Input: Swallowing disorders occur when one or more of these stages fails to take place properly.

Output: When do swallowing disorders take place?

Pathophysiology of Swallowing in Infants Flashcards - Cram.com

Risk factors for infants with swallowing disorders


Input: oral-pharyngeal video swallow Your child is given small amounts of a liquid containing barium to drink with a bottle, spoon, or cup, or spoon fed a solid food containing barium. Barium shows up well on x-ray. A series of x-rays are taken to evaluate what happens as your child swallows the liquid. barium swallow/upper GI series Your child is given a liquid containing barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an x-ray) to drink, and a series of x-rays are taken. The physician can watch what happens as your child swallows the fluid, and note any problems that may occur in the throat, the esophagus, or the stomach. endoscopy A test that uses a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera lens at the end (endoscope) to examine the inside of part of the digestive tract. Under anesthesia, an endoscopy is performed. Pictures are taken of the inside of the throat, the esophagus, and the stomach to look for abnormalities. Small tissue samples, called biopsies, can also be taken to look for problems

Output: How is dysphagia diagnosed?

Pathophysiology of Swallowing in Infants Flashcards - Cram.com

Risk factors for infants with swallowing disorders


Input: esophageal manometry Under sedation, a small tube containing a pressure gauge is guided through your child's mouth and into the esophagus. The pressure inside the esophagus is then measured to evaluate the esophageal motility. Under anesthesia, a physician places a tube into your child's throat and looks through it for narrowed areas and other problems.

Output: What are some other tests that may be performed to evaluate dysphagia?

Pathophysiology of Swallowing in Infants Flashcards - Cram.com

Risk factors for infants with swallowing disorders


Input: Adding a small amount of rice cereal to infant formula or pumped breast milk may help dysphagia. Blending the formula/cereal mixture before adding it to a baby bottle can remove the lumps and make the mixture easier to suck through a nipple, as well as easier to swallow. Do not cut holes in nipples, since this can increase the risk for choking and aspiration, as well as interfere with the baby's oral development. Future feeding and speech skills may be affected. Baby foods should not be offered to infants from a spoon until they are at least 4 months old, since they do not have the proper coordination to swallow foods from a spoon until this age. Your child's speech or occupational therapist may be able to recommend other commercial products that help thicken liquids and make them easier to swallow.

Output: Intervention for infants with swallowing disorders.

Pathophysiology of Swallowing in Infants Flashcards - Cram.com

Risk factors for infants with swallowing disorders


Input: Some children with dysphagia will have long-term problems. Children who have other health problems, especially those that affect the nerves and muscles (such as muscular dystrophy and brain injury), may not be able to experience much improvement with their swallowing difficulties. Other children may learn to eat and drink successfully.

Output: What is the long-term outlook for a child with dysphagia?

Pathophysiology of Swallowing in Infants Flashcards - Cram.com

Risk factors for infants with swallowing disorders


Input: [c. Property owner] d. Only licensed signatories are permitted

Output: Which of the following is not true regarding a property management trust account: a. Multiple properties can be in one trust account b. A salesperson can be a signator on the trust account c. A salesperson signator may sign checks paying miscellaneous maintenance fees d. Only licensed signatories are permitted

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Within anytime that was agreed to in the agreement

Output: A property management agreement may be terminated: a. By a ruling of the real estate department b. Within 10 day written notice by either party c. Within anytime that was agreed to in the agreement d. With a majority consent of the lessees

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] b. 5 days

Output: If the landlord fails to comply with the rental agreement in matters affecting health and safety, the tenant may terminate the lease if the breach is not corrected in how many days? a. 3 days b. 5 days c. 10 days d. 14 days

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. The agreement will terminate when the broker's license expires

Output: A property owner has an agreement with a property manager. The broker-manager license expires. Which of the following is true? a. The agreement is valid for a one-year grace period b. The agreement is suspended until the license is renewed c. The agreement will terminate when the broker's license expires d. The agreement will continue until the stated expiration date

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Salesperson or broker

Output: Who may sign a commission check paid out of a broker's trust account? a. Salesperson b. Broker c. Salesperson or broker d. Company bookkeeper

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] b. 1 1/2 month's rent

Output: What is the maximum security deposit allowed by the Arizona Landlord Tenant Act? a. One month rent b. 1 1/2 month's rent c. 1 1/2 month's rent plus last month d. First and last months rent plus 1 1/2 months security

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] b. General

Output: A broker, acting as a property manager, would be what type of agent: a. Special b. General c. Implied d. Ostensible

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Federal Fair Housing

Output: An apartment complex would be required to keep the common grounds accessible to all the residents. Which of the following would cover this requirement? a. Equal Opportunity Act b. Equal Common Grounds act c. Federal Fair Housing d. American with Disabilities Act

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] a. Stock in a co-op

Output: A buyer buys a leasehold interest in an apartment building. This interest is most likely: a. Stock in a co-op b. A partnership interest c. Fee interest d. Patio home ownership

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] d. Fiduciary

Output: In a property management contract, what relationship does the manager have with the owner? a. Implied Agency b. Agency by Estoppel c. Leasehold Interest d. Fiduciary

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] b. Poor credit report in the past can not be a reason for denial

Output: The Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the borrower would have all of the following rights except: a. Right to know why a loan was denied b. Poor credit report in the past can not be a reason for denial c. Protection against questions regarding marital status, age, and pregnancy d. The right to use income from public assistance

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Q may have to make a larger payment if the other parties do not make their payments

Output: Q has moved into a cooperative, which of the following is true? a. Q owns a limited partnership interest in the building b. Q owns the unit fee simple c. Q may have to make a larger payment if the other parties do not make their payments d. Q may not deduct taxes and insurance on his income taxes because he only pays monthly rent

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] d. The owner is responsible to provide the reserved space to the handicapped person when it becomes available at no extra charge

Output: A handicapped man rents an apartment that is not handicapped accessible. Which of the following is true regarding the handicapped parking situation if the owner has three reserved spaces near the units for $200 a month: a. The owner must evict a tenant from the space and give it to the handicapped tenant. b. The owner would provide the space free of charge if the handicapped person demonstrates the need for one month. c. The owner may provide the reserved space to the handicapped person at the same $200 per month charge d. The owner is responsible to provide the reserved space to the handicapped person when it becomes available at no extra charge.

