Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An older adult is scheduled for coronary arteriography during a cardiac catheterization. Which nursing intervention will be essential as she recovers from the diagnostic procedure on the hospital unit? 1. Encouraging frequent ambulation to prevent deep vein thrombosis. 2. Limiting fluid intake o prevent fluid overload. 3. Evaluating cardiac status via continuous ECG monitoring. 4. Assessing the arterial puncture site when taking vital signs.

Output: (4)Following cardiac catheterizaion in which an arterial sie is used for access, the puncture or cutdown site should be assessed at least as often as vital signs are monitored. The client is at risk for development of bleeding, hemorrhage, hematoma formation, and arterial insufficiency of the affected extremity. When the arterial access site is used, the client is on strict bed rest for at least several hours. Fluids are encouraged after catheterization to increase urinary output and flush out the dye used during the procedure. Clients are not routinely placed on a cardiac monitor after cardiac catheterization.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An older adult is admitted to the hospital with symptoms of severe dyspnea, orthopnea, diaphoresis, bubbling respirations, and cyanosis. He states that he is afraid "something bad is about to happen." How shoud the nurse position the client? 1. High-Fowler's 2. Trendelenurg 3. Supine 4. Prone

Output: (1)The client's symptoms suggest pulmonary edema. Any client with sever dyspnea, orthopnea, and bubbling respirations needs to be in an upright position. High-Fowler's decreases venous return to the heart by allowing blood to pool in the extremities. Decreasing venous return lowers the output of the right ventricle and decreases lung congestion. High-Fowler's also allows the abdominal organs to fall away from the diaphragm, easing breathing. The trendelenburg position would not promote venous pooling in the extremities and would increase venous return and pulmonary congestion. The supine position also would contribute to increased pulmonary congestion. The prone position, lying on th eabdomen, does not decrease venous return-which is what this client desperately needs.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult male has a high level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in proportion to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) level. How does this realate to the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)? 1. His risk for CAD is low. 2. There is no direst correlation. 3. His reisk may increase with exercise. 4. His risk will increase with age.

Output: (1)While elevated LDL levels in proportion to HDL levels are positively correlated with CAD, elevated HDL levels in propartion to LDL levels may decrease the risk of developing CAD. Age is not a predictor of HDL and LDL levels.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A 72-year-old man had a otal hip arthroplasty eight days ago. He suddenly develops tenderness in his left calf, a slight temperature elevation, and a positive Homan's sign. Which of hte following will be included in the initial care of this man? 1. Warm packs to the left leg. 2. Vigorous massage of the left leg. 3. Placing the left leg in a dependent position. 4. Performing range of motion exercises to the left leg.

Output: (1)Warm, moist heat applied to the extremity reduces the discomfort associated with thrombophlebitis. Vigorous massage of the leg is contraindicated in any client beacuase it may cause a thrombus to become disloged and possible cause a pulmonary embolus. The leg should be eleveated to prevent venous stasis. Leg exercises are used to prevent thrombophlebitis,the leg is not exercised to prevent the thromus from becoming an embolus.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [akinetic mutism] altered LOC level of consciousness

Output: may exhibit: -not oriented -does not follow commands -needs persistent stimuli to achieve a state of alertness

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] autoregulation

Output: ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict to maintain stable cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial blood pressure

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] brain death

Output: irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain 1. coma 2. absence of brain stem reflexes 3. apnea

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] coma

Output: a clinical state of unarousable unresponsiveness in which ther are no purposeful responses to internal or external stimuli, although nonpurposeful responses to painful stimuli and brain stem reflexes may be present

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] craniotomy

Output: a surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] craniectomy

Output: a surgical procedure that involves removal of a portion of the skull

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Cushing's response

Output: brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Cushing's triad

Output: three classic signs - bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea - seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] decerebration

Output: an abnormal body posture associated with a sever brain injury, characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] decortication

Output: an abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] epidural monitor

Output: a sensor placed between the skull and the dura to monitor intracranial pressure

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] epilepsy

Output: a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] fiberoptic monitor

Output: a system that uses light refraction to determine intracranial pressure

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] herniation

Output: abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] intracranial pressure aka ICP

Output: pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranial vault

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] locked-in syndrome

Output: condition resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the patient lacks all distal motor activity (tetraplegia) but cognition is intact. pt is unable to speak

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] microdialysis

Output: procedure in which an intracranial catheter is inserted near an injured area of brain to measure lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glucose levels

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] migraine headache

Output: a sever, unrelenting headache often accompanied by symptomes such as nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Monro-Kellie hypothesis

Output: theory that states that due to limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents - brain tissue, blood, or CSF - causes a change in the volume of the others

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] persistant vegetative state

Output: condition in which the unresponsive patient resumes sleep wake cycles after coma, but is devoid of cognitive or affective mental function

