Input: 1. state funds are run and administered by insurers themselves 2. Insurers pay into the fund only when another insurer has failed (except NY) 3. The size of required contirbutions varies from state to state 4. there is a delay between recognizing the need to pay PH and actually paying them

Output: State Guarantee funds differ from deposit insurance in 4 ways

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Open end fund must be ready to buy back shares from investors - investors can create a run on a mutual fund similar to a bank run - potential mutual fund insolvency is less of an incetnive to sell shares than falling asset values, because in the event of a mutual fund's failure, investors share asset losses equally

Output: Mutual Funds' Liquidity Risk Exposures

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - a bank run based on percieved financial trouble the last depositors in line get nothing - a mutual fund run, the last investors in line get the same amount of cash per share as all other investors. - on the other hand, if asset values are falling the longer the mutual fund investors wait to sell their shares, the more money they will lose

Output: Bank run vs. Mutual fund run

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - channel funds from those with surplus funds to those that need funds - allow indirect transfer of funds in which buyers and sellers deal with an intermediary instead of with each other

Output: Roles of FIs in financial markets

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Buyers and sellers would engage in direct transfer of funds in with corporations sell: 1. equities (common & preferred stocks) 2. debt (commercial paers and bonds) directly to investors

Output: Without FIs

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: 1. Monitoring costs - invoestors must constantly monitor the use of their funds 2. Liquidity costs - loss of liquidity upon invesment, especially long term projects 3. Price risk - investors take the risk that an asset's sale price will be lower than its purchase price

Output: 3 disadvantages to direct invesment

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: as delegated monitors, FIs monitor the use of all their investors funds by the ultimate user of those funds for far less money that it would take all investors to monitor their own investments seperately.

Output: FIs reduce monitoring costs

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: By buying corporations securities and issuing them as secondary securities that can be bought and sold quickly, financial institutions increase liquidity and decrease the price risk of those assets, making them more attractive to investors - FIs reduce their own investment risks & pass those reductions along to investors, through diversification

Output: FIs transform assets

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Conduct transactions more efficiently than individual investors by using "economies of scale" (cost reduction from increased efficiency)

Output: FIs reduce transaction costs

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - FIs can purposely mismatch matuirities to offer both buyers and sellers the maturities they want - a typical mismatch has the FI funding a longterm mortgage loan w/funds from a short term savings and checking deposits - The FI essentially assumers the interst rate risk that small investors can't handle

Output: FIs act as maturity intermediaries

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - FIs can by assets sold in very large denominations and sell shares of those assets to small investors who otherwise wouldn't be able to afford the minimum investment - EX: a FI can buy a negotiated CD @ the minimum sale of $100K and then sell shares of the DC to small investors through a mutual funds.

Output: FIs act as denomination intermediaries

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: The size of the money supply is determined largely by band and/or thrift deposits

Output: FIs transmit monetary policy

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Control the money supply and thus control the rate of inflation

Output: The federal reserve uses it control over depository institutions to:

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the measure of the money stock in a nation

Output: Money Supply

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - FIS can extend credit to those sectors of the economy in need of financing - Policymakers decide which secotrs need financing and then encourage FIs to extend credit

Output: FIs allocate credit

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Pension and life insurance funds let savers trasnfer wealth from their youth to their old age, or from ongeneration ot the next

Output: FIs can act as time intermediaries

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Depository institutions provide check clearing and wire transfer services to speed up the payment process amoung buyers and sellers

Output: FIs provide payment services

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - reduce monitoring costs - transform assets - reduce transation consts - act as matuirty intermediaries - act as denomination intermeidiaries - transmit monetary policy - Allocate credit - act as time intermediaries - provide payemnt services

Output: FIs do these 9 things through indirect transfer

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: regulates financial markets by: 1. emphasizing full and fair disclosure of information 2. monitoring markets for evidence of insider trader

Output: The Securities and Exchange commission (SEC)

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Financial markets in other countires, denominated in currencies other than US dollars - risk depreciation of that foreign currency relative to the dollar

Output: Foreign Exchange Markets

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Trades newly issued securities - Corporations can rais money by selling newly issued stocks to investors

Output: Primary Market

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Arrange primary market transactions by buying a corporation's entire new issue at a set price and then selling that new issue to investors at a slightly higher price

Output: Investment Banks

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: A corporations first public issue of financial instruments

Output: Initial Public Offering (IPO)

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Trades previously issued securities. The original issuer of the security is not involved in the trade - Trade in stocks, bonds, financial instruments backed by mortgages and other assets, foreign exchange and derivative securities

Output: Secondary Market

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: securities whose payoffs are linked to other previously issued securities

Output: Derivative securities

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Providing information on the current value of its previously issued securities, which in turn reflects the corporations current value and influencing the likely selling price of any new issue

Output: Secondary markets benefit both buyers and sellers by

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - trades money market instruments which are debt securities with maturities of less than one year - Price fluctuatiosn in the money market are small - US money markets are called (OTC) over the counter markets because they don't operate in a specific location but do trade via phone, wire transfer, and computer

Output: The Money Market

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: trades capital market instruments which are debt and equities instruments with maturities of more than one year (or no maturity at all) - Price fluctuatiosn are larger than with money market instruments

Output: The capital market

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: 1. credit rsk 2. Foreign exchange risk 3. country or soverieng risk 4. interest rate risk 5. market risk 6. off balance sheet risk 7. liquidity risk 8. Technology risk 9. Operational risk 10. Insolvency risk

Output: 10 riskes face by FIs

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that promised cash flows from loans and securities held by FIs will not be paid in full

Output: Credit risks

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that fluctating exchange rates will adversly affect the values of assets and liabilities located abroad if the dollar depreciates or the foreign currency appreciates

Output: Foregin exchange risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that repayments from foreign borrowers will be interrupted due to interference from foreign government

Output: Country or sovereign risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: occurs when the baturities of the FIs assets and liabilites are mismatches

