Input: Here's another trickie-dickie question dealing with termanology: You are called for a motor vehicle collision. When you arrive on scene, you find a 36-year-old male lying supine on the ground beside the vehicle. Bystanders pulled him from the car because they thought it was on fire. What is the first phase of assessment you must complete after finishing your scene size-up? Initial assessment Rapid trauma assessment Sample history Detailed assessment

Output: Initial assessment (da)

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The patient is complaining of sharp pain in the upper abdominal quadrants that radiates to her back. On palpation of the abdomen, you find that it is extremely rigid, with no signs of external injury. The patient has a blood pressure of 118/100 mmHg, a heart rate of 126, and a respiratory rate of 18. What type of abdominal injury is this patient probably suffering from?

Output: pancreatic injury

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What are the differences in skin assessment between compensated spinal shock and compensated hypovolemic shock?

Output: The skin in hypovolemic shock will be flush because of the body's mechanism of peripheral vasoconstriction, shunting blood away from the extremeties and to the organs. In spinal shock, the skin will look normal due to the innability to vasoconstrict.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Patient was struck by a forklift at work. His blood pressure is 92/80 mmHg, heart rate is 136, and she is being ventilated at 12 per minute. Your partner advises you that he is hearing a fluctuation in the systolic pressure when you ventilate the patient. The patient still has clear and equal breath sounds and his neck veins are now elevated. What type of injury do you think the patient is most likely suffering from?

Output: Cardiac tamponade as evidenced by the narrowing pulse pressure and the presence of pulsus paradoxus.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The "universal blood type" is (blank).

Output: O-

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: AB- can only receive A+, B+, 0+, and AB. (true or false)

Output: False. AB- can only receive A-, B-, 0- and AB-.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A+ can receive what blood types?

Output: 0-, 0+, A-. and A+.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: B- blood type can receive what types of blood?

Output: 0-, B-

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: B+ blood type can receive what types of blood?

Output: 0-, 0+, B- and B+

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: O+ blood type can receive what types of blood?

Output: O- and 0+

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: 0- blood type can receive what types of blood?

Output: 0- (only)

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blanks) are easy to spot by name because they almost always end in (blank) such as diazapam or lorazapam. A couple end in "lam"; they are Midazolam and Triazolam.

Output: Benzodiazepines

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (BLANK), (also known as Briquet's syndrome) is a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause.

Output: Somatoform disorder

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (BLANK) dissorders are defined as conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or perception.

Output: Dissociative disorders

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Here's another tricky one: Confidential information may be released to the county coroner after a motor vehicle accident with a fatality. (True or False) Confidential information can only be released for the following reasons: to physicians or nurses involved in the continuation of patient care, after a legal subpoena is issued, and to third party insurance companies for the purposes of medical billing.

Output: False: Confidential information can only be released for the following reasons: to physicians or nurses involved in the continuation of patient care. After a legal subpoena is issued. To third party insurance companies for the purposes of medical billing.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Atavan is the same thing as (blank).

Output: Lorazepam. It is a benzodiazepine drug with short to medium duration of action. It has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. It is a powerful anxiolytic, and, since its introduction in 1977, lorazepam's principal use has been in treating the symptom of anxiety. Among benzodiazepines, lorazepam has a relatively high addictive potential. It is also used to treat active seizures.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the correct dose for Lorazapam when using to treat for seizures.

Output: 2 mg IV push

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: In managing the airway of a patient with known esophageal varices and unresponsive with respirations of 6, what technique should be avoided?

Output: Esophageal varices are diseased blood vessels that line the esophagus. A nasogastric tube should not be inserted in a patient with this condition. It could cause a rupture and severe bleeding if the nasogastric tube were to lacerate one of the varices.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Rationale The primary intracellular ion is (blank) and the primary extracellular ion is (blank).

Output: potassium sodium

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A hypoglycemic patient typically presents with (blank) skin. Diabetic ketoacidosis, and anaphylaxis would present with warm, (blank) skin.

Output: diaphoretic dry

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the correct way to treat heat stroke?