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] primary headache

Output: a headache for which no specific organic cause can be found

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] seizures

Output: paroxysmal transient disturbance of the brain resulting from a discharge of abnormal electrical activity

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] status epilepticus

Output: episode in which the patient experiences multiple seizure bursts with no revoery time in between

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] secondary headache

Output: headache identified as a symptom of another organic disorder (eg brain tumor, HTN)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] subarachnoid screw or bolt

Output: device placed into the subarachnoid space to measure ICP

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] transsphenoidal

Output: surgical approach to the pituitary via the sphenoid sinuses

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] ventriculostomy

Output: a catheter placed in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain to measure ICP and allow for drainage of fluid

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What is the first priority for a patient with altered LOC

Output: obtain and maintain a patent airway

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] duration of coma

Output: usually limited to 2-4 weeks

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] initial clinical manifestations of altered LOC may include...

Output: subtle behavioral changes, such as restlessness or increased anxiety pupils become sluggish

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] as the patient's LOC decrease, changes will ultimately include...

Output: decreased pupillary response decreased eye opening response decreased verbal responses decreased motor responses eventually coma

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What 3 things does the Glascow Coma Scale measure?`

Output: 1. eye opening 2. verbal response 3. motor response Scale 3-15.

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] a 3 on the Glascow Coma Scale may indicate...

Output: severe impairment of neurologic function brain death pharmacological inhibition of the neurologic response

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What does a 15 on the Glascow Coma Scale indicate?

Output: that the patient is fully responsive

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] If a patient is comatose and has localized signs such as abnormal pupillary and motor responses, what is assumed?

Output: that neurologic disease is present, until proven otherwise

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] If a patient is comatose but pupillary light reflexes are preserved, what is suspected?

Output: a toxic or metabolic disorder

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What are the top three most common diagnostic procedures to identify the cause of unconsciousness?

Output: CT MRI EEG

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What are the less common procedures to detect the cause of unconciousness, after CT MRI AND EEG?

Output: PET SPECT

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] potential complications for the patient with alterd LOC

Output: respiratory failure pneumonia pressure ulcers aspiration DVT contractures complications associated with immobility

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What is the first priority for a patient with altered LOC?

Output: obtain and maintain a patent airway

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Why should BP and HR be monitored in a patient with altered LOC?

Output: to ensure adequate perfusion to the body and brain

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] pupillometer

Output: a portable automated device with a screen and digital video camera that measures pupil size and reactivity

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] How serious is flaccidity?

Output: results from the most severe neurologic impairment

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] equal, normally reactive pupils in an unconscious patient, suggests..

Output: that coma is toxic or metabolic in origin

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] progressive dilation of pupils in an unconscious patient suggests...

Output: increasing ICP

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] fixed dilated pupils in an unconscious patient suggests...

Output: injury at level of midbrain

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] the corneal reflex examination tests which cranial nerves?

Output: V and VII

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] asymmetry in the face of an unconscious patient is a sign of...

Output: paralysis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] drooling vs. spontaneous swallowing (swallowing reflex) in an unconscious patient, tests CN...

Output: X and XII

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] a stiff neck in an unconscious patient suggests...

Output: subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] absence of spontaneous neck movement in an unconscious patient suggests...

Output: fracture or dislocation of cervical spine

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] goals for patients with r/t altered LOC

Output: maintenance of a clear airway (major goal is to compensate for the absence of the protective reflexes - coughing, blinking, swallowing) protection from injury attainment of fluid volume balance achievement of intact oral mucous membranes maintenance of normal skin integrity absence of corneal irritation attainment of effective thermoregulation effective urinary elimination bowel continence accurate perception of environmental stimuli maintenance of intact family or support system absence of complications

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] possible interventions to maintain airway in an unconscious patient

Output: most important* HOB 30 degreses lateral or semiprone position suctioning and oral hygiene chests physiotherapy and postural drainage auscultate chest q8h intubation and mechanical ventilation

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What should be done before suctioning and why?

Output: hyperoxygenation to prevent hypoxia

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] possible interventions to protect an unconscious patient

Output: 2 siderails during the day 3 siderails at night prevent injury from lines, tubes, restraints, damp bedding, dressings, etc protect the patient's dignity

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] possible interventions to maintain fluid balance and manage nutritional needs

Output: assess hydration status administer required IV fluids

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] possible interventions to provide mouth care in an unconscious patient

Output: inspect for dryness, inflammation, and crusting clean and rinse carefully thin coating of petrolatum move ET tube to opposite side of the mouth daily to prevent ulcerations

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] if the mouth of an unconscious patient is not kept clean,

Output: they are at risk for parotitis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] kinesthetic mean...

Output: sensation of movement

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] vestibular means...

Output: sensation of equilibrium

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to maintain skin and joint integrity

Output: turning and repositioning schedule avoid shearing force and friction maintain correct body position passive exercise to prevent contractures splints or foam boots specialty beds

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] preserving corneal integrity in an unconscious patient

Output: cleanse with cotton balls moistened with sterile normal saline artificial tears q2h as prescribed eye patches used cautiously b/c of potential for corneal abrasion

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] when is periorbital edema normal?