Output: Interest rate risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that changes in interest rates, exchange rates and other prices will result in trading losses

Output: Market Risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that the FI will lose money due to activities related to contigent assets and liabilities

Output: off balance sheet risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that a surge in liabilitiy withdrawals will force the FI to liquidate assets a low prices

Output: Liquidity risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that technological investments won't produce the expected savings

Output: Technology risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that existing technology or support systems will break down

Output: Operational risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the risk that the FI won't have enough capital to offset a sudden decline in the value of its assets

Output: Insolvency risk

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Foreign countries have more $ to invest in other countries - international investors have been very interest in buying inot US and private pension as the value of public pension in Europe has decreased - The internet and other technological advances have made interational investmenst easier to research - FI encouragement of foreign investments - deregulation in many foreign countries

Output: 5 factors that have caused the globalization of financial markets

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - dollar denominated bonds issued in Europe - They are not regulated by the SEC - They account for over 80% of new issues in the international bond market

Output: Eurodollar bonds

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - 12 Federal Reserve Banks - Each located in one of 12 Federal Reserve districts - 7 member board of governors (located in DC)

Output: The federal reserve

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Interset on government securities - interest on bank reserves - fees fro services provided to member banks

Output: Most income of Federal Reserve Bands come from...

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: 1. Conduct monetary policy 2. supervise and regulate depository institutions 3. stabilize the financial system 4. Provide financial services

Output: 4 major functions of the federal reserve

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - the FRB presidents serve on the Federal Open Market Committee - set and change the discount rate

Output: Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: the interest rate on "lender of last resort" loan made by Federal Reserve Banks to depository institutions

Output: Discount rate

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - examing banks, issue warnings to bansk about unsafe practices and approve applications for expanded activities

Output: The Federal Reserve Banks supervise and regulate depository institutions

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: through monetary policy and through supervisory and regulatory activities

Output: The Federal Reserve stabilizes the financial system

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - operate as commercail banks for the US treasury - hold gov't agencies collateral on funds NOT protected by deposit insurance - operate the US savings bond scheme - issue, sell, and service Treasury and other gov't securities - collect, replace, and distribute currency - operate the central check clearing system for US banks - operate 2 wire transfer services - gather and analyze economic datea and developments in the banking system

Output: Federal reserve banks provide financial services

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: The Fedwire adn automated Clearinghouse

Output: 2 wire transfer services operate by the Federal reserve

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - formulates and conducts monetary policy - supervises and regulates state chartered member banks, bank holding companies, and Edge Act and agreement corporations - Member are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. - The chairman advises the president on economic policy

Output: The Federal Reserve Board

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: The major monetary policymaking body of the Federal Reserve Ssytem. - Consists of: - the 7 members of the Federal reserve board - President of the Federal Reserve bank of NY - the presidents of 4 other FRB's on a rotating basis

Output: Federal Open Committee

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: open market regulations (purchase and sales of US gov't and federal agency securities by the Fed) in accordance with FOMC policies to promote full employment of economic growith, price stability, and a sustainable pattern of international trade. - it also guides the Feds activities in foreign exchange markets and monitors the discount rate.

Output: The Federal Open Market Committee sets guidelines regarding....

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Teasury securities, treasury currecny gold and foreign exchange - The fed owns substantial treasury because its open market operations involve buying and selling treasury securities

Output: The major assets of the Fed's balance sheet

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: 1. Currency in circulation 2. Reserves

Output: Majory liabilities on the Fed's balance sheet

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Teh sum of currency in circulation and reserves

Output: Money base or Monetary base

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Currency outside the US treasury, Fed REserve bansk and vaults of depository institutions PLUS travelers checks of nonbank issuers PLUS demand depositis at all commercial banks PLUS other checkable deposits

Output: Money Supply Definitions M1

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: M1 PLUS deposits and small denomination time deposits and balances in reatil money market mutual funds

Output: Money Supply Definitions M2

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: M2 plus large denominatin time deposits, balances in institutional money funds, RP liabilities issued by all depository institutions and eurodollars held by US residents at foregn branches of US banks and all banking offices in the UK and Canada

Output: Money Supply Definitions M3

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: INclude depository institution reserve balances at the Fed and vault cash - Depository institution reserve balances include: - required reserves (reserve bansk must hold) - excess reserves (reserve banks choose to hold)

Output: Reserves

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - earn no interest, banks trade excess reserves among themselves at the fed funds rate

Output: excess reserves

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: benchmark interest rate used to guide monetary policy

Output: Fed funds rate

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: 1. reduce inflation, encourage low unemployment and/or 2. control economic growth

Output: By changing the fed funds rate or required reserve, the fed can....

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: The FOMC issues policy directives to the Federal reserve board trading desk. - The trading desk then tells tratders how many US treasury securities to buy or sell to reach the money supply target

Output: Open Market Operations

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: It increases the selling banks' reserve deposity accounts, which increases banks' abilities to make new loans and to create new depositis, thereby increasing our nations money supply

Output: When the Fed buys securities

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: (1/reserve requirement)(open market purchases)

Output: The increase in money supply equals

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: It decreases the buying banks reserve deposit accountes, which reducses the banks abilities to loan money and to creat new deposits, decreasing the money supply

Output: When the Fed sells securities

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: The trading desk can temporarliy affect the moeny supply by issuing repurchase agreements. - let banks sell securities but require them to buy the same securities back in a day or two

Output: Repurchase Agreements

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - Fed raises rate to signal its desire to see higher interest rates and less borrowing in general - Fed lowers rate to encourage lower interest rates adn more borrowing - Rarely used as monetary policy tool. Because its hard to predict how a change will affect bank kiscount window borrowing and financial markets overall

Output: Discount Rate

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: - The Fed changes the reserve ratio to increase or decrease reserve requirements - Increasing the reserve rations increases the amoutns of reserves bands must hold and thus decreases the banks' ability to loan. That in turn decreases our nations money supply - The Fed changes the reserve ratio much less often tha it chagnes the discount rate.