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] A. A pet deposit may not be charged

Output: A disabled person rents a hous and has an assistance animal. Which of the following is true regarding a pet deposit? a. A pet deposit may not be charged b. A pet deposit may be charged c. A pet fee may be charged if the dog does damage d. A pet deposit may be charged under handicapped deposit requirements

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Co-operative

Output: When an occupant holds a long term proprietary lease this is referred to as: a. Condominium b. Townhouse c. Co-operative d. Apartment

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] c. Parents with children under 18 years of age

Output: Familial Status under Federal Fair Housing prohibits discrimination against: a. Parents and all children b. Parents that are handicapped c. Parents with children under 18 years of age d. Children as long as they are dependent

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] b. Refuse the listing, it violates fair housing

Output: A seller wants to list a four-plex and live in one unit but doesn't want any children in the units. What should the agent do? a. List the property and say no children b. Refuse the listing, it violates fair housing c. Charge the families with children a higher deposit d. Refuse the application if they have children

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: [c. Property owner] a. National origin

Output: The fair housing act of 1968 would cover which of the following listed below: a. National origin b. Marital Status c. Age d. Gender

Housing Regulation Flashcards - Cram.com

All of the following can be signors on a property management trust account except: a. Designated Broker b. Managers licensed under the broker c. Property Owner d. Employees of the broker


Input: 1. The purpose 2. Research 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Results 6. Conclusion [The Scientific Method]

Output: THE STEPS!


Input: What stays the same [The Scientific Method]

Output: Independent Variable


Input: what u need [The Scientific Method]

Output: Dependent Variable


Input: what u use to make it work [The Scientific Method]

Output: Controls


Input: 1. Mass 2. Length 3. Times 4. temp [The Scientific Method]

Output: 4 things we most commonly use to measure


Input: Is a variable that determines what the value of the other variables will be [The Scientific Method]

Output: Independent Variable


Input: a variable that it's value relies on the other variables [The Scientific Method]

Output: Dependent Variable


Input: To test or verify [The Scientific Method]

Output: Controls


Input: a factor that can change in an experiment [The Scientific Method]

Output: Variables


Input: It was founded in 1670 because they wanted everybody to use the same system [The Scientific Method]

Output: The Metric System


Input: grams(weight, mass), meters(length), liters(liquid) [The Scientific Method]

Output: what are the units in the Metric system?


Input: was founded in ancient Rome and Egypt [The Scientific Method]

Output: English system


Input: length(in,yards,miles,ft), weight(lbs,oz,tons),temp(f),liquid(fl oz, g,pint,cup [The Scientific Method]

Output: English units of measurements


Input: cubit(tip of middle finger to elbow),fathom(finger tip to finger tip),Hand span(from your thumb to your pinkie),pace(2 steps),girth(belt measurement),palm(4 fingers together [The Scientific Method]

Output: Early measurement unites


Input: [1] Hormones [2]

Output: chemical substances secreted by glands that help to regulate processes in the body


Input: [1] homeostasis [2]

Output: maintaining a constant internal environment in the body


Input: [1] What controls the internal environment? [2]

Output: hormones and the nervous system


Input: [1] FSH (hormones of the menstrual cycle) [2]

Output: produced by the pituitary gland 1. causes the egg to mature in the ovary 2. stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone oestrogen


Input: [1] oestrogen (hormones of the menstrual cycle) [2]

Output: produced by the ovary 1. stops the production of FSH so only 1 egg matures per cycle 2. stimulates pituitary gland to produce the hormone LH


Input: [1] LH [2]

Output: produced in the pituitary gland causes the mature egg to be released from the ovary


Input: [1] oral contraceptive (the pill) [2]

Output: contains oestrogen or oestrogen and progesterone which inhibits the production of FSH in the pituitary so no eggs can mature in the ovaries


Input: [1] Fertitlity drugs [2]

Output: contain FSH which stimulates eggs to mature in the ovary


Input: [1] IVF [2]

Output: the egg is fertilised outside the woman's body and then implanted in the uterus


Input: [1] problems with oral contraceptive [2]

Output: changes in weight, mood, blood pressure increased risk of blood clots


Input: [1] problems with fertility drugs [2]

Output: multiple conceptions (twins, triplets) may lead to problems in pregnancy and childbirth which may lead to premature or underweight babies


Input: [1] problems with IVF [2]

Output: ethical problems with parents choosing 'desirable' traits or the sex of their child


Input: the appropriate care for injury, condition or illness [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: protocols


Input: a physician that authorizes EMT's in the service to provide medical care in the field [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: medical direction


Input: strategies that focus on preventing an event from occurring [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Primary Prevention


Input: after the event has happened, measures that can be taken to decrease the effects of the event [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: secondary prevention


Input: prolonged or excessive stress [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: cumulative stress reaction


Input: the body's response to stress that begins with an alarm response followed by a stage of reaction and resistance and then recovery, of if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: general adaptation syndrome


Input: a delayed stress reaction to a prior incident, often a result of one or more resolved issues concerning the incident [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: PTSD


Input: a process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and diffuses them, directing the emergency service personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: critical incident stress management


Input: a method of CISM [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: cirticail incident stress debriefing


Input: the primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the US [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: centers for disease control


Input: the federal regulatory compliance agency that develops and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: occupational safety and health administration


Input: an advance medical order that instructs EMS personnel to not attempt resuscitation [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: DNR


Input: unlawfully touching a person [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: battery


Input: unilateral termination of care by the MET without the patients consent, or provisions for continued cared by a medical professional competent to provide care [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: abandonment


Input: decomposition of the body [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: putrefaction


Input: the stiffening of the body muscles caused by chemical changes within muscle tissue [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: rigor mortis


Input: blood settling in the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: dependent lividity


Input: failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide in the same or similar situation [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: negligence


Input: unlawfully placing a person in fear of bodily harm [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: assault


Input: closest to the point of attachment [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: proximal


Input: furthest from the point of attachment [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: distal


Input: imaginary line dissecting the body in half symmetrically [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: midline


Input: structures that lie on both sides of the body [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: bilateral


Input: back surfaces of the body [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: dorsal


Input: front surface of the body [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: anterior


Input: An imaginary line that passes vertically down the body from the apex of the axilla (armpit) [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: midaxilary


Input: the anterior (front) surface of the body [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: ventral


Input: the bottom surface of the foot [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: plantar


Input: the palm of the hand [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: palmar