Output: after cranial surgery

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to maintain body temperature in an unconscious patient

Output: remove all bedding except for sheet room cooled to 65 deg F, unless elderly administer acetaminophen as prescribed cool sponge baths electric fan for surface cooling hypothermia blanket frequent temp monitoring to prevent excessive temp decrease

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] How do you take the temperature of an unconscious patient?

Output: never NPO rectal or tympanic preferred to axillary

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] slight temperature elevation may be caused by...

Output: dehydration

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] very high temperatures can be caused by...

Output: damage to the temp center in the brain or severe intracranial infection

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to prevent urinary retention in an unconscious patient

Output: palpate or scan bladder at intervals catheterization monitor for skin breakdown monitor for infection

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to promote bowel function in an unconscious patient

Output: listen for bowel sounds measure girth of the abdomen monitor number and consistency of BM rectal exam for signs of fecal impaction

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to provide sensory stimulation to the unconscious patient (if ICP is not an issue)

Output: maintain usualy day and night patterns for activity and sleep touch and talk to patient, encourage family to do so also orient the pt to time and place

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] when arousing from coma, what may happen and what should the nurse do

Output: many patients experience a period of agitation when arousing from coma, which is actually a positive sign. at this time, reduce stimulation and only have one person talk to the patient at a time

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interventions to meet the need of an unconscious patient's family

Output: clarifies information about patient's condition permits family to be involved in care listens to and encourages ventilation of feelings and concerns supports decisionmaking about posthopitalization mangaement support groups

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what are the contents of the rigid cranial vault and how much are there of each

Output: brain tissue - 1400 g blood 75 mL CSF 75 mL

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] normal ICP in the lateral ventricles

Output: 10 - 20 mmHg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Most common cause of increased ICP

Output: head injury

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] causes of increased ICP

Output: head injury, brain tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage, toxic and viral encephalopathies increase in PaCo2, leading to increased cerebral blood flow

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] increased ICP from any cause does what?

Output: decreases cerebral perfusion stimulates further swelling herniation (which is dire and frequently fatal)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] S/S early stages of cerebral ischemia

Output: HTN slow bounding pulse respiratory irregularities

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] compensatory mechanisms for cerebral edema

Output: autoregulation decreased production and flow of CSF

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] the brain can maintain a steady perfsusion pressure if ...

Output: the arterial SBP is 50 - 100 mmHg AND ICP < 40 mm Hg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] CPP =

Output: CPP = mean arterial pressure - ICP normal is 70-100 mmHg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] normal CPP

Output: 70-100 mm Hg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] if CPP <50

Output: irreversible brain damage

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] if CPP = 0

Output: cerebral circulation ceases

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] When ischemia occurs in the brain, what center does what?

Output: the vasomotor center triggers an increase in arterial pressure in an effort to overcome the increased ICP

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] late sign of decreased cerebral blood flow

Output: Cushing's response -increase SBP -widening of pulse pressure -decreased HR

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] grave sign of decreased cerebral blood flow, usually followed by herniation

Output: Cushing's triad -decreased HR -HTN -decreased Respiration

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] earliest signs of increasing ICP

Output: change in LOC slowing of speech delay in response to verbal suggestions

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] late signs of increased ICP

Output: coma abnormal motor responses (decortication, decerebration, flaccidity)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] 3 complications of increased ICP

Output: brain stem herniation diabetes insipidus SIADH

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] S/S diabetes insipidus

Output: decreased secretion of ADH -excessive urine output -decrease urine osmolality -serum hyperosmolarity

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] therapy for DI

Output: administration of fluids electrolyte replacement vasopressin (desmopressin, DDAVP) therapy

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] S/S SIADH

Output: increased secretion of ADH -volume-overload -decreased urine output -serum sodium concentration becomes dilute

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] therapy for SIADH

Output: fluid restriction <800 cc /day no free water in severe cases - 3% hypertonic saline solution - but change in serum sodium should not exceed a correction rate of 1.3 mEq/L/hour

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Rapid correction of sodium imbalance greater than 1.3 mEq/L./hour may result in...