Output: Reserve Ratio

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: (1/reserve requirement) (Cahnge in reserve created by new reserve requirement change)

Output: The Change in bank deposits equals

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Primary Credit - very short term loan to generally sound FI. Maybe used for any purpose Secondary Credit - very short term loan offered to FIs that don't qulaify for primary credit. May not be used to add to borrowers assets Seasonal Credit - loan used to solve a seasonal liquidity problem. Offered to banks that can demonstrate a historical seasonal pattern to their bussiness.

Output: 3 types of discount window loans

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Fed activities that increase (or expand) the money supply 1. increase money supply 2. decrease interest rates 3. increase prices of securities 4. encourage borrowing and spending 5. decrease the foreign exchange value of the dollar 6. increase US exports 7. increase production 8. increase inflation

Output: Expansionary Activities

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: Fed activities that decrease or contract money supply: 1. decrease the money supply 2. increase interest rates 3. lower the price of securities 4. discourage borrwoing and spending 5. increas teh foreign exchange value of the dollar 6. decrease US exports 7. decrease production 8. decrease inflation

Output: Contractionary Activities

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: tareting the money supply leads to volatile - and thus hard to target - interest rates and targeting interest rates leads to volatile changes in the money supply - So the Fed must target one adn let the other variable fluctuate freely

Output: The Fed can't target both interest rates and the money supply simultaneoulsy because...

Central banks influence their country's rates


Input: sensorimotor (birth-2yrs) pre-operational (2-7 yrs) concrete operational (7-11 yrs) formal operational (11)

Output: Piagets stages of cognitive development

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally Achieves object permanence

Output: Sensorimotor characterisitics

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: learns language and represents objects by images and words(symbolic though) Egocentric thinking Classifies objects by a single feat:all red objects together despite different shapes

Output: Preoperational characteristics

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: thinks logically about objects and events Conservation of numbers (6yrs), mass(7yrs) and weight (9) Objects classify according to many feats

Output: Concrete operational

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Thinks abstractly Tests hypothesis Concerned with hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems

Output: Formal operational

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: concrete operational so they still understand the concept of dimension, space of objects etc

Output: During amnesia what stage is retained?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: adaptation through assimilation and accomodation

Output: whats piaget principle of learning?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit

Output: whats assimilation

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: difference made to one's mind or concepts by the process of assimilation

Output: assimilation

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behavior include consequences of previous behavior

Output: Behavioral learning focuses on increased probability of a behavior based on

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Unconditioned response Unconditioned response involves actions like salivating. after association with bell ring, salivating was also elicited when the bell was rung

Output: Pavlov and watson use what model for behavior?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: operant conditioning A rat had to press a bar when a light came on, otherwise it would get shocked. Rat quickly learned when to turn on the light

Output: Skinner used what model for behavior?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: social modeling Kid would be in a room, stranger would come in and kicked the bobo doll. Kid then would be allowed to interact wit h bobo doll, and kid would hit in the same manner the doll.

Output: Bandura used what model for behavior

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: behavior is learned faster when theres' a model to follow-parents, media,peers etc

Output: What did Bandura's bobo doll showed about behavior learning?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: its an aversive stimulus with no escape-decreases behavior Encompasses some theories of depression

Output: Whats learned helplessness?

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: associating and learning with things closest to us during critical period Attachement, language, other areas

Output: Imprinting involves

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: when people can't lose weight no matter what they try, they stopped trying.

Output: Obesity and learned helplessness

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: reasoning not actions or to people themselves

Output: Stages of Kohlberg's model refer to

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: moral reasoning is necessary, but not sufficient, condition for moral action

Output: Kohlbergs model characteristics

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: development of moral reasoning

Output: Piagets stages of cognitive development are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: 1. Obedience and punishment orientation 2.Individual exchange Level 2 3.Good interpersonal relationships 4. Maintaining the social order Level 3 5. Social contract and individual rights 6. Universal principles

Output: Kohlberg stages

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Heinz thinking its ok to steal the drug, while the druggist would not

Output: Individual and exchange in the case of the Heinz example may refer to

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: decisions from the perspective of society as a whole

Output: Maintaining the social order refers to

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: what makes for a good society

Output: Social contract and individual rights refers to

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: achieving justice..only ghandi and dr king got here

Output: Universal principles refers to

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values leading to ignore the arguments of other people who value other moral aspects

Output: Gilligan criticized kohlbergs in that

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: he only used male participants and at the time it showed that girls on avg reached a lower level of moral development than boys

Output: Gilligan argues Kohlbergs theory is androcentric meaning

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive capability

Output: Gilligan produced her own stages but the transitions between these stages were fueled by

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: a modified Freudian approach to ego development, combined with elements of Kohlberg and Piaget.

Output: Kolhbergs stages are based on cognitive developments by piaget, whereas Gilligan's are based on

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Preconventional Conventional Post-conventional

Output: Gilligan stages

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: Goal is individual survival

Output: Pre-conventional

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: from selfishness to responsibility to others

Output: Pre-conventional transition to conventional is

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: self sacrifice to others

Output: Conventional goal is

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: goodness to truth

Output: the transition from conventional to post conventional is from

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: principle of nonviolence:do not hurt others or self

Output: Post conventional goal is

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] The current table is organized according to atomic number not atomic mass.

Output: How is Mendeleev's table different from the periodic table used today?

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Mendeleev left blanks in his table because he knew more elements would be found.

Output: What was an important feature of Mendeleev's table.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Moseley

Output: _____ came up with the periodic table organized by atomic number.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] The number of electrons in the outer most energy level.

Output: What determines the chemical properties of an element?

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] closer

Output: The ____ the electrons are to the nucleus, the weaker the electron.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 1st energy level - 2 2nd energy level - 8 3rd energy level - 18 4th energy level - 32

Output: Give the maximum number of electrons in each energy level.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 8 electrons

Output: In order for an element to be stable, how many electrons are needed in the outer most energy level?