Output: While air conditioning is a good start, the patient should be covered with sheets soaked in tepid water. Ice packs and refrigerated IV fluids will cause peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering which may actually increase the core temperature.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Of all the potential abnormal delivery situations listed below, which is the most commonly encountered, and the only one in which field delivery may be attempted? A. Face or brow presentation B. Breech presentation C. Limb presentation D. Prolapsed cord

Output: Breech presentation occurs in approximately four percent of all live births. Although cesarean is sometimes necessary with breech presentation, field delivery is occasionally unavoidable. Prolapsed cord occurs once in every two hundred and fifty deliveries, and limb presentation in less than one percent of all births. Face and/or brow presentation occurs in less than one in every five hundred deliveries. Cesarean section is almost invariably necessary for delivery of the fetus when presented with prolapsed cord, limb, face or brow presentation.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Positive pressure ventilation should be utilized whenever the newborn's heart rate is less than (blank) beats per minute.

Output: 100 beats per minute. When administered, chest compressions are performed at a rate of 120 per minute and a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 cm (1/2 to 1/3 inches).

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Chest compressions should be immediately administered if the heart rate of a newborn drops below (blank) beats per minute, or when the heart rate has not risen above 100 beats per minute following 30 seconds of bag-valve ventilation with supplemental oxygen.

Output: 60

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: You respond to a 2 year old patient choking. Pt is still conscious. What is your first response?

Output: For a child older than the age of one, you should administer abdominal thrusts if the patient is still responsive. If the child goes unresponsive you should proceed to the use of McGill forceps and a laryngoscope after chest compressions have failed. If the child would have been under the age of one, the method of choice for relieving an airway obstruction initially is back blows and chest thrusts.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is defined as threatening to touch, or creating an air of apprehension regarding touching a patient, without his consent.

Output: Assault

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is the process of physically touching a patient without his consent.

Output: Battery

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The administration of succinylcholine will aid in tracheal tube placement by: A. abolishing the patient�s gag reflex. B. relaxing the central nervous system. C. sedating the patient so that she cannot move. D. binding to the receptors of the muscle cells.

Output: D. binding to the receptors of the muscle cells. Succinylcholine is used for muscular paralysis and classified as a depolarizing agent. As such, succinylcholine binds with receptors on the muscle cells, causing them to depolarize. Since the succinylcholine is not released from the receptors for 3 to 5 minutes, the muscles cannot move and paralysis is achieved. Paralysis facilitates tracheal tube placement in the conscious patient. However, the diaphragm is also paralyzed, meaning that the patient has lost their means to breathe on their own. As a muscular paralytic, succinylcholine does not relax the central nervous system nor abolish the patient�s gag reflex. Paralytic agents do not produce sedation. Rather, medications like midazalom (Versed) are used for this purpose.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Name varietions, stages or degrees of high blood pressure.

Output: "Hypertensive Crisis" is divided into two catagories: "Hypertensive Urgency" is with high blood pressure with diastolic pressure below 130. "Hypertensive emergency" occurs when the diastolic blood pressure exceeds 130 mmHg. "Hypertensive encephalopathy" describes a state of extreme hypertension accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms like slurred speech, headache, or visual disturbances.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: You are carring for a patient with leg pain. You're enroute to the hospital when she suddenly develops difficulty breathing and chest pain on the left side. What is the most appropriate next step (according to NR test questions)?

Output: Because her when into a life threatening status, you should contact medical control to notify them so they can prepare for the treatment of the patient when she arrives at the hospital.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What drug could be used to block the parasympathetic nervous system when intubating a child?

Output: Atropine: When the vagus nerve is stimulated, as can occur with hypoxia and laryngoscopy, it excites the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine is a parasympatholytic, which means that it blocks the parasympathetic nervous system and can help prevent the drop in heart rate with pediatric intubation.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What heart sound would you most likely hear in the beginning stages of heart failure?

