Input: [chemoreceptors] when the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, the build up of CO2 and the accompanying increase in H+ stimulate the medulla oblongata and the newborn takes its first breath.

Output: How does the baby take its first breath?

Respiratory System #1 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids?


Input: [chemoreceptors] Diaphragmatic breathers, and nose breathers

Output: What type of breathers are babies?

Respiratory System #1 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids?


Input: [chemoreceptors] the respiratory center increases the rate and depth of breathing which causes more carbon dioxide to be removed from the blood and the hydrogen ion concentration to return to normal

Output: What does the respiratory center do when the pH of the blood decreases?

Respiratory System #1 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids?


Input: [chemoreceptors] Becuase when you hold your breath, metabolically produced CO2 begins accumulating in the blood. As a result, H+ accumulates and the blood becomes more acidic.

Output: Why are most people unable to hold their breath for more than one minute?

Respiratory System #1 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids?


Input: When you see something, go exactly the way you want it, what do you think happened at that time? You then become a doctor because of that situation that might have happened years ago. Some people may think that it was just a coincidence, and some people might think it was their own, “skill,” that got them where they are now. When you see something, go exactly the way you want it, what do you think happened at that time? You then become a doctor because of that situation that might have happened years ago. Some people may think that it was just a coincidence, and some people might think it was their own, “skill,” that got them where they are now.

Output: When you see something, go exactly the way you want it, what do you think happened at that time? You then become a doctor because of that situation that might have happened years ago. Some people may think that it was just a coincidence, and some people might think it was their own, “skill,” that got them where they are now.

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: Albert Einstein is one example. He was not the smartest person when he was young, but he then became one of the smartest people on earth, and he helped a lot of people. Do you think he lead himself to where he was, or was it already planned? People don’t believe that a person will be born a delinquent, or be born a doctor, people think that they can tell a person what to do, and control their life, but they can only lead them to where they want to go, they make their own choices. Maybe that is what destiny is. Just choices. Nothing but your own choices. Albert Einstein is one example. He was not the smartest person when he was young, but he then became one of the smartest people on earth, and he helped a lot of people. Do you think he lead himself to where he was, or was it already planned? People don’t believe that a person will be born a delinquent, or be born a doctor, people think that they can tell a person what to do, and control their life, but they can only lead them to where they want to go, they make their own choices. Maybe that is what destiny is. Just choices. Nothing but your own choices.

Output: Albert Einstein is one example. He was not the smartest person when he was young, but he then became one of the smartest people on earth, and he helped a lot of people. Do you think he lead himself to where he was, or was it already planned? People don’t believe that a person will be born a delinquent, or be born a doctor, people think that they can tell a person what to do, and control their life, but they can only lead them to where they want to go, they make their own choices. Maybe that is what destiny is. Just choices. Nothing but your own choices.

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: When you make choices throughout your whole life, do YOU actually make them? You might have got a good mark on a test just because you decided to study for it. As I said before, people can believe that destiny is real or not. When you make a choice, there could be multiple outcomes. Outcomes that could lead to something in your favour, or outcomes that could lead to your demise. Those outcomes could lead to others, and others. It just depends on your first choice. When you make choices throughout your whole life, do YOU actually make them? You might have got a good mark on a test just because you decided to study for it. As I said before, people can believe that destiny is real or not. When you make a choice, there could be multiple outcomes. Outcomes that could lead to something in your favour, or outcomes that could lead to your demise. Those outcomes could lead to others, and others. It just depends on your first choice.

Output: When you make choices throughout your whole life, do YOU actually make them? You might have got a good mark on a test just because you decided to study for it. As I said before, people can believe that destiny is real or not. When you make a choice, there could be multiple outcomes. Outcomes that could lead to something in your favour, or outcomes that could lead to your demise. Those outcomes could lead to others, and others. It just depends on your first choice.

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: Now you think that you made that decision, and nothing could have stopped you. But in fact, there are many factors that could have swayed you towards that decision. Your peers and your family. When thinking about destiny, think about things that lead you to that situation. Destiny can be real or fake. What you believe in. What you think. Now you think that you made that decision, and nothing could have stopped you. But in fact, there are many factors that could have swayed you towards that decision. Your peers and your family. When thinking about destiny, think about things that lead you to that situation. Destiny can be real or fake. What you believe in. What you think.

Output: Now you think that you made that decision, and nothing could have stopped you. But in fact, there are many factors that could have swayed you towards that decision. Your peers and your family. When thinking about destiny, think about things that lead you to that situation. Destiny can be real or fake. What you believe in. What you think.

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: When you were one second old, and you were just born, do you think, you had your whole life in front of you, and you could just live it any way you wanted to, and become the person you strive to be, and be the best you can be. Or do you think, as a child, the things you do are picked out, and when you think you make your own decisions, it was actually coming to you the whole time. All these things about destiny and things happening for a reason sound’s like something awful. You just have to fail a test, so you become as smart as Albert Einstein. If you can’t control your life, what’s worth living it? When you’re born what happens. The second you start to breath, your life is pre-made. You can’t make any decisions; you will just have to go along with WHOEVER makes the, “rules.” Great. So what’s so good about destiny again? When you were one second old, and you were just born, do you think, you had your whole life in front of you, and you could just live it any way you wanted to, and become the person you strive to be, and be the best you can be. Or do you think, as a child, the things you do are picked out, and when you think you make your own decisions, it was actually coming to you the whole time. All these things about destiny and things happening for a reason sound’s like something awful. You just have to fail a test, so you become as smart as Albert Einstein. If you can’t control your life, what’s worth living it? When you’re born what happens. The second you start to breath, your life is pre-made. You can’t make any decisions; you will just have to go along with WHOEVER makes the, “rules.” Great. So what’s so good about destiny again?

