Input: [Genetic Disease] thalidomine baby

Output: -deformation -pill given to pregnant women for morning sickness

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] TORCH

Output: -toxoplasm -Rubella -CMV (virus) -Herpes -Other

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Respiritory distress syndrome

Output: -occurs in infants reterm -factors-diabetic mother,cesarian before onset of labor -inability to synthesize enough surficant by immature lung -TX-corticosteroids,surficant therapy

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hemangiomas

Output: -common benign tumor on skin (port wine stains)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Sacrococcygeal teratomas

Output: -benign but 12% turn malignant

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Neuroblastoma

Output: -malignant tumors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla -present with weight loss, fever,preturbeant abdomen -can metastasize -(bluberry muffin baby) -use VMA and HMA for screening

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Retinoblastoma

Output: -common malignant eye tumor -spontaneous regresstion -increased risk of osteosarcoma -whitish blue pupils (cats eye reflex)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Wilm's Tumor

Output: -neuphroblastoma (kidney tumor) occurring in children between 2-5 -WAGR syndrome -problem in chromosome 15 -aniridia (without iris), MR, genital abnormalities

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Arterioscleriosis

Output: -general term for thinking and rigidity of vessels -3 types arteriolosclerosis, Monochkeberg medical calcific sclerosis, Atherosclerosis

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Arteriolosclerosis

Output: -hyaline thickening to proliferative changes of small arteries or arterioles -onion skin appearance -(hardening of arterial walls)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Monchkeburg medical calcific Sclerosis

Output: -medium sized arteries (usually radial and ulnar arteries) -affects those over 50 -characterized by ring like calcifications in the media -does not obstruct arterial blood flow -results in calcific stiff "pipe stem" arteries

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Artherosclerosis

Output: -most frequent cause of significant morbidity -charcaterized by fibrous plaques or artheromas within intima -plaques have central core of cholesterol, calcium, foam cells,necrotic debris -core is covered by fibrous cap -plaques may be complicated by calcification, hemorrhage, ulceration -consequences- ischemic heart disease, MI, stroke, ischemic bowl disease -weakening of vessel wall may cause aneurysm formation

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Hypertensive vascular disease

Output: -sustained elevation of pressure -2 categories (essential, secondary)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] essential hypersension

Output: -unknown etiology -complications- retinal changes, left ventricle hypertrophy, cardiac failure, benign nephrosclerosis, predispose to ischemic heart disease or stroke

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] secondary hypertension

Output: -known causes include renal disease (most common),acromegaly,hyperthyroidism

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] malignant hypertension

Output: -can be a complication of primary or secondary hypertension -increased diastolic blood pressure. -in young black males -"flea bitten kidney" -Criteria-sustained diastolic pressure above 90 sustained systolic pressure above 140

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Aneurysms

Output: -localized abnormal dilations -2 types- *true- all layers of vessel wall involved *false-breach in vessel wall leading to pulsating hematoma -causes-atherosclerosis, medial degradation, trauma,syphilitic aneurysm

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Elaborate AAA

Output: -occurs in men over 50 -familial predisposition -artherosclerosis, can lead to rupture, obstruction in branches, embolism

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Aortic dissections

Output: -occurs in hypertensive men between 40-60 -splitting of media layer -2 types- *proximal (type a)-ascending or descending aorta -distal(type b)- beginning distal to subclavian artery -symptoms- sudden pain, anteriorly radiating to back b/t scapulae

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Thromboanginitis Obliterans

Output: -imflammation of medium and small arteries -occurs in smokers before 35 -early manifestation-cold sensitivity later becomes severe "black hands and feet", pain even at rest -common in isrial, India, Japan

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Raynaud Phenomenon

Output: -recurrent vascospasm of small arteries and arterioles resulting in pallor or cyanosis in fingers and toes

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Varicose veins

Output: -abnormally dilated and tortuous veins -most often superficial veins of lower extremities -predisposed by increased venous pressure which occurs in pregnancy, obesity and prolonged standing

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Esophageal varices

Output: -portal hypertension opens shunts increasing blood flow in veins at gastroesophageal junctions -backs up stomach and food pipe

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Hemorrhoids

Output: -dilation of venous plexus at anorectal junction -causes- straining during dedication, portal hypertension, pregnancy, prolonged sitting

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Caput Madusa

Output: -distended engorged periumbilical veins

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] venous thrombosis

Output: -affects deep veins of lower extremities -occurs with(thrombophlebitis) or without(phlebothrombosis) inflammation of veins

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hemangiooma

Output: -predominantly benign tumor of the blood vessels

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Kaposi's Sarcoma

Output: -intermediate(locally aggressive) tumor

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Angiosarcoma

Output: -highly malignant

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] congestive heart failure

Output: -FINAL common pathway of many cardiac dieases -multi system derangement when heart is no longer to eject blood *forward failure-inadequete cardiac output (can't go out *backward failure- increased venous congestion (back up)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Left heart failure

Output: -causes-systemic hypertension, mirtal or aortic valve disease,ischemic heart disease features- dyspnea when laying down but relieved when sitting up, cardiomegally

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Right heart failure

Output: -causes- left side failure, tricuspid or pulmonary valve disease -heart chambers are dilated and hypertrophied, fluid in pericardial cavities and liver has a nutmeg like appearance -features- few respiratory symptoms,weight gain, distended neck veins

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] congenital heart disease

Output: -common cause of childhood heart disease -chromosomal abnormailites -patent ductus arterioles should close when born but doesn't

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Atrial Septal defect

Output: -division between atrials -most common-ostium secundum -initially cause left to right shunt (no getting good blood) -pulmonary hypertension develops complications- heart failure, eisenmengers syndrome, paradoxical emboli

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Ventricular Septal Defect

Output: -most common congenital heart defects -direct communication between ventricular chambers -small VSD asymptomatic and close spontaneously -large VSD may lead to pulmonary hypertension, several of shunt, right ventricle hypertrophy

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Right to Left shunts

Output: -Tetralogy of Fallot- most common congenital heart disease *4 things -pulmonary outflow obstruction -right ventricle hypertrophy -ventrical septum defects -overriding aorta -features-cyanosis, SOB, digital clubbing, polycythemia