Output: The presence of an S3 heart sound is suggestive of ventricular dysfunction, most commonly as the result of too much pressure in the left ventricle. Although an S4 may be suggestive of left ventricular dysfunction, it is most commonly associated with ischemia and left ventricular dysfunction simultaneously.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is "HAPE"?

Output: High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) usually occurs in an unacclimatized individual who rapidly ascends to an altitude that exceeds 8,000 feet. HAPE develops as a result of increased pulmonary pressure and hypertension caused by changes in blood flow at high altitudes.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What does it mean when a person tests positive for tuberculosis by PPD reading?

Output: The person has developed antibodies from TB exposure.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: In a frontal impact MVA involving a restrained driver, lower extremity and pelvis injuries are expected. (true or false)

Output: True In a frontal impact MVA involving a restrained driver, lower extremity and pelvis injuries are expected. Head, chest, and pelvis injuries are most often associated with unrestrained patients, as they tend to go up and over the dash. The injury pattern expected with a restrained patient can be classified as down and under the dash.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a state in which the body starts producing ketone bodies such as acetone. A blood sugar level between (blank and blank) mg/dl characterizes DKA. A fruity smell on the patient's breath is produced as the body tries to remove excess ketones through the respiratory system. The ketone acid is created by the body when it converts non-carbohydrates into glucose.

Output: 300 and 600

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is an inflamed gall bladder that produces pain in the right upper quadrant, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes, right shoulder pain called Kerr's sign. It classically flares up after the ingestion of a meal high in fat content. Care should be supportive.

Output: Cholecystitis

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Labetalol is a beta-blocking agent, which will diminish the degree of bronchial dilation from beta 2 stimulation. As such, the use of beta blockers in patients with reactive airway diseases (such as asthma), should be avoided. (true or false)

Output: True

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A normal body temperature in Celsius is (blank) degrees (98.6 degrees F). A Celsius reading of 41.1 is about (blank) degrees higher than normal (and corresponds to about 106 degrees F).

Output: 37 4

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What are the rules or standards that govern the conduct of EMS professionals? Morals Ethics Standards Codes

Output: Ethics

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is the act of injuring a person's character, name, or reputation by making a false or malicious statement with malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of the statement.

Output: Slander

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: If you "slander" a person and put the statement into writing, that would constitute possible (blank). Negligence is a deviation from accepted standards of care. Malfeasance is a form of negligence involving the performance of a wrongful or unlawful act.

Output: Libel

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is a form of negligence involving the performance of a wrongful or unlawful act.

Output: Malfeasance

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is a deviation from accepted standards of care.

Output: Negligence

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What happens to the vital signs when entering decompensated shock?

Output: Decompensated shock physiologically occurs as the precapillary sphincters that guard the peripheral capillary beds relax secondary to local blood chemistry changes due to shock. The opening of these sphincters allows blood to flow back into the stagnant capillary beds which decreases the available blood volume for core perfusion, and, results in a significant drop in systemic vascular resistance. Thus the clinical finding consistent with decompensated drop is a sudden decrease in blood pressure, tachypnea, and continued elevation of the heart rate.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe typical symptoms of Hemorrhagic stroke.

Output: A hemorrhagic stroke typically starts as a bad headache, and as blood accumulates outside the vascular system, it compresses the normal brain tissue and can cause herniation of the brain stem through the foramen magnum (causing the Cushing's triad findings).

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe typical symptoms of an inflamed appendix.

Output: An inflamed appendix usually starts with the general findings of abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. The abdominal pain usually begins in the center of the abdomen, around the area of the umbilicus, and later, the pain radiates downward and to the right - to an area called McBurney's point. This roughly corresponds to the location of the appendix in the lower right portion of the abdomen.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe "Cushings *Reflex*"

Output: The Cushing reflex is usually seen in the terminal stages of acute head injury. Cushing's reflex is a reaction of the hypothalamus to ischemia in the brain. The ischemia activates the heart to speed up and vessels to constrict in order to increase BP and deliver more oxygen to the brain. The high BP then activates baroreceptors and causes the heart to slow down resulting in high BP and bradycardia.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe "Cushing's *Triad*".

