Input: they are limited due to toxicity to eucaryotes [Define Sterilization]

Output: Why are anitfungal and antiviral agents so limited in their effectiveness?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -genetic determinants (immune response gene) -dietary factors (proteins, vitamins, etc) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List some important considerations for all levels of defense

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -anatomic barriers (keratinized skin) -secretions (stomach acid, bile, mucus) -macrophages (alveolar macrophage in lungs) -enzymes (lysozyme in tears) -mechanical actions (peristalsis, cilia, flushing in urine) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List five actors in the "1st line of defense".

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -altered permeability of membranes (prevents drug from entering the cell) -enzymes which destroy the drug -altered metabolic pathways that evade the mechanism of drug -biochemical modification of drug by microbe [Define Sterilization]

Output: List 4 mechanisms of resistance

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -mutations -transfer of genes via plasmids (R/resistance factors) through conjugation, transduction or transformation - antibiotics select for resistant microbes [Define Sterilization]

Output: List 3 ways in which resistance develops

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: negative they have naturally-occuring beta lactamases [Define Sterilization]

Output: Gram ______ bacteria are inherently resistant to some penicillins. Why?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Kirby-Bauer test bacterium is spread over a plate and disks are dropped onto the bacterial lawn. "zone of inhibition" is measured. semiquantative and indicates which drugs might be effective [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give another term and explain the procedure for the disk dilution assay.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to determine dosage of a drug [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the tube dilution assay used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: minimum inhibitory concentration smallest concentration (highest dilution) of a drug that visibly inhibits growth. smallest effective dosage. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain the MIC

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: minimum lethal concentration minimum bacteriocidal concentration [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the MLC? MBC?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: granulocytes (lobbed nucleus) agranulocytes [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the two major divisions of leukocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: important for phagocytosis 55-90% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Function of neutrophils? What is their make up?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mast cells that recruit other inflammatory cells and responsible for histamine and allergenic stimulus 0.5% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Function of basophils? What is their make up?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: basophils eosinophils neutrophils [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the three granulocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: attacks large eukaryotic pathogens as well as involved in inflammation and allergic reaction [Define Sterilization]

Output: Function of eosinphils? What is their make up?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: monocytes lymphocytes [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the two types of agranulocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: macrophages. largest of all blood cells, cytoplasm contains digestive enzymes 3-7% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Function of monocytes? What is their make up?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: B & T cells- cells of the specific immune response 20-35% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Functions of lymphocytes? What is their make up?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: non-specifically destroy tumor cells and virus infected cells by releasing proteases and phospholipases [Define Sterilization]

Output: What do natural killer cells do?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: humoral response immunity antibodies [Define Sterilization]

Output: What type of immunity are B cells responsible for? Which important cell bodies are they known for producing?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cell-mediated immunity t-cells modulate immune functions and kills foreign cells directly [Define Sterilization]

Output: What type of immunity are T cells responsible for? What is their role?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: warmth heat given off by increased blood flow [Define Sterilization]

Output: Calor

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: redness increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues [Define Sterilization]

Output: Rubor

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: swelling increase fluid escaping into the tissues [Define Sterilization]

Output: Tumor

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pain stimulation of nerve endings [Define Sterilization]

Output: Dolor

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 20 or more [Define Sterilization]

Output: In the complement system, how many serum proteins are there?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -enhance phagocytosis (opsonization) -promote inflammation and edema -promote lysis of foreign cells -promote immune adherence [Define Sterilization]

Output: 4 functions of the complement system

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: initiated by antigen-antibody binding [Define Sterilization]

Output: In the complement system, what is the "classic" pathway?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: intiated by endotoxin complement proteins bind to internal cell wall and surface components of microbes [Define Sterilization]

Output: In the complement system, what is the "alternate" pathway?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: regulatory proteins that affect behavior of other cells [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are cytokines?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antiviral, induce changes in genetic expression [Define Sterilization]

Output: Interfeurons

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stimulate proliferation and activation of various immune cells that induce fever [Define Sterilization]

Output: Interleukins

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stimulate growth and differentiation of some leukocytes [Define Sterilization]

Output: Colony stimulating factos (CSFs)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability of the body to react with a wide spectrum of foreign substances [Define Sterilization]

Output: Immunocompetence

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -antigens induce formation of antibodies -sensitization of allergens stimulate immune response -you illicit the immune response yourself [Define Sterilization]

Output: Naturally acquired active immunity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -mother to child -conferred immunity (transplacental- ass antibodies to child during pregnancy) -colostrum contains secretory antibody from mother (breastmilk) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Naturally acquired passive immunity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -vaccination (vaccines illicit the immune response) -attenuated, killed or subunit vaccines (partial proteins from viruses) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Artificially acquired active immunity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -passive immunization (immunoprophalyxis) -preformed antibody (blood from someone who had the cirus) -anitserum, antivenom, etc [Define Sterilization]

Output: Artistically acquired passive immunity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: substance that elicits an immune response [Define Sterilization]

Output: Antigen

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: complex antigen that may have multiple antigenic sites that evoke unique immune responses [Define Sterilization]

Output: Mosaic antigen

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: self-antigen * often mistaken for foreign Ag [Define Sterilization]

Output: Autoantigen

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: molecules that differ in the same species *responsible for blood incompatibilities [Define Sterilization]

Output: Alloantigen

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: similar Ag which occurs in unrelated groups of organisms [Define Sterilization]

Output: Heterophile Ag

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ag which evoke allergic reaction [Define Sterilization]

Output: Allergen

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: small foreign molecules too small to illicit an immune response unless coupled with self proteins [Define Sterilization]

Output: Hapten

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: penicillin urushiols from poison ivy [Define Sterilization]

Output: 2 examples of Haptens

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 6 [Define Sterilization]

Output: MHC is controlled by genes on chromosome __

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tissue type antigens, code for markers that display unique characteristics of self and allow for recognition of self molecules [Define Sterilization]

Output: MHC-1

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: involved in immune recognition on surface of immune cells *code for immune regulatory receptors found in only macrophage, dendritic, and b cells [Define Sterilization]

Output: MHC-II

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: regulate production of complement proteins in blood [Define Sterilization]

Output: MHC-III

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -cell mediated immune response -thymus derived -long life span [Define Sterilization]

Output: 3 characteristics of T cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: --humoral immune response -bursa derived -short life span [Define Sterilization]

Output: 3 characteristics of B cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: large gylcoprotein molecules that serve as the specific receptors to B cells anf as antibodies [Define Sterilization]

Output: Immunoglobins

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antigen-binding fragment/ Fabs crystallizable fragment (Fc) which binds phagocytic cells and fixes complement [Define Sterilization]

Output: 2 arms on the immunoglobin that bind the antigen. What is the rest of the molecule called?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -macrophage ingests and processes Ag -presentation of Ag to B cells -activation of B cell clone (clonal selection) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Events of the humoral response

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -opsonins (enhance phagocytosis) -agglutinate particulate Ag (such as bacterial cells, clumping them together so that they become immobile) -complement fixation (promotes lysis of cells) -neutralize viruses and toxins (antibodies fill the surface receptors on the virus preventing them from attaching to the target) [Define Sterilization]

Output: 4 Roles of Immunoglobins

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -1st exposure -slower response times -lower levels of antibody produced -short-lasting [Define Sterilization]

Output: Primary response

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -repeated exposure -faster response times -higher levels of antibody produced -longer lasting [Define Sterilization]

Output: Secondary resonse

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MABs, specific antibody produced to a specific antigen in a lab setting [Define Sterilization]

Output: Monoclonal antibody

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -diagnostic tests -delivery of toxic chemicals to specific cells which express specific Ag [Define Sterilization]