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] preductal coarctation infantile type

Output: -associated with Turners Syndrom -narrowing of aorta prior to ductus asteriosis -poor prognosis without surgery -infant with CHF, cyanosis in lower extremities and weak pulses

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] postductal coarctation adult type

Output: -narrowing to aorta distal to the ductus arteriosis -child or adult with hypertension on the upper extremities and hypotension and weak pulses in lower -chest xray- notching of ribs

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] ischemic heart disease

Output: group of syndromes caused by an imbalance between the myocardium oxygen demand and blood supply -caused by partial or complete interruption of aerial blood flow to the myocardium -majority is caused by artherosclerotic narrowing of coronary arteries

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] angina pectoris

Output: -episodic chest pain, transient cardiac ischemia w/o cell death resulting in substernal chest pain -3 types- stable angina, unstable angina, variant/primzental angina

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] stable angina

Output: -most frequent -pain caused by exertion and relieved by rest or vasodilators -severe narrowing of atherosclerotic arteries

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] unstable angina

Output: -prolonged or recurrent pain at rest, increasing frequency, duration and intensity at rest -indicative of imminent MI

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Varient/prinzmental angina

Output: -caused by coronary artery vasospsm -intermittent chest pain at rest -relieved by nitroglycerin

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Myocardial Infarction

Output: -localized area or cardiac muscle necrosis die to ischemia -most common cause of death in the US. 1/3 die -men affected more until women reach menopause -disruption of coronary artery thrombosis LAD(45) RCA (35) LSA (15) *response to ischemia -between 20-40 cause irreversible damage -infract reaches flu size in 3-6hrs. coagulative necrosis followed by fibrosis *clinical presentation- crushing chest pain, elderly may be silent infarcts, pain radiates to left arm, chest heaviness *diagnosis-

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] sudden cardiac death

Output: -death within 1 hour -usually ventricular fibrillation

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] calcific aortic stenosis

Output: -common valvular abnormality -age related dystrophic calcification -common in bicuspid aortic valve (backup in L side)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] mital valve prolapse

Output: -young women -affects 5-10% of population -associated with marfans syndrome -enlarged floppy mural valve leaflets that prolapse in atrium

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Rheumatic valvular disease

Output: -multisystem inflammatory disorder most often affecting children 5-15 -occures 1-4 weeks after an episode of tonsillitis or streptococci -licks the joints and bites the heart -asschoff bodies

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] infective endocarditis

Output: -imflammation inside heart -serious infection involving microbial invasion of the valves and the endocardium -caused by fungi richettsiae, chamydia or any extracellular bacteria -features-fever chills, systematic emboli, roth spots, osier nodes (painful) janeway lesions (painless)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] marantic Endocarditis

Output: -non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis -small sterile vegitations -in patients with metastatic cancer -caused by secretory products of carcinoid tumors (epinephrine) -right side of heart

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Cardiomyopathies

Output: -heart muscle gets big causing blood flow to become small -diseases of heart muscle that are non inflammatory -characterized by ventricular dysfunction

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] congestive/dilated cardiomyopathy

Output: -cardiac enlargement with dilation of all four chambers

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Output: -asymmetrical spetal hypertrophy -common cause of sudden death in young athletes

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] restrictive cardiomopathy

Output: -uncommon -caused by disease that produce restriction of cardiac filling during diastole

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] myxoma

Output: -tumor of primitive connective tissue -most common primary tumor (in atrium)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] anemia

Output: -decrease in whole body red cell mass, hemoglobin or hematocrit -can be- microcytic-iron deficiency -macrocytic-folate or B12 deficiancy -normocytic-sickle cell, hereditary spherocytosis

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hemolytic Anemias

Output: -anemias due to shortening of red cell life span

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] sickle cell anemia

Output: -hemoglobinopathy-disorders that show structural abnormalities of hemoglobins -hbA(which is normally 96% is replaced by hbS) -homozygous all are replaced and lead to sickle cell anemia -heterozygous-50% are replaced and have sickle cell trait

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] thalassemias

Output: -heterozygous group of genetic disorders characterized by deficient production of with or the two globin chains (a,B) -both have inadequate amounts of hemoglobin resulting in red bloods that are microcytic and hypochromic

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Output: -reduces res cells to protect themselves from oxidative injury -on x chromosome -asymptomatic until exposed to incriminating drugs or infections -bite cells

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] iron deficiency anemia

Output: -affects 10% in developed 50% in developing -total body iron content in woman is 2gm and in met 6gm -iron balance regulated by absorption of dietary iron -causes- low dietary intake, malabsorption, increased demand, chronic blood loss -manifestations-assympomatic, weakness, pica,

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] megoaloblastic anemia

Output: -Caused by deficiency of folate of fit B12 -defined by large erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow -leads to pancytopenia (everything is low in bone marrow)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] folic acid deficiency

Output: -severe dietary deprivation (alchoholics, fad dieters), pregnancy, intestinal malabsorbtion -this is why we have prenatal vitamins

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Vitamin 12 deficiency

Output: -most common form of megaloblastic anemia -leads to demyelinating disorder (myelin sheet is around neurons, so actions are not the way they should be)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] aplastic anemia

Output: -severe anemia resulting in suppression of myeloid stem ells resulting in marrow failure and pancytopenia (less RBC and WBC and platelets)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] polycythemia

Output: -increase in concentration of red blood cells with increased hemoglobin concentration *primary-due to proliferation of myeloid stem cells *secondary-due to red cell progenitors

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Agranulocytosis/Neurtropenia

Output: -reduction in number of granulocytes in blood

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Leukemia

Output: -group of malignancies of either lymphoid of hematopietic cell origin

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] acute leukemia

Output: -predominance of blast cells -occur most often in children -second peak at age 60 -without therapeutic intervention death occres within 6-12 months

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] ALL acute lymphoblastic Leukemia

Output: -characterized by predominance of lymphocytes (T and B cells) -occurs most often in children of age 4 -MOST responsive to therapy

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] AML acute myeloblastic leukemia

Output: -characterized by predominance of myeloblasts and early promylocytes -occurs frequently in adults