Input: closest to the head [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: superior


Input: closest to the feet [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: inferior


Input: the back surface of the body (dorsal) [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: posterior


Input: any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in the gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: dead space


Input: the contraction, or period of contraction of the heart, especially that of the ventricles [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: systole


Input: the relaxation, or period of relaxation , of the hearth, especially of the ventricles [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: diastole


Input: chemical process in which cells take in nutrients [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: metabolism


Input: nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spianl cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descening nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: medulla oblongata


Input: the inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: respiration


Input: the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs. [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: perfusion


Input: the amount of blood moved by the heart in 1 minute [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: cardiac output


Input: High Efficiency Particulate Air mask [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: HEPA mask-


Input: slow gasping breaths sometimes seen in dying patients [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Agonal Respirations


Input: the care you are able to provide to patients outlined most commonly by state law [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Scope of Practice


Input: the way in which an infectious disease is spread: contact, airborne, by vehicles, or by vectors [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: transmission


Input: a carrying techniquein which one EMT is located at the head end of the stretcher or backboard, one at the foot end, and one at each side of the patient each. [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: diamond carry


Input: a lifting technique that is used for patients who are found lying supine on the ground with no suspected spinal injury [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: direct ground lift


Input: a lifting technique that is used for patients who are supine or in a sitting position with no suspected extremity or spinal injuries [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: extremity lift


Input: a method of transferring the patient from a bed to the stretcher by directly lifting the patient [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: direct carry


Input: a method of transferring the patient from a bed to the stretcher by utilizing a blanket or sheet. [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: draw sheet method


Input: immediate BLS and urgent care with limited equipment [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Scope of Practice for an EMR


Input: assessment care, packaging and transportation of a patient [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Scope of Practice for an EMT


Input: IV therapy, advanced airway adjuncts, medication administration [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Scope of practice for an AEMT


Input: wide range oe ALS cardiac monitoring/ pacing/ defib; pharmacological intervation, some surgical [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: Scope of practice for a Paramedic


Input: assist dispatchers in providing callers with vital instruction to help them deal with a medical emergency until the arrival of EMS crews [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: What is the function of Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD)?


Input: to provide a national standard of EMS testing [Emergency Medical Services]

Output: What is the purpose of the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians


Input: cortisol does this NOT DONE

Output: glucose regulation and protein metabolism raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown


Input: cortisone does this NOT DONE

Output: glucose regulation and protein metabolism


Input: the adrenal medulla produces

Output: epinephrine and norepinephrine


Input: epinephrine and norepinephrine are

Output: catecholamines


Input: epinephrine does this

Output: increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, causing an increae in blood glucose levels and an increae in the basal metabolic rate.


Input: epinephrine is also known as

Output: adrenaline


Input: norepinephrine is also known as

Output: noradrenaline


Input: this increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle tissue

Output: epinephrine


Input: this causes an increase in blood glucose levels and an increase in the basal metabolic rate

Output: epinephrine


Input: This increases the rate and strength of the heartbeat and change the shape of blood vessels to increase blood supply to skeletal muscles heart and brain while decreasing supply to kidneys skin and digestive tract

Output: epinephrine and norepinephrine


Input: Promote the release of lipids by adipose tissue

Output: epinephrine and norepinephrine


Input: The affects of epinephrine and norepinephrine are known as

Output: the fight or flight response


Input: this inhibits digestion and other vegetative functions

Output: epinephrine


Input: epinephrine and norepinephrine are released during sympathetic nervous stimulation making them ____

Output: neurotransmitters


Input: the pituitary gland is also known as

Output: hypophysis


Input: the hypophysis is also known as the

Output: pituitary gland


Input: the hypophysis is connected to the hypothalamus by _____

Output: infundibulum


Input: the anterior pituitary synthesizes:

Output: growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) luteinizing hormone(LH) follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)


Input: the direct hormones of the anterior pituitary are

Output: growth hormone and prolactin


Input: the infundibulum connects

Output: hypothalamus and pituitary


Input: these are the direct hormones of the anterior pituitary

Output: growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) prolactin


Input: these are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

Output: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)


Input: growth hormone is also known as

Output: somatotropin


Input: somatotropin is also known as

Output: growth hormone


Input: this promotes bone and muscle growth

Output: growth hormone


Input: this promotes protein synthesis and lipid mobilization and catabolism

Output: growth hormone


Input: irregular levels of this in children can result in dwarfism or gigantism

Output: somatotropin


Input: overproduction of this in adults can cause acromegaly

Output: somatotropin


Input: this is a disproportionate overgrowth of bone, localized especially in the jaw, skull feet and hands

Output: acromegaly


Input: this stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands

Output: prolactin


Input: the posterior pituitary synthesizes these hormones

Output: it does not synthesize hormones. it stores and releases them


Input: These are released by the posterior pituitary

Output: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)


Input: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are released by

Output: the posterior pituitary


Input: vasopressin is also known as

Output: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)


Input: oxytocin and ADH are produced by

Output: hypothalamus


Input: these are released from the pituitary but secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamus

Output: oxytocin and vasopressin


Input: oxytocin and vasopressin are released from the ______ but secretion is stimulated by the ______

Output: pituitary, hypothalamus


Input: oxytocin is secreted during

Output: childbirth and tit suckling


Input: this increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions

Output: oxytocin


Input: suckling induces the secretion of this

Output: oxytocin


Input: this stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands

Output: oxytocin


Input: ADH increases ____

Output: the permeability of the nephron's collecting duct to water. What is a nephron? What does this increase result in?


Input: ADH increases the permeability of the nephron's collecting duct to water. What does this result in?

Output: raised blood pressure


Input: When is ADH secreted?

Output: when plasma osmolarity increases When blood volume decreases.


Input: ADH is secreted when plasma osmolarity increases. How does the body know when to do this?

Output: Sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus


Input: ADH is secreted when blood volume decreases. How does the body know when to do this?

Output: Sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system.


Input: Wheno plasma osmolarity increases, _____.

Output: vasopressin is secreted


Input: When blood volume decreases, _______.

Output: vasopressin is secreted


Input: The hypothalamus is located directly above the _____.

Output: pituitary gland


Input: The pituitary gland is located directly below the _____.

Output: hypothalamus


Input: This looks like a ballsack.

Output: Pituitary gland


Input: This is located just above the ballsack.