Output: 2 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: direct contact [Define Sterilization]

Output: T cells involve the _____ ______ between macropages and T cells is required for T cell activation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: regulates immune reactions to antigens, as well as activate macrophages and increase phagocytosis [Define Sterilization]

Output: Helper T cells (CD-4)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: killer cells the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cytotoxic cells are also known by what name? What is their role?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: punches holes in membranes of target cells creating a passageway for granzymes to enter [Define Sterilization]

Output: perforins

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: perform apoptsis [Define Sterilization]

Output: granzymes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: common allergy [Define Sterilization]

Output: anaphalyxis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -IgE produced on first exposure -IgE attaches to surface of mast cells leading to the release of histamines [Define Sterilization]

Output: Mechanism for anaphalyxis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal [Define Sterilization]

Output: Systematic anaphalyxis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: atopy [Define Sterilization]

Output: Localized anaphalyxis is also called____

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: involve complement assisted lysis of cells by antibodies [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: IgG IgM [Define Sterilization]

Output: What two immunglobins mediate cytotoxic hypersensitivity?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -automimmune disorders -transfusion reactions -erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh disease- mother has Rh- and child has Rh+ causing mom's antibodies to release erythroblasts causing massive destruction of child's cells. mother builds up an immunity after the first child, there second child is most aptly harmed) [Define Sterilization]

Output: 3 examples of cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type I or immediate hypersensitivity [Define Sterilization]

Output: Anaphalyxis is also called______

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type II [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity is also called ______

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type III [Define Sterilization]

Output: Immune Complex Disease is also called ______

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type IV [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cellular/Delayed Hypersensitivity is also called ____

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ag-Aby complexes deposit in capillary beds causing inflammatory response [Define Sterilization]

Output: Immune Complex disease

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: IgA, IgM, IgG [Define Sterilization]

Output: Which immunoglobins mediate immune complex disease?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Rheumatoid arthritis -Lupus -glomerulonephritis [Define Sterilization]

Output: 3 examples of Immune Complex Disease

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: T cells respond to antigens (cytokines) which attract other cells to the antigen's location [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cellular hypersensitivity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: erythema and induration (redness, itching, inflammation) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Reexposure of cellular hypersensitivity causes____-

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: contact dermatitis (posion ivy, metal alloys) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Example of cellular hypersensitivity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bruton's agammaglobulinemia absence of gamma gloubin (the fraction of serum containing Igs) [Define Sterilization]

Output: B cell deficiency. Give its formal name and characteristics

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DiGerorge's syndrome congenital absence of immaturity of the thymus gland [Define Sterilization]

Output: T cell deficiency. Give its formal name and characteristics

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: dysfunction in both systems, absence of lymphocyte stem cell or dysfunction of T and B cells later in life [Define Sterilization]

Output: Severed Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: dampens immune response so as not to cause overregulation [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of regulatory T cells(CD 25+)?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Macrophages (dendritic cells) present Ag to B cell clones [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain clonal selection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -t dependent Ag requires T cell participation -t independent Ag foes not require T cell participation [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain t-independent/dependent cell participation in clonal selection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: after clonal selection, mitosis occurs inducing clonal expansion- plasma cells secrete Aby and and memory cells (for anamnestic response) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain the process of clonal expansion

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: first antibody produced through clonal selection and contains a pentamer with joining chains of 10 antigen binding sites [Define Sterilization]

Output: IgM

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -most abundant in serum, -transplacental -monomer with two antigen binding sites [Define Sterilization]

Output: IgG

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -secretory antibody with secretory component (essential on mucosal surfaces) -monomer or dimer with 2 or 4 antigen binding sites [Define Sterilization]

Output: IgA

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: receptor on surface of B cells that allows for activation of B cells [Define Sterilization]

Output: IgD

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: responsible for anaphylaxis [Define Sterilization]

Output: IgE

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cytokines [Define Sterilization]

Output: B cells produce antibodies while T cells produce_____

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -requires contact with antigen presenting cells (APC) [Define Sterilization]

Output: T cell activation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to secrete interleukin-1, thus activating the T cell [Define Sterilization]

Output: Role of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: delayed hypersensitivity T cells [Define Sterilization]

Output: Basis of tuberculin test for TB diagnosis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -reduce risk of some immune activities (autoimmunity, transplant rejection, allergy) and suppresses immune functions [Define Sterilization]

Output: Role of regulatory cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cytotoxic [Define Sterilization]

Output: What type of T cells specifically target cancer cells?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: virus-infected cells fungal infections and TB parasite infected cells [Define Sterilization]

Output: Cytotoxic cells are said to combat which intracellular pathogens?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AIDS [Define Sterilization]

Output: What autoimmune disorder destroys helper (CD4) cells?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: B cells cytotoxic cells macrophage [Define Sterilization]

Output: Helper cells work to enhance the activities of immune cells such as ___

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: interleukin-2 [Define Sterilization]

Output: Helper cells secrete this

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: by CD antigens on cell surfaces [Define Sterilization]

Output: How are variates of T cells identified?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antibodies attack foreign cells in blood transplants causing a major cross reaction [Define Sterilization]

Output: Hemolysis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: there are no antigens on the surface of the cells causing no reactions [Define Sterilization]

Output: Why is type O considered the universal recipient?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: They do no contain neither A or B antigens [Define Sterilization]

Output: Why is type AB considered the universal donor?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The term "ecology" is defined as the study of the ___________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Relationships between organisms and their environemnt


Input: The term for following bodies of water is ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Lotic


Input: The biosphere is ____________ [Ecosystem]

Output: the thin layer surrounding the Earth that supports all life


Input: An organism that lives in a deep marine environment may exhibit the following physical characterists, except: [Ecosystem]

Output: colorful skin pigmentation


Input: The region of the vertical depth profile where water temperature declines most rapidly is the ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Thermocline


Input: Which of the following is considered a biotic component of the ecosystem? [Ecosystem]

Output: Microbes


Input: Habitability [Ecosystem]

Output: is the ability of the physical environmet to support life


Input: Which of the following bodies of water best represents a lotic ecosystems? [Ecosystem]

Output: Spring


Input: In lakes and ponds, decomposition occurs primarily in the _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: benthic zone


Input: In ponds and lakes, the zone beneath the depth of effective light pentration but above the bottom is reffered to as the ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: profundal zone


Input: Which of the following is the correct ecological hierarchy (from smallest unit to largest unit) of a daisy? [Ecosystem]

Output: individual organism, population, community, landscape


Input: A classification of plant formations and associated animal life into biotic units based on the predominant plant types, with at least eight major terrstrial types, is reffered to as a _______ [Ecosystem]

Output: biome


Input: Which of the following is an incorrect match? [Ecosystem]

Output: subpolar low: right-deflected, southward-flowing streams of air


Input: The vegetation or tundra is dominated by _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: short plants such as sedges, heaths, and willow


Input: True of False Topographic features, such as mountains and valley, influences the climate of a region [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False In temperate deciduous forests the greatest concentration and diversity of life occurs in the canopy [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True of False The dry forests of tropical regions are reffered to as tropical savannas [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True of False Wetlands subjected to a long hydroperiod support more submerged and deep-water emergents than wetlands with a shorter hydroperiod [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False The complicated circulaton of air in Earth's atmosphere is due to both Earth's rotation and irregular land masses on Earth's surface [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Tundra occurs only at high latitudes in polar regions [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Ecology only examines the impact of natual processes and ignores the influence of human activity on the environment [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False The independent evolution of a similar characteristic in two different species not derived from a recent, common ancestor is reffered to as convergent evolution [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: Ture or False Biogeography is the study of the distribution and abundace or orgaisms [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False In the tropical latitudes, the length of the dry season increases with distance from the equator [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False The largest and most continuous region of tropical rain forest in the world is in South America [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Rainfall in the Southern Hemisphere is greater than rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere because the oceans cover a greater portion of the Southern Hemisphere [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Ecology is the same as environmentalism [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False A population refers to all the individuls of the same species that occupy a given area [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: Wetlands domiated by emergent herbaceous vegetaion are called swamps [Ecosystem]