Output: Cushing's triad (not to be confused with the Cushing reflex) is a sign of increased intracranial pressure. It is the triad of: 1. Hypertension (progressively increasing systolic blood pressure) 2. Bradycardia 3. Widening pulse pressure (an increase in the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure over time) Cushing's triad suggests a cerebral hemorrhage in the setting of trauma or an space occupying lesion (e.g. brain tumor) that is growing and a possible impending fatal herniation of the brain.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe the effects of cyanide poisoning.

Output: Cyanide poisoning can cause seizure and coma, but will not have an effect on pupil constriction or yield SLUDGE symptoms.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What would you do if a patient has a blood-spurting injury to the femur that does not stop bleeding with the use of pressure bandage and elevation?

Output: Hemorrhage control should follow a progression which begins with the application of direct pressure and a pressure dressing, often combined with elevation. When these techniques do not prove adequate at stopping the hemorrhage, application of pressure to a proximal pressure point should be attempted. In this case, the femoral artery would be the appropriate proximal pressure point, as the popliteal artery is distal to the injury site. Typically, removal of an existing pressure dressing is not recommended, as it is likely to disrupt to clotting process and prolong the hemorrhage. Application of a tourniquet is considered only as a last resort, after all other attempts to control hemorrhage have failed.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: How do you determine if a patient has suffered a TIA?

Output: Symptoms will resolve within 24 hours.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Describe Biots Respirations, Cheyne-stokes Respirations and Kussmaul's respirations.

Output: Cheyne-Stokes breathing is characterized by periods of hyperventilation followed by periods of apnea in a crescendo/ decrescendo pattern. Kussmaul's respirations refers to rapid, deep breathing typically associated with metabolic acidosis. Central neurogenic hyperventilation produce rapid and deep respirations and are typically associated with strokes or brainstem injury. Biot's breathing is characterized by episodes of gasping interspersed with periods of apnea in an irregular pattern.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: 26 y.o.f. complains of diffuse, severe, lower abdominal pain that increases wtih sexual activity. Pt. has chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain increases before and/or after menstrual periods.

Output: Pelvic inflammatory disease Cystitis is an infection of the urinary bladder, causing pain immediately superior to the symphysis pubis.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is an infection of the urinary bladder, causing pain immediately superior to the symphysis pubis.

Output: Cystitis

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is a condition in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus causing inflammation and bleeding.

Output: Endometriosis

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is typically characterized by cramping abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, often accompanied by passage of clots and tissue.

Output: Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Your patient is a 29-year-old woman complaining of severe, diffuse, lower abdominal pain. The patient states that her menstrual periods have been occurring at normal intervals. Additionally, she states that pain increases during sexual activity and following her menstrual period, and that she has recently experienced a yellow, vaginal discharge. Her skin is warm and slightly diaphoretic, respiratory rate is 14 breaths per minute with adequate tidal volume, radial pulse is 112 beats per minute, and blood pressure is 110/90 mmHg. What is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

Output: Pelvic Inflamitory Disease (PID)

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the correct dose of subcutaneous epinephrine for a child suffering anaphylaxis?

Output: 0.15mg

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: You are called to a private residence for a 22-year-old female patient with severe abdominal pain. Upon arrival, you find your patient in a left lateral recumbent position on the bedroom floor. A family member tells you that she fainted approximately 5 minute prior to your arrival. The patient is conscious and alert, and is complaining of sharp abdominal pain in her lower left quadrant. The patient denies pregnancy and states that her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago, however her menstrual flow was brownish in color and her menstrual period was short in duration. Patient is gravida 1, para 1. Assessment reveals a rigid abdomen, and the patient also complains of pain to the left shoulder. Respiratory rate is 26 breaths per minute with adequate tidal volume, radial pulse is 126 beats per minute, and blood pressure is 84/62 mmHg. What condition is the patient likely experiencing?

Output: Ruptured ectopic pregnancy

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Name the correct landmark for performing a surgical cricothyrotomy.