Output: central pontine myelinolysis, resulting in tetraplegia with CN deficits

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] medical management of increased ICP

Output: -administer osmotic diuretics -restrict fluids -drain CSF -control fever -maintain systemic BP and oxygenation -reduce cellular metabolic demands -no corticosteroids if TBI -possible judicious use of hyperventilation , only for a short duration, only if ICP is refractory to other measures

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] are corticocosteroids give if TBI leading to increased ICP

Output: no

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] equipment to monitor ICP

Output: ventriculostomy subarachnoid bolt epidural or subdural catheter fiberoptic transducer-tipped catheter in subdural space or ventricle

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] ventriculostomy aka ventricular catheter monitoring

Output: used for continuous monitoring ICP transducer records the pressure in the form of an electrical impulse allows CSF to drain during acute increases in pressure to drain blood from ventricle access for intraventricular admin of meds and instillationof air or a contrast agent

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] complications of ventriculostomy

Output: infection meningitis ventricular collapse occlusion by brain tissue or blood

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] interpreting incracranial pressure waveforms on an oscilloscope

Output: A waves (plateau waves) - transient, paroxysmal, recurring elevation of ICP that may last 5-20 min and range in implitude from 50 -100 - have clinical significance - indicate changes in vascular volumewithin the intracranial compartment that are beginning to compromise cerebral perfusion. reflects ischemia before overt S/S of raised ICP are seen clinically B waves - less clinically significant but if seen in a series in a pt with depressed consciousness may precede appearance of A waves - may be seen in patient with intracranial HTN and decreased intracranial compliance C waves - significance unknown - appear to be r/t rhythmic variations of the systemic arterial BP and respirations

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] if increased ICP when are corticosteroids (ie dexamethasone) used vs not used

Output: used - if brain tumor is the cause not used - if TBI is the cause

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] methods to decrease cerebral edema

Output: osmotic diuretics if brain tumor - dexamethasone fluid restriction

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] methods to maintain cerebral perfusion

Output: improvements in CO made using fluid volume and inotropic agents such as Dobutrex (dobutamine hydrochlorideand Levophed (norepinephrine bitartrate)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] how is the effectiveness of CO to maintain cerebral perfusion reflected?

Output: by a CPP > 70 mm Hg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] hyperventilation r/t ICP

Output: hyperventilation leads to a decrease in PaCo2 and vasocontriction of cerebral vessels, decreasing ICP -may not be so beneficial -use only is other therapies refractory

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] PaCo2 should be maintained at

Output: 30-35 mm Hg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] controlling CSF volume r/t ICP

Output: can drain with a ventriculostomy but caution b/c excessive drainage may result in collapse of the ventricles and herniation

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] why is controlling fever important to control ICP

Output: fever increases cerbral metabolism and the rate at which cerebral edema forms

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] why should shivering be avoided when reducing fever?

Output: shivering is associated with increased oxygen consumption, increased level of circulating catecholamines, and increased vasocontriction

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] methods to maintain oxygenation

Output: monitor arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry HgB saturation can be optimized to provide oxygen more efficiently at the cellular level

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] methods to reduce metabolic demands

Output: if pt unresponsive to conventional treatment - high does of barbituates paralyzing agents such as propofol (Diprivan)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] goals for a patient with increased ICP

Output: maintain a patent airway normalization of respiration adequate cerebral tissue perfusion through reduction in ICP restoration of fluid balance absence of infection absence of complications

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Cheyne-Stokes respirations may result from

Output: increased pressure on the frontal lobes or deep midline structure

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] hyperventilation may result from...

Output: pressure in the midbrain

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] irregular respirations that eventually cease result from

Output: pressure on the pons and medulla

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] PaCo2 should be maintained at or above

Output: > 60 mm Hg

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] to decrease intraabdominal or intrathoracic pressure

Output: no coughing or sneezing no Vasalva maneuver -stool softeners (but not enemas or cathartics) -when moving, instruct pt to exhale

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] During nursing interventions, ICP should not increase more than

Output: ICP should not increase more than 25 mm Hg and should return to baseline within 5 minutes -if so pt may need sedation and a paralytic agent before

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] for the patient receiving mannitol, the nurse observes for complications such as

Output: heart failure and pulmonary edema

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what urine output may indicate the development of diabetes insipidus

Output: greater than 250 mL/hr for 2 consecutive hours

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] S/S meningitis

Output: fever chills nuchal rigidity increasing or persistent headache

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what is the primary complication of increased ICP

Output: brain herniation

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Order in which S/S of increased ICP can be seen, early to late

Output: 1. Disorientation, restlessness, increased respiratory effort, purposeless movements, mental confustion 2. Pupillary change, impaired extraocular movement 3. Weakness in one extremity or on one side of the body 4. Headache that is constant, increasing in intensity, and aggravated by movement or straining LATER 5. LOC deteriorates until pt is comatose 6. Pulse and respiratory rate decrease or become erratic, BP increases, temp increases, pulse pressure widens, fluctuating pulse 7. alterd respiratory patterns (ie Cheyne-Stoke and ataxic breathing) 8. Projective vomiting 9. Hemiplegia, decordticate, decerebrate, or bilateral flaccidity 10. Loss of brain stem reflexes, incl. pupillary, corneal, gag, and swallowing reflexes (ominous sign of approaching death)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Medications that may be prescribed before supratentorial and infratentorial intracranial surgery