Output: Fale


Input: The ________ effect can rise temperatures from 6 degrees to 8 above those in the surrounding countryside [Ecosystem]

Output: urban heat


Input: The highest level of organization of ecological systems is the _______ [Ecosystem]

Output: Biosphere


Input: All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem are reffered to as a ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: community


Input: Leave that live for more than a year are classified as ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: evergreen


Input: The duration, frequency, depth, and season of flooding of a freshwater period are collectively reffered to as the ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: hydroperiod


Input: The _______ are formed by the air that reaches Earth's poles, slowly sinks to the surface, and flows southward is deflected by the Coriolis effect [Ecosystem]

Output: Polar easterlies


Input: At the ______ level, communites and ecosystems are linked through precesses such as dispersal of organisms [Ecosystem]

Output: landscape


Input: The ________ forms the basic unit in ecology [Ecosystem]

Output: individual


Input: Radiation at higher latitudes is spread out over a large area because of the angle of the incidence and the ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: distance


Input: ________ is the scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment [Ecosystem]

Output: ecology


Input: The deflection of air masses to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere is called the ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: coriolis effect


Input: A _______ climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters [Ecosystem]

Output: Meditteranean


Input: ________ forests typically grow in the intertidal zone of tropical coasts where wave action is absent, sediments accumulate, and the mude are anoxic [Ecosystem]

Output: Mangroves


Input: A ________ is a classification of plant formations and associated animal life into biotic untis based on the predominant plant types, wtih at least eight major terrestrial types [Ecosystem]

Output: Biome


Input: An allelethat completely masks the effects of another allele is considered _______ [Ecosystem]

Output: Dominant


Input: If birds with larger beaks are favored by the environment, it is likely that ________ selection will occur [Ecosystem]

Output: directional


Input: A bimodal distribution of a trait in a population is the result of _______ [Ecosystem]

Output: Disruptive selection


Input: A change in allele frequeny due to random chance is known as ______ [Ecosystem]

Output: Genetic drift


Input: Reversible phenotypic changes of an individual organism in response to changing envionmental conditions are reffered to as _______ [Ecosystem]

Output: Acclimation


Input: Which of the followingis considered a plant adaptation to low-nutrient environments? [Ecosystem]

Output: Increased leaf longevity


Input: Pneumatophores are typical of plants (particularly trees) [Ecosystem]

Output: Exposed to fluctuating water levels


Input: The true measure of an organism's reproductive success is [Ecosystem]

Output: Its fitness


Input: The mating system which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond is known as [Ecosystem]

Output: Promiscuity


Input: Direct, aggressive competition among individuals for the opportunity mate with the opposite sex is characteristic of ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Intrsexual selection


Input: As an individual _______ its reproductive effort, it _______ its survivorship [Ecosystem]

Output: Increases; decreases


Input: The more seeds that a plant produces in a single reproductive episode, the ______ of each seed [Ecosystem]

Output: Smaller the size


Input: The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals during an individual's life cycle is referred to as ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Iteroparity


Input: Altricial young are relatively [Ecosystem]

Output: helpless at birth and require a relatively long time for inubation/gestation


Input: Asynchronous hatching [Ecosystem]

Output: favors the survival of the early hatched young


Input: A species that displays an iteroparous life strategy is also most likely to be which of the following? [Ecosystem]

Output: K-selected


Input: What is not a characteristic of an adaptation? [Ecosystem]

Output: None of the above


Input: Which of the following is an example of a morphological adaptation: [Ecosystem]

Output: webbed feet on a duck


Input: Which of the following is NOT a typical caracteristic of a drought evader: [Ecosystem]

Output: deep roots to retrieve water


Input: Growing thicker fur in the winter is an example of: [Ecosystem]

Output: Acclimation


Input: Which of the following terms is a classification of a plant adapted to dry areas [Ecosystem]

Output: Xerophyte


Input: True or False Heritability is not an essential feature of natura selection [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Submerged aquatic plants typially have stomata [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False An individual's fitness is defined by the number of offspring it produces [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Female choice is most apparent in situations in which males congregate at a lek [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Species that are K-strategists tend to develop more rapidly than those that are r-strategists [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Evolution is defined as a change in phenotypic frequencies over time in a population [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Disruprive selection favors individuals possessing traits near the mean value of a population [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: In animals, a cycle of physiological activity that occurs within a 24 hour period is called a __________ [Ecosystem]

Output: circadian rhythm


Input: _________ are plants that live in water or in soils which are saturated with water [Ecosystem]

Output: hydrophytes


Input: A ________ is a measurable, gradual change over a geographic region in the average value of a trait [Ecosystem]

Output: cline


Input: A ________ is a populaion that has adapted to its unique local environmental conditions [Ecosystem]

Output: ecotype


Input: The process by which one species gives to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment is called _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: adaptive radiation


Input: The ability of a genotype to give rise to a variety of phenotypic expressions under different environmental conditions is called ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: phenotypic plasticity


Input: An organism's _________ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction [Ecosystem]

Output: Life history


Input: ________ selection favors individuals possessing traits near the mean value of the population [Ecosystem]

Output: Stabilizing


Input: Which of the following is accurate regarding hosts and parasites: [Ecosystem]

Output: Hosts adapt to avoid or minimize the effects of parasites, while parasites adapt to become less virulent to allow for cotinued persistance upon a host


Input: Ants living on acacia trees is an example of ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Mutualism


Input: Which of the following is NOT an example of mutualism: [Ecosystem]

Output: Hermit crabs and gastropod shells


Input: Drone flies exhibit what type of defensive adaptation: [Ecosystem]

Output: Batesian Mimicry


Input: Which of the following is an adaptation to reduce parasitic invasions [Ecosystem]

Output: All of the above


Input: If a territorial animal secures access to a particular resource and keeps out other idividuals, this is called: [Ecosystem]

Output: Interference competition


Input: The outcome of competition can be influenced by which of these factors? [Ecosystem]

Output: All of the above


Input: Co-evolution can occur in which of the following types of species interactions: [Ecosystem]

Output: All of the above


Input: Which of the following is more true regarding predator-prey dynamics? [Ecosystem]

Output: Both predators and prey can control the abundance of the


Input: What impact(s) can parasites have upon host organims? [Ecosystem]

Output: All of the above


Input: A population that is decreasing in size has an intrinsic rate of population growth (r) that is ______ [Ecosystem]

Output: <0


Input: Colonizing populations generally exhibit ______ populaiton growth while they established in a new environment [Ecosystem]

Output: Exponential


Input: Which of the following equations reflects the exponential model of population growth? [Ecosystem]

Output: dN/dt=rN


Input: In a life table, the value lx represents the [Ecosystem]

Output: The probablility at birth of surviving to any given age


Input: A _______ survivorship curve is typical of humans and other mammals, in which survival rate is high throughout the lifespan followed by heavy mortality at the end. [Ecosystem]

Output: type I


Input: A group of species in a community that all exploit the same common resources is called a [Ecosystem]

Output: guild


Input: The movement of individuals in space is called [Ecosystem]

Output: Dispersal


Input: Which of the following is not a feature of a population? [Ecosystem]

Output: number of species


Input: The most common spatial distribution of individuals within a populaiton is [Ecosystem]

Output: clumped


Input: Which of the following is the correct heirarchy of the population concept? [Ecosystem]