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] chronic leukemias

Output: -more mature than those of acute -have longer less devastating clinical course

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] CLL chronic Lymphocytic Leukemis

Output: -characterized by proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells (almost always b cells) -incapable of differentiating into antibody producing plasma cells -occurs mostly in men over 60 -appearing on smear as "smudge cells" *complications- cells wil start breaking down (hemolytic anemia) less platelets (thromocytopenia) and less antibodies (hypogammaglobulinemia) *clinical- hepatosplenomegaly, 3-7 year survival

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] CML chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Output: -neoblastic clonal proliferation of myeloid stem ells -characterized by reciprocal transformation between chromosome 9 and 22 resulting in philadelphia chromosome -peak incidence 35-50

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] polycythemia vera

Output: -marked by erythrocytosis (too much RBC) -decreased erythropoietin

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] multiple myeloma

Output: -malignant plasma cell tumor that typically involves bone and is associated with prominent serum and urine protein abnormalities -produce lytic lesions in skull ad axial skeleton -punched out lesions on X-ray, osteopenia, bone pain and spontaneous fractures, Bence Jones proteins in urine, hypercalcimia

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Hodgkins Disease

Output: -malignant neoplasm -affects young adults (men) -cure is often achieved

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Reed Sternbergs cells

Output: -may be actual malignant cells of Hodgkins disease -binucleated or multi (owls eye)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] non hodgkins lymphomas

Output: -malignant neoplasm within lymphoid cells or in other lymphoid tissue

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Thrombocytopenia

Output: -decreased platelet count and prolonged bleeding

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Atelectasis

Output: -loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of the airspace resulting in hypoxia -pseumothorax- air goes into lung

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Obstructive Lung Disease

Output: -decreased airflow due to obstruction -FVC normal but FEV1 is decreased

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] restrictive lung disease

Output: -decreased expansion and decreased total lung capacity -FVC reduced but FEV1 normal

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] emphysema

Output: -permanent enlargement of airsacs distal to terminal bronchioles -consequence of cigarette smoking which breaks down the elasticity -CO2 stays in (problem breathing out) -clinical- pink puffers-no bronchitic component, barrel chested, prolonged expiration (takes a long time to breathe out -blue bloaters-have recurrent bronchitis with purulent sputum, less respitor drive leads to CHF

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] chronic bronchitis

Output: -common upon cigarette smokers and urban dwellers -productive cough for 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years -hypertrophy(size) of mucus glands

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Bronchial asthma

Output: -chronic inflammatory disorder of airways -caused by repetitive immediate hypersensitivity and late phase reactions -2 types- atopic-70% due to IgE environmental -non atopic- 30% exercise stress aspirin -type 1 hypersensitivity reaction -late phase reaction occur 4-8 hrs after acute and lasts 12-24

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Bronchiectasis

Output: -permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to chronic infections or obstruction -cystic fibrosis and Kartangers syndrome- makes and doesn't move mucous honeycombing

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Pneumoconiosis

Output: -comprises of anthracosis(coal), silicosis, and asbestosis

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] coal workers pneumoconiosis

Output: simple CWP- asymptomatic, no pulmonary dysfunction -characterized by coal macules and coal nodules with collagen fibers complicated CWP-massive fibrosis, reduced lung function, coal nodules coalesce

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] silicosis

Output: -most common chronic occupational disease -macrophages release cytokins and free radicals -increased susceptibility to TB and cancer

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] asbestosis

Output: -liked with 6 disease processes -cigarette smoking increases risk --even family members exposed to asbestos are at a higher risk of cancer

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Sarcoidosis

Output: -multisystem with unknown etiology -non caseating grandulomas -40 or older (non smokers -non matted hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes -plaque and granules on skin

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] diseases of vascular origin

Output: -pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, infarction -emboli often arise from deep veins of leg -60-80% silent -one episode causes high reoccurrence

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] pulmonary hypertension

Output: -pulmonary BP reaches 1/4 or more systematic pressure -causes- chronic obstruction, interstitial lung -recurrent pulmonary emboli -primary- in young persons (women) chest pain, CHF, death -secondary-any age, respiratory insufficiency, CHF

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] 4 stages of pneumonia

Output: congestion red hepatization gray hepatization(blood tries to break down) resolution

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] lung abscess

Output: -multiple cavities of necrotizing pneumonia may coalesce to form absess -productive cough, foul smelling breathe, clubbing -treatment- surgical drainage, antibiotics

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Tuberculosis

Output: -casues by mycobacterium tuberculosis -casues caseous necrosis -flourishes in poverty infection by airborne transmission -positive tubercilin test (reaction 1-2 days)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] primary tuberculosis

Output: -develops in previously unexposed and unsesitized person -harboring viable bacteria to use several years later

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] secondary tuberculosis

Output: -usually localized in apex of the lung (hides there) -hemoptysis (blood in cough)

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pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] pneumocystis pneumonia

Output: caused by (P) leading to restrictive lung disease -occurs when immunity is compromised (AIDS)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Carcinomas of the lung

Output: -1 cause of cancer deaths in the US -4 types- adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma. SCLC is not cured by surgery

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] pleural effusion

Output: fluid in pleural space -caused by cancer, infarction, infection

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Malignant Mesotheliomas

Output: -rare cancer of mesothelial cells in partietal or visceral pleura -thick firm white pleural tumor

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] functions of Kidney

Output: -excretion of waste, regulation of water, maintainance of acid balance, secretion of hormones

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] azotemia

Output: -prerenal -due to hypo perfusion of kidneys -GFR decreased

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Uremia

Output: -broader term referring to the pathological manifestations of severe azotemia

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] nephrotic syndrome

Output: -derangement in capillary walls of glomeruli resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins -presents as- massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hyperlipidema

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] nephritic syndrome

Output: -complex collection of acute symptoms -characterized by- hematurina,oliguria,hypertension

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] minimal change disease

Output: -occurs in children 1-7 -on electron microscope, disappearance or fusing of epithelial foot -due to T cell deprived factor

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Membranous Glomerulosclerosis

Output: - similar to minimal change but happens in adults and children -sclerosis of some glomeruli

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] focal and segmental Glomerulsclerosis