Output: hypothalamus


Input: This receives neural transmissions from other parts of the brain and from peripheral nerves that trigger specific responses from its _________.

Output: Hypothalamus neurosecretory cells


Input: These regulate pituitary gland secretions via negative feedback mechanisms and through the actions of inhibiting and releasing hormones.

Output: neurosecretory cells


Input: Neurosecretory cells regulate _____.

Output: pituitary gland secretions How do they do this?


Input: Neurosecretory cells regulate pituitary gland secretions via ____.

Output: negative feedback mechanisms and through the actions of inhibiting and relesing hormones.


Input: Hypothalamic releasing hormones do this

Output: stimulate or inhibit secretions of the anterior pituitary


Input: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) does this

Output: stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH


Input: This stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

Output: GnRH


Input: Releasing hormones are secreted into the _______.

Output: hyppothalamic-hypophyseal portal system


Input: Blood from a capillary bed in this flows through a portal vein into the anterior pituitary.

Output: hypothalamus This happens so that ____


Input: Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through a portal vein into the _______.

Output: anterior pituitary This happens so that ____


Input: Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through this to get to the anterior pituitary.

Output: a portal vein This happens so that ____


Input: Blood from a capillary bed in the hypothalamus flows through a portal vein to get to the anterior pituitary, where it deverges into a second capillary network. This happens so that _____.

Output: releasing hormones immediately reach the anterior pituitary


Input: __________ in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them via their axons into the posterior pituitary for storage and secretion.

Output: neurosecretory cells


Input: Neurosecretory cells in the _________ synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them via their axons into the posterior pituitary for storage and secretion.

Output: hypothalamus


Input: Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them to _______.

Output: the posterior-pituitary How does it get there?


Input: How does oxytocin and ADH get transported to the posterior pituitary?

Output: through their axons


Input: The thyroid is important in both children and adults? How in each

Output: children - are essential for growth and development adult - essential for maintenance of metabolic stability


Input: These are the thyroid hormones

Output: thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3)


Input: These are formed on the glycoprotein thyroglobulin

Output: ghyroxine and triiodothyronine


Input: Thyroxine and triiodtothyronine are formed on the ________

Output: glycoprotein thyroglobulin


Input: This is synthesized in the thyroid cell.

Output: glycoprotein thyroglobulin


Input: T3 is five times more potent than _____.

Output: T4


Input: T3 and %4 are transported in the blood by the proteins _____.

Output: TBG, TBPA, Albumin


Input: Approximately 99.5% of these hormones are transported and bound to the proteins TBG, TBPA, Albumin.

Output: T3 and T4


Input: T3 is also known as

Output: triiodothyronine


Input: T4 is also known as

Output: thyroxine


Input: thyroxine is also known as

Output: T4


Input: triiodothyronine is also known as

Output: T3


Input: Only an unbound hormone is able to ___________

Output: enter a cell and elicit a cellular response


Input: Only _______ hormones are able to enter a cell and elicit a cellular response.

Output: unbound


Input: All _____ in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.

Output: T4


Input: 20% of ______ is produced by the thyroid gland.

Output: T3


Input: _____ of the T4 in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.

Output: All


Input: _____ of the T3 in the body is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland.

Output: 20%


Input: Majority of T3 in the body is produced by the conversion of ______ by the enzyme 5'--monodeiodase found primarily in the peripheral tissues.

Output: T4 to T3


Input: The majority of _______ is produced by the conversion of T4 by the enzyme 5'--monodeiodase.

Output: T3


Input: 5'--monodeiodase does this

Output: converts T4 to T3


Input: 5'--monodeiodase is found primarily here

Output: peripheral tissues


Input: T4 and T3 are derived from _______

Output: the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine


Input: tyrosine goes through iodination to form

Output: T4 and T3


Input: T4 and T3 increase the rate of this throughout the body

Output: metabolism


Input: T4 and T3 _____ the rate of metabolism throughout the body.

Output: increase


Input: These increase the rate of metabolism throughout the body.

Output: T4 and T3


Input: hypothyroidism is

Output: when thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not secreted at all


Input: this is the name for when thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not secreted at all

Output: hypothyroidism


Input: common symptoms of hypothyroidism

Output: slowed heart and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain


Input: hypothyroidism in newborn infants is called

Output: cretinism


Input: common symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Output: increased metabolic rate, feelings of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, weight loss, protruding eyes


Input: cretenism is characterized by

Output: mental retardation and short stature


Input: mental retardation and short stature in a person could be the result of

Output: cretinism


Input: cretinism results from

Output: hypothyroidism in newborns


Input: hyperthyroidism is

Output: when the thyroid is overstimulated resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones


Input: this occurs when the thyroid is overstimulated resulting in the oversecretion of thyroig hormones

Output: hyperthyroidism


Input: These symptoms are signs of what. Increased metabolic rate, feelings of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, weight loss, protruding eyes

Output: hyperthyroidism


Input: These symptoms are signs of what? Slowed heart and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain

Output: hypothryroidism


Input: In both of these disorders the thyroid often enlarges forming a neck bulge or goiter.

Output: hypo/hyperthyroidism


Input: In both hypo/hyperthyroidism, the thyroid often _________.

Output: enlarges, forming a neck bulge/goiter


Input: Calcitonin decreases ______

Output: plasma Ca2+ concentration


Input: Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by ______

Output: inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from bone.


Input: This decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from bone.

Output: calcitonin


Input: Calcitonin secretion is regulated by _____

Output: plasma Ca2+ levels


Input: ______ secretion is regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels.

Output: calcitonin


Input: Calcitonin is _____ to the parathyroid hormone.

Output: antagonistic


Input: ______ is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone.

Output: calcitonin


Input: Calcitonin is antagonistic to _______.

Output: parathyroid hormone


Input: What kind of organ is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine

Output: both


Input: The _____ function of the pancreas is performed by the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a series of ducts.

Output: exocrine


Input: The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by

Output: the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a series of ducts.