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] electron configuration

Output: The __ ____ is the number of electrons in each energy level.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] valence electrons

Output: The electrons in the outermost level are known as the __ ___.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] groups or families

Output: In looking at the periodic table, all elements in vertical columns are known as ___ or ______.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] They all have the same number of valence electrons.

Output: What do the elements in groups have in common?

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] alkali metals

Output: Group 1, found at the left side of the periodic table, are known as ____ ____.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] akaline earth metals

Output: Group 2 is the family known as ___ ___ _____.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] transition metals

Output: The family in the middle of the table (columns 3-12) are strong metals called __ ___.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 13 - Boron Group 14- Carbon Group 15 - Nitrogen Group 16- Oxygen Group 17- Flourine Group 18 - Noble Gases

Output: Give the name of the groups 13-18.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 1. metals 2. nonmetals 3. metalloids

Output: The three classes of elements: 1 2 3

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 3/4

Output: ____ of the elements on the periodic table are metals.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 1. luster 2. malleable 3. ductile 4. conductive - heat/electricity

Output: List the common charactertistics of metals: 1 2 3 4

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Metalloids

Output: _____ have both metals and nonmetal properties.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Semiconductor

Output: _______ metals have a slight conductive property which allows scientist to control the amount of electricity flowing through the metal.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] 1. no luster 2. not malleable or ductile 3. gaseous state 4. poor conductors

Output: Characteristics of nonmetals: 1 2 3

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Electrolytes

Output: ____ is a substance that produces ions upong dissolving.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] sharing convalent bonding

Output: A bond that involves ____ one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms is called _____ ______.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] diatomic molecule

Output: Two atoms of the same element that bond together to form a unit is called __ ___; like H2 or 02.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] gases

Output: Many ____ consist of diatomic molecules.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] Hydrogen

Output: ____ is an element that exists naturally as a diatomic molecule.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] double bond

Output: When an atom shares two electrons in order to bond, it is called __ ___.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] carbon

Output: An organic compound will always contain _______.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: [Mendeleev atomic mass] molecule

Output: The basic unit of a covalent compound is the ___.

9th - Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

_____ organized the element in a useful chart according to their ___ _____.


Input: Control that gives managers immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs so that managers can correct problems as they arise. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Concurrent Control


Input: Control that gives managers information about customers' reactions to goods and services so that corrective action can be taken if necessary. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Feedback Control


Input: measures how efficiently managers are using the organization's resources to generate profits. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Profit Ratios


Input: An organizations net income before taxes divided by its total assets. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Return on Investment


Input: measure how well managers have protected organizational resources to be able to meet short-term obligations. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Liquidity Ratios


Input: current assets divided by current liabilities. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Current Ratios


Input: provide measures of how well managers are creating value from organizational assets. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Activity Ratios


Input: measures how efficiently managers are turning over inventory so that excess inventory is not carried. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Inventory Turnover


Input: a budget that states how managers intend to use organizational resources to achieve organizational goals. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Operating Budgets


Input: A goal-setting process in which a manager and each of his or her subordinates negotiate specific goals and objectives for the subordinate to achieve and then periodically evaluate the extent to which the subordinate is achieving those goals. [Feedforward Control]

Output: MBO - Management by objectives


Input: The set of values, norms, standards of behavior, and common expectations that controls the ways in which individuals and groups in an organization interact with one another and work to achieve organizational goals. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Organizational Culture


Input: The control exerted on individuals and groups in an organization by shared values, norms, standards of behavior, and expectations. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Clan Control


Input: A fast, revolutionary approach to change in which top managers identify what needs to be changed and then move quickly to implement the changes throughout the organization [Feedforward Control]

Output: Top-down change


Input: a gradual or evolutionary approach to change in which managers at all levels work together to develop a detailed plan for change. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Bottom-up change


Input: The process of comparing one company's performance on specific dimensions with the performance of other, high-performing organizations. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Benchmarking


Input: People who notice opportunities and take responsibility for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Entrepreneurs


Input: Employees of existing organizations who notice opportunities for product or service improvements and are responsible for managing the development process [Feedforward Control]

Output: Intrapreneurs


Input: The mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Entrepreneurship


Input: Psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organization, a person's level of effort, and a person's level of persistence. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Motivation


Input: Behavior that is performed for its own sake. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Intrinsically Motivated Behavior


Input: Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Extrinsically Motivated Behavior


Input: Behavior that is performed to benefit or help others. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Pro-socially Motivated Behavior


Input: Anything a person gets from a job or an organization. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Outcome


Input: Anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Input


Input: The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Expectancy Theory


Input: In expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which effort results in a certain level of performance. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Expectancy


Input: A requirement or necessity for survival and well-being. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Need


Input: 5 basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


Input: A need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs and hygiene needs and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Herzberg's Motivator-hygiene theory


Input: The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Need for achievement


Input: The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him or her get along with each other. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Need for affiliation


Input: The extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Need for power


Input: The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Equity


Input: Lack of fairness [Feedforward Control]

Output: Inequity


Input: The inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is less than ratio of a referent. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Underpayment Inequity


Input: The inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is greater than the ratio of a referent. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Overpayment Inequity


Input: Giving people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Positive Reinforcement


Input: Eliminating or removing undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Negative Reinforcement


Input: Administering an undesired or negative consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Punishment


Input: Learning that occurs when the learner becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform it and be reinforced for doing so. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Vicarious Learning


Input: The process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Leadership


Input: An individual who is able to exert influence over other people to help achieve group or organizational goals. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Leader


Input: A leader who has a strong desire to serve and work for the benefit of others. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Servant Leader


Input: The authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in an organization's hierarchy. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Legitimate Power


Input: The ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Reward Power


Input: The ability of a manager to punish others. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Coercive Power