Output: -antiseizure meds - phenytoin (Dilantin) or phenytoin metabolite (Cerbyx) before to reduce the risk of post-op seizures -corticosteroids - dexamethasone (Decadron) - if brain tumor to reduce cerebral edema -fluids restricted -hyperosmotic agent - mannitol -diuretic agent - furosemide (Lasix) - IV before and sometimes during -antibiotics if a chance of contamination -to reduce anxiety - diazepam (Valium)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] ongoing postop management for cranial surgery

Output: reducing cerebral edema relieving pain preventing seizures monitoring ICP

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] mannitol

Output: used to reduce cerebral edema, works by increasing serum osmolality and drawing free water from areas of the brain. the fluid is then excreted by osmotic diuresis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] dexamethasone (Decadron)

Output: corticosteroid to reduce cerebral edema. if post cranial surgery.. IV q6h for 24-72h, route changed to oral asap, dosage tapered over 5-7 days

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] acetaminophen

Output: usually prescribed post cranial surgery for temp exceeding 99.6 and for pain

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] meds to decrease pain post cranial surgery

Output: codeine IV morphine sulfate

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what should be given to patients after supratentorial neurosurgical procedures?

Output: antiseizure meds such as phenytoin or diazepam b/c of the high risk for seizures

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] potential complications of intracranial surgery

Output: increased ICP bleeding and hypovolemic shock fluid and electrolyte disturbances infection seizures

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] when does cerebral edema peak after brain surgery

Output: 24-36 hours after surgery, producing decreased responsiveness the second post-op day

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] After cranial surgery, when might a clot be suspected?

Output: If the patient does not awaken as expected or whose condition deteriorates

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] After cranial surgery, what is suspected if the patient has any new neurologic deficits, especially a dilated pupil on the operative side?

Output: an intracranial hematoma

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Patients undergoing surgery for brain tumor often receive large doses of corticosteroids and therefore tend to develop hyperglycemia. Serum glucose levels are measured...

Output: every 4-6 hours. These patients are also prone to gastric ulcers, so H2 blockers are prescribed to suppress the secretion of gastric acid. The patient also is monitored for bleeding and assessed for gastric pain.

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what should be monitored if DI develops post op

Output: serum potassium levels intake and output urine specific gravity q1h

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] is SIADH usually self limited?

Output: yes

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] If the patient complains of a salty taste or post nasal drip...

Output: this can be caused by CSF trickling down the throat

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] Before and after cranial surgery, what is a very important med to administer...

Output: anti-seizure meds may prevent the development of seizures in subsequent months or years

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] on to seizures...

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] automatisms

Output: involuntary motor activity, such as lip smacking or repeated swallowing

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] after a seizure, the patient is at risk for

Output: hypoxia vomiting aspiration

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what complication is associated with long term use of antiseizure meds?

Output: bone loss, so patients should be assessed for low bone mass and osteoporosis and give instruction about other strategies to reduce their risk for osteoporosis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] simple partial seizures

Output: only a finger or hand may shake, or mouth may jerk may talk unintelligibly, may be dizzy, may experience unusual sensations -no loss of consciousness

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] two types of seizures

Output: partial seizures - begin in one part of the brain generalized seizures - involve electrical discharges in the whole brain

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] complex partial seizures

Output: -either remains motionless -ormoves automatically but inappropriately for time and place -may experience excessive emotions of fear, anger, elation, or irritability -does not remember episode when it is over

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] generalized seizures

Output: involve both hemispheres, causing both sides of the body to react -intense rigidity may occur followed by generalized tonic-clonic contraction -characteristic epileptic cry from contractions of the diaphragm and chest muscles -tongue often chewed -incontinence -after 1-2 minutes movements begin to subside, patient relaxes, lies in a deep coma, and breathes noisily, respirations abdominal, often confused and hard to arouse for hours -many report headache, sore muscles, fatigue, and depression

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] special needs of women with epilepsy

Output: -increase in seizure frequency during menses -effectiveness of OC's decreases with antiseizure meds -risk for congenital fetal anomaly 2-3x greater for their pregnancies

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] What is the leading cause of new onset epilepsy in the elderly?

Output: cardiovascular disease

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] elderly patients on antiseizure meds must be monitored closely for

Output: adverse and toxic effects osteoporosis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] major complications for patients with epilepsy

Output: status epilepticus medication side effects also, osteoporosis from antiseizure meds

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what should the activity level for a person with epilepsy be

Output: moderate is therapeutic, excessive should be avoided

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] ketogenic diet

Output: may be helpful for control of seizures of some patient, especially children -high-protein, low-carb

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] alcohol and seizures

Output: seizures are known to occur with alcohol intake

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] side effects of phenytoin (Dilantin)

Output: gingival hyperplasia -to prevent or control, oral hygiene after each meal, gum massage, daily flossing, regular dental care

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] signs of antiseizure med toxicity

Output: drowsiness lethargy dizziness difficulty walking hyperactivity confusion inappropriate sleep visual disturbances