Output: Locan population


Input: Competition in which the occupation of space by one individual prevents establishment in that space by another individual is reffered to as __________ competition [Ecosystem]

Output: Preemption


Input: Which of the following is considered a predator? [Ecosystem]

Output: Omnivore


Input: Which of the following is functionally a true predator? [Ecosystem]

Output: Planktivore


Input: According to the Lotka-Volterra equations, which of the following is not an expected outcome of competitive interactions between two species? [Ecosystem]

Output: The population sizes of both species incease to infinity


Input: The portion of potential resources and conditions that an organism actually exploits as a result of interactions with other species is its _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Realized niche


Input: When two or more organisms use a portion of the same resources simultaneously, it is referres to as [Ecosystem]

Output: Nich overlap


Input: Species diversity is known to change during succssion. Diversity tends to peak when? [Ecosystem]

Output: At intermediate levels of disturbance and in mid-successional stages


Input: The net outcome of predator-prey interactions is that [Ecosystem]

Output: Predator and prey populations oscillate, with each predictably increasing and decreasin in response to the other


Input: Which of the following statements in true regarding keystone species: [Ecosystem]

Output: Prarie dogs are keystone species because their activities provide habitat for many other species and promote greater plant diversity


Input: If 2 species of birds that live on a mountain restrict their ranges so that there is no overlap in their ranges (one at higher altitudes, one at lower),then this is an example of ________. If one species disappeared and the other re-expanded its range, this would be an example of ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: Niche differentiation, competitive release


Input: In the same hypothetical situation, if the 2 species remained separate over long periods of time and genetic change occurred that led to phenotypic differences, this is called: [Ecosystem]

Output: Character displacement


Input: The view that each species in a community has adaptations that enable them to live alongside others in the community under a particular set of physical and biological conditions,but they do not share a common evolutionary history, is called the: [Ecosystem]

Output: Individualistic Concept of Communities


Input: In ecological succession, pioneer species are most likely to be ________ while late-successional species ae most likely to be ________ [Ecosystem]

Output: r-selected, K-selected


Input: Indirect interactions occur when [Ecosystem]

Output: One species does not interact with a second species but influenes a third species, which interacts directly with the second


Input: Food webs can be arranged into _______ levels base on whether organisms obtain their nutrition from phoyosynthesis, from eating plants, or from eating animals [Ecosystem]

Output: Trophic


Input: When populations at a given trophic level are controlled by populations in the trophic level above them, they are said to be under [Ecosystem]

Output: top-down control


Input: The ________ mode proposes that later successional species are neither inhibited nor aided by species or earlier stages, and they establish themselves independently of species that precede or follow them [Ecosystem]

Output: Tolerance


Input: True or False Transmission is where endoparasites escape during larval stage of development to make contact with the next host [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: True or False Microparasites are relatively large and include flatworms, roundwords, flukes, etc... [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Commensalism is an interaction where both species benefit from the association [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Interspecific competition is an interaction between numbrs of the same species [Ecosystem]

Output: False


Input: True or False Populaton size is influenced only by birth, death, immigration, and emigration [Ecosystem]

Output: True


Input: _________ is a temporal change in community composition and structure [Ecosystem]

Output: Succession


Input: The sequence of communities from the pioneer community to the climax community is called a _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: sere


Input: Succession that occurs on a site that was previously occupied by another community is called ________ succession [Ecosystem]

Output: secondary


Input: _________ environmenal change is change that is a direct results of the organisms within the community [Ecosystem]

Output: autogenic


Input: The maximum sustainable population size for the prevailing environment is called the _________ [Ecosystem]

Output: carrying capasity


Input: _________ involves the development of novel adaptations in predator and prey populations in responce to advances that make each more successful, either at obtaining prey or evading a predator [Ecosystem]

Output: Coevolution


Input: The factors that influence a populaiton in proportion to its size are called ________ factors [Ecosystem]

Output: density dependent


Input: _________ occurs when individuals use a common resource that is in short supply relative to the number seeking it [Ecosystem]

Output: Competition


Input: _________ population maintains positive growh rate, producing a surplus of individuals who immigrate elsewhere [Ecosystem]

Output: Source


Input: Competition among individuals of the same species is referred to as _________ competition [Ecosystem]

Output: Intraspecific


Input: When competing individuals deplete a shared resources without direct interaction, it is called __________ competition [Ecosystem]

Output: exploitation


Input: _________ growth is the inverse relationship between population density and individual growth [Ecosystem]

Output: density dependent


Input: A _________ consists of a group of local,interacting subpopulations that are linked by dispersal [Ecosystem]

Output: metapopulation


Input: At the _______ scale, population dynaimcs are governed by the interaction of local popultions [Ecosystem]

Output: regional


Input: Metapopulation persistence is a dynamic balance between the _________ and (re)colonization of empty habitat patches [Ecosystem]

Output: extinction


Input: A ______ populaiton cannot support a positive population growth and is only able to persist when idividuals immigrate from elsewhere [Ecosystem]

Output: sink


Input: At the _______, or within-patch scale, individuals move and interact with each other in the course of their routine feeding and breeding activities [Ecosystem]

Output: local


Input: _________ occurs when a species expands its niche in response to the removal of a competitor [Ecosystem]

Output: competitive release


Input: _________ is a defense mechanism in which a similar color pattern is shared by many unpalatable or venemous species [Ecosystem]

Output: Melerian mimicry


Input: ___________ is the intimate and protracted association betweeen two or more organisms of different species [Ecosystem]

Output: symbiosis


Input: ________ refers to the proportion of individuals in differentage classes [Ecosystem]

Output: age structure


Input: The coronary arteries arise for the?

Output: Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: The pacemaker for the entire myocardium is the?

Output: Sinoatrial node.

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: The intrinsic pace maker rate of ventricular myocardial cells is?

Output: Fewer than 40 beats per min.

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: An example of a beta blocker that is administered to decrease automaticity is?

Output: Lopressor

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: So that blood may flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which of the following conditions is not required? a. the atriventricular valves must be closed. b. the pulmonic valve must be open. c. Right ventricular pressure muct be less than pulmonany arterial pressure. d. right ventricular pressure must rise with systole.

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: Heart rate is stimulated by all of the following except: a. excess thyroid hormone. b. increased levels of circulating catecholamines. c. they sympathetic nervous system. d. The vagus nerve.

Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.


Input: The process by which species of living things undergo modification in successive generations, with such modification sometimes resulting in the formation of new, separate species. [biogeography]

Output: common descent with modification

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A process in which the differential adaptation of organisms to their environment selects those traits that will be passed on with greater frequency from one generation to the next. [biogeography]

Output: natural selection

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The unified evolutionary theory that resulted from the convergence of several lines of biological research between 1937 and 1950. [biogeography]

Output: modern synthesis

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radioactive elements within them. The age of fossils can be determined with this technique. [biogeography]

Output: radiometric dating

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The physical form of an organism. [biogeography]

Output: morphology

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The study of how animals develop from fertilization to birth. [biogeography]

Output: embryology

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In anatomy, having the same structure owing to inheritance from a common ancestor. Forelimb structures in whales, bats, cats, and gorillas are homologous. [biogeography]

Output: homologous

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Input: Adults- 60% Infants- 70-80% Varies with gender, age, and body mass

Output: Water accounts for what percentage of the body in adults? infants?

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Input: Intracellular Fluid (ICF)- inside cell Extracellular Fluid (ECF)- outside cell Trans-cellular Fluid- specialized cavities

Output: Three different fluid compartments of the body

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Input: Input, Output

Output: Water _____ must equal water _____.

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Input: Positive Negative

Output: Cation are ____ charged. Anions are ____ charged.