Input: The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by cells that secrete

Output: digestive enzymes into the small intestine


Input: The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via ______

Output: a series of ducts


Input: The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by small glandular structures called

Output: the islets of Langerhans


Input: The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by

Output: mall glandular structures called islets of Langerhans


Input: The ____ function of the pancreas is performed by small glandular structures called the islets of Langerhans

Output: endocrine


Input: The islets of langerhans are composed of

Output: alpha and beta cells


Input: The islets of langerhans are found in

Output: the pancreas


Input: Alpha cells of the islets of langerhans do this

Output: produce and secrete glucagon


Input: Beta cells of the islets of langerhans do this

Output: produce and secrete insulin


Input: produce and secrete glucagon

Output: alpha cells of islets of langerhans


Input: produce and secrete insulin

Output: beta cells of islets of langerhans


Input: Glucagon stimulates

Output: protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.


Input: Glucagon increases

Output: blood glucose levels


Input: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by

Output: stimulating protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.


Input: This increases blood glucose levels

Output: glucagon


Input: This stimulates protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis.

Output: glucagon


Input: Glucagon is antagonistic to

Output: insulin


Input: Insulin is antagonistic to

Output: glucagon, cortisol, cortisone


Input: Parathyroid hormone is antagonistic to

Output: calcitonin


Input: _____ is a protein hormone secreted in response to a high blood glucose concentration

Output: Insulin


Input: _____ stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells.

Output: insulin


Input: This stimulates the storage of glucose in muscle and liver cells.

Output: insulin


Input: insulin stimulates

Output: the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and the storage of glucose in muscle and liver cells. Also the synthesis of fats from glucose and the uptake of amino acids


Input: This stimulates the synthesis of fats from glucose and the uptake of amino acids

Output: insulin


Input: 10% of diabetics are Type ____

Output: I


Input: 90% of diabetics are Type ____

Output: II


Input: ___ of diabetics are Type I

Output: 10%


Input: ___ of diabetics are Type II

Output: 90%


Input: The age onset of type I diabetes is usually

Output: <30


Input: The age onset of type II diabetes is usually

Output: >30


Input: The pathogenesis of Type I diabetes is

Output: -presence of islet cell antibodies. -autoimmune response


Input: The pathogenesis of Type II diabetes is

Output: -decreased insulin secretion -resistance to insulin -hepatic glucose production


Input: With Type ___ diabetes there is usually no plasma insulin.

Output: I


Input: With Type ___ diabetes there is an etiology dependent low, normal or high level of plasma insulin.

Output: II


Input: With Type I diabetes there is ____ plasma insulin.

Output: usually no


Input: With Type II diabetes there is ____ plasma insulin.

Output: low, normal or high levels of etiology dependent


Input: There is ____ family history in Type I Diabetes.

Output: usually no


Input: There is ____ family history in Type II Diabetes.

Output: strong


Input: There is strong family history in Type ___ Diabetes.

Output: II


Input: There is usually no family history in Type ___ Diabetes.

Output: I


Input: Obesity is ____ in Type I diabetes.

Output: Uncommon


Input: Obesity is ____ in Type II diabetes.

Output: Common


Input: Obesity is common in Type ____ diabetes.

Output: II


Input: Obesity is uncommon in Type ____ diabetes.

Output: I


Input: _____ is the most common endocrine disorder.

Output: Diabetes


Input: Underproduction of insulin or an insensitivity to insulin leads to

Output: diabetes mellitus


Input: Glucocorticoids are an antagonist of _____

Output: Insulin


Input: Cortisol is an antagonist of ____

Output: Insulin


Input: Cortisone is an antagonist of ____

Output: Insulin


Input: This leads to diabetes mellitus

Output: Underproduction of insulin insensitivity to insulin


Input: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by

Output: hyperglycemia


Input: This disease is characterized by hyperglycemia.

Output: Diabetes mellitus


Input: Diabetes affects these

Output: eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels


Input: These are four small pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid.

Output: parathyroid glands


Input: These are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid.

Output: parathyroid glands


Input: Parathyroid glands are embedded in the ______ of the thyroid.

Output: posterior surface


Input: These glands synthesize and secrete PTH

Output: parathyroid glands


Input: Parathyoroid glands synthesize and secrete this

Output: PTH


Input: PTH raises

Output: plasma Ca2+ concentration


Input: ___ raises plasma Ca2+ concentration in the blood by stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing Ca2+ secretion in the kidneys

Output: PTH


Input: PTH does this

Output: raises plasma Ca2+ concentration


Input: PTH raises Ca2+ concentration in the blood by _____

Output: stimulating Ca2+ release from the bone and decreasing Ca2+ secretion in the kidneys


Input: Calcium in the bone is bonded to ____

Output: phosphate


Input: ___ in the bone is bonded to phosphate.

Output: Calcium


Input: This raises Ca2+ concentration in the blood

Output: PTH


Input: Breakdown of the bone releases ____

Output: phosphate and calcium


Input: _____ compensates for the breakdown of bone into phosphate and calcium.

Output: PTH


Input: PTH compensates for the breakdown of bone into ______.

Output: phosphate and calcium


Input: _____ synthesize and secrete hormones directly in the the circulatory system

Output: endocrine glands


Input: _____ secrete hormones that are transported by ducts.

Output: exocrine glands


Input: PTH compensates for the breakdown of bone in to phosphate and calcium by ____

Output: stimulating the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys


Input: When ____ the kidneys produce renin.

Output: blood volume drops


Input: When blood volume drops the kidneys produce ____

Output: renin


Input: The ____ produce renin when blood volume drops

Output: kidneys


Input: Renin is an enzyme that does this

Output: converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I


Input: After angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, the adrenal cortex is stimulated to secrete ____

Output: aldosterone


Input: Kidneys produce

Output: erythropoietin(EPO) and renin


Input: Aldosterone helps to do this It does it by doing this Which results in

Output: restore blood volume increasing sodium reabsorption at the kidney an increase in water


Input: ____ helps restore blood volume by increasing sodium reabsorption at the kidney, leading to an increase in water

Output: aldosterone


Input: EPO is a

Output: glycoprotein


Input: EPO stimulates

Output: RBC production


Input: EPO stands for

Output: eryhtropoietin


Input: ____ stimulates RBC production

Output: EPO


Input: EPO stimulates stem cells to

Output: differentiate into rubriblasts


Input: ____ increases the rate of mitosis

Output: EPO


Input: ____ increases the release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow.

Output: EPO


Input: ____ increases hemoglobin formation which allows the critical hemoglobin concentration necessary for maturity to be reached at a more rapid rate.

Output: EPO


Input: ___ stimulates stem cells to differentiate into rubriblasts

Output: EPO


Input: EPO ____ the rate of mitosis

Output: increases


Input: EPO ____ the release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow.