Output: - similar to minimal change but happens in adults and children -sclerosis of some glomeruli

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] membranounous glomerulonephritis

Output: -slowly progressive immune complex of unknown etiology -occurs in ages 30-50 -thinking of basement membrane showing a spike and dome appearance

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] diabetic nephropathy

Output: -increase in thickness of glomerural basement -increase in mesangial matrix results in diffuse or nodular patterns

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] poststreptococcal gloerulonephritis

Output: -follows or accompanies infection -decreased serum C3 and increased ASO -characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction involving almost all glomeruli in both kidneys -lumpy bumpy

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] IgA nephropathy (bergers disease)

Output: -characterized by benign recurrent hematuria in children -2 days after a non specific respiratory orGI infection -deposition of IgA in the mesangium

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Alports Syndrome

Output: -hereditary nephritis associated with nerve deafness -x linked -mutations result in improper deposition of collagen in GBM

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Output: -cause of end stage renal disease -microscopic hematuria, hypertension, edema -prognosis poor- renal dialysis and tranpantation

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Chronic Pyelonephritis

Output: intestinal inflammation and scarring -important cause of renal failure

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Analgesic Nephropathy

Output: -leads to chronic interstitial nephritis and renal papillary necrosis, chronic renal failure, hypertension, and anemia

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] malignant hypertension and malignant nephrosclerosis

Output: -occurs in 5% go hypertensives -due to increasing thickening of arterioles -aldosterone increase an salt retention adds to it

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Urolithiasis (kidney stone)

Output: -caused by calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate -increases urine concentration of offending salts with or without increased blood levels -alkaline urine- promotes Mg and calcium stones -acidic urine-favors uric and cystine stones

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] renal cell carcinoma

Output: most common renal malignancy -deletion in chromosome 3 -occurs most often in men 50-70 -originates in renal tubes -characterized by clear cells

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Wilms Tumor

Output: most common renal malignancy of early childhood. -peaks at 2-4 -most often presents with palpable flank mass

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hypospadias

Output: -anomaly where urethral meatus opens on the ventral surface of penis

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Epispadias

Output: -anomaly where the urethral meatus opens on the dorsal surface -less common

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Phimosis

Output: tight forskin

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] priapism

Output: -painful erection of the penis -sometimes associated with venous thrombosis

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

Output: 0.4% in US, higher in developing countries -preceded by carcinoma in situ

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Bowen Disease

Output: plaque like lesions on shaft -can proceed to invasive cancer

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Erythoplasi of Queyrat

Output: -presents as erythematous patch on glans

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Bowenoid papulosis

Output: -multiple reddish brown plaques on glans in the young

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Hydrocele

Output: -cause scrotal enlargement due to accumulation of serous fluid within tunica vaginalis

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] hematocele

Output: -accumulation of blood

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Elephantiasis

Output: due to lymphatic obstruction

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Cryptochidism

Output: -failure of testicular descent in to scrotum -1%

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] testicular Neoplasms

Output: -hCG is elevated in choriocarcinomas -AFP is elevated in yolk sac tumors

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Prostatitis

Output: -acute- caused by ecoli -chronic-follows acute, causes recurrent UTI -caused by chlamydia -painful and a lot of urination

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate

Output: -hyperplasiaof the traditional and central zones -begins at 40 -DHT (hormone) is a stimulus -characterized by rubbery, nodular enlargment in the inner group of glands

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Carcinoma of the prostate

Output: -second most common cancer in men -peak 65-75 most common in blacks not in japanese -arises in peripheral zone -often silent -hard, fixed prostate -PSA is marker in blood

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Syphilis

Output: -caused by treponema palladium -primary stage-painless ulcer -2-rash on palms and soles -3-spreads.eats flesh,nose falls off, lesions(gumma)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Gonnorrhea

Output: -caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae which appears as intracellular gram negative diplococci -acute purulent urethritis with 2-7 days after exposure -in females symptoms less prominent but leads to scarring and infertility

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] nongonococcal urethritis and cervitis

Output: -most common forms of STDs caused by chlamydia trachoma tis -cause epididymitis and reiter syndrome

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Human Papillomavirus Infection

Output: HSV1 and 2 cause genital infections

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] vulvar dystrophies

Output: -group of disorders that present leukoplakia (white patch like lesion)

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Condylomas

Output: -anogenital warts -2 forms- condomata lata- rare, occurs in secondary syphilis -condomata acuminata-assosiated with HPV

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Vaginitis

Output: -inflammation -candidal vaginitis-curdy white discard -trichomonal vaginitis-watery, gray green discharge. foul smelling -nonspecific atrophic vaginitis-dry vagina

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] cervicitis

Output: -extremely common -chlamydia trachomatis is most common

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia CIN

Output: precancerous lesion -peak age 30 -follows HPV infection -early age inter-coarse and many partners

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Invasive carcinoma or cervix

Output: -peak occurrence is 45 -related to HPV -risk factors same as CIN include smoking

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Endometritis

Output: inflammation of endometrium -acute- related to trauma, such as retention of placenta -chronic-abdominal pain, fever, infertility -characterized by endometrial glands and stoma not in place -chocolate cyst

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] menorrhagia

Output: prolonged bleeding

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Metrorrhagia

Output: irregular bleeding

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Ovulatory

Output: Occurring between the periods

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Endometrial polyps

Output: lesions 0.5-3 cm high in the fundus -more common in menopause

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Leiomyomas

Output: -benign firm tumors (called fibroids) -30-50% in reproductive life

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] endometrial carcinoma

Output: -most common gynecologic malignancy -55-66 -occurs in per menopausal women with estrogen excess -increased and prolonged estrogen stimulation

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Fibrocystic disease

Output: -most common disorder of the breast -most common cause of palpable breast mass -20-50 -characterized by lumpy breast with mid cycle tenderness -benign

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] Fibroadenoma

Output: -most common benign tumor in women younger that 25 -presents firm rubbery painless well circumscribed lesion

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [Genetic Disease] carcinoma of breast

Output: -second most common malignancy of women -1-8 women in US -positive family history -no children -prognosis- depends on tumor size

Pathology Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration


Input: [1] Pregnancy [2]