Output: When you were one second old, and you were just born, do you think, you had your whole life in front of you, and you could just live it any way you wanted to, and become the person you strive to be, and be the best you can be. Or do you think, as a child, the things you do are picked out, and when you think you make your own decisions, it was actually coming to you the whole time. All these things about destiny and things happening for a reason sound’s like something awful. You just have to fail a test, so you become as smart as Albert Einstein. If you can’t control your life, what’s worth living it? When you’re born what happens. The second you start to breath, your life is pre-made. You can’t make any decisions; you will just have to go along with WHOEVER makes the, “rules.” Great. So what’s so good about destiny again?

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: No religion condones speaking about destiny, and no religion tells you if it is real or not. Because of this, we are left with empty hands. What happens when destiny strikes? When you are born, we have many decisions to make. Do I love my parents? Am I a good child? Will I try my best? All these decisions lead to who you are. But does destiny lead you there? People believe when you see someone turn out the way they are, it is their destiny to be a, “good or bad,” child. Other people believe that people can influence them to make their own decisions like their parents. If people are aware of how they will turn out, if bad, they might want to change it. Maybe knowing about destiny is a good thing. After all, it can change you. So is destiny real? You decide. No religion condones speaking about destiny, and no religion tells you if it is real or not. Because of this, we are left with empty hands. What happens when destiny strikes? When you are born, we have many decisions to make. Do I love my parents? Am I a good child? Will I try my best? All these decisions lead to who you are. But does destiny lead you there? People believe when you see someone turn out the way they are, it is their destiny to be a, “good or bad,” child. Other people believe that people can influence them to make their own decisions like their parents. If people are aware of how they will turn out, if bad, they might want to change it. Maybe knowing about destiny is a good thing. After all, it can change you. So is destiny real? You decide.

Output: No religion condones speaking about destiny, and no religion tells you if it is real or not. Because of this, we are left with empty hands. What happens when destiny strikes? When you are born, we have many decisions to make. Do I love my parents? Am I a good child? Will I try my best? All these decisions lead to who you are. But does destiny lead you there? People believe when you see someone turn out the way they are, it is their destiny to be a, “good or bad,” child. Other people believe that people can influence them to make their own decisions like their parents. If people are aware of how they will turn out, if bad, they might want to change it. Maybe knowing about destiny is a good thing. After all, it can change you. So is destiny real? You decide.

Have you ever looked away from where you were walking, and crashed into a pole, swerved into a girl while she had her books in her hands. The next day you asked her on a date, and in the next ten years she married you? Five more years you two become business partners and created a company that created technology for deaf people to hear! That might not have happened to you, but if that happened, how? Was it a coincidence? Were you planning it at all along? Or was it your destiny? Hello teachers, students, and honourable judges. I will be talking about destiny. Do things really happen for a reason, or do you control your own life? When you are born is your life predetermined to do the things you were, “born,” to do? What do you believe?_3


Input: In a dialog box, move to the previous option group [Tab]

Output: Shift tab

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Close a dialog box without saving any changes and close menus [Tab]

Output: New Line

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Enter a new paragraph [Tab]

Output: New Paragraph

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Go to the end of a line [Tab]

Output: Go to end of line

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Go to the beginning of a line [Tab]

Output: Go to start of line

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Enter a backspace [Tab]

Output: Backspace

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Enter a space [Tab]

Output: Space Bar

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Move the insertion point one space to the left [Tab]

Output: Move left a character

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Move the insertion point one space to the right [Tab]

Output: Move right a character

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Move the insertion point one word to the right [Tab]

Output: Move right a word

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Move the insertion point one word to the left [Tab]

Output: Move left a word

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Go up one line [Tab]

Output: Move up a line

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Go down one line [Tab]

Output: Move down a line

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scroll up [Tab]

Output: Page up

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scroll down [Tab]

Output: Page down

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Delete selected text [Tab]

Output: Delete that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Select the next word [Tab]

Output: Select “word”

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Select the last word [Tab]

Output: Select “word”

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Select text going backward [Tab]

Output: Select last line (or paragraph)

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Select text going forward [Tab]

Output: Select next line (or paragraph)

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Close a document [Tab]

Output: Click close

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Open a file [Tab]

Output: File open

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Select all [Tab]

Output: Select all

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cut selected text [Tab]

Output: Cut selection

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Copy [Tab]

Output: Copy that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Paste [Tab]

Output: Paste that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Undo [Tab]

Output: Undo that Scratch that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Redo [Tab]

Output: Restore that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Save [Tab]

Output: Save document Save file as

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bold [Tab]

Output: Bold that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Remove bold [Tab]

Output: Restore that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Italicize and remove italics [Tab]

Output: Italicize that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Left justify [Tab]

Output: Left align that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Right justify [Tab]

Output: Right align that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Center justify [Tab]

Output: Center that

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Print preview [Tab]

Output: Print preview

Speech Recognition Commands Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The dependent variable is the result of the change in the experiment. [value that changes] The expected outcome.

Output: What is the dependent variable?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The control is the part of the experiment where the outcome is known in advance. [value that changes] It is used to understand the result or dependent variable of an experiment.

Output: What is the control?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Environmental science is an applied science that combines many different sciences to solve environmental problems. [value that changes] a combination

Output: What is environmental science?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ecology is the study of how living things are related to each other - how they interact and how they depend on each other. [value that changes] involes living things

Output: What is ecology?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pure science seeks to answer questions about how the natural world works. [value that changes] questions

Output: What is pure science?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Applied science uses the information provided by pure science to solve problems. [value that changes] solutions

Output: What is applied science?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Population crisis is when the number of people is growing too quickly for the earth to support.

Output: What is population crisis?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Consumption crisis is when people are using up, wasting, or polluting natural resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or recycled.

Output: What is consumption crisis?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The observation asks the question that you want to find the answer to.

Output: What is the observation of an experiment?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The hypothesis is the educated guess or prediction. It must always be in an "if/then" format.

Output: What is the hypothesis of an experiment?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The experiment is the test of the hypothesis to determine if it is true or false.

Output: What is the experiment?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: They are - * aesthetic - what is beautiful or pleasing * economic - gain or loss of money or jobs * environmental - protection of natural resources * educational - accumulation and use of knowledge * ethical/moral - what is right or wrong * health - maintenance of human health and prevention of sickness or disability * recreational - providing for human leisure activities * scientific - knowledge gained by scientific research * social/cultural - maintaining human communities and respecting their values and traditions

Output: What are the values that affect environmental decision making?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A pie chart depicts percentages and the number of different things.