Output: increases


Input: EPO ____ hemoglobin formation which allows the critical hemoglobin concentration necessary for maturity to be reached at a more rapid rate.

Output: increases


Input: Ingested food stimulates the stomach to release the hormone ____

Output: gastrin


Input: This stimulates the stomach to release the hormone gastrin.

Output: ingested food


Input: Ingested food stimulates the ____ to release the hormone gastrin.

Output: stomach


Input: ____ is carried to the gastric glands and stimulates them to secrete HCl

Output: gastrin


Input: This is released by the small intestine when acidic food enters from the stomach.

Output: secretin


Input: Secretin is released by _____

Output: the small intestine


Input: Secretin is released by the small intestine when

Output: acidic food enters from the stomach


Input: Secretin stimulates the secretion of

Output: an alkaline bicarbonate solution from the pancreas


Input: Secretin stimulates the secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution from

Output: the pancreas


Input: The alkaline bicarbonate solution does this

Output: neutralizing the acidity of the chyme


Input: This is released from the small intestine in response to the presence of fats

Output: cholecystokinin


Input: Cholecystokinin is released from this

Output: small intestine


Input: Cholecystokinin is released from the small intestine in the response to

Output: fats


Input: This causes the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestine

Output: Cholecystokinin


Input: Cholecystokinin causes

Output: the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestine


Input: Bile breaks down ___

Output: fats


Input: This breaks down fats

Output: bile


Input: The pineal gland secretes

Output: melatonin


Input: This secretes melatonin

Output: pineal gland


Input: Melatonin secretion is regulated by

Output: light and dark cycles in the environment


Input: _____ secretion is regulated by light and dark cycles in the environment

Output: melatonin


Input: Melatonin is an antagonist to

Output: MSH


Input: MSH is an antagonist to

Output: melatonin


Input: Hormones are classified on the basis of their chemical structure into two major groups:

Output: peptide hormones steroid hormones


Input: There are two ways hormones affect the activities of their target cells:

Output: via extracellular receptors or intracellular receptors


Input: cAMP is

Output: cyclic adenosine monophosphate


Input: cAMP acts as a

Output: second messenger


Input: A second messenger does this

Output: relays messages from the extracellular peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes


Input: cAMP is inactivated by

Output: phosphodiesterase


Input: This is inactivated by phosphodiesterase

Output: cAMP


Input: Insulin is this type of hormone

Output: complex polypeptide


Input: ADH is this type of hormone

Output: simple short peptide (amino acid chain)


Input: Estrogen is this type of hormone

Output: steroid


Input: Aldosterone is this type of hormone

Output: steroid


Input: These belong to a class of lipid-derived molecules with a characteristic ring structure

Output: steroids


Input: These are produced by the testes, ovaries, placenta and adrenal cortex

Output: steroids


Input: Steroids are produced by

Output: testes, ovaries, placenta, adrenal cortex


Input: Steroids are ____ soluble

Output: lipid


Input: Because they are lipid soluble, ____ enter their target cells directly and bind to specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm

Output: steroids


Input: Because they are lipid soluble, steroids ______

Output: enter their target cells directly


Input: After they enter the target cells, steroids bind to

Output: specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm


Input: The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the nucleus and _____

Output: directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to receptors on the chromatin


Input: The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the _____ and directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to receptors on the chromatin

Output: nucleus


Input: The receptor-hormone complex made from the protein receptor and steroid hormone enters the nucleus and directly activates the expression of specific genes by binding to ____

Output: receptors on the chromatin


Input: When the steroid-hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to receptors on the chromatin it induces this

Output: change in mRNA transcription and protein synthesis


Input: [Fibrocartilage] No Perichondrium

Output: How is fibrocartilage different from most articular cartilage/hyaline cartilage?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The acromialclavicular and sternoclavicular

Output: What other 2 joints in the body has this type of cartilage?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Sliding too far forward

Output: What does the joint capsule prevent the TMJ from doing?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Sliding too far back and cracking the tympanic plate, mostly the Inner Horizontal portion.

Output: What does the temporomandibular ligament prevent the TMJ from doing?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] A muscle (the upper head of the lateral pterygoid), A ligament (temporomandibular ligament specifically the Inner Horizontal Portion), and Proprioceptive fibers that sense stretch and nerve endings in the tissue between the jaw and the tympanic plate.

Output: What prevents the tympanic plate from being fractured?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The lateral pterygoid

Output: Of the masticatory muscles, which one is the only one to aid in depressing the mandible?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Ptergyoid fovea

Output: Where on the mandible does the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle attach?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] A ginglimoarthrodial (it hinges and slides)

Output: What type of joint is the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Protrusion, Retrusion, Elevation, depression, Lateral and Medial Excursion.

Output: Name the 6 specific movements of the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The meniscus or articular disc.

Output: What divides the upper and lower synovial compartments of the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The OOP or Outer Oblique Portion and the Inner Horizontal Portion

Output: What are the two parts of the TMJ ligament?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Prevents forceful retrusion of the condyle from breaking the tympanic plate.

Output: What does the IHP of the TMJ ligament do?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It limits the extent of mouth opening?

Output: What does the OOP of the TMJ ligament do?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Collarteral Ligament, Capsular ligament, and Temporomandibular ligament

Output: What are the functional ligaments of the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Restrict movement of the articular disc restricting hinge-like movements.

Output: What do the Medial and Lateral Discal Collateral Ligaments (LDL and MDL) do?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] To encompass the joint and retain synovial fluid

Output: What is the function of the capsular ligament?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The sphenomandibular and the stymandibular ligaments.

Output: What are the accessory ligaments of the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is the calcification of the Styloid process and stylomandibular ligament it will affect the facial nerve first.

Output: What is Eagle’s Syndrome?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The sphenomandibular lig.

Output: What ligament hides the lingula as it attaches to the internal mandible?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The auriculotemporal, The masseteric, and the deep temporal nerves…sesory fiber hitchhike on the masseteric and the deep temporal nerves as these are motor nerves.

Output: What nerves are responsible for sensory information from the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Retrodiscal area

Output: Where are the proprioceptive mechano receptors that detect condylar movements and position in the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The posterior and posterolateral portions of the joint capsule have free nerve endings that sense pain and prevent excessive mandibular movements.