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] seizure triggers include

Output: alcohol electrical shocks stress caffeine constipation fever hyperventilation hypoglycemia lack of sleep

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Output: severe skin rash, blood dyscrasias, hepatitis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of clonazepam (Klonopin)

Output: hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow failure, ataxia

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of gabapentin (Neurontin)

Output: leukopenia, hepatotoxicity

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of lamotrigine (Lamictal)

Output: severe rash (Steven-Johnson syndrome)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of phenytoin (Dilantin)

Output: severe skin reaction, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, drowsiness, blood dyscrasias

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of topiramate (Topamax)

Output: nephrolithiasis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] toxic effects of valproate (Depakote, Depakene)

Output: hepatotoxicity, skin rash, blood dyscrasias, nephritis

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] what common antiseizure meds are associated with kidney problems if at toxic levels

Output: topiramate (Topamax) valproate (Depakote)

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] how long does status epilepticus last?

Output: at least 30 minutes, even within loss of consciousness

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] factors that precipitate status epilepticus

Output: withdrawal of antiseizure meds fever concurrent infection

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] cumulative effects produced by status epilepticus

Output: -vigorous muscular contractions impose a heavy metabolic demand and can interfere with respirations-respiratory arrest at the height of each seizure produces venous congestion an hypoxia of the brain - repeated episodes of cerebral anoxia and edema can lead to irreversible and fatal brain damage

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] meds for status epilepticus to halt seizures

Output: Valium, Ativan, or Cerebyx IV injection of glucose if caused by hypoglycemia if initial treatment unsuccessful, general anesthesia with a short acting barbituate can be used

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] postictal the nurse should monitor..

Output: respiratory and cardiac function b.c. of the risk for delayed depression of respiration and BP secondary to admin of antiseizures meds and sedatives

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] foods that contain tyramine and can trigger a migraine

Output: chocolate cheese coffee dairy products

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [akinetic mutism] how does alcohol affect blood vessels

Output: causes vasodilation

Neuro - Ch 61 - Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction Flashcards - Cram.com

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes


Input: [1] A comparison based on a similarity in some detail between things that are otherwise unlike [2]

Output: analogy

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Words that mean opposite things [2]

Output: antonyms

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The people for whom a piece of writing is intended [2]

Output: audience

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A writer’s reason for creating a work [2]

Output: author's purpose

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The person, action, or event that makes something else happen and what happens as a result of the event or action [2]

Output: cause and effect

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Animals, people, or imaginary creatures that take part in the action of the story [2]

Output: characters

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The arrangement of details in time order. [2]

Output: chronological

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The most exciting and important part of the story [2]

Output: climax

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pointing out similarities between two or more things [2]

Output: compare

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] An overall opinion that you form after reading a passage [2]

Output: conclusion

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Main problem facing a story’s main character or characters; usually introduced at the beginning of a story [2]

Output: conflict

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Meanings that a word has acquired through use [2]

Output: connotation

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The words that come before and after a particular word in a passage [2]

Output: context clues

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pointing out differences between two or more things [2]

Output: contrast

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The dictionary meaning of a word [2]

Output: denotation

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The conversations carried on between characters in a piece of writing [2]

Output: dialogue

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A statement than can be proven true or false [2]

Output: fact

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact [2]

Output: fiction

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Language used in writing to make it more expressive [2]

Output: figurative language

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] In this point of view, the story is told by one of the characters [2]

Output: first person

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A graphic organizer that shows sequence [2]

Output: flow chart

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A category of books [2]

Output: genre

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A visual aid, such as a chart or timeline, that helps to present information [2]

Output: graphic organizer

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] An exaggeration or overstatement for effect [2]

Output: hyperbole

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] An expression that can’t be understood simply by knowing the literal meaning of the words in it [2]

Output: idiom

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A determination that you make, based on information and evidence provided in a passage [2]

Output: inference

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] This is what a selection is mostly about. It can be expressed as a summary of the text and is explained further with supporting details. [2]

Output: main idea

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A figure of speech that points out the similarities of two different things without using the words “like” or “as” [2]

Output: metaphor

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The emotion a writer intends for the reader to feel [2]

Output: mood

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Writing that is not fictional and is usually written to explain, argue, or describe [2]

Output: nonfiction

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Words that sound like the object or action described [2]

Output: onomatopoeia

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A viewpoint or personal belief that cannot be proven true or false [2]

Output: opinion

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Text organization in which the most important fact is presented first [2]

Output: order of importance

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Giving human qualities to an object or abstract idea [2]

Output: personification

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The action or sequence of events in a story [2]

Output: plot

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Writing that uses literary elements, such as rhyme, to present ideas or experiences to the reader [2]

Output: poetry

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The vantage point from which a story is told [2]

Output: point of view

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A reasonable guess about what will happen next in a story [2]

Output: prediction

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Syllables added to the beginning of a root word to form a new word [2]

Output: prefix

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The last part of a story, where you find out how everything turned out [2]