Output: What does a pie chart do?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A bar graph compares two or more things.

Output: What does a bar graph do?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A line graph represents the change over time or when there is an independent or dependent variable.

Output: What does a line graph do?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rules for constructing graphs are 3 from the bottom, 3 from the sides, and 4 from the top. There must be a title and labels.

Output: What are the rules for constructing graphs?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The decision-making process is to gather information, consider the values, explore the consequences, and then make a decision.

Output: What is the decision-making process?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The scientific method is observing, hypothesizing and predicting, experimenting, organizing and interpreting data, using graphics and sharing information, and communicating results.

Output: What is the scientific method?

Environmental Science Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: licensing. Since a company has already incurred the costs of developing the intellectual property, a licensing agreement involves little out-of-pocket costs.

Output: More and more companies are using __________ agreements as a source of international revenue, allowing foreign companies to use their intellectual property in exchange for a royalty or fee.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: strategic alliance. To increase their competitive advantage in foreign markets, many companies will form a strategic alliance with a foreign company. Companies in such a relationship will typically share ideas, risks, and profits in an attempt to reach complimentary goals.

Output: One way in which two or more companies might jointly develop, produce, or sell products in the global marketplace is by forming a long-term partnership called a ________ ___________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: joint venture. In countries where foreign companies are prohibited from owning facilities outright or from investing in a local business, a joint venture might be the only way to do business in that country.

Output: A _______ ________is a special type of strategic alliance in which two or more organizations join together to create a new business entity that is legally separate and distinct from its parents.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: MNCs. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) will often earn more than half of their revenue from foreign sales.

Output: As foreign markets continue to grow in importance, the number of ____________, or companies with operations in more than one country, is likewise increasing.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: FDI. A company that increases its involvement in foreign countries through establishing foreign direct investment (FDI) might build marketing or production facilities, or even purchase existing firms.

Output: __________ occurs when a multinational corporation establishes facilities in a foreign country or in some other way invests money directly into foreign business enterprises.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: absolute advantage. Whenever a nation can produce a particular item more efficiently than all other nations, it has an absolute advantage for that product. Since such advantages are usually based on the availability of natural resources, they rarely last indefinitely.

Output: Saudi Arabia’s ability to produce crude oil with fewer resources per unit of output than any other nation gives it an _________ _______ in crude oil production.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: comparative advantage. The comparative advantage theory is based upon the argument that specialization and exchange will increase a country’s total output and allow both trading partners to enjoy a higher standard of living.

Output: The ____________ ____________ theory states that a country should produce and sell to other countries those items it can produce economically, and trade for those it cannot produce efficiently or at a lower cost.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: balance. The balance of trade is not necessarily an accurate indicator of a nation’s competitiveness in the world market. Fluctuations in currency, intrafirm trade, and several other factors can obscure the overall picture.

Output: One way to measure a nation’s level of international trade is to determine its _________ of trade – the total value of the productions a nation exports minus the total value of the products it imports, over some period of time.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: deficit. In 1999, the U.S. trade deficit soared to record heights, due to a falloff in U.S. exports rather than a surge in foreign imports.

Output: When a country imports more than it exports, the resulting unfavorable trade balance is called a trade _______.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: payments. In addition to business transactions, the balance of payments also measures money spent on foreign investment, military expenditures, tourism, and other international transactions. A country, obviously wants a favorable balance of payments, meaning more money is coming into the country than is going out.

Output: A broader indicator of international trade than the balance of trade, the balance of __________ measure the total flow of money into the country minus the total flow of money out of the country, over some specified period of time.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: protectionism. Emerging economies often practice protectionism in order to give new or weak industries an opportunity to grow and strengthen.

Output: Some countries practice an economic policy of ___________, where they restrict international trade in order to shield a country’s industries from foreign competition and the possible loss of jobs in those industries.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Quotas. Quotas may be set either in quantity or in value. Once a foreign product hits its quota, additional shipments typically will face stiff tariffs.

Output: A type of trade restriction, _________ limit the amount of a particular good that a nation will allow to be imported during a year.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: embargo. Although an embargo is usually established to protect a nation’s industry from foreign competition, it can sometimes be done for other reasons. The U.S., for example, bans the importation of toys with lead paint due to health reasons.

Output: More extreme than a quota, an ________ completely bans the import or export of certain products.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: sanction. Traditionally, a sanction has been used by the government as a forceful attempt to make a country change its behavior. However, sanctions are being used more sparingly today, as studies have shown them to be generally ineffective.

Output: A ________ is a type of embargo that is politically motivated, banning trade with a particular nation.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Dumping. Dumping is a tactic often used to win foreign customers or to reduce product surpluses. Countries such as the U.S. impose stiff antidumping penalties in order to protect domestic producers of similar products.

Output: Most industrialized countries have regulations against ________ – the practice of selling large quantities of a product at a price lower than the cost of production or below what the company would charge in its own home market.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: free trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are both famous examples of organizations founded to support free trade. The WTO, in particular, has been a target for American protesters who feel that it leaves certain U.S. industries vulnerable to foreign competition.

Output: Many recent international trade agreements and organizations have supported the basic principles of ______ _______, a theory that each nation will ultimately benefit the most if they freely trade with each other without restrictive measures.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: trading. In 1994, the United States, Canada, and Mexico formed the trading bloc known as NAFTA. Supporters of NAFTA say that jobs in the U.S. have multiplied due to increased exports. Opponents, on the other hand, contend that American jobs have been lost as manufacturers have moved production to Mexico or Canada.

Output: NAFTA is a controversial example of a ________ bloc, an organization of nations that removes barriers to trade among their members and also establishes uniform barriers to trade with nonmember nations.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: euro. These eleven countries account for nearly 20 percent of the world’s gross domestic product, leading some to believe that the euro might one day rival the dollar or yen as the international currency of trade.