Output: How is pain perceived at the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Branches from the Superficial Temporal, The masseteric, and the deep temporal.

Output: What 3 arteries and paralleled veins supply the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Anterior Band, Posterior Disc Band, and the Intermediate Zone.

Output: What are the 3 components of the articular disc?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] There are elastic fibers where synovial joint usually don’t contain elastic fibers and…The retrodiscal superior portion is vascularized and can regenerate to a certain extent unlike other cartilage. Most Cartilage isn’t innervated, but in the TMJ it is innervated to know when the condyle is slamming the tympanic plate.

Output: What 3 features are unique about the retrodiscal cartilage in the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The superior portion

Output: What part of the articular disk is vascularized?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The lower joint compartment

Output: Where do hinge type movements occur?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The upper joint compartment

Output: Where do translation type movements occur?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Occlusal surfaces of the teeth a few millimeters apart and the condyles rest lightly on the posterior slope of the articular eminence.

Output: What is the position of rest for the TMJ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Sitting withing the mandibular fossa.

Output: Where is the condyle during centric occlusion?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The anterior band is near the apex of the articular eminence and the post disc band is at mid slope of the articular eminence.

Output: Where are the disk bands when the mouth is open?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The condyle is inferior to the posterior disk band, and the intermediate zone matches up with the slope of the articular eminence.

Output: Where are the disc bands when the mouth is closed?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Mostly type I collagen and some type III. Glycosaminoglycans make up about 5% of weight. (80% chondrotin sulfate and 15% dermatan sulfate)

Output: What composes the articular disc?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The posterior region also called the retrodiscal pad.

Output: Where is the bilaminar zone of the articular disk located?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Temporalis, the Medial Pterygoid, Lateral Pterygoid and the Masseter.

Output: What are the 4 classic muscles of mastication?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: temporal lines and fascia, I: Medial Coronoid Process and the anteromedial portion of the ramus of the mandible.

Output: What are the Origin and Insertion of the Temporalis?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Retrusion, Elevation, and Lateral Excursiion (due to roundness of the head)

Output: What are the actions of the temporalis?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O for superficial head: Zygomatic process of maxilla and zygomatic arch. O for deep head: zygomatic arch. I for superficial head: angle of the mandible and lower portion of ramus. I for deep head: upper portion of lateral ramus

Output: Origins and Insertions for the Masseter?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Retrusion(deep fibers), protrusion, elevation, and lateral excursion.

Output: What are the actions of the masseter?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: g wing of sphenoid and Lateral portion of lateral pterygoid plate. I: articular capsule and disk and the anterior neck of condyle

Output: Superior head of Lateral Pterygoids O and I?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: G. wing of Sphenoid and Lateral Lateral Pterygoid plate. I: Pterygoid Fovea

Output: Inferior Head of the Lateral Pterygoids O and I?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Upper: Stabilizer during retrusion. Lower: Protrusion, depression, and medial excursion. (pulls forward down articular eminence)

Output: What are the actions of the upper and lower head of the Lateral Pterygoid muscles?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: Medial Lateral pterygoid plate. I: Medial or the ramus

Output: Medial Pterygoid O and I?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Elevation, medial excursion, and protrusion

Output: Actions of the Medial Pterygoid?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It runs between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles just anterior and interior to the inferior alveolar nerve.

Output: Where is the Lingual nerve with respect to the lateral Pterygoid?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It runs between the two heads. If the lingual nerve does this it causes major issues.

Output: Where does the Buccal nerve run with respect to the Lateral pterygoid muscle?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] ??

Output: Where does the Maxillary Artery run with respect to the pterygoid muscles?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Sphenomandibularis.

Output: What is the “new” muscle of mastication?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The inferior head of the lateral Pterygoid and the Infra and suprahyiod muscles. Infra: Sternohyoid (medial) Omohyoid (lateral) Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid (both deep) Supra: The anterior digastrics ant and posterior, and the mylohyoid (deep)

Output: What muscles depress the jaw?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Down and Back/Posteriorly

Output: In what direction does the anterior digastrics pull the jaw?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Nothing as the Temporalis and the Medial Pterygoid will splint it in place.

Output: What do you do if you break the coronoid process of your jaw?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Unfortunate break because the muscles that attach to each piece of the jaw pull in different directions. You would also experience parasthesia.

Output: What if you break your Jaw on an Oblique angle from the molars backward ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Unfortunate, will separate but you won’t get as much parasthesia as in the previous case.

Output: What if you break your Jaw on an Oblique angle from the premolars backward?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Fortunate…might get some edema, but you won’t need to treat it further as it will be held in place by the opposing muscles.

Output: What if you break your jaw on an Oblique angle from the molars forward?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] types of facial fractures involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in a usually bilateral and either horizontal.

Output: What are Leforte Fractures?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is deep to the zygomatic arch and the mandible.

Output: Where is the infra temporal fossa?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Mandible

Output: What is the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Roof: G wing of Spenoid and temporal bone, Medial: Lateral Pterygoid plate, Anterior: Posterior of the Maxilla, Posterior: stylomandibular ligament, and the lateral wall and floor are the mandible.

Output: What are the borders of the ingratemporal fossa?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] There are some sensory fibers that hitchhike on the nerve to the mylohyoid and innervate the molars as it passes in close proximity

Output: Why might you still have molar sensitivity after a successful IA injection?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The chorda tympani is deep to the IA.

Output: Where does the chorda tympani lie with respect to the IA nerve?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It branches off the IA nerve just before the IA enters the mandibular canal.

Output: The nerve to the mylohyoid branches off of what nerve and where?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] V3 or the Mandibular N of the Trigeminal.

Output: To what nerve are the IA, Long buccal, Auriculotemporal, the nerve to the mylohyoid, and the Lingual Nerve branches of?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It runs superficial to both of these structures.

Output: Where does the IA artery run with respect to the stylomandibular ligament and the IA nerve?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The temporalis

Output: What muscle attaches in the temporal fossa?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is a triangular cleft between the G wing of the Spenoing, the Lateral Pterygoid plate and the Maxilla.

Output: What makes up the pterygomaxillary fissure?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It leads to the pterygopalantine fossa.

Output: Where does the pterygomaxillary fissure lead?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The sphenopalantine foramen (should be fissure because it is between two bones.)