Output: events that occur from time of fertilization until birth

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Conceptus [2]

Output: the developing offspring

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] gestation period [2]

Output: time from the last menstrual period until birth ~ 280 days

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Embryo [2]

Output: conceptus from fertilization through 8th week

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fetus [2]

Output: conceptus from week 9 through birth

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] How long is the Oocyte viable? [2]

Output: 12-24 hours

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] How long is sperm viable after ejaculation? [2]

Output: 24-48 hours

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur when? [2]

Output: No more then 2 days before ovulation and 24 hours after ovulation

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fertilization [2]

Output: when the sperms' chromosomes combine with those of a secondary oocyte to form a fertilized egg (zygote)

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Acrosomal reaction [2]

Output: involves breakdown of the plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane, and release of acrosomal enzymes that digest holes through the zona pellucida

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] monospermy [2]

Output: the one sperm per oocyte condition

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Blastocyst [2]

Output: fluid filled hollow sphere

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] trophoblast cells [2]

Output: display factors that are immunosuppressive participate in placenta formation

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does the inner cell mass become? [2]

Output: embryonic disc (embryo and 3 embryonic membranes)

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] When does implantation begin? [2]

Output: 6-7 days after ovulation

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] trophoblasts proliferate and form what two distinct layers? [2]

Output: cytotrophoblast: inner layer of cells Syncytiotrophoblast: cells in the outer layer lose their plasma membranes, invade and digest the endometrium

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] When is implantation complete? [2]

Output: 12th day after ovulation

Human anatomy &physiology Ch. 28 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ochre [2]

Output: an earthy usually red or yellow and often impure iron ore used as coloring matter

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] trawl [2]

Output: a large cone-shaped net dragged along the sea bottom in fishing

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] kohl [2]

Output: a cosmetic used by women especially in Arabia and Egypt to darken the edges of the eyelids

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dowry [2]

Output: the property that a woman brings to her husband in marriage

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] forfeit [2]

Output: to lose or lose the right to as a punishment for an error, offense, or crime

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] lotus [2]

Output: any of various water lilies including several represented in ancient Egyptian and Hindu art

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] patron [2]

Output: a person who buys the goods or uses the services offered (as by a business)

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] steward [2]

Output: a person employed to manage the supply and distribution of food (as on a ship)

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] arable [2]

Output: fit for or cultivated by plowing; suitable for producing crops

TOG 1-week 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sketch and annotate a diagram showing the three pieces of hardware required to transfer images from a digital camera to a computer

Output: Computer-USB cable-Digital Camera

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: Name 2 commonly used pieces of hardware for backing up image files.

Output: Hard Drive/ Usb Stick/Memory Card or any appropriate answer

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: In an operating system which viewing mode is used to display small versions of image files?

Output: Thumbnail View

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: What does infrared scanning do on a modern scanner?

Output: Removes dust and scratches

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: In reality, what does the red eye removal feature in software actually do?

Output: Changes the colour of the red area

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: Why are JPEG images suitable for Web Pages?

Output: They can be compressed but still retain a high quality

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: Why are TIFF images suitable for printing?

Output: They are uncompressed so retain a high quality

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: Why are RAW files the most versatile format for editing in a graphics editor?

Output: They have not been processed before being saved

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: How can zip files be useful when transferrring many image files?

Output: Many images can be compressed into one file

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: Briefly state why it is desirable to use a compressed image format

Output: To reduce the file size

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: What is a “hot spot” when using flash photography?

Output: When the flash is seen reflected against the background

Digital Photography Assessment 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Picture Taking Mode / Video Mode / Playback (Viewing) Mode


Input: the study of how society manages its scarce resources [business cycle]

Output: economics

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources [business cycle]

Output: efficiency (societal)

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society [business cycle]

Output: equality

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander [business cycle]

Output: externality

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: something that induces a person to act [business cycle]

Output: incentive

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy [business cycle]

Output: inflation

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action [business cycle]

Output: marginal change

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services [business cycle]

Output: market economy

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently [business cycle]

Output: market failure

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices [business cycle]

Output: market power

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: whatever must be given up to obtain some item [business cycle]

Output: opportunity cost

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input [business cycle]

Output: productivity

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources [business cycle]

Output: property rights

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives [business cycle]

Output: rational people

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the limited nature of society's resources [business cycle]

Output: scarcity

Macroeconomics Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a kinesthetic sense?

Output: It enables the person to be aware of the position and movement of body parts without seeing them.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is stereognosis sense?

Output: A sense that allows a person to recognize an objects size, shape, and texture.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What happens when sensory function is altered?

Output: The person's ability to relate and function within the environment is altered.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: How can a hospital cause a sensory alteration?

Output: Its filled with new sounds, sights, and stimuli. It also limits access to family and friends.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is the function of the ear?

Output: Transmits to the brain an accurate pattern of all sounds received from the environment, the relative intensity of these sounds, and the direction from they originate.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is the function of they eye?

Output: Transmits to the brain an accurate pattern of light reflected from solid objects in the environment and transformed into color and hue.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: How does the nervous system typically process sensation?

Output: Nervous System receives thousands of bits of information from sensory nerve organs, relays the information through appropriate channels, and integrates the information into a meaningful response.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What are the three components of any sensory experience?

Output: 1.Reception 2.Perception 3. Reaction

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is reception?

Output: Reception begins with stimulation of a nerve cell, called the receptor, which is usually particular for one type of stimulus, such a light, touch, or sound. When a nerve impulse is created, it travels along pathways to the spinal cord and directly to the brain.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is perception?

Output: When the person becomes conscious of the stimuli. Perception includes integration and interpretation of the stimuli based on the persons experiences.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What are some of the most common sensory alterations?

Output: Sensory Deficits Sensory Deprivation Sensory Overload

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What are sensory deficits?

Output: A deficit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception. A person loses sense of self with impaired senses.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What is a person's initial reaction when they experience a sensory deficit?

Output: Initially a person withdraws by avoiding communication or socialization with others in an attempt to cope with sensory loss. It becomes difficult for the person to interact safely within the environment until he or she learns new skills.