Output: In 1999, eleven European countries turned over control of their individual monetary policies to the newly created European Central Bank. One of the major reasons for joining forces was the anticipated advantages that would come from creating a unified currency called the ______.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: floating. Neither Thailand or Indonesia were ready when their currency devalued rapidly after switching to a floating exchange rate system. In such a system, the value of a currency is not determined in relation to more stable currencies, but in response to the forces of global supply and demand.

Output: In 1997, the decision by Thailand and Indonesia to unpeg its currency from the U.S. dollar and use instead a _________ exchange rate system triggered a series of reactions around the world and ignited a worldwide economic crisis.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: regulation. In most sectors of the economy, government regulation ensures that all competitors have an equal chance of producing a product, reaching the market, and making a profit.

Output: __________ is the process by which the government sets the ground rules and basic standards of proper business behavior, in order to prevent conflicts and facilitate the workings of the economic system.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: antitrust. Other famous examples of antitrust legislation include the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914). Such regulations sought to break up the power of huge companies such as Standard Oil.

Output: The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) is a famous example of _______ legislation, intended to prevent individual companies or groups of companies from gaining control of markets in ways that restrain competition or harm consumers.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: tying. Microsoft was recently found guilty of violating antitrust laws, in large part because the court considered the bundling together of Web browsers and operating systems to be a tying contract.

Output: One of the practices restricted by the landmark Clayton Antitrust Act was that of the _____ contract, which attempts to force buyers to purchase unwanted goods along with goods actually desired.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: agency. Some better known examples of a regulatory agency include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Output: A regulatory _______ is any of a wide variety of administrative groups established to protect the rights of one or more group of stakeholders from the potentially harmful actions of business.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: deregulation. Until recent deregulation measures were taken, companies in the airline and banking industries were under such strict government control that they had little or no competition.

Output: In the past few decades, some industries that were under strict government control have been opened up to competition through ___________, or the abandonment or relaxation of existing regulations.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: taxes. Laws surrounding the taxes of businesses have developed to such an extent that entire segments of accounting and legal professionals often help companies and individuals with their interpretation and compliance.

Output: In the United States, _______ have traditionally been used not only to raise revenue for government, but also to encourage or discourage certain types of behavior, including the restriction of certain business activities.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: excise. Gasoline, tobacco, and liquor are all subject to excise taxes. Federal excise taxes are also levied on certain services of a national scope, such as air travel and long-distance telephone calls.

Output: Specific items are subject to _____ taxes – regulatory taxes that are intended to help control potentially harmful practices or to help pay for public services used by taxpayers.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: duties. Customs duties typically have the effect of raising the prices of imports to a level comparable to the price of similar American-made merchandise.

Output: Customs _______, or import taxes, vary with the product and its country of origin. They are designed to protect American businesses against foreign competition.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: lobbying. The American Banking Association and the American Medical Association are both examples of associations typically involved in lobbying activities.

Output: Because competitors in an industry often have common objectives when it comes to government action, they commonly unite to form a __________ group in an attempt to persuade legislators to vote for their group’s interest.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: PAC. Through a political action committee (PAC), a business can solicit contributions from its employees and then allocate the money to various candidates. PACs are controversial and will likely be a target of campaign reform in the near future.

Output: Since campaign laws limit the abilities of a business to donate money directly to a candidate, businesses will often instead funnel money through a _______.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Business. Business law includes those legal elements that directly affect business activity, including laws pertaining to business licensing, employee safety, and corporate income taxes.

Output: In addition to the full body of laws that apply to individuals, companies must also comply to a subset of laws commonly referred to as __________ law.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: liability. Because many of these product liability lawsuits seem frivolous and excessive, many lawmakers are beginning to question the strictness with which the laws are interpreted.

Output: Business owners pay as much as $150 billion every year due to product ________ lawsuits, which hold the producer or seller responsible for damages or injuries to the consumer.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: POM. Production and operations management (POM), sometimes just shortened to operations management, oversees all the activities involved in producing a firm’s goods or services.

Output: The term _________ refers to the coordination of an organization’s resources for the manufacture of goods or the delivery of services.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: conversion. The conversion process can be either an analytic system, which breaks raw materials into one or most distinct products, or a synthetic system, which combines two or more materials to form a single product.

Output: A company’s sequence of events that transforms resources (or inputs) into products and services is called the _________ process.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: customization. Systems of mass customization recognize that consumers have individual needs and are best served by products that can be easily customized for them.

Output: In today’s customer-focused, quality-oriented economy, many current production systems use traditional mass production techniques to create customized goods and services – a system known as mass __________.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: forecast. Although a production forecast cannot be predicted with certainty, it is an essential tool for use in the planning, budgeting, and scheduling of resources.

Output: One of the keys to an effective production process is to prepare an accurate production ________ that estimates how much of a company’s goods and services must be produced in order to meet future demand.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: critical. The sequence of events that makes up the critical path requires the longest time to complete. If any step on this path falls behind schedule, then the entire operation will be delayed.

Output: In planning tools such as PERT diagrams, the longest path through the network is known as the ________ path because it represents the minimum amount of time needed to complete the project.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: CAD. Computer-aided design (CAD) is just one of the major developments in manufacturing automation today. Others include computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and flexible manufacturing system (FMS).

Output: ______ is widely used today to apply computer graphics and mathematical modeling in the design of products.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: inventory. To minimize risk and cost, and also to increase manufacturing efficiency, most companies have established a system of inventory control.

Output: Most companies use a system of _______ control to determine the right quantity of various items to have on hand and to keep track of their location, use, and condition.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: just in time. A just-in-time system minimizes waste and keeps costs down. However, it requires careful coordination between manufacturers and suppliers in order to work effectively.

Output: The ____ ____ ____ system is one of the most used methods of inventory control and production planning today, making sure that materials arrive just when they are needed with minimal inventory and waste.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: assurance. Broader than more basic quality control approaches, a quality assurance system ensures that every stage of production – from design to final product – meets or exceeds preset quality standards.