Input: Power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Expert Power


Input: Power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Reference Power


Input: The expansion of employees' knowledge, tasks, and decision-making responsibilities. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Empowerment


Input: An enthusiastic, self-confident leader who is able to clearly communicate his or her vision of how good things could be. [Feedforward Control]

Output: Charismatic


Input: [2] Cytokines [1]

Output: Immunosuppressant drugs interfere with the production or function of immune cells and ___________

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Antigens [1]

Output: Autoimmune disorders occur when a persons immune system loses its ability to differentiate between _________ and its own cells.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Proteins [1]

Output: Autoantigens for some disorders have been identified as specific ___________ and are found in affected tissues.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Immunosupprssant [1]

Output: Allergic asthma, Crohns disease psoriasis psoriatic arthritis and RA are inflammatory disorders that may be treated with ________ drugs.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Immunosuppression. [1]

Output: Although many factor affect graft survival including the degree of matching between donor tissues and recipient tissues drug induced __________ is a major part of transplantation protocols.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Methotrexate [1]

Output: Folate antagonist that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, the enzyme that converts dihydrofolate to the tetrahydrofolate required for bio-synthesis of DNA and cell reproduction.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cyclosporine [1]

Output: Used to prevent rejection reactions and prolong graft survival after solid organ transplantation or to treat with other immunosuppressive agents.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Azathioprine [1]

Output: Antimetabolite that interferes with production of DNA and RNA and thus blocks cellular reproduction, growth, and development.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Sirolimus [1]

Output: Used to prevent renal transplant rejection; inhibits T cell activation and is given concomitantly with corticosteriod and cyclosporine.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An appropriate but undesirable immune response occurs when tissue is transplanted into the body. If the immune response is not suppressed, the body reacts as with other antigens and attempts to destroy the foreign tissue (graft rejection reaction). Although numerous advances have been made in transplantation technology, the immune response remains a major factor in determining the success or failure of transplantation. [1]

Output: How does the body react when foreign tissue is transplanted into the body?

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is a cytokine that plays a major role in the response to infection. Functions of the TNF include activation of monocytes macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. Enhancement of natural killer (NK) functions; Increased leukocyte movement into areas of tissue injury; increased phagocytosis by neutrophils; and stimulation of B and T lymphocytes. Despite the beneficial effects fo a normal amount of TNF however, an excessive TNF response has been associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorder such as RA and Crohns disease. [1]

Output: What role does tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha play in the response to infection?

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Several factors prevent the immune system from turning off the abnormal immune or inflammatory process. One of these factors may be an inadequate number of suppressor T cells, which are thought to be a sub-population of helper or cytotoxic T cells. Another factor may be inadequate amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines(ex. interleukin - 10) [1]

Output: Identify two factors that prevent the immune system from turning off and abnormal immune or inflammatory process.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A rejection reaction occurs when the hosts immune system is stimulated to destroy the transplanted organ. The immune cells of the transplant recipient attach to the donor cells of transplant recipient attach to the donor cells of the transplanted organ and react against the antigens of the donor organ. The rejection process involves T and B lymphocytes, antibodies, multiple cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. In general T cell activation and proliferation are more important in the rejection reaction than B cell activation and formation of the antibodies. Cytotoxic and helper T cells are activated; activated helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies leading to delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The antibodies injure the transplanted organ by activating complement producing antigen antibody complexes, or causing antibody mediated tissue breakdown. [1]

Output: Identify two factors that prevent the immune system form turning off an abnormal immune or inflammatory process.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a Rationale: New Immunosuppressants have more specific effects on the immune system an d may cause fewer or less severe adverse effects than older drugs. [1]

Output: the physician changes Mrs. Gains immunosuppressant to a newer drug. She asks the physician why this is necessary. Which of the following is true about the newer immunosuppressants? a. They have fewer severe adverse effects. b. They are less expensive. c. They will prolong her life. d. They will enhance her health and well being.

Pharm 236 Ch 41 Immunosuppressants Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Topic Sentence Introduce a quote Quote Analysis (Repeat) [What is rhetoric?]

Output: TIQAIQU


Input: to approach and speak to first; to confront in a challenging or aggressive way [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Accost


Input: a comment indicating strong critisim or disapproval [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Animadversion


Input: desirous of something to the point of greed; intensely eager [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Avid


Input: having a salty taste and unpleasent to drink [What is rhetoric?]

Output: brackish


Input: swiftness, rapidity of motion or action [What is rhetoric?]

Output: celerity


Input: straing or wandering from a straight or direct course; done or acting in a shifty or underhanded way [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Devious


Input: in chess, an opening move that involves risk or sacrifice of a minor piece in order to gain a later advantage; any opening move of this type [What is rhetoric?]

Output: gambit


Input: a legendary bird identified with the kingfisher; of relating to the halcyon; calm peaceful; happy, golden; prosperous, affluent [What is rhetoric?]

Output: halcyon


Input: pertaining to actors and their techniques; theatrical, artifical; melodramatic [What is rhetoric?]

Output: histrionic


Input: deliberately setting or causng fires; designed to start fires; tending to stir up strife or rebellion; one who deliberately sets fires, arsonist [What is rhetoric?]

Output: indendiary


Input: whirlpool; turbulence; agitated state of mind [What is rhetoric?]

Output: malestrom


Input: nearsighted [What is rhetoric?]

Output: mypoic


Input: open, not hidden, expressed or revealed in a way that is easily recognized [What is rhetoric?]

Output: overt


Input: tending to make worse; expressing disapproval or disparagement, derogatory, deprecatory, belittling [What is rhetoric?]

Output: pejorative


Input: state of being proper, appropriateness; standards of what is proper of socially acceptable [What is rhetoric?]

Output: propriety


Input: improper or disrespectful treatment of something help sacred [What is rhetoric?]

Output: sacrilege


Input: without delay or formality; briefly, concisely [What is rhetoric?]