Fundamentals Chapter 49 Sensory Alterations Flashcards - Cram.com

Particularly via our sense. Sight (visual) Hearing (auditory) Touch (tactile) Smell (olafactory) Taste (Gustatory)


Input: What are some examples of common sensory deficits in vision?

Output: Presbyopia-decline of the lens to focus objects that are close. Results in nearsightedness. Cataracts- Cloudy, opaque areas in part of the lens or entire eye Dry Eyes- tears glands produce too few tears resulting in itching, burning, or even vision loss. Glaucoma- increase in intraocular pressure, resulting in decreased visual acuity, difficulty adapting to darkness, and halo effect around lights. Diabetic Retinopathy- pathological changes in the retina yielding decreased vision or vision loss. Macular Degeneration- Macula loses ability to function resulting in blurring of reading matter, distortion and loss of central vision, and distortion of vertical lines.

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Input: What are some examples of hearing sensory deficits?

Output: Presbycusis- A common progressive hearing disorder in older adults. Cerumen Accumulation- Buildup of earwax in the external auditory canal. Yields a conduction deafness.

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Input: What some examples of balance sensory deficits?

Output: Dizziness and Disequilibrium- Common condition in older adulthood, frequent change in position of head yields an episode of vertigo or disequilibrium.

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Input: What are some examples of taste sensory deficit?

Output: Xerostomia- decrease in salivary production that leads to a thicker mucus and dry mouth. Often interferes with the ability to eat and leads to nutritional problems.

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Input: What are some examples of neurological sensory deficits?

Output: Peripheral neuropathy- Disorder of the peripheral nervous system, numbness and tingling of the affected area and stumbling gait. Stroke- CVA caused by clot, hemorrhage, or emboli disrupting blood flow to the brain.

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Input: What is sensory deprivation?

Output: Sensory stimulation must be of adequate quality and quantity to maintain a person's awareness. In healthcare settings, meaningful touch is limited, environments lack sensory stimulatory properties, meal are dull and bland, and bath times are unpleasant and distressing experiences. When a person experiences inadequate quality or quantity of stimulation, such as monotonous or meaningless stimuli, sensory deprivation occurs.

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Input: What are three types of sensory deprivation?

Output: Reduced Sensory Input (sensory deficit from visual or hearing loss) Elimination of Patterns or Meaning from Input (exposure to strange environments) Restrictive Environments (bed rest) that produce monotony and boredom.

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Input: What are some symptoms of sensory deprivation?

Output: Very similar to psychological illness, confusion, symptoms of severe electrolyte imbalance, or the symptoms of psychotropic drugs.

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Input: What is sensory overload?

Output: When a person receives multiple sensory stimuli and cannot perceptually disregard or selectively ignore some stimuli.

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Input: What are some factors affecting sensory function?

Output: Age Meaningful Stimuli Amount of Stimuli Social Interaction Environmental Factors Cultural Factors

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Input: Give some examples of how age affects sensory function.

Output: *Infants are at risk for hearing and visual impairment due to genetic, prenatal, and post natal conditions. *Visual changes in adulthood occur from 40-50 *Hearing loss begins to change as early as 30. *Gustatory and olfactory changes begin around 50. *Proprioceptive changes common after age 60, affect balance, spatial orientation, and coordination.

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Input: Give some examples of how meaningful stimuli affects sensory function.

Output: Meaningful stimuli reduce the incidence of sensory deprivation. In the home meaningful stimuli include pets, music, television, pictures of family members, and a calendar and clock.

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Input: Give some examples of how amount of stimuli affects sensory function.

Output: Excessive stimuli in an environment causes sensory overload. The frequency of observations and procedures performed in an acute health care setting are often stressful.

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Input: Give an example of how social interaction affects sensory function.

Output: The amount and quality of social contact with supportive family members and significant others influence sensory function.

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Input: Give an example of how environmental factors affect sensory function.

Output: Occupation setting can put you at risk for peripheral, visual, and auditory alterations. Carpal tunnel can be work related. Clients who are hospitalized and bed ridden can suffer chronic immobility. Pt's with TB are isolated to one area, and can suffer from lack of social interaction.

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Input: What are some important elements to assess when considering sensory alterations?

Output: 1. Integrate knowledge of the pathophysiology of sensory deficits 2. Factors that affect sensory function 3. Therapeutic communication principles.

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Input: What should your focused health history include when assessing a pt for sensory alterations?

Output: 1. The clients current sensory status 2. The degree to which the deficit affects that person's lifestyle 3. Psychosocial Adjustment 4. Developmental Status 5. Self-Care ability 6. Health promotion habits and safety.

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Input: What types of populations are more at risk for sensory alterations and why?

Output: Older adults are more at risk because of normal physiological changes involving sensory organs. Those living in a confined environment such as a nursing home.

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Input: Who would you refer a client to if they had a sever hearing problem?

Output: Otolaryngologist

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Input: What is a screening tool used to asses hearing?

Output: HHIE-S (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly) It is a 5 minute, ten item questionnaire.

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Input: What are the components of the mental status assessment for sensory deprivation?

Output: Physical Appearance and Behavior- Motor activity, posture, facial expression, hygiene Cognitive Ability- Level of consciousness, abstract reasoning, calculation, attention, judgement, ability to carry on conversation, ability to read and write, and copy figure. Recent and remote memory Emotional Stability- Agitation, euphoria, irritability, hopelessness, or wide mood swings. Illusions, delusions.

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Input: What should you do after you have assess your pt for sensory alterations?

Output: You should look critically for patterns and trends suggestive or health problem relating sensory alterations.

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Input: What is an example of a nsg d/x when a pt presents with advanced age, apathy, inattentiveness during conversations, and self-rating of hearing as "poor".

Output: disturbed sensory perception:auditory

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Input: What are some nsg d/x that you could use when the sensory alteration is the etiology of the d/x?

Output: Risk-prone health behavior Impaired verbal communication Impaired physical mobility Risk for Injury Self-Care deficit Situational Low Self Esteem

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Input: What are the primary considerations for planning with a pt with a sensory alteration?

Output: -Select strategies to assist the client in remaining functional in the home -Adapt therapies depending on whether sensory deficit is short term or long term -Involve the family in helping the client adjust to limitations -Refer to appropriate healthcare professionals.