Output: The cricothyroid membrane, also known as the cricothyroid ligament, located immediately inferior to the larynx and immediately superior to the cricoid ring of the trachea.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the correct size ET tube or "Shiley tracheostomy tube to use for a cricothyrotomy?

Output: Either a size 6.0 or 7.0 mm cuffed endotracheal tube or a size 6 or 8 Shiley tracheostomy tube should be utilized.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: How old does a patient have to be in order to qualify for a cricothyrotomy?

Output: The procedure should not be performed on patients under the age of 12 because the cricothyroid membrane is small and underdeveloped in children. The initial incision is typically a 1 to 2 cm vertical incision immediately over the cricothyroid membrane

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Destruction or removal of all viable microorganisms equals?

Output: Sterilization

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What are the methods of physical controls?

Output: heat, Radiation or filtration

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What are the types of heat used?

Output: Moist heat and dry heat

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Which is more effective moist heat or dry?

Output: Moist, it works faster and in a given time period will kill at lower tempertures

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What are two types of moist heat?

Output: Autoclave (a large pressure cooker) and Pasteurization

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: is Pasteurization a sterilization technique?

Output: No does not lead to sterilization since not all organisms are killed.

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What does dry heat do?

Output: ignites microbes to ashes and gas

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What are the two types of radiation?

Output: Ionizing and nonionizing

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Types of Ionizing radiation ?

Output: Gamma rays, x-rays, and cathode rays

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Ionizing radiation does two things.

Output: Penetrates solids and liquids and damages DNA

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Non Ionizing radiation is characterized by?

Output: Ultra violet rays

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: What is filtration used for?

Output: sterilizing air and heat sensitive fluids

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Chemical agents that kill microorganisms have the suffix ?

Output: "-cidal"

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Agents that only inhibit growth have the suffix

Output: "-static"

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: To be effective a static agent must be ?

Output: continually present

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: An agent that is -cidal at high concentrations may be _____ at lower concentrations

Output: Static

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Agents that disrupt target cell membrane or walls are called?

Output: "_lytic"

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Germicides are?

Output: agents that kill pathogens

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: 3 types of germicides

Output: Disinfectants antiseptics and chemotherapeutic agents

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Germincides are catagorized by

Output: What they can kill and toxicity

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Name two disinfectants

Output: lysol and bleach

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: do disinfedctants destroy endospores?

Output: no only vegetative pathogens

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Disinfectants should only be used on inanimate objects due to

Output: high toxicity to tissues

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Name two antiseptics

Output: Listerine and hydrogen perioxide

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: antiseptics should be used

Output: externally on skin and mucous membranes

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Chemotherapeutic agents can be used

Output: internally drugs

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Major classes of anti microbial chemicals

Output: Halogens, Phenol and derivatives, Alcohols, Hydrogen Peroxide, detergents, and ethylene oxide (gas)

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: These are nonmetallic elements that are microbicidal and sporocidal and are the active ingredients in 1/3 of all antimicrobials

Output: Halogens

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Historically which is the most used halogen?

Output: Chlorine compounds

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This halogen causes denaturation of enzymes due to disruption of disulfide bonds

Output: Chlorine Compounds

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This halogen causes denaturation of proteins

Output: Iodine compounds

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This halogen is used for disinfection of drinking water, and disinfection of swimming pools

Output: Chlorine compounds

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Topical antispetics such as betadine is a

Output: iodine compound

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This class of chemicals disrupt cells walls and membranes at high concentrations and inactivate enzymes at low concentrations

Output: Phenol and derivatives

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: items that disrupt cell walls and membranes is known as a

Output: lytic agent

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Examples of phenol are

Output: lysol, triclosan and chlorhexidine

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: At concentrations of 50% and above this agent disrupts membranes

Output: Alcohol

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: in the protoplasm at concentrations of 50-95% it denatures proteins

Output: alcohol

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Alcohol is used for?