Output: Quality __________ is a comprehensive system of policies, practices, and procedures implemented throughout a company to create and produce quality goods and services.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: chain. The supply-chain begins with the provider of raw materials and ends with the company that produces the finished product. Supply-chain management is based upon the belief that all companies involved will benefit from working more closely together.

Output: Many companies now integrate all of the facilities, functions, and activities involved in the production of goods and services, from suppliers to customers, through a process called supply ___________ management.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: small. The small business is a cornerstone of the U.S. economic system – particularly following the past decade, when a drastic increase in start-up companies made the U.S. economy a growth engine for the world.

Output: A _____ business can be defined as a company that is independently owned and operated, is not dominant in its field, and is relatively small in terms of sales and number of employees.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: lifestyle. Roughly 80 to 90 percent of small businesses are lifestyle businesses. The remainder are called high-growth ventures and are started with the intent of rapid expansion.

Output: The majority of small businesses are what are known as ________ businesses. They are built around the personal and financial needs of an individual or family, and are not typically designed to grow into large enterprises.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: intrapreneurs. Work units led by intrapreneurs are formed to provide the parent company with creative ideas usually hindered by the red tape and procedures of a large-scale corporate environment.

Output: To stimulate the innovation commonly found in small businesses, many large companies have started small enterprises run by ___________, or people who create ideas and innovation of any kind from within an organization.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: internet. The Internet has made accessible to small businesses the types of resources and information that were previously available only to larger firms.

Output: The rise and spread of the __________ is one of the major factors contributing to the dramatic increase in small businesses, as well as the number of employees who now telecommute.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: outsourcing. The increased practice of outsourcing specialized work has allowed many large firms to downsize and work with smaller staffs.

Output: Large companies increasingly are subcontracting work to small businesses through a process called _____________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: business plan. Not only does a business plan help sway potential investors, it also provides the company with an overall strategy and guides its operations.

Output: One of the most important ways to persuade lenders and investors to finance your business is through preparing a ________ _____, a written document that provides an orderly statement of a company’s goals and how it intends to achieve those goals.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: start up. Founding a start-up company is the most common form of beginning a small business. The other two ways are to buy an existing business or obtain a franchise.

Output: Roughly two-thirds of business founders start from scratch with new ventures, commonly called ________ ___________ company.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: franchise. In exchange for an initial fee and possibly monthly royalties, a buyer can obtain a franchise of a larger company and have the right to sell its goods and services.

Output: A ________ is a business arrangement in which a small business obtains the rights to sell the goods or services of the supplier within a specific territory.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: incubators. Incubators are centers that provide small businesses with a professional setting and various resources – legal and accounting services, marketing support, etc. – they might need to get started.

Output: Facilities specifically designed to house small businesses during their early growth phase are known as __________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: venture capitalists. Small businesses that need large sums of investment (usually $10 million or more) and that have potential for rapid growth often turn to venture capitalists for financing.

Output: _______ _________ are investment specialists who raise pools of capital from large private and institutional sources in exchange for a portion of the ownership, with the objective of making a considerable profit on the investment within a relatively short period of time.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: angel investors. Risky start-ups that have trouble getting loans from a bank can sometimes find angel investors to finance their business.

Output: Similar to venture capitalists, ______ ________ tend to be wealthy individuals who are willing to loan smaller amounts of money and to stay involved with the company for a longer period of time.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: SBA. Among other services, the Small Business Administration (SBA) will back bank loans to qualified business owners, a guarantee that usually results in longer repayment terms.

Output: The _____ is a government agency that serves as an invaluable resource and advocate for small businesses, often providing them with financial assistance, training, and a variety of helpful programs.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: DPO. The growth of the Internet and its resources has made it easier for companies to sell stock through a direct public offering (DPO).

Output: Because of the high costs and regulatory complexities of selling stock through an initial public offering (IPO), many companies are instead choosing to sell shares of stock directly to investors through a _______.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: HR. The human resources (HR) department is generally in charge of hiring employees for a company, ensuring the quality of their job performance, and administering their compensation and benefits.

Output: The ________ department plans the best way to hire employees, oversee their training, evaluate their performance, and compensate them.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: forecasting. After analyzing the company’s future goals, the HR department begins planning the company’s staffing needs by forecasting the supply and demand for employees.

Output: The first step in planning for a company’s staffing needs is called ___________, when the HR department determines the numbers and kinds of employees that will be needed in the company’s future, and how many employees are currently available to meet those needs.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: temporary. It is estimated that over a quarter of all temporary employees hired remain on the job assignment for one year or more. Businesses often try to save money and increase their flexibility by building their workforce around part-time and temp employees.

Output: An increasingly used recruiting strategy is for companies to hire ___________ employees to assess their on-the-job performance before hiring them permanently.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: outsourcing. Although outsourcing might give a company increased flexibility and additional expertise, it can also result in a loss of control over the work and a greater dependence on suppliers.

Output: _____________, or subcontracting work to outside companies, is a common staffing strategy by companies that lack specialized resources internally.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Job analysis. Job analysis is the process by which jobs are studied to determine the exact tasks and dynamics needed to perform them.

Output: Once human resources has decided it needs to fill a particular position, it will then evaluate the requirements of the position through a formal, objective method called ___ _______.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: job description. The job description helps HR determine the qualifications needed by potential applicants to be considered for the job.

Output: Following job analysis, the human resources staff will use their findings to complete a ____ ___________, a formal statement summarizing the tasks involved in the job and the conditions under which the employee will work.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: job specification. The last step in evaluating job requirements is the drafting of a job specification. This formal statement is a critical tool in determining whether or not an applicant is appropriate for the position.

Output: Usually, human resources will use the job description to develop a ____ __________, describing the skills, education, and previous experience that the job requires.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: recruiting. Recruiting usually begins by looking for a suitable candidate from within an organization or from an employee’s recommendation. Posting a position to the public is often used as a last resort.

Output: __________ is the term for the process of attracting appropriate applicants for an organization’s jobs.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: background checks. Failure to conduct thorough background checks can lead to expensive lawsuits and higher health care costs, decreased productivity, and harm to employees and customers. Inadequate verification of credentials can potentially make the hiring company liable for any future action committed by the employee.