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Input: Give some examples of Goals and Outcomes for a client with a hearing alteration.

Output: -The client will achieve improvement in hearing acuity within two weeks. The client will report using communication techniques for improved reception of messages within 2 weeks. -The client will successfully demonstrate technique for cleansing hearing aid within 1 week.

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Input: What do the most effective interventions do for pt's with sensory alterations?

Output: They enable the client with sensory alterations to function safely with existing deficits and to continue a normal lifestyle.

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Input: What are some examples of health promotion in regards to sensory alterations?

Output: 1. Screening- *. screening for rubella and syphillis in women who are considering pregnancy*advocating adequate prenatal care to prevent premature birth*periodic screening of all children. 2. Preventative Safety *use of protective gear for sports*regular immunizations against rubella, mumps, measles. 3. Use of assistive devices 4. Promoting meaningful stimuli

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Input: [1] Solid [2]

Output: A sold has a definite shape and definite volume.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Liquid [2]

Output: A liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape. The particles in a liquid are free to move.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Gas [2]

Output: A gas has no definite shape and volume. Gas particles spread apart filling all the space available.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Viscosity [2]

Output: The viscosity of a liquid is the ability to float. If a liquid has high viscosity it floats slowly.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Surface Tension [2]

Output: Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Melting [2]

Output: When a solid changes to a liquid it is called melting.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Melting Point [2]

Output: The temperature at which melting occurs is the melting point.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Changes of State [2]

Output: When thermal energy is added to an object the object changes state. A solid goes to liquid and a liquid goes to gas.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Freezing [2]

Output: When a liquid changes to solid the liquid is losing energy and it forms a sold.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Vaporation [2]

Output: Vaporization is when liquid absorbs thermal energy and changes to gas.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Evaporation [2]

Output: Evaporation is vaporization that only occurs at the top of the liquid.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Boiling [2]

Output: Boiling is when vaporization occurs above and below surface.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Condensation [2]

Output: Condensation is the opposite of vaporization. Condensation is when particles loose energy to form a liquid.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sublimation [2]

Output: Sublimation is when a solid changes to a gas without changing into a liquid first.

Science- Changes of State Vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: I work best working with a partner or alone.

Output: What is your ideal study scenario Socially?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: I learn best in the afternoon. While eating food And I study better by re writing notes, listening to myself read the notes and listening to someone tell me about it.

Output: What is your ideal study scenario physically?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The types of Mnemonics are Acronyms. This is a combination of letters with each letter acting as a cue to an idea you need to remember (ex. ROY G BIV- this is used to remember the colours of the rainbow). Acrostics are a sentence where the first letter of each word is a cue to an idea you need to remember (ex. Never Enter Stinky Washrooms – this is used to remember North East South and West) Rhymes is when you create a saying or song that has similar sounds at the end of each line (ex. “The Bone Dance” is used to remember all of the bones in the human body.)

Output: What are the different types of Mnemonics?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: S- Schedule your time C- Clue words O- Omit difficult questions R- Read Carefully E- Estimate your answer R-Review.

Output: What is SCORER stand for?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: S- Specific M- Measurable A- Attainable R- Results oriented T- Time bond.

Output: What does SMART stand for?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Contrast- to explain between two things that are different.

Output: What does Contrast mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Mnemonic are created to help memory by organizing unrelated items into strange or novel relationships.

Output: What are Mnemonics?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: 1. Grouping: Organize information so that details are brought together under the main idea or category that connects them 2. Repeating: Repeat information that you want to learn. Be sure to say it in your own words. Even though you’ve already learned something, go over it one more time. If you say the information aloud, not only are you repeating it, you are also hearing it. 3. Key Words: Select or create words to represent the facts to be remembered. 4. Choosing to remember: The more you want to learn and know, the more you’ll be able to remember.

Output: Name the 4 ways to improve your memory

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: - Research at least 25-30 important pieces of information that you need to learn to learn for this unit. –Create by adding the information to the question and answer side of the flash card. – Study by reading the question, then saying the answer to see if you are correct flip the card over.

Output: How do you use flash cards?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: A Concept map is a visual diagram that connects all of the ideas, themes, concepts, theories and the facts of a particular topic of subject.

Output: What is a Concept map?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: A concept map is used for visual learners to see there notes in a visual organizer.

Output: What is a concept map used for?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: SCORER is a test taking strategy

Output: What is SCORER used for?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: It is a goal setting strategy to make you accomplish your goal

Output: What is S.M.A.R.T goals used for?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Fine the main ideas and show how they are related and why.

Output: What does Analyze mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The answer will emphasize the similarities.

Output: What does compare mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The answer will emphasize the differences

Output: What does Contrast mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Give a general summary. It should contain and a series of main ides supported by secondary ideas.

Output: What does outline mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Show the connections between things, telling how one causes or is like another

Output: What does relate mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: Your answer will make it clear that what was meant and will show the underlying meaning.

Output: What does interpret mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The list will be in numerical list in concise form.

Output: What does List mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The answer will list the main points. It will be a brief and will not include examples.

Output: What does Summarize mean?

What is your ideal study scenario Environmentally?


Input: The simultaneous purchase and sale of identical financial instruments or commodity futures in order to make a profit where the selling price is higher than the buying price. [American Style Option]

Output: Arbitrage

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The price that market makers or sellers will accept to sell an option. [American Style Option]

Output: Ask

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When an options holder excercises the contract, an options writer is chosen to fulfill the obligation. [American Style Option]

Output: Assignment

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A term that describes an option with a strike price that is equal to the current market price of the underlying stock. [American Style Option]

Output: At-The-Money

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An investor who acts on the belief that a security or the market is falling or is expected to fall. [American Style Option]

Output: Bear

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A strategy in which a trader sells a lower strike call and buys a higher strike call to create a trade with limited profit and limited risk. A fall in the price of the underlying increases the value of the spread. Net credit transaction; Maximum loss = difference between the strike prices less credit; Maximum gain = credit; requires margin. [American Style Option]

Output: Bear Call Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A declining stock market over a prolonged period of time usually caused by a weak economy and subsequent decreased corporate profits. [American Style Option]

