battle between rival groups for proxy votes in order to control the decisions made in a stockholders meeting

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Majority Voting

Output: voting in which each share of stock allows the sharholder one vote, and each position on the board of directors is voted on separately

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Cumulative Voting

Output: voting in which each share of stock allows the shareholder a number of votes equal to the number of directors being elected. Can select one or many candidates

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Preemptive Right

Output: the right entitiling the common stockholder to maintain his or her proportionate share of ownership in the firm

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Right

Output: a certificate issued to common stockholders giving them an option to purchase a stated number of new shares at a specified price during a 2 to 10 week period

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Internal growth

Output: a firms growth rate resulting from reinvesting the companys profits rather than distributing them as dividends

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Profit retention rate

Output: the companys percentage of profits retained

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Dividend payout ratio

Output: divdends as a percentage of earnings

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] Expected rate of return

Output: the rate of return that investors expect to receive on an investment by paying the current market price of the security

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] How is preferred stock different from common stock?

Output: 1. no fixed maturity date 2. fails to pay dividends does not bring bankruptcy 3. dividends are not deductible for tax purposes

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What is multiple series stock?

Output: More than one series of stock

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What are claim on assets or income on preferred stock?

Output: Has higher priority on claims of assets and income

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What are claims on income for common stock?

Output: Have the right to residual income after creditors and preferred stockholders -common shareholders might not gain any dividends from there investements if it is eaten up by preferred stock holders and creditor -same goes with claims on assets

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What is limited liability?

Output: - the amount of money that investors will lose in bankruptcy is only the amount that they invested

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What are voting rights with common stocks?

Output: can elect a board of directors -change in the coroporate charter -majority vote in proxy

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] What is a common problem with voting in directors?

Output: -managers have there say in which directors to vote in

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [Preferred Stock] How is the dividend different for a common stock to a bond?

Output: Dividends rely on the profitability of the firm

it has no fixed maturity date, does not bring on bankruptcy, divedends are not deductible for tax purposes


Input: [what is registration] explain the SUAR system?

Output: -consists of two rowes of fine wires imbedded in a perspex block which mimics sound transmission through the human body. -two rows of wires converge -3 parameters evaluated=axial resolution, system uniformity, -initially, we take care of the uniformity(set parameters to penetrate deepest wire(shouldn't change much from month to month if output and ampitude are functioning properly)) -by scanning and finding the point of convergence(where 2 rows are now distinguished as one)-this shows axial resolution -system uniformity determines weather all transducers in a linear array are firing properly(should see an unbroken line). If several transducers are not firing, there will be a gap.-consists of two rowes of fine wires imbedded in a perspex block which mimics sound transmission through the human body. -two rows of wires converge -3 parameters evaluated=axial resolution, system uniformity, -initially, we take care of the uniformity(set parameters to penetrate deepest wire(shouldn't change much from month to month if output and ampitude are functioning properly)) -by scanning and finding the point of convergence(where 2 rows are now distinguished as one)-this shows axial resolution -system uniformity determines weather all transducers in a linear array are firing properly(should see an unbroken line). If several transducers are not firing, there will be a gap.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Calorimeter

Output: -uses physical properties of wave propegation -The rise in temperature is proportional to the increase in the power of the beam. -In this gadget we have an absorbing liquid encased in an insulating tank (so that heat is not easily lost -Temperature is accurately asssessed. -THis temperature reading will indicate the power in the beam.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] # Why are cylindrical objects placed in some phantoms?

Output: Cylindrical objects are placed in test objects to evaluate contrast resolution.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests axial resolution?

Output: -pin arrangements similar to the AIUM test object, but often placed in near, medium and far distances from the transducer to test axial resoution at various depths.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] What parameters are generally tested for 2D, and doppler imaging?

Output: 2D; -detail resolution(axial, latereral, and elevational) -contrast resolution -penetration -range accuracy Doppler: -Penetration(sensistivity) of PW, CW, and Color -Range accuray of PW and Color -Peak or mean velcity accuracy of PW, CW, and COlor -Spectral broadening-PW -Lateral resolution-Color

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests lateral resolution?

Output: -determined by evaluatine line widths corrisponding to equally spaced rods within the test object -measurement of the narrowest line corrisponds to the best possible lateral resolution of that system -will indicate at what distance from the transducer the optimal lateral resolution will occur(w/ a static focal zone) -will provide an indication of a transducer's fixed focal zone.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] # How can slice thickness be evaluated?

Output: A diagonal reflector in a test object is scanned. The width of the demonstrated beam at a given depth is the slice thickness at that depth.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] # What do string test objects evaluate?

Output: String phantoms are used to test for -beam penetration, -determine flow directions, -accuracy of sample volume, and -determining flow speed.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Explain the hypdrophone

Output: -small piezoelectric element mounted on the end of a narrow tube or hollow needle. --crystal is placed in the beam path -Varying intensities encountered in different sections of the beam produce a corresponding varying voltage which can be displayed on an oscilloscope

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] # Describe the construction of a SUAR test object and what information can be provided.

Output: -consists of an acrylic or Perspex block incorporating a wedge at the bottom. (One reference describes this as a water-filled wedge.) -Sensitivity is determined when one notes the settings needed to just penetrate the back of the block. -Uniformity is judged by looking at the back of the block (acrylic/air interface) or the wedge to see if image is the same across the rectangle. -Axial resolution is determined by the point at which one no longer identifies the anterior and posterior edges of the wedge as separate structures.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] PIRTO

Output: -particle image resolution test object -tissue equivalent phantom in which cystic spheres are randomly placed

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] What are the problems with non-fluid based phantoms.

Output: -strong specular reflectors createm blossoming causing an overestimation of peak velocity, so gains and power need to be turned down.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests dot formation?

Output: -no single dot should be >3 wavelengths in diameter (no large blobby dots) -large dots indicate informtion processing problems

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] which is the worst measrure of spacial resoluation?

Output: lateral and elevational resolution is typically worse than axial resoluation

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] of what use is a beam profiler

Output: allows evaluation of bam focusing characteristics

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Name 4 ways of measuring intensity and power?

Output: -hydrophone -radiation force measurements -calorimeter -schleirin photography

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] # What is a hydrophone and what is its main use?

Output: -large piezoelectric crystal which is placed in the path of the ultrasound beam -voltage generated is directly proportional to the energy in the beam -better in house method than radiation force measurements of output evaluation

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what information does a calirimeter provide?

Output: -indicates the output. - A medium is placed in an insulated fluid-filled object containing a thermometer. -The beam is passed into the medium. - The degree of heating is directly related to the energy in the beam.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what are spacial measurements? temporal and pulse measurements

Output: the power distribution over physical dimensions -temporal and pulse measuements-distribution of power over time

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what factors determine TI and MI?

Output: TI: -determined by output and transducer frequency MI: -determined by transducer frequency and peak rarefactional pressure(output)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what does MI depend on?

Output: frequency and output of the system

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what are the types of mechanical biological effects?

Output: -radiation force -streaming -cavitation(stable and transient)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] when does heating become significant in ultrasound?

Output: -significant if it exceeds 2 degrees celsius

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what is the threshold for fetal anomolies over extended periods of time?

Output: 41 degrees

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain streaming

Output: -excessive radiation can show flow within a medium -can cause sheer(rectangular book becomes rhobic w/ sheer foce) or tearing stress

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] ODS

Output: output display standard -displayed as MI and TI=take a number of factors into account to display potential heating and mechanical pressures

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.