Output: resolution

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Events in a story after the conflict but before the climax (usually most of the story!) [2]

Output: rising action

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The time and place in which the action of a story occurs [2]

Output: setting

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A comparison of two different things, using either “as” or “like” as a connecting word [2]

Output: simile

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A grouping of lines in a poem, similar to a paragraph [2]

Output: stanza

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Syllables added to the end of a root word to form a new word [2]

Output: suffix

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A brief description of a story or event, identifying the main idea of the passage and the most important details, using your own words [2]

Output: summary

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Additional descriptions, explanations, and details that help to strengthen the author’s point [2]

Output: supporting details

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Literary device that uses one, usually concrete, thing to stand for another, usually abstract, thing [2]

Output: symbolism

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Words that have the same (or almost the same) meaning [2]

Output: synonyms

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The general meaning or “life lesson” of a story (Many stories have more than one!) [2]

Output: theme

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] In this point of view, the story is told by a narrator who stands outside the story and observes the events as they unfold [2]

Output: third person

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A base word that is used to make a bigger word [2]

Output: root word

Reading Terms Ontario Middle School 6th Grade Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [social group] social category

Output: A collection of individuals who have at least one attribute in common but otherwise don’t necessarily interact.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] social aggregate

Output: A collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise don’t necessarily interact, except in the most superficial of ways, or have anything else in common.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] primary group

Output: A group that is usually small, that is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties, and that lasts over time.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] secondary group

Output: A group that is larger and more impersonal than a primary group and that exists to achieve a specific purpose.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] reference group

Output: A group that sets a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] in-group

Output: A group to which members feel particularly loyal and take great pride in belonging.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] out-group

Output: A group with which an in-group feels it is competing for various kinds of rewards and compared to which the in-group feels superior.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] social network

Output: The totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and groups.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] dyad

Output: A two-person group.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] triad

Output: A three-person group.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] instrumental leader

Output: A leader whose main focus is to achieve group goals and accomplish group tasks.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] expressive leader

Output: A leader whose main focus is to maintain and improve the quality of relationships among group members and more generally to ensure group harmony.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] authoritarian leadership

Output: Leadership with a primary focus on achieving group goals and on rigorous compliance with group rules.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] democratic leadership

Output: Leadership that involves extensive consultation with group members on decisions.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] laissez-faire leadership

Output: Leadership that allows a group to function on its own.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] groupthink

Output: The tendency of group members to remain silent and, against their better judgments, to go along with the desires and views of other group members.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] formal organization

Output: A large group that follows explicit rules and procedures to achieve specific goals and tasks.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] utilitarian organizations

Output: Organizations that people join to provide them an income or some other personal benefit.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] normative organizations

Output: Formal organizations that people join to pursue their moral goals and commitment.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] voluntary organizations

Output: Normative organizations.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] coercive organizations

Output: Formal organizations that people enter involuntarily.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] bureaucracy

Output: A formal organization with certain organizational features designed to achieve goals in the most efficient way possible.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] bureaucratic ritualism

Output: In a bureaucracy, a greater devotion to rules and regulations (red tape) than to organizational goals.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] iron law of oligarchy

Output: Robert Michels’s prediction that large organizations inevitably develop an oligarchy, or the undemocratic rule of many people by just a few people, because their leaders monopolize knowledge and act to advance their own positions.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [social group] whistle-blowing

Output: The revealing by an employee of organizational practices that the employee believes to be illegal and/or immoral.

Sociology Terms and Theory Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and share a common identity.


Input: [utility] total utility

Output: the amount of satisfaction obtained from consuming the entire good/ service

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] marginal utility

Output: the change in total utility obtained by consumer an additional unit of a good or service

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] law of diminishing marginal utility

Output: as more of a good is consumed, the amount of satisfaction gained declines

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] price elasticity of demand

Output: the percent change in quantity demanded divided by the percent change in price

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] elastic price

Output: demand curve is horizontal E>1 usually means it's a luxury good Any increase in price and QD will be zero Inverse relationship bw price and spending

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] inelastic price

Output: demand curve is vertical E<1 usually means it's a necessity consumers are willing to pay any price to get it positive relationship bw spending and price

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Unitary Elastic Price

Output: demand curve is downward sloping normal goods regular relationship bw price and spending

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] determinants of the price elasticity of demand (list)

Output: availability of substitutes importance of household budgets time necessities vs. luxuries

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] availability of substitutes (determinants of the price elasticity of demand)

Output: lots of subs: elastic no subs: inelastic

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] importance of household budget (determinants of the price elasticity of demand)

Output: high income: more elastic low income: more inelastic

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] time (determinants of the price elasticity of demand)

Output: more time, more elastic and time to make best decision ex. travel less time, more inelastic and things become necessary ex. businessmen

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] total revenue

Output: price of a product multiplied by the quantity sold TR= P x Q

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Price HIkes

Output: 1) increase TR only if demand is inelastic 2) reduce TR only if demand elastic 3) does not change total revenue if demand s unitary elastic

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Price elasticity changes along a demand curve, so does.....