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Input: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (Water movement) Ex.- Lump of sugar in water.

Output: Diffusion is? Give example.

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Input: Like simple diffusion, however when it is combined with a specific carrier molecule the rate of diffusion accelerates. Ex.- Glucose transport in a cell

Output: Facilitated Diffusion is? Give example.

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Input: a process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. Ex.- Sodium potassium pump

Output: Active transport is? Give example.

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Input: the movement of WATER between two comparments seperated by a semipermeable membrane. Water moves through the membrane to the area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Output: Osmosis is?

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Input: 275- 295 mOsm/kg

Output: What is the normal plasma osmolality range?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: That the concentration of particles is too great or that the water content is too little, termed water deficit.

Output: A plasma osmolality of greater than 295 mOsm/kg indicates?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Too little solute for the amount of water or too much water for the solute, termed water excess.

Output: A plasma osmolality of less than 275 mOsm/kg indicates?

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Input: Fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior.

Output: Definition of olutiIsotonic

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Input: Solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than the cells. Water moves into the cell.

Output: Definition of hypotonic. Effect on cells?

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Input: Solutions in which the solutes are more concentrated than the cells. Water moves out the cell.

Output: Definition of hypertonic. Effect on cells?

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Input: the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level.

Output: Hydrostatic pressure is?

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Input: the force that pulls fluid into the vascular space.

Output: Oncotic pressure is?

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Input: First Spacing- normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF Second Spacing- Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid. Edema Third Spacing- Fluid accumulation in part of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF.

Output: Fluid Spacing What does each mean? First Spacing Second Spacing Third Spacing

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Input: A body fluid deficit or increase in plasma osmolality is sensed by osmpreceptors which stimulates thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release. ADH causes water reabsorption resulting in increased free water in body and decreased plasma osmolality.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Hypothalamic Regulation

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Input: ;Releases ADH, regulating water retention. Water is resorbed into the blood and not excreted in the urine.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Pituitary regulation

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Input: Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids help to regulate water and electrolytes. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) have an antiinflammatory effect and increase serum glucose levels. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) enhance sodium retention and potassium excretion. When Sodium is absorbed, water folllows.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Adrenal Cortical Regulation

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Input: The kidneys regulate water balance by adjusting urine volume.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Renal Regulation

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Input: Natriuretic peptides are natural antagonists to the RAAS. Produced in response to increased atrial pressure and high serum sodium levels. They act on the renal tubules to promote excretion of sodium and water, resulting in a decrease in blood volume and BP.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Cardiac Regulation

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Input: Is the invisible vaporization from the lungs and skin, assists in regulating body temp.

Output: Regulation of Water Balance Describe Insensible Water Loss

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Input: - decrease in the glomerular filtration rate - decreased creatinine clearance - the loss of the ability to concentrate urine and conserve water - narrowed limits for the excretion of H2O, Na, K, and H - decrease in renin and aldosterone - increase in ADH and ANP - decrease in the thirst mechanism

Output: Changes in the elderly that increase their susceptibility to F& E imbalances.

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Input: - Illness and Conditions: GI issues, CVD, Renal disease, burns, endocrine disorders, cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary disease - Interventions and treatments: surgery, medications, IV fluids, NG suctioning, low Na diets, NPO status - Stress

Output: Factors contributing to F&E Imbalances

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Input: EVERYONE

Output: Who do you assess for F& E imbalances?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hypervolemia

Output: Fluid volume excess is called?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - results from excessive intake of fluids, anormal rentention of fluids, or interstitial to plasma fluid shift, HF, Renal failure - S/S: cough, SOB, JVD, bounding pulse, crackles, weight gain, HTN, change in LOC, peripheral edema, increased BP - Treatment: diuretics and fluid restriction, Na might also be restricted

Output: Fluid Volume Excess Results from? S/S? Treatment?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hypovolemia

Output: Fluid volume deficit is called?


Input: - results from loss of normal body fluids, decreased intake, plasma to interstitial fluid shift, diabetes insipidus, hemorrhage - S/S: decreased urine output, concentrated urine, weakness, weight loss, orthostatic hypotension, low BP, poor skin tugor, dry mucous membranes, thirst - treatment: balanced IV solutions given to replace both water and electrolytes

Output: Fluid volume deficit Results from? S/S? Treatment?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 22-26 mEq/L

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Bicarbonate

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Input: 96-106 mEq/L

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Chloride

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2.4- 4.4 mg/dL

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Phosphate

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Potassium

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1.5- 2.5 mEq/L

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Magnesium

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 135- 145 mEg/L

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Sodium

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 8.5- 10.3 mEq/dl

Output: Normal serum electrolyte values Calcium

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an elevated serum sodium may occur with water loss or sodium gain

Output: Hypernatremia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a loss of sodium containing fluids, from water excess or combination of both

Output: Hyponatremia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - IV fluids - hypertonic tube feedings without water supplements - inadequate water intake - excessive water loss - disease states: diabetes insipidus, Cushings, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Output: Causes of hypernatremia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - restlessness, agitation, twitching, seizures, coma - intense thirst, dry, swollen tongue - postural hypotension, decreased CVP, weight loss - weakness, lethargy

Output: Symptoms of hypernatremia with decreased ECF volume

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - restlessness, agitation, twitching, seizures, coma - intense thirst, flushed skin - weight gain, peripheral and pulmonary edema, increased BP and CVP

Output: Symptoms of hypernatremia with increased ECF volume

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Input: If oral fluids can not be given, IV solutions of 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic solution. Must decrease Na levels gradually to prevent shift in of water back into the cells, it can cause cerebral edema. Diuretics may also be given. Dietary Na intake may be restricted

Output: Treatmeant of hypernatremia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - excessive sodium loss: GI losses, renal losses, skin losses - inadequate sodium intake: fasting diets - excessive water gain: excessive hypotonic IV fluids - disease states: SIADH, HF, primary hyperaldosteronism

Output: Causes of hyponatremia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - irritability, apprehension, confusion, dizziness, personality changes - dry mucous membranes - postural hypotension, decreased CVP and jugular venous filling, tachycardia, thready pulse - cold and clammy skin

Output: Symptoms of hyponatremia with decreased ECF volume

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - headache, apathy, confusion, muscle spasms, seizures, coma - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps - weight gain, increased BP and CVP

Output: Symptoms of hyponatremia with increased ECF volume

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Caused by water excess, Fluid restriction is often all that is needed. For severe symptoms, small amounts of IV hypertonic saline solution (3% NaCl) are given. For hyponatremia with fluid loss, treatment includes fluid replacement with sodium containing solutions.

Output: Treatment of hyponatremia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses - Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms - Skeletal muscle contraction - Acid-base balance

Output: Potassium is necessary for what 4 things?