Output: Bear Market

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A strategy in which a trader sells a lower strike put and buys a higher strike put to create a trade with limited profit and limited risk. A fall in the price of the underlying increases the value of the spread. Net debit transaction; Maximum loss = d ifference between strike prices less the debit; no margin. [American Style Option]

Output: Bear Put Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The highest price at which a floor broker, trader or dealer is willing to buy a security or commodity for a specified time. [American Style Option]

Output: Bid

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bid (the highest price a buyer is prepared to pay for a trading asset) and the asked (the lowest price acceptable to a prospective seller of the same security) together comprise a quotation, or quote. [American Style Option]

Output: Bid and Asked

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Demand for an asset drives up the price paid by buyers. [American Style Option]

Output: Bid Up

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The difference between bid and asked prices constitute the bid-asked spread. [American Style Option]

Output: Bid-asked Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The first widely-used model for option pricing. This formula can be used to calculate a theoretical value for an option using current stock prices, expected dividends, the option's strike price, expected interest rates, time to expiration and expected stock volatility. While the Black-Scholes model does not perfectly describe real-world options markets, it is still often used in the valuation and trading of options. [American Style Option]

Output: Black-Scholes formula

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A stock with solid value, good security, and a record of dividend payments or other desirable investment characteristics. Many times they have a record of consistent dividend payments, receive extensive media coverage and offer a host of other benefic ial investment attributes. On the downside, blue chip stocks tend to be quite expensive and often have little room for growth. [American Style Option]

Output: Blue Chip Stock

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This term is derived from poker where blue chips hold the most value. Blue chips in the stock market are stocks with the best market capitalization in the marketplace. [American Style Option]

Output: Blue Chips

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Financial instruments representing debt obligations issued by the government or corporations traded in the futures market. A bond promises to pay its holders periodic interest at a fixed rate (the coupon), and to repay the principal of the loan at mat urity. Bonds are issued with a par or face value of $1,000. Bonds are traded based upon their interest rates - if the bond pays more interest than available elsewhere, its worth increases. [American Style Option]

Output: Bond

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The point at which gains equal losses. The market price that a stock or future must reach for an option to avoid loss if exercised. For a call, the break-even equals the strike price plus the premium paid. For a put, the break-even equals the strike price minus the premium paid. [American Style Option]

Output: Break-even

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A rise in the price of an underlying instrument above its resistance level or a drop below the support level. [American Style Option]

Output: Breakout

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An investor who believes that a market is rising or is expected to rise. [American Style Option]

Output: Bull

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A strategy in which a trader buys a lower strike call and sells a higher strike call to create a trade with limited profit and limited risk. A rise in the price of the underlying increases the value of the spread. Net debit transaction; Maximum loss = debit; Maximum gain = difference between strike prices less the debit; no margin. [American Style Option]

Output: Bull Call Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A rising stock market over a prolonged period of time usually caused by a strong economy and subsequent increased corporate profits. [American Style Option]

Output: Bull Market

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A strategy in which a trader sells a higher strike put and buys a lower strike put to create a trade with limited profit and limited risk. A rise in the price of the underlying increases the value of the spread. Net credit transaction; Maximum loss = difference between strike prices less credit; Maximum gain = credit; requires margin. [American Style Option]

Output: Bull Put Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The sale (purchase) of two identical options, together with the purchase (sale) of one option with an immediately higher strike, and one option with an immediately lower strike. All options must be the same type, have the same underlying and have the same expiration date. [American Style Option]

Output: Butterfly Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Many options are spreads that have a buy option leg and a sell option leg. Buy IV is the implied volatility of the option leg with a buy component. Sell IV is the implied volatility of the option leg with a sell component. [American Style Option]

Output: Buy IV Sell IV

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To buy at the end of a trading session at a price within the closing range. [American Style Option]

Output: Buy on Close

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To buy at the beginning of a trading session at a price within the opening range. [American Style Option]

Output: Buy on Opening

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An order to purchase a security entered at a price above the current offering price triggered when the market hits a specified price. [American Style Option]

Output: Buy Stop Order

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If you purchase an options contract, regardless of whether you're opening or closing a position, you're a buyer. [American Style Option]

Output: Buyer

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A covered call position in which stock is purchased and an equivalent number of calls written at the same time. This position may be transacted as a combined order, with both sides (buying stock and writing calls) being executed simultaneously. Example: buying 500 shares XYZ stock, and writing 5 XYZ May 60 calls. See also Covered call / covered call writing [American Style Option]

Output: Buy-write

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A spread consisting of one long and one short option of the same type with the same exercise price, but which expire in different months. [American Style Option]

Output: Calendar Spread

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option contract which gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy a specified amount of an underlying security at a specified price within a specified time in exchange for a paying a premium. [American Style Option]

Output: Call Option

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount a call option costs. [American Style Option]

Output: Call Premium

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount of money an individual or business has available. [American Style Option]

Output: Capital

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The profit realized when a capital asset is sold for a higher price than the purchase price. [American Style Option]

Output: Capital Gain

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The loss incurred when a capital asset is sold for a lower price than the purchase price. [American Style Option]

Output: Capital Loss

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Refers to the current value of a corporation's outstanding shares in dollars. [American Style Option]

Output: Capitalization

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option with an established profit cap or cap price. [American Style Option]

Output: Capped-style Option

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An account in which the customer is required to pay in full for all purchased securities. [American Style Option]

Output: Cash Account

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A dividend paid in cash to a shareholder out of a corporation's profits. [American Style Option]

Output: Cash Dividend

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The difference between the current price and the price of the previous day of a security. [American Style Option]

Output: Change

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Established in 1886, the CBOT is the oldest commodity exchange in the United States and primarily lists grains, T-Bonds and notes, metals and indexes. [American Style Option]

Output: Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The largest options exchange in the United States. [American Style Option]

Output: Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Option contracts of the same type (call or put), style and underlying security. [American Style Option]

Output: Class of Options

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An institution established separately from the exchanges to ensure timely payment and delivery of securities. [American Style Option]

Output: Clearinghouse

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The price of the last transaction for a particular security each day. [American Style Option]

Output: Close

Finance Options Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com