Output: total revenue

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] income elasticity of demand

Output: % change is QD divided by % change in income measures the response of the demand curve shifting due to income changes

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Normal good

Output: good in which demand increases as income increases.... ex. steak, main brand name products

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] inferior good

Output: good in which demand decreases as income increases....ex. hamburger, generic brand stuff

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] optimal consumption

Output: the mix of consumer purchases that maximized the utility attainable from available income

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] indifference curve

Output: a curve depicting alternate combinations of good that yield the same total utility (satisfaction)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] budget constraint

Output: all combos of goods affordable with a given income

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] we want the highest indifference curve that is within our budget for .....

Output: optimal consumption

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] we order our bills by

Output: price elasticity

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] production function

Output: the maximum amount of output attainable from alternative combos of factor inputs ex. Factors of production

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] productivity

Output: output per unit of input. just a number

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] efficiency

Output: maximum output of a good from the resources used in production

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] golden rule of output

Output: no waste

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] just bc productivity is up, doesn't mean it is .....

Output: efficient

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] marginal physical product (MPP)

Output: the change is total output associated with one additional input (labor and capital)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] increasing marginal returns

Output: to a factor of production occur when marginal product of the factor is rising as more of it is used

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] negative marginal returns

Output: occur when additional units of a variable factor of production reduce total output (annoying people/ screwing off)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] the law of diminishing marginal returns

Output: the marginal physical product of a a variable input declines as more of it is employed

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] fixed costs

Output: costs of productions that do not change when the rate of output is altered ex. rent, lease, mortgage

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] variable costs

Output: costs of production that dont change when the rate of output is altered

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] total costs

Output: fixed cost + variable cost FC+VC= TR

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] avg fixed costs (AFC)

Output: fixed costs / output

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] avg variable cost (AVC)

Output: variable cost / output

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] avg total cost (ATC)

Output: total cost / output (makes a "U" shape on the P vs QD graph)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Marginal cost (MC)

Output: the increase in total costs when an additional unit of output is produced (change in total cost / change in output)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Costs will be the lowest to produce when what two curves intersect?

Output: avg total cost and marginal cost

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] economic cost

Output: value of all resources used to produce a good or service and opportunity cost (explicit and implicit costs)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] accounting cost

Output: implicit costs, dollar amount included.

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] profit

Output: the difference bw firms TR and total accounting costs TR-TC=total profit

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] short run

Output: planning period during which some factors of prod are fixed in quantity and cannot be changed

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] long run

Output: planning period during which all factors of prod. are variable

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] capital intensive vs labor intensive

Output: longer short vs. quicker short run

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] return to scale

Output: how costs will be affected by the size of the plant and equipment

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] increased return to scale

Output: increase plant size, decrease cost per unit

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] constant return to scale

Output: increases in plant size do not affect minimum cost per unit

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] diseconomies (decreasing) returns to scale

Output: increase in plantn size, increase cost per unit

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] economic profits=TR-total eco costs

Output: accounting profit + implicit costs

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] normal profit =

Output: zero economic profit (covers salaries, dividends, market profit)

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] types of market structures

Output: the number and size of firms in an industry

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] perfect competition

Output: large number of firms and buyer market which no buyer or seller has market power compete with price

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] monopolistic competition

Output: a market that has many firms producing similar products but each has some independent control of its price compete for image

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] oligopoly

Output: a market where a few firms produce all or most of the market supply of a particular good or service, influences rivals choices compete for market share

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] duopoly

Output: a market that consists of two firms

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] monopoly

Output: a firm that produces the entire supply of a particular good or service

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] market supply decisions

Output: price of inputs technology expectations taxes # of firms

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] Perfect competition market characteristics

Output: a large number of buyers and sellers perfect information identical products MC = Profit esae of entry and ext - low barriers to entry zero economic profit in long run

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] perfect competition frim characteristics

Output: demand curve is horizontal, share in the market so small it changes output doesn't disturb market equilibrium a firm can only sell its output at market price (only decision is how much to produce) TR= p x q TR curve is upward linear goal to maximize profit, not revenue

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [utility] firm profit maximizing -short run

Output: profit is the difference bw TR and TC

the satisfaction a consumer obtains from consuming a good/ service


Input: [2] the study of how the body functions is pysiology [1]

Output: Physiology

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the study of disease [1]

Output: Patholoygy

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] would be like the structure of the stomach [1]

Output: Study of an antatomist

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] this disease would be best studied in Pathology [1]

Output: A disease called Retina

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The field of study best suited for this is Anatomy [1]

Output: Structure of the inner ear

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell, tissue, organ, system, organism [1]

Output: The levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the system that transport blood to and from the cell [1]

Output: Circulatory system

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com