Output: Particularly with the recent increase in workplace violence, human resource departments are more carefully conducting ____________ ________ to verify all educational credentials and previous jobs, to account for any large time gaps between jobs, and to check references.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: orientation. Although orientation programs can vary from an hour-long information session to “integration” curriculums that last several months, they all are created with the intention of helping new employees understand their role in the organization and making them feel more comfortable.

Output: In order to ensure that all new employees understand the company’s goals, policies, and procedures, most organizations have ________ programs that help acclimate employees to their new work environment.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: performance appraisal. Most human resources managers develop performance appraisal systems to objectively evaluate employees according to set, job-related criteria.

Output: The ultimate goal of a _________ ___________ is not to judge the individual employee but rather to improve their on-the-job performance. It lets employees understand how they are presently doing, instructs them on how they can improve performance, and discusses new skills they should learn to promote future growth.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: compensation. Compensation is the umbrella term covering all the various money, benefits, and services paid to employees for their work.

Output: Administering ___________ – or the combination of payments in the form of wages or salaries, incentive programs, employee benefits, and employer services – is one of the major responsibilities of the human resources department.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: wages. Unlike salaried workers, workers earning wages receive cash payment directly related to the number of hours worked or pieces produced. Wages provide an incentive to an employee to produce more in order to receive a higher paycheck.

Output: Employees who receive _______ earn cash payment based on the number of hours the employee has worked or the number of units the employee has produced.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: incentives. Incentives are often effective because they make achievements, not merely activities, the basis for an employee’s payment.

Output: __________ are cash payments that are linked either to specific individual, group, and company-wide goals; overall productivity; and company success.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: commission. Depending on the company and position, a commission can be either the sole compensation or else an incentive payment made in addition to salary or wages.

Output: Usually used for sales staff, a ____________ is a form of payment that pays employees a percentage of sales made.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: profit sharing. A company that participates in profit sharing usually distributes profits to employees on an quarterly, semi-annually, or annual basis.

Output: One common incentive program is the ________ _________ system, in which a company distributes a portion of its profits to employees. It encourages employees to work harder, since the more profits the company makes, the larger the compensation will be to the employee.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: gain sharing. Though similar to profit sharing, gain sharing differs in that it further encourages employees to think of innovative ways to save money for the company and improve its overall operation.

Output: A _____ ________ incentive plan rewards employees not solely on the basis of overall profits but in relation to achievement of goals such as cost savings or quality improvement.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: broadbanding. Because the company has fewer, broader pay grades, broadbanding allows companies to move employees to different positions without being restricted by the pay grades normally associated with specific jobs.

Output: ____________ is a common payment approach that uses wide pay grades. It allows today’s flatter companies to reward employees without having to move them up a hierarchy.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: benefits. Some of the more common forms of employee benefits include medical and dental insurance; vacation, holiday, and sick pay; stock options; and retirement benefits.

Output: Financial compensation other than wages, salaries, and incentives is called employee ______________.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Pension. Pension plans are company-sponsored programs for providing employees with income when they retire.

Output: Defined contribution plans, defined benefits plans, and 401(k) plans are all examples of _______ plans, the most popular type of retirement coverage in companies today.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: stock option. Employees on a stock option plan can often buy shares of the company stock at the grant price over a number of years. Thus, so long as the stock is performing well, such plans can be considerably profitable for employees.

Output: A _______ _______ plan ties employee compensation to company performance through allowing the employee to purchase or sell a certain number of shares of company stock at a specific price (called the grant price) during a certain time period.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: layoff. A layoff is a termination due to reasons unrelated to employee performance and is thus typically a painful experience both to the terminated and remaining employees. Many companies have recently adopted no-layoff guarantees to help promote employee loyalty and motivation.

Output: A termination of an employee for economic or business reasons is called a _______.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: wrongful discharge. Because of the increase in wrongful discharge claims, human resources departments have taken extra precautions to try to prevent such occurrences, including requiring new employees to sign “employment at will” forms.

Output: The massive layoffs in recent years has led to an increase in ________ _______ lawsuits, with employees claiming that their firings have been done with either inadequate advance notice or explanation.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: mandatory retirement. In 1986, Congress amended the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act so that it prohibited mandatory retirement. It also prohibited employers from stopping benefit contributions or accruals because of age.

Output: _________ __________, or the required dismissal of an employee who reaches a certain age, was made illegal by Congress in 1986.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: worker buyout. Though worker buyout is more expensive than firing or laying off employees, it has several advantages as far as maintaining employee morale and minimizing the company’s legal risk against age-discrimination lawsuits.

Output: Many companies encourage aging employees to retire early through various financial incentives – a process known as ________ ________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is the easiest and least expensive form of business to start. Around 73% of all U.S. firms are sole proprietorships.

Output: By far, the most common form of business ownership in the U.S. is known as a sole __________, meaning it is owned by only one person.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: liability. Not having a separate legal existence for a business makes a sole proprietorship much easier to start, but it also means that the owner has unlimited liability and might have to use personal expenses to satisfy a business debt.

Output: A disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is that the owner has unlimited ________, meaning that any damages or debts attributable to the business can also be attached to the owner because the two have no separate legal existence.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: partnership. By setting up a partnership, the risks and rewards of the business is split among partners, rather than just one person.

Output: An unincorporated business owned and operated by two or more persons under a voluntary legal agreement is known as a ___________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: limited. Unlike general partnerships, where all partners are equally liable for the business’s debt, a limited partnership grants limited liability to those partners who are just passive investors.

Output: In a business that is a _________ partnership, the partnership is composed of one or more general partners, who run the business, and the remaining partners, who are not directly involved in managing the business and whose liability is usually limited to the amount of their capital investment.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: corporation. Unlike sole proprietorships and partnerships, the legal status and obligations of a corporation exist independently of its owners.

Output: A legally chartered enterprise that has most of the legal rights of a person, including the right to own property and to conduct business, is called a ______________.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: shareholders. Even though the company and its management may be stable, a corporation’s ownership can change drastically over time as the stock is continually passed to new shareholders.