Output: skin degerming and cold sterilization

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This chemical releases oxygen which forms hydroxyl free radicals

Output: hydrogen perioxide

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This chemical is bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal and sporocidal at high concentrations

Output: Hydrogen perioxide

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Uses of hydrogen perioxide include

Output: skin cleansing, mouthwash and general disinfection

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This chemical acts as a surfactants that disrupt cell membranes

Output: detergents

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Catatonic detergents ("quats") are most effective but

Output: much more expensive to produce

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Detergents are used for

Output: disinfection/sanitization of hard surfaces, equipment, clothing, etc

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Children raised in super clean houses tend to have compromised immune systems this is known as the

Output: hyperclean hypothesis

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: This chemical reacts with functional groups of DNA and proteins and blocks DNA replication and enzyme action

Output: Ethylene Oxide (gas)

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: Uses of Ethylene Oxide include

Output: sterilization/diinfection of plastics and delicate instruments

Microbiology Tortora Chap Seven Flashcards - Cram.com

Killing organisms or inhibiting their growth


Input: [peer groups] age grading

Output: the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] baby boom

Output: the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] particularistic norms

Output: guidelines for behavior that vary from one individual to another; more commonly found in less industrialized societies.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] universalistic norms

Output: guidelines for behavior that apply to all members of a community; more common in industrialized societies.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] sex cleavage

Output: the separation of boys and girls into different cliques, common during late childhood and early adolescence.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] cliques

Output: small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] crowds

Output: large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] participant observation

Output: a research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] ethnography

Output: a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] reference groups

Output: a group against which an individual compares him- or herself.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] gangs

Output: organized peer groups of antisocial individuals.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] iatrogenic effects

Output: unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] instrumental aggression

Output: aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] reactive aggression

Output: aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] relational aggression

Output: acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: [peer groups] hostile attributional bias

Output: the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as delierately hostile.

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com

groups of individuals of approximately the same age


Input: False--it also covers the major arteries

Output: True/False: The peridcardium only covers the heart itself and no other structures.

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Horizontal--also horizontal and it returns to normal after pregnancy

Output: What heart orientation is found in short, obese individuals? Pregnant women?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Pouch of the right atrium separated from the RV by a sulcus

Output: What is the right atrial appendage and what does a sulcus separate it from?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Anterior interventricular groove

Output: What separates the two ventricles?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: The great arteries cross each other anterior to the heart itself and the pulmonary artery comes from the RV and goes to the LEFT of the aorta and is the most anterior

Output: Where does the pulmonary artery run?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Listen to the RIGHT side of the chest and listen to the LEFT side of the chest for the pulmonary valve

Output: Where do you listen for the aortic valve?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: L and R Subclavian and Jugular veins converge

Output: What all converges to form the SVC?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: It has essentially converged with the heart

Output: What happens once the IVC crosses the diaphragm?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 in the left and 2 veins drain from both

Output: How many lobes are found in the lungs and how many veins drain from them?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Vessel that divides the L atrium and L ventricle and BRINGS MOST OF THE CORONARY BLOOD INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM

Output: What is the coronary sinus?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: On the epicardial surface

Output: Where are coronary arteries found?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: The coronary arteries

Output: What are the first branches off of the aorta?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Between the right atrial appendage and the RV through the R AV groove

Output: Where does the right coronary artery course?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Starts on the left side of the aorta and divides into the L anterior descending CA and the L circumflex artery

Output: Where does the left coronary artery course and what does it become?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Courses through the anterior interventricular sulcus and branches in the Septal branches that perfuse the septum and the diagonal branches the are on the free LV wall

Output: Where does the LAD artery course? What branches off of it?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: The LAD artery

Output: What coronary artery causes the most MI's?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: It divides the left atrium from the left ventricle and runs in the L AV groove

Output: Where does the Left circumflex coronary artery run?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: Terminal branch off the right coronary artery and it runs through the posterior interventricular septum

Output: What forms the posterior descending artery in most people and where does it run?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?


Input: The pectinate muscles

Output: What muscles are found in the right atrial appendage?

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

What is it called when a hole is made in the aorta? What happens as a result?