Output: summarily


Input: asking humbly and earnestly; one who makes a request humbly and earnestlu, a petioner, suitor [What is rhetoric?]

Output: suppliant


Input: an object that serves as a charm or is believed to confer magical powers; an amulet, fetish [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Talisman


Input: to move in waves or with a wavelike motion; to have a wavelike appearance or form [What is rhetoric?]

Output: undulate


Input: the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Antithesis


Input: to state or present with restraint especially for effect [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Understatement


Input: over exageration [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Hyperbole


Input: Pathos [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Emotional Appeal


Input: Ethos [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Ethical Appeal


Input: logos [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Logical


Input: roughly equal: same, fair, rights, ability Comensation (ex: really good at math not good in English) [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Are men made roughly equal?


Input: envy; jealousy [What is rhetoric?]

Output: ______ and _______ drive our society because we think we're equal.


Input: -rules/consequences -gov't system -fear the repercussions [What is rhetoric?]

Output: How do social contracts control chaos?


Input: -1651 -Civil War in England -War between monarchy and parliament (something needs to be there/don't throw out social contracts) [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Context of Leviathan


Input: allusion to the Bible (a sea monster) People who are ggreedy or envious. [What is rhetoric?]

Output: The title "Leviathan"


Input: -energy and enthusiasim -draw attention back/focus -comparison [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Why does an author use hyperbole?


Input: -evoke shock [What is rhetoric?]

Output: Why does an author use understatement?


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] What Is Market Segmentation?

Output: identifying distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Markets can be segmented by

Output: geography demography socio-cultural factors psychological factors

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Two key market segmentation issues

Output: The differences between countries in the structure of market segments The existence of segments that transcend national borders when segments transcend national borders, a global strategy is possible

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] How Do Product Attributes Influence Marketing Strategy?

Output: A product is like a bundle of attributes Products sell well when their attributes match consumer needs

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] consumer needs depend on

Output: Culture Level of economic development Product and technical standards

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Distribution strategy

Output: the means the firm chooses for delivering the product to the consumer

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] How a product is delivered depends on the firm’s market entry strategy

Output: firms that manufacturer the product locally can sell directly to the consumer, to the retailer, or to the wholesaler firms that manufacture outside the country have the same options plus the option of selling to an import agent

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] There are four main differences in distribution systems

Output: Retail concentration Channel length Channel exclusivity Channel quality

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Retail concentration

Output: concentrated or fragmented in a concentrated retail system, a few retailers supply most of the market – common in developed countries in a fragmented retail system there are many retailers, no one of which has a major share of the market – common in developing countries

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Channel length

Output: the number of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer short channel - when the producer sells directly to the consumer – common with concentrated systems long channel - when the producer sells through an import agent, a wholesaler, and a retailer – common with fragmented retail systems

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Channel exclusivity

Output: how difficult it is for outsiders to access

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Channel quality

Output: the expertise, competencies, and skills of established retailers in a nation, and their ability to sell and support the products of international businesses

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Which Distribution Strategy Should A Firm Choose?

Output: The optimal strategy depends on the relative costs and benefits of each alternative When price is important, a shorter channel is better each intermediary in a channel adds its own markup to the products When the retail sector is very fragmented, a long channel can be beneficial economizes on selling costs can offer access to exclusive channels

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Why Is Communication Strategy Important?

Output: Communicating product attributes to prospective customers is a critical element in the marketing mix

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] What Are The Barriers to International Communication?

Output: Cultural barriers Source and country of origin effects Noise levels

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Cultural barriers

Output: it can be difficult to communicate messages across cultures a message that means one thing in one country may mean something quite different in another

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Source and country of origin effects

Output: Source effects occur when the receiver of the message evaluates the message on the basis of status or image of the sender

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Noise levels

Output: the amount of other messages competing for a potential consumer’s attention in highly developed countries, noise is very high in developing countries, noise levels tend to be lower

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Firms have to choose between two types of communication strategies

Output: Push strategy - emphasizes personnel selling Pull strategy - emphasizes mass media advertising

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Which Is Better – Push Versus Pull?

Output: The choice between strategies depends on product type and consumer sophistication a pull strategy works well for firms in consumer goods selling to a large market segment a pull strategy works better with longer distribution channels Media availability a pull strategy relies on access to advertising media a push strategy works well for industrial products Channel length a push strategy may be better when media is not easily available

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] What Is The Optimal Mix? In general, a push strategy is better

Output: for industrial products and/or complex new products when distribution channels are short when few print or electronic media are available

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] A pull strategy is better for..

Output: consumer goods products when distribution channels are long when sufficient print and electronic media are available to carry the marketing message

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Should A Firm Use Standardized Advertising?

Output: makes sense when it has significant economic advantages creative talent is scarce and one large effort to develop a campaign will be more successful than numerous smaller efforts

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] In regard to pricing strategy firms need to consider 3 key points..

Output: Price discrimination Strategic pricing Regulations that affect pricing decisions

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Price discrimination

Output: occurs when firms charge consumers in different countries different prices for the same product

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] For price discrimination to work

Output: must be able to keep national markets separate countries must have different price elasticities of demand - measure of the responsiveness of demand for a product to changes in price demand is elastic when a small change in price produces a large change in demand demand is inelastic when a large change in price produces only a small change in demand Typically, price elasticities are greater in countries with lower income levels and larger numbers of competitors

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Strategic pricing has three aspects

Output: Predatory pricing Multi-point pricing Experience curve pricing

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Predatory pricing

Output: use profit gained in one market to support aggressive pricing designed to drive competitors out in another market

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Multi-point pricing

Output: a firm’s pricing strategy in one market may have an impact on a rival’s pricing strategy in another market

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Experience curve pricing

Output: price low worldwide in an attempt to build global sales volume as rapidly as possible, even if this means taking large losses initially

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] A firm’s ability to set its own prices may be limited by

Output: Antidumping regulations – Competition policy – regulations designed to promote competition and restrict monopoly practices

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: [What Is The Marketing Mix?] Where Should R&D Be Located?