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Input: high serum potassium

Output: Hyperkalemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: low serum potassium

Output: Hypokalemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Excess K intake: excessive or rapid parenteral administration, K containing drugs, K containing salt substitute - Shift of K out of cells: acidosis, tissue catabolism (fever, burns), crush injury, tumor lysis syndrome - Failure to eliminate K: renal disease, K-sparing diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors

Output: Causes of hyperkalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Irritability, anxiety - Abdominal cramping, diarrhea - Weakness of lower extremities - Paresthesias - Irregular pulse, cardiac arrhythmias - Cardiac arrest if hyperkalemia is sudden or severe

Output: Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Eliminate oral and parenteral potassium intake - Increase elimination of K: diuretics, dialysis, increased fluid intake - Force K from the ECF to the ICF: administration of IV insulin with glucose or IV sodium bicarb in the correction of acidosis - Reverse the membrane potential effects of the elevated ECF K: administering IV calcium gluconate

Output: Treatments for hyperkalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Potassium loss: GI losses, renal losses, skin losses, dialysis - Shift of K into cells: increased insulin, alkalosis, tissue repair - Lack of K intake: stravation, diet low in K, failure to include potassium in parenteral fluids if NPO

Output: Causes of Hypokalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps, soft, flabby muscles, decreased reflexes - Nausea, vomiting - weak, irregular pulse - polyuria - Hyperglycemia

Output: Symptoms of hypokalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Giving potassium chloride supplements (orally or IV) and increasing dietary intake of potassium - NEVER give KCl IV push or in concentrated amounts

Output: Treatments for hypokalemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Blocks sodium transport - Stabilizes cell membrane - Transmission of nerve impluses - Myocardial contractions - Blood clotting - Formation of teeth and bone - Muscle contractions

Output: What are the functions of calcium?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: excessive calcium > 10.2 mg/dL

Output: Hypercalcemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: low calcium levels < 8.6 mg/dL

Output: Hypocalcemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Increased total calcium: multiple myeloma, prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, Vit D overdose, thiazide diuretics, milk-alkali syndrome

Output: Causes of hypercalcemia

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Input: - Lethargy, weakness, depressed reflexes, bone pain, fractures - Decreased memory, confusion, personality changes, psychosis - Anorexia, nausea, vomiting - Polyuria, dehydration - Nephrolithiasis - Stupor, coma

Output: Symptoms of hypercalcemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Decreased total calcium: chronic kidney disease, elevated phosphorus, primary hyperparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, Mg deficiency, loop diuretics, diarrhea - Decreased ionized Ca: alkalosis, excess admin of citrated blood

Output: Causes of hypocalcemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Depression, anxiety, confusion - Numbness and tingling in extremities and around mouth - Hyperreflexia, muscle cramps - Chvostek's sign - Trousseau's sign - Tetany, seizures

Output: Symptoms of hypocalcemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Contraction of facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear.

Output: Chvostek's sign is?

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Input: Refers to carpal spasms induced by inflating a BP cuff on the arm above the systolic pressure. Shows up within 3 minutes.

Output: Trousseau's sign is?

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Input: - Oral or IV Ca supplements - Diet high in Ca rich foods - Vit D supplements

Output: Treatment of hypocalcemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Function of muscle - RBCs - Nervous system - Deposited with Ca for bone and tooth structure

Output: Phosphate main functions are?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: excess of phosphate > 4.4 mg/dL

Output: Hyperphosphatemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: low serum phosphate < 2.4 mg/dL

Output: Hypophosphatemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Renal failure - Chemotherapeutic agents - Enemas containing phosphorus - Excessive ingestion - Large Vit D intake - Hypoparathyrodism

Output: Causes of hyperphosphatemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Hypocalcemia - Muscle problems, tetany - Deposition of Ca

Output: Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia

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Input: - Dietary phosphate should be restricted - adequate hypdration and correction of hypocalemia can enhance the renal excretion of phosphate

Output: Treatment of hyperphosphatemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Reciprocal When there are high serum phosphate levels there are low calcium levels

Output: Phosphate and calcium have a _______ relationship?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Malabsorption syndrome - Nutritional recovery syndrome - Glucose admin - TPN - Alcohol withdrawal - Phosphate- binding antacids - Respiratory alkalosis

Output: Causes of hypophosphatemia

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Input: - CNS dysfunction - Muscle weakness - Renal tubular wasting of Mg, Ca, HCO3 - Cardiac problems - Osteomalacia

Output: Symptoms of hypophosphatemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Oral supplements of Phosphate - Diet high in phosphate - Severe cases require IV admin of sodium phosphate or potassium phosphate

Output: Treatment of hypophosphatemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Influences muscle contractions and intracellular activity - Transmission of neuromuscular activity - Coenzyme in metabolism of protein and carbohydrates

Output: Functions of Magnesium

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True

Output: True or False Factors that regulate calcium balance appear to influence magnesium balance.


Input: high serum Mg levels >2.5 mEg/L

Output: Hypermagnesemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: low serum Mg levels <1.5 mEg/L

Output: Hypomagnesemia is?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Renal Failure - Excessive admin of Mg for treatment of eclampsia - Adrenal insufficiency

Output: Causes of Hypermagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Lethargy, drowsiness - Nausea, vomiting - Deep tendon reflexes are lost, then respiratory and cardiac arrest can occur

Output: Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Focus on prevention, people at risk should stay away from Mg containing drugs - IV admin of CaCl, in severe cases

Output: Treatment of Hypermagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Diarrhea, vomiting, impaired GI absorption, prolonged malnutrition - large urine output - NG suction - Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus - Hyperaldosteronism

Output: Causes of hypomagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Oral supplements - Increased dietary intake - Parenteral IV or IM Mg, in severe cases; can cause cardiac arrest if given too fast

Output: Treatments of hypomagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Confusion - Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes - Tremors, seizures - can resemble hypocalcemia

Output: Symptoms of hypomagnesemia

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Decreased- dilution of blood from fluid overload Increased- Fluid or ECF volume depletion

Output: Lab Data Hematocrit What does it mean when it is decreased? increased?

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Input: Decreased- hypo-osmolarity Increased- Hyperosmolarity

Output: Lab Data Hemoglobin What does it mean when it is decreased? increased?

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Input: ECF volume depletion

Output: What does an increased BUN test mean?

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Input: Fluid deficit

Output: Specific gravity of a urinalysis is increased due to ?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Deficit

Output: Urine osmolality is elevated in fluid deficit or excess?


Input: Increase- fluid deficit Decrease- Overhydration

Output: Serum osmolality increase and decrease mean what?

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Social Location] intersectionality Ferguson: African American Male Ethnic women-servers

Output: the idea that forms of oppression do not act independently but intersect for form a system of oppression or what Hill Collins calls a matrix of domination.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Hidden Curriculum Ferguson: black boy is said to have a jail sentence on his head. Punishment room. same crime.

Output: refers to the way that teachers set out a path for students by encouraging some or discouraging others. This is a form of institutional oppression.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Intergenerational wealth Shapiro: some families can live off of inheritance. black and white in same situation makes all the difference People like Us: Who Rules America

Output: not income but family inheritance assets give you advantages wealth stays concentrated in the hands of the few

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Private Social Clubs and Social Class Who Rules America: talk about the clubs, debutantes, junior league People Like Us:show the WASP parties, Jack and Jill Power Elite: people who are in this were members of the clubs

Output: expensive groups that you need money and even a recommendation to get in. where all the people in power come from. some people go just to keep up with their reputation.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Class

Output: socio-economic status defined by income or wealth? assumptions about race, family, education, background, place

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Social Construction Landry argues that race is not biological House we live in talks about the way whiteness changed Bonilla-honorary whites

Output: the way we are taught to see the world, sets of categories and the meanings we attach to them. Race, gender not inherent in nature. we have created them.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Theories

Output: Propositions about the way the social world works and predictions of future events. Funcitonalist, Symbolic Interaction, Conflict

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Protestant Ethic American Dream, Weber

Output: Max Weber Individual relationship with god, self-denial, predestination individualism, investment, worldly success

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Conflict Theory Communist Manifesto: 2 class system arose from market competition. workers and owners-disparity.