Output: A corporation is owned by its ____________, who can sell or bequeath their shares of stock to someone else at any time.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: common. Although owners of preferred stock might have first claim on the corporation’s assets, they do not have the voting rights that owners of common stock receive.

Output: The stock usually issued by corporations is called ________ stock. The owners of such stock have the last claim on distributed profits and assets, and are allowed one vote for each share they own.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: dividends. Dividends can be paid to stockholders either in cash or in additional shares of stock.

Output: Although not mandatory, many corporations pay ___________, or distributions of corporate assets to shareholders in the form of cash or other assets.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: private. Private corporations are companies owned by private individuals or companies. They are also sometimes called “closed corporations” or “closely held companies.”

Output: Companies such as Kinko’s and Hallmark are examples of __________ corporations, or companies that withhold their stock from public sale and instead finance their operating costs and growth from other sources, such as company earnings.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: public. Going public provides a corporation with a ready supply of capital, in addition to increasing its liquidity and enhancing its visibility.

Output: A ________ corporation is held by and available for sale to the general public.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: liquidity. Buying stock in a corporation is attractive to many investors because of its liquidity. It’s difficult, on the other hand, to liquidate the assets of a sole proprietorship or partnership.

Output: Public corporations have the advantage of _________, since their investors can easily convert their stock into cash by selling it on the open market.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: LLC. Limited liability companies (LLCs) have owners who are taxed at individual income-tax rates, though the corporation itself has a separate legal status. Furthermore, unlike S corporations, LLCs are unrestricted in the number of shareholders they can have.

Output: A _______ is a special type of corporation that combines the tax advantage of a partnership with the personal liability protection of a corporation.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: subsidiary. A subsidiary corporation does not exist independently, but is owned by another corporation called a parent company, which supervises the operations of the subsidiary.

Output: A corporation which is partially or entirely owned by another corporation is known as a _________ corporation.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: holding. Though a holding company might own most or all of another company’s stock, it does not actively participate in the management of that other company.

Output: A special type of parent company, a _________ company owns a subsidiary only for investing purposes and exercises little control over its day-to-day operations.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: CEO. In most corporations, the common shareholders who own the company are hardly ever involved in actually managing it. Instead, they elect a board of directors who, in turn, appoint a chief executive officer (CEO) to run the company.

Output: In publicly traded corporations, the board of directors usually appoints a _______ to carry out the board’s policies and supervise the activities of the corporation.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: proxy. Shareholders who cannot attend the corporation’s annual meeting will usually vote by proxy, signing and returning a slip of paper allowing management to vote on their behalf.

Output: In large corporations, most individual shareholders hardly ever attend the company’s annual meeting and instead vote by _______, a document authorizing another person to vote on behalf of a shareholder.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: consolidation. Unlike a merger, where one company purchases another and assumes controls, a consolidation means the legal termination of both companies and a pooling of interests into a new business entity.

Output: Similar to a merger, a ___________ is created when two or more companies combine together so that the old companies cease to exist and a new enterprise is created.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Horizontal. Horizontal mergers are combinations of competing companies in the same industry. The purposes of such mergers is to take control of a market and fend off competition.

Output: The rise of the government antitrust movement at the beginning of the twentieth century brought an end to the wave of ____________ mergers that was resulting in giant monopolistic trusts at the time.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: conglomerate. Companies joined together in these conglomerate mergers in an attempt to moderate the risks of a volatile economy. Since then, most of the largest conglomerates have been dismantled, or at least streamlined, in order to streamline operations and build up capital.

Output: In the 1960s and 70s, __________ mergers produced large combinations of companies in unrelated business, designed to augment a company’s growth and diversify its risk.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: hostile takeover. With approximately 95 percent of business combinations being friendly deals, a hostile takeover is somewhat rare. In the 1980s, however, such takeovers were more common and resulted in corporations developing a number of strategies to help defend themselves.

Output: A situation where an outside party buys enough stock in a corporation to gain control of it against the wishes of existing management is commonly called a _______ ________.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: management. The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources.

Output: __________ can be broadly defined as the process of coordinating resources to meet organizational goals.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: planning. All of the other management functions depend on what is decided in planning, which determines the company’s long-term strategies and translates them into day-to-day action plans.

Output: The primary management function is _________, or establishing objectives and goals for an organization and determining the best way to accomplish them.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: mission. A company uses a mission statement as a guiding principle. It communicates the core values of an organization and helps employees understand how their role is tied to the organization’s greater purpose.

Output: Management often communicates its vision through a _________ statement, a brief document that defines the organization’s purpose, basic goals, and philosophies.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: core competence. A company’s main strength is its core competence, which sets it apart from its competitors and is difficult for competitors to duplicate.

Output: To establish long-term goals, management must first determine its ____ ________, or the bundle of skills and capabilities that a firm has or does especially well, setting it apart from its competitors.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: goal. While an objective is a specific, short-term target or aim, a goal looks towards further into the future. For either goals or objectives to be effective, they must be specific, measurable, relevant, challenging, attainable, and time-limited.

Output: Unlike an objective, a _____ is a broad, long-term accomplishment that an organization wishes to attain in typically five years or more.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: operational. Middle managers use a company’s strategic objectives and goals to create a tactical plan, which first-line managers then break down into an operational plan. Each stage of the planning process increases in specificity, until strategic goals are finally broken down into the day-to-day actions needed to accomplish them.

Output: An ___________ plan lays out the actions and the resource allocation needed to achieve operational objectives and to support tactical plans. Such plans typically target a specific objective that can usually be accomplished in less than a year.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: organizing. During the organizing process, managers not only consider an organization’s overall activities and facilities. They also determine who will have the authority to make decisions, supervise activities, and distribute resources.

Output: __________ is the function of management that arranges resources (including land, labor, capital, and information) in a manner that will efficiently carry out the organization’s plans.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: pyramid. The management pyramid is typically split into top managers, middle managers, and first-line managers. A chain of command connects each level of management to the next, making clear who is responsible for each task and who has the authority to make official decisions.