Output: New product ideas come from the interactions of scientific research, demand conditions, and competitive conditions The rate of new product development is greater in countries where more money is spent on basic and applied research and development demand is strong consumers are affluent competition is intense

The choices the firm offers to its targeted market Product attributes Distribution strategy Communication strategy Pricing strategy


Input: What generates the afferent signal for a cardiovascular reflex?

Output: Mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors)

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What serves as the processor/controller for a cardiovascular reflex?

Output: Brainstem is the primary integrator

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What are the 3 effector systems which are the pathways for efferent signal?

Output: Sympathetic NS, Parasympathetic NS, and endocrine system

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the name given to mechanoreceptors in the walls of the arteries?

Output: baroreceptors

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the name given to mechanoreceptors in the walls of the heart chambers?

Output: cardiopulmonary receptors

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What are the 2 effector targets?

Output: Heart and blood vessels

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: How does the kideny participate in long term regulation of the CV system?

Output: Adjusts blood volume

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What receptor types, which effect the CV system are sensitive to blood chemistry?

Output: Chemoreceptors

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Where is the highest concentration of the most sensitive baroreceptor found?

Output: In the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Besides the carotid sinus list two other locations where baroreceptors can be found.

Output: Other parts of the carotid artery and around the aortic arch

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Define: the pressure differential across the wall of the vessel.

Output: transmural pressure

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the critical parameter measured by baroreceptors?

Output: transmural pressure

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: An increase in mean arterial blood pressure will result in an ____ in the rate of nerve impulse generation of the baroreceptor (sinus nerve).

Output: Increase

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: True/False, systolic and diastolic pressure difference produce the same sinus nerve response.

Output: False, impulse generation is greater during rises in pressure (systole) than during decreases (diastole)

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: If the wall is stiffened by contraction of smooth muscle, what is the effect on the sensitivity of the baroreceptors?

Output: Sensitivity will decrease because the transmural pressure will not change.

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Mechanoreceptors are a type of _________ receptor.

Output: Stretch

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: When the wall of the carotid artery expands (or contracts) how does the baroreceptor respond?

Output: Increases impulse generation

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Locate the primary locus for integration of the cardiovascular reflex system in the brain.

Output: Upper medulla

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: List the four major areas for cardiovascular control in the brain.

Output: Upper medulla, hypothalamus (temperature reg, volume etc), cortical areas (i.e. blushing), and spinal cord (primitive reflexes)

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: True/False, in the upper medulla when the more laterally located sympathetic nervous system is activated, the more medially located parasympathetic (vagal) nervous system is simultaneously inhibited.

Output: TRUE

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What nervous system is the dominant effector in baroreflex responses?

Output: Sympathetic NS

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Sympathetic nervous activity is directly __________ to the amount of baroreceptor input to the brain.

Output: opposite

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What nervous system is activated by rising blood pressure and results in decreased heart rate and reduces the contractile state of the heart?

Output: Parasympathetic NS

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What are the two fold effects of the sympathetic NS on the venous system?

Output: 1. decreasing of reservoir space (venous volume) 2. Increase venous return to the heart (by increasing mean systemic filling pressure and/or decreasing the resistance to venous return.)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: An increase in sympathetic activity will cause an _________ in vascular resistance.

Output: Increase

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: A decrease in sympathetic activity will cause a ___________ in vascular resistance.

Output: Decrease

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: An increase in sympathetic activity creates a ___________ heart.

Output: hypereffective

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Heart rate is __________ with increased sympathetic activity.

Output: increased

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What two effects does sympathetic activity have on the heart?

Output: Increases heart rate and makes the heart hypereffective

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Will the parasympathetic Nervous system cause a small or great depression in contractile state?

Output: Small depression

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: An increase in parasympathetic activity will cause a ___________ in heart rate.

Output: decrease

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the primary endocrine organ involved in the baroreceptor reflex?

Output: Adrenal gland

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What are the two hormones released by the adrenal medulla which both effect blood pressure?

Output: Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What two effects does epinephrine have on the myocardium?

Output: increases heart rate and contractile state

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What neurotransmitter is shared by the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system?

Output: norepinephrine

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What does Renin (produced by the kidneys) stimulate?

Output: The formation of angiotensin

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the effect of angiotensin on the blood vessels?

Output: Very strong angiotensin

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What two conditions need to be met for the kidney to release renin?

Output: Low blood pressure and/or sympathetic activity is elevated

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Vasopressin is a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator?

Output: Vasoconstrictor

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What brain structure releases vasopressin?

Output: hypothalamus

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the short term and long term purported function of the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex?

Output: short-term vasoconstriction (through release of vasopressin, aka ADH) and long-term response for fluid conservation.

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Describe the components of the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex.

Output: Stretch receptors located in the walls of both the left and the rigth atria, consisting of a type A and Type B. Send information to brain and modulate the release of vasopressin.

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: When are Type A atrial mechanoreceptor reflex receptors active?

Output: During atrial contraction (called such because they are associated with the "a" wave of atrial pressure)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: When are Type B atrial mehcanoreceptor reflex receptors active?

Output: During atrial filling (called such because they are associated with the "v" wave in atrial pressure)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Besides the baroreceptor reflex and the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex, list two other cardiovascular reflexes.

Output: CNS Ishemic reflex and Diving reflex

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What elicits the CNS Ishemic reflex?

Output: When the blood pressure falls below 40 mmHg (inadequate for brain perfusion)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the dominant reflex effect of the CNS ischemic reflex?

Output: sympathetic vasconstriction (additionally, an increase in heart rate)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: If CSF pressure approaches within 30-40 mmHg what occurs?

Output: CNS Ishemic reflex (as well as cushing response and sometimes accompanies by a vagally induced bradycardia)

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Describe the Cushing response/reflex.