Output: the theory that social order arises from conflict and struggle which gives way to inequality. MARX

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Power Elite Mills: decision makers Who Rules America: they come from the social clubs oil industry: Haliburton: Dick Cheney- Afghanistan

Output: Mills Triangle of Power Military, Political, Economic now they have intersected

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Meritocracy Nickel and Dimed American Dream Power Elite, Who Rules America Hidden cost

Output: the position you hold in society in based on your merit. relate it to the economy. your status is based on how hard you work. america wants to be a meritocracy but we aren't. inheritance is key

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] social stratification forms a pyramid. those with most numbers have least wealth at bottom and those with least numbers have most wealth at top American Dream, Nickel Dimed, Bonilla Silva

Output: large numbers of people are divided into different layers or strata. ex race, class, gender most societies like this but its not unequal unless there are wide disparities of wealth.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] social mobility American Dream Nickel and DImed

Output: movement of individuals or groups between the social strata. in america we'd like to thing we have social mobility but its super hard. not everyone can move as easily. some hit a glass ceiling

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] dimensions of oppression hill collins

Output: hill collins says institutional: school, workplace -Ferguson Symbolic: images, stereotypes -Ferguson, profiling -Personal: It's not my problem social location

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] color blind vs color conscious racism Bonilla Silva Kim Trayvon Rue house we live in

Output: conscious: Jim crow laws blind is more symbolic. hoodie, coded language, realtors, adoption

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Hill Collins: Race, Class, Gender dimensions of oppression

Output: Race, Class, and Gender all work together to form a matrix of domination and a system of oppression. there are different levels of oppression: institutional-school, work Bad boys symbolic profiling-white/black personal-social location, its not my problem

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Landry: Intersectional Analysis intersectionality social construct

Output: forms of oppression do not operate independently but intersect to create a system of oppression. must look at the social location created by race class and gender. social construct not biological whiteness is a fluctuating category brazil

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Ferguson: Bad Boys hidden curriculum color-blind stratification class

Output: hidden curriculum teachers mark out kids set for a certain path: labeled as trouble makers schools reproduce race and social class distinctions (agent of social reproduction) inequalities that maintain the stratification punishment rooms-self-fulfilling

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Max Weber: Protestant Ethic Protestant Ethic

Output: protestant worldviews of calvinism and puritanism influenced the development of the capitalist economy. individual relationship with god-individualism self-denial-investment predestination-worldly success

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Ehrenreich: Nickel and Dimed Meritocracy Social Location Stratification Social Mobility

Output: she tries to make it on minimum wage jobs but finds it impossible. you need to hold two jobs in order to financially support yourself but holding two jobs is sometimes impossible ethnic way servers and maids are split.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] McNamee & Smith: The American Dream Meritocracy Intergenerational Wealth Social Mobility

Output: America thought to be a land of opportunity but Meritocracy is not a reality Protestant Ideals fuel capitalism so much of the economy comes from inheritance

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto Conflict Theory did not foresee: middle class, unions, some owners having less power than some workers

Output: class struggle b/t proletariat (workers) and bourgeoisie (owners) this struggle will lead to revolution capitalism perpetuates the inequality

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Domhoff: Who Rules America Power Elite Social Clubs

Output: there are certain indicators of wealth and a distinct lifestyle. Education: Private schools, boarding schools, tutors Elite Social Clubs: need money to be a part of, those people run the show, just for presentation Junior League, Debutantes, Volunteer Work

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] C. Wright Mills: The Power Elite Power Elite Social Clubs it has converged today

Output: most important decisions made by the power elite. the top leaders in the top 3 areas. executives, senior officers, and president plus other officials. all know each other/act in unison (facilitated by social clubs) military, economy, political

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Shapiro: The Hidden Cost Intergenerational Wealth Social Mobility Stratification

Output: a black and white family in the same money situation (single mother with kid) will have different results. white person has the family money and assets (no debt, no college loans, inheritance) to help keep her afloat while the black woman has little room to move upwards. wealth discrepancy even though they have similar achievements and credentials.

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Anderson: The Cosmopolitan Canopy Ethnography

Output: Not all racial interactions are negative strangers from diverse backgrounds come together in cosmopolitan canopies. its not like a city where its diverse but everyone is where but rather a place where people coexist and can have easy interaction with eachother. Philadelphia Reading Terminal Market People watching, friendly convo, personal info

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Kim: Adoption color blind connects to the emerging triracial order

Output: racism is influencing adoption people want to avoid the stigma of being barren so they want a child who looks like them. less white babies because of birth control, abortion, acceptance. they say they want a healthy baby or an american baby. asian babies are pretty

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] Bonilla-Silva: New Racism Social Construction Color blind, Color Conscious social location Zimmerman Rue

Output: a color blind racism is emerging so its not blatant in policy but actions reflect tendencies. it has become more symbolic with coded language and white buyers looking for white nieghborhoods. emerging tri racial order with honorary whites. the category of white is in flux (European immigrants) preserve the order--zimmerman

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] People Like Us

Output: WASP Club events Co-op in Vermont White bread became a class issue with the rich having all the power but giving the poor no say Jack and Jill Clubs upper class blacks getting made fun of

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [Social Location] The House We Live In

Output: race is not biological who is white has changed and used to be mandated by law housing is a racial issue white neighborhoods white flight--low tax base

group memberships and individual has based on his or her location in history and society. Ex: Job, Ethnicity, Race, Class, Gender.


Input: [stroke volume] cardiac output

Output: amount of blood pumped per min.

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] preload

Output: amount of blood filling the left ventricle is reflected in the.....

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] afterload

Output: the_______reflects the reistance to flow of blood across the aortic valve or through the blood vessels

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] epinephrine

Output: increases heart rate

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] norepinephrine

Output: increases force of contraction (neurochemical means)

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] stimulate it to work harder or faster therefore beta and alpha blockers block these receptors reducing workload of the heart.

Output: sympathetic receptors divided into alpha and beta receptors do what to the heart?

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] decrease the heart rate.

Output: parasympathetic nervous system has neurotransmitters that do what?

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, decreased blood flow to kidneys, and other effects. FLIGHT OF FLIGHT RESPONSE.

Output: sympathetic: Adrenergic receptors cause what?

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] heart rate X stroke volume

Output: cardiac output=

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] stroke volume/end diastolic volume of left ventricle what is pumped out / what is still left in ventricle

Output: ejection fraction or proportion that is pumped out=

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] 55-75 values below 40 indicate poor cardiac output because of impaired pumping action. values above 75 can indicate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Output: what is a normal ejection fraction range?

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [stroke volume] Sinoatrial Node (SA) , right atrium

Output: the normal rhythm of the cardiac contraction is initiated by the____ in the _____atrium

cardiovascular system gerontological nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle with each beat


Input: [2] First Mechanism: Buried emotions come out in dreams, Freudian slips, etc. [1]

Output: Repression

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Using abstract thinking as a way to tackle stressful problems. A form of detachment [1]

Output: Intellectualism

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Expression of exaggerated emotions by acting opposite of normal [1]

Output: Reaction Formation

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Self-servicing explanations of problems [1]

Output: Rationalization

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Shifting emotions from their original object to a substitute object [1]

Output: Displacement

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Intentional blocking of recollection of certain memories/ideas [1]

Output: Suppression

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Refusal to acknowledge reality [1]

Output: Denial

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Making retribution for an unacceptable act. I.E. An over-eater running a mile after an eating binge [1]

Output: Undoing

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Giving personal unacceptable emotions to other people or objects [1]

Output: Projection

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Making unacceptable impulses into acceptable ones. I.E. violent emotions channeled into playing the drums [1]

Output: Sublimation

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Taking on characteristics of someone/thing else so as to avoid feeling incompetent. [1]

Output: Identification

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the repetition of consents (usually the first or last letter in a word) [abstract words]

Output: alliteration

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: words that have vague, unclear meanings that can be understood in more than one way [abstract words]

Output: ambiguous word

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs when a sentence contains two constrasting ideas in parallel phrases [abstract words]

Output: antithesis

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the repetition of vowel sounds [abstract words]

Output: assonance

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe tangible things that listeners can picutres [abstract words]