Output: Management is commonly divided into a corporate hierarchy called the management __________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Leading. Leading is the process of guiding and motivating people to work towards organizational goals. Although difficult to determine exactly what makes a good leader, traits such as decisiveness, self-confidence, and empathy are usually more evident in effective leaders.

Output: The function of management that influences and motivates people to work effectively and willingly toward company goals is called __________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: autocratic. Most organizations have shifted away from autocratic leadership, since it does little to empower employees or encourage innovation.

Output: Traditional, hierarchal organizational structures tend to have ___________ leaders, who do not usually involve others in decision making.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: laissez faire. As businesses continue to shift towards a teamwork-based environment, more and more companies are adopting either democratic or laissez-faire leadership styles to guide them.

Output: Sometimes referred to as free-rein leadership, the _______ _____ style of leading leaves the actual decision making up to the employees, while the leader encourages employees’ ideas, and offers insights or opinions when asked.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: mentor. Similar to coaching, acting as a mentor is a way of helping less-experienced employees overcome obstacles and reach their full potential.

Output: Acting as a _________ means using one’s knowledge and contacts to help guide other employees through the corporate maze, advising them on office politics, business behavior, and how to negotiate the corporate structure.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: controlling. The controlling process means monitoring a company’s progress toward meeting its goals and adjusting its course if necessary.

Output: The management function that measures progress against goals and objectives, and corrects deviations if results are not as expected is called ____________.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: standards. Control standards are usually set up during the planning function and are used in controlling to measure company progress.

Output: __________ are the criteria against which performance is measured.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: TQM. The four key elements of total quality management (TQM) are employee involvement, customer focus, benchmarking, and continuous improvement. One of the goals of total quality principles is to create a value for all stakeholders involved.

Output: ___________ is a comprehensive, strategic management approach that builds quality into every organizational process as a way of improving customer satisfaction.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: organization. The four factors to be considered in setting up an organization structure are work specialization, chain of command, vertical organization, and horizontal coordination.

Output: The ____________ structure is the framework that enables managers to divide responsibilities, ensure employee accountability, and distribute decision-making authority.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: work specialization. Management must decide on an optimal level of work specialization. It must be specialized enough to allow the employee to perfect his or her skills and perform them quickly, but not so specialized that the task becomes repetitive and boring.

Output: Also called division of labor, _____ _______ is the degree to which organizational tasks are broken down into separate jobs.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: delegation. Delegation breaks down managerial goals into the tasks required to complete them and assigns them to various team members or employees.

Output: In the chain of command, a manager can assign work, along with the authority and responsibility required to complete it, to those beneath him or her – a process called ___________.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: span. The span of management, also called the span of control, varies widely from organization to organization. Organizations with few levels in the management hierarchy will have a wide span of management, while organizations with several management levels will have a very narrow span of management.

Output: The number of people under one manager’s control is known as the ____ of management.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Detailed Explanation: decentralization. The process of decentralization leaves control over the essential company-wide matters with upper management, while allowing the lower management levels to deal with the day-to-day operations.

Output: The delegation of decision-making authority down to lower organizational levels – a process known as ____________ – is a common trend in businesses today.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Departmentalization. Departmentalization is most often done according to function, division, matrix, or network.

Output: In a vertical organization, companies define jobs and activities by using ________________ – the arrangement of activities into logical groups that are then clustered into larger departments and units that form the total organizatio

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: matrix. Departmentalization by matrix allows companies to share resources across divisions and functional groups. Thus, large companies can act like smaller ones by devoting their attention to specific projects or customers without permanently reorganizing the company’s structure.

Output: In a ________ departmentalization, the structure uses functional and divisional patterns simultaneously by assigning employees to both a functional group and a project team.

DSST Intro to Business Flashcards - Cram.com

___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: coordination. In order to prevent functional departments from becoming isolated from one another, horizontal coordination is necessary. It strengthens communications between departments and keeps them aligned in striving towards company goals.

Output: Effective horizontal ____________ facilitates communication and activities across departments without the need to go up and down the vertical chain of command.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: team. The majority of organizations rely upon the team to provide synergetic innovation. The five most common forms of teams are problem-solving teams, self-managed teams, functional teams, cross-functional teams, and virtual teams.

Output: A _____ is a unit of two or more people who share a mission and collective responsibility as they work together to achieve a goal.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: human relations. Balancing organizational and personal goals is what makes human relations such a challenge in organizations. With the staffing and demographic changes taking place in companies today, motivating employees and keeping them satisfied while also remaining competitive and profitable can be quite difficult.

Output: The goal of _______ __________ in organizations is to balance the diverse needs of employees with those of management.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: motivation. While fear of losing a job might cause an employee to take action, such negative motivation is much less effective than encouraging an individual’s sense of creativity or pride in doing a good job.

Output: ___________ is broadly defined as a force that moves someone to take action. In organizational settings, common examples are monetary rewards, personal satisfaction, and a sense of responsibility.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: .hygiene. Unlike motivators, which are associated with satisfying work experiences, hygiene factors discourage motivation. Potential sources of dissatisfaction include working conditions, company policies, and job secur

Output: In the 1960s, Frederick Herzberg defined ________ factors as those aspects of the work environment that are associated with dissatisfaction.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: code. A code of ethics is one step businesses have taken to encourage ethical behavior. Some companies have taken even further steps, such as creating an ethics officer position to aid in decision making or establishing hot lines for employees who wish to report unethical practices.

Output: More than three quarters of the large companies in the U.S. have developed a written _____ of ethics that sets forth the principles and standards guiding their decisions.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.


Input: Theory Y. The assumptions behind Theory Y emphasize the motivation of employees through goals that promote creativity or social causes. Theory X managers, on the other hand, motivate workers with extrinsic rewards such as money or promotions.

Output: Douglas McGregor explained that managers oriented towards _________ ________ assumptions believe that employees like work and will be motivated by intrinsic rewards that promote growth and self-direction.

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___________, or selling and shipping goods and services to another country, is one of the least risky forms of international business activity.