Output: When CSF pressure > Mean Arterial Pressure, sympathetic nervous system activated resulting in a sudden change in blood pressure causing the baroreceptors to induce bradycardia (Cushing's triad)

SFOS Test II 21 & 22 CV reflexes Flashcards - Cram.com

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: Describe the diving reflex.

Output: Elicited by exposing the nasopharynx to wet cold stimuli, trigeminal nerve carries signal and induces bradycardia and vasoconstriction (especially in the abdominal organs).

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: What is the use of the diving reflex?

Output: Conserves energy while diving, increasing submersion time/depth, may be used clinically to retard tachycardia

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Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ


Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Encoding

Output: forming a memory code

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Storage

Output: maintaining encoded information over time

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Retrieval

Output: Recovering information from memory stores

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Next-in-line effect

Output: Being so preoccupied with what you're saying next to pay attention to what the person ahead of you is saying

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Structural Encoding

Output: emphasizes the PHYSICAL structure of the word (ie is it capital letters)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Phonemic Encoding

Output: emphasizes the SOUND of word (does it rhyme)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Semantic Encoding

Output: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (construct a sentence)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Dual-Coding Theory

Output: Holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall; two codes are better than one

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Encoding Enrichment Methods

Output: Elaboration, Visual imagery, Self-Referent Encoding

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Self-Referent Encoding

Output: Making information personally meaningful to enhance recall

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Short term memory

Output: limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] George Miller

Output: Magic Number 7, Plus or Minus 2; capacity of short term memory storage; any new info past the capacity would bump out current information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Working Memory

Output: Phonological Loop --> Visuospatial Sketchpad --> Central Executive System --> Episodic Buffer

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Schema

Output: organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with object/event; ie rooms you've been in

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Semantic Networks

Output: consists of nodes representing concepts, joined by pathways that link related concepts, webs

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Spreading Activation (Semantic Network)

Output: when one word/idea triggers thoughts of related, connected ideas within the network

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Parallel Distributed Processing Models

Output: assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks resembling neural networks (terms of excitatory, inhibitory signals)--> each piece of knowledge is represented by a PATTERN of connections in the network, not just each node.

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Misinformation Effect

Output: participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Imagination Inflation

Output: Planting vivid imaginations of their past to increase belief they had actually experienced it

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Source Monitoring

Output: involves making attributions about the origins of memories (source)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Source Monitoring Error

Output: memory derived from once source is misattributed to another (citing the wrong source)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Reality Monitoring

Output: process of deciding whether memories are based on perception of actual events or imagination

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Forgetting Curve

Output: by Ebbinghaus; shows a HUGE drop in retention in the first HOUR after learning new material, then it slowly levels off

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Recall

Output: measure of retention requiring reproducing information without cues

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Recognition

Output: requiring selection of previously learned material from some options

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Relearning

Output: requiring re-memorization to see how much time or how many practice trials are SAVED by already learning it

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Decay Theory

Output: forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Interference

Output: people forget information because of competition from other material

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Retroactive Interference

Output: new information impairs retention of previously learned information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Proactive Interference

Output: when previously learned information interferes with retention of new information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Encoding Specificity Principle

Output: value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code, making retrieval success inconsistent

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Output: when initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Retrograde Amnesia

Output: loss of memories for events that occurred PRIOR to amnesia

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Anterograde Amnesia

Output: involves loss of memories for events that occur AFTER amnesia

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System

Output: hippocampal region, including the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, etc; plays a key role in consolidation of memories

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Consolidation

Output: a hypothetical process involving gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Declarative Memory System

Output: handles factual information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Procedural, Non-Declarative Memory System

Output: memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, emotional responses; less vulnerable to forgetting

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Semantic Memory

Output: contains general knowledge not tied to the time where it was learned (ie that xmas is December 25th, what dogs look like)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Episodic Memory

Output: also part of declarative memory; made up of chronological, or temporally dated recollections of experiences

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Prospective Memory

Output: remembering to perform actions in the future

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Retrospective Memory

Output: remembering events from the past or previously learned information

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Event-based tasks

Output: involves future actions triggered by a cue (pills with meals)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Time-based Tasks

Output: times are the cue for actions

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] iconic memory

Output: visual memory

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] echoic memory

Output: auditory memory

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Primacy effect

Output: remember the first rather than the last, most common

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Recency Effect

Output: Remember more recent items

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Normative Approach

Output: asks, in a given situation, how should we behave? Rational thing to do; social sciences

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Descriptive Approach

Output: what do people REALLY do, and how & where does that deviate?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] State Space

Output: Problem Solving; nodes that represent each state of problem (every logical configuration in one network), and their connections (if it's possible to get from one node to another, then you can connect them); solving problems are when you get through that space on a path; steps initial, goal, current

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Language

Output: consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining said symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Linguistic Relativity

Output: one's language determines the nature of one's thought

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Additive Strategy in Decision Making

Output: list all the attributes that influence his decision, rating each attribute

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Conjunction Fallacy

Output: occurs when people estimate the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than odds of either happening alone

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Alternative Outcomes Effect

Output: when people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending how other alternative outcomes are distributed even though the summed probably of the alternative outcomes are held constant

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Gambler's Fallacy

Output: belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Overestimating the Improbable

Output: overestimating the choices of heavy media coverage

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Semantic Slanting

Output: deliberately choosing words to create specific emotional responses (pro choice)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Development

Output: sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progression from conception to death

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Zygote

Output: one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Prenatal Period

Output: extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Germinal Stage

Output: first phase of prenatal development, first 2 weeks after conception Begins at fertilization; rapid cell division, implant into uterus, begins Placenta

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Placenta

Output: structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Embryonic Stage

Output: 2nd stage of prenatal development, 2 weeks - 3rd month Organs and body systems form in the embryo; SUPER VULNERABLE

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Fetal Stage

Output: 3rd stage of prenatal development, 2 months - birth; rapid growth, physical movement capabilities, function of organs

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