Output: concrete word

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: words with positive overtones substituted for words with negative overtones [abstract words]

Output: euphemism

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: involves effective use of volume, emphasis and pitch important in persuasion adds to audience's confidence in the speaker [abstract words]

Output: forceful language

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: using complex words or jargon in place of simple words. bureacratese [abstract words]

Output: gobbledygook

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: extreme exaggeration used for emphasis [abstract words]

Output: hyperbole

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: implied comparisons and do not use like or as [abstract words]

Output: metaphor

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: words that sound like their meanings buzz, hiss, swish, fizz, ring [abstract words]

Output: onomatopoeia

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the grouping of similarly phrased ideas [abstract words]

Output: parallelism

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: giving human characteristics to an animal, object, or concept [abstract words]

Output: personification

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: repeating a word or series of words in successive clauses or sentences an effective way to keep listeners' attention [abstract words]

Output: repetition

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: make direct comparisons using like or as [abstract words]

Output: simile

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the way a speaker uses language to express ideas [abstract words]

Output: style

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: either rearranges sentencews in unusual ways or changes the main or ordinary meaning or a word [abstract words]

Output: stylistic device

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: simple language, specific language, vivid language, forceful language [abstract words]

Output: effective language style

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: alliterations and assonance, simile and metaphor, onomatopoeia, repetitions and parallelism, antithesis, hyperbole, personification [abstract words]

Output: stylistic device examples

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gender bias, culture bias [abstract words]

Output: biased language

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a statement of what a thing is [abstract words]

Output: definition

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: characterized by showing how to do or make something right [abstract words]

Output: demonstration speech

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: painting a vivid, detailed picture of the topic using concrete words and figures of speech such as similes, metaphors, and onomatopoeia [abstract words]

Output: description

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increases awareness by introducing the latest information about a topic or body of related facts, or presents information promoting understanding of a comlicated idea, term or concept [abstract words]

Output: informational speech

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a story about real or imagined things, people, or events told with detail and enthusiasm [abstract words]

Output: narration

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: definition, description, explanation, narration [abstract words]

Output: tools to aid understanding in informative speeches

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ananlyze your potential audience, determine your topic, exact purpose, and main points, prepare a rought-draft outline of main points and desired information, research topic for material to support main points, select a variety of supporting materials, determine how best to organize main points, plan introduction and conclusion, make preparation outline and spekaing notes, prepare visual aids, rehearse your speech [abstract words]

Output: steps in preparing an informative speech

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: find points on which you and your audience agree and learn audience objections ot your position [abstract words]

Output: attitude poll

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: open audience participation [abstract words]

Output: forum

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a method of organizing a persuasive speech that involves five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action [abstract words]

Output: motivated sequence

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: discussion team members informally discuss a problem or topic of interest in front of an audience [abstract words]

Output: panel

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: communication that is intended to influence choice [abstract words]

Output: persuasion

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the exact purpose of an informative speech a simple sentence that states the speaker's position on the topic [abstract words]

Output: position statement

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: asks listeners for both intellectual agreement and action of some type [abstract words]

Output: speech to actuate

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: seeks intellectual agreement from listeners [abstract words]

Output: speech to convince

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: each team member presents a formal 2-10 minute speech on once aspect of the symposium's topic [abstract words]

Output: symposium

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: normally compoed of three to seven members who actively work together toward a particular goal, gathering information, or planning an informative or persuasive presnetation [abstract words]

Output: team

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: involves the collaborative organization and presentation of material by team members o an audience, often using one or a variety of public discussion formats: forum, symposium, panel, or some combination of the three [abstract words]

Output: team presentation

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: determine topic, position statement, and type of speech, analyze audience attitudes toward your position, prepare a rough-draft outline of main points and needed information, research your topic, select the best supporting materials, determine how best to organize your main points, plan the intro and conclusion, make preparation outline and speaking notes, prepare visual aids, rehearse your speech [abstract words]

Output: steps in preparing a persuasive speech

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs when you compare a familiar example with an unfamiliar one [abstract words]

Output: analogical reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a type of circular reasong; it asserts that somethign is because it is [abstract words]

Output: begging the question

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: means that fewer people agree with the speaker at the end of the speech than before it [abstract words]

Output: boomerang effect

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs when you imply a causal link between two items [abstract words]

Output: causal reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a speaking style characterized by forcefulness, enthusiasm and good vocal variety [abstract words]

Output: dynamism

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: indicates which of two routes for processing arguements audience members will likely use [abstract words]

Output: Elaboration Likelihood Model

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: consists of factual statements and opinions originating from sources other than the speaker [abstract words]

Output: evidence

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: false of faulty reasoning [abstract words]

Output: fallacious reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: appeals that are designed to arouse negative emotions [abstract words]

Output: fear appeal

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs when a conclusion is based on too few examples or on isolated examples more common thatn inductive reasoning [abstract words]

Output: hasty generalization

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inoculating a listener against opposing ideas is similar to inoculating a person against a disease [abstract words]

Output: inoculation theory

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: logos the study of orderly thinking, the sequence and connection of thoughts and ideas as they relate to one another [abstract words]

Output: logic

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inaccurate articulation, vocalized pauses and unnecessary repetition of words [abstract words]

Output: nonfluency

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: after the fact occurs when the speaker claims a causal relationship simply because one event followed another event [abstract words]

Output: post hoc

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs when a speaker asserts that taking a particular step will lead to a seriouis and undesirable consequence, and does not provide adequate evidence to support the assertion [abstract words]

Output: slippery slope

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: explains how people evaluate messages based on internal anchors (past experiences)-- the more ego involved we are with a social issue or topic, the more likely our judgements will be influenced by an internal anchor [abstract words]

Output: social judgement theory

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: deductive and inductive, analogical and causal [abstract words]

Output: Logical reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: trustworthiness, competency, dynamism [abstract words]

Output: basic elements of credibiliity

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: from run off from environment, then plankton etc, then smaller fish, then larger fish, then when gets to birds -Concentrates through different levels of hierarchy

Output: How do organochlorines get concentrated in the environment?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: 1) Slows down the turning off of Na+ influx and inhibits turning on of K+ out flux --> partially depolarizes membrane---> **diffuse nervous stimulation 2) Competitive inhibition of binding of GABA at receptor site -Gaba inhibitory so causes stimulation

Output: What are the 2 mechanisms of action of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: Usually oral

Output: How are chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides usually taken into the body?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: Varies- few minutes to several hours

Output: How long does it take for the onset of organochlorines?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: 1) Apprehension 2) Hyperexcitability, continuous chewing movement 3) Muscle tremors 4) Seizures, progressing to convulsions 5) Respiratory depression 6) Coma 7) Death usually follows within 20-60 minutes after onset if clinical signs untreated

Output: What are 7 clinical signs of pesticide toxicity?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: *Highly toxic to all mammalian systems- potency varies w compound, dose, route of exposure

Output: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are toxic to what animals?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: Environmental contamination and biologic magnification -Gets more concentrated higher up the food chain

Output: What are the ramification sof the high lipid solubility and stability of organochlorines?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: 1) Infectious encephalitis 2) Lead poisoning 3) Rabies 4) Eclampsia 5) Canine distemper 6) Convulsant poisons (strychnine)

Output: What are 6 differential diagnoses for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: -History of potential exposure -Appropriate clinical signs- **Diffuse CNS stimulation -Chemical analysis GC, GC/MS

Output: How do you diagnose organochlorine toxicity?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?


Input: Decontaminate

Output: What is the first step to the treatment of organochlorine (pesticide) toxicity?

Toxicology Lecture 9 Pesticides and Rodenticides Flashcards - Cram.com

What are some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines)? What's so bad about pesticides?