Output: What foramen of the pterygopalantine fossa is visible via the pterygomaxillary fissure?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Roof: G wing of sphenoid, Floor: Pyramidal process of the palantine bone. Medial: Vertical plate of the palantine bone, Lateral: Pterygomaxillary fissure, Anterior: The maxilla, Posterio: Lateral Pterygoid process and G wing of Sphenoid.

Output: What are the border for the pterygopalantine fossa?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] If you do a Maxillary nerve injection, anesthetic could enter the Greater palantine canal into the pterygopalantine fossa and then into the inferior orbital fissure to interfere with the lacrimal gland.

Output: How could dry eyes result from a dental injection?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The pterygopalatine fossa and the nasopharynx.

Output: What does the palatovaginal canal connect?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Spenopalantine, The infraorbital fissure, the Pterygomaxillary fissure, the Palatovaginal canal (pharyngeal), the palantine canal, the pterygoid canal, and the foramen rotundum.

Output: What are the foramen/fissure of the pterygopalantine fossa?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The nerve of the pterygoid canal or Vidian’s nerve and the artery of the pterygoid canal

Output: What travels in the pterygoid canal?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] V2 or the Maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal

Output: What travels in the foramen rotundum?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The sphenopalantine artery and the Posterior, Superior nasal nerve.

Output: What travels in spenopalantine foramen?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The infraorbital nerve and vessels

Output: What travels in the Inferior orbital fissure?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The pharyngeal nerve and artery…also called the pharyngeal canal

Output: What travels in the Palatovaginal canal?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Maxillary sinuses.

Output: What is a good indication that you are below the orbit in a section?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Ethmoid and the nasal bones…vs the Vomer and the nasal bones below the orbits.

Output: What two bones do you see on the nasal midline above the orbit?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] On the medial coronoid process and the medial ramus. So once you see the mandible the temporalis will lie medial to the bone.

Output: Where does the temporalis attach to the mandible?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They all exit below the pontomedullary junction from the medulla.

Output: Where do CN IX-XII exit the brainstem?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The spinal accessory nerves leave as VPR of the spinal nerves and travel up through the foramen Magnum to merge with the accessory nerves leaving the brainstem, together they are considered CN XI and that is when they exit the Jugular foramen.

Output: The book says that the Accessory nerve travels through the Foramen Magnum and the Jugular foramen, why is this technically not true?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Sympathetic Trunk, Vagus, Hypoglossal, and Accessory as view from the posterior.

Output: Put the following nerve structures in order from medial to lateral: Hypoglossal, Sympathetic Trunk, Accessory, and Vagus

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Solitary: visceral sensory and taste, The trigeminal: somatic sensory, Inferior Salivatory Nucleus: parasympathetic motor, and Nucleus Ambiguous: branchial motor. Note no somatic motor.

Output: What are the Nuclei and associated modalities for CN IX?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Solitary: visceral sensory and taste, The trigeminal: somatic sensory, Dorsal Motor nucleus of X: parasympathetic motor, and Nucleus Ambiguous: branchial motor. Note no somatic motor.

Output: What are the Nuclei and modalities associated with CN X?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Nucleus Ambiguous for the cranial portion and the Ventral horn cells of C1-c5 for spinal portion….Both do Branchial Motor.

Output: What are the Nuclei and modalities associated with CN XI?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Hypoglossal Nucleus contains only somatic motor.

Output: What cranial nucleus is associated with CN XII and what modalities does it contain?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Branchial motor to the stylopharyngeus.

Output: What motor modality is associated with the GlossoPharyngeal nerve and what does it innervate?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Inferior Salivatory Nucleus via CN IX to the Tympanic N. branch to the Tympanic plexus then via the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion and then to the secretory branches of the parotid?

Output: How does parasympathetic innervations reach the parotid gland?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] From the superior and inferior nuclei to the Spinal Nucleus of V.

Output: Where to general somatic modalities of CN IX travel to?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Post 1/3 of tongue, soft palate, and pharyngeal mucosa, mucosa of the tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube, and skin of ext ear and auditory canal and the internal surface of the tympanic membrane.

Output: What general somatic functions does CN IX have?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Spinal Nucleus of V.

Output: To what nuclei to pain and temperature travel to from the external ear?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Glossopharygeal.

Output: What cranial nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] From the posterior 1/3 of tongue via the inferior ganglion of IX to the Solitary Nucleus and then ipsilateral to the insula.

Output: What is the path for special visceral afferent info in CN IX?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] This is visceral afferent and it goes to the inferior ganglion of IX and then the Solitary Nuclues.

Output: Where does information from Baroreceptors in the coratid sinus and pressure receptors in the carotid bodies travel?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] From superior to inferior: The Lingual, The Glossalpharngeal, and the Hypoglossal. (5,9,12)

Output: How do the Hypoglossal nerve, the Lingual nerve and the glossal pharyngeal relate to eachother in space?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] V3 of the trigeminal.

Output: What nerve is the Lingual nerve a branch of?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The stylopharyngeus….the other is innervated by the Hypoglossal.

Output: The Stylopharyngeus and the Styloglossus run on either side of the Glossalpharyngeal nerve. Which one is innervated by CN IX?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Tympanic N/Lesser Petrosal, The N to the carotid sinus, N. to the stylopharyngeus, and the Pharyngeal and Lingual branches.

Output: What are the 4 main branches of CN IX?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Vagus

Output: Besides the glossalpharyngeal which other nerve carries sensory information from the coratid sinuses?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] VII, IX, and X

Output: What 3 CN nerves carry sensory information from the external ear?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Posterior portion of Dura, the mucosa of the ext. auditory canal and the small area of skin behind the ear.

Output: The Vagus does general somatic afferent from what area?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It travels via the Vagus to the nodose ganglia and then terminates in the solitary nucleus.

Output: Where does taste from the epiglottis travel?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Also travels to via the Nodose ganglia to the solitary nucleus.

Output: Where does general visceral Afferent travel for CN X?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Lower Pharynx, Larangeal mucosa below and above the vocal folds, pressure and chemo receptors from the aorta and para-aortic bodies, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera to about the mid transverse colon.

Output: What areas does the Vagus pull visceral sensory from?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Above: the superior laryngeal nerve and below: inferior laryngeal branch or the recurrent Laryngeal N.

Output: What nerves do visceral sensory above and below the vocal folds?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The nucleus ambiguous….pry travels in CN XI and X because damage to XI cause problems speaking.

Output: Where do the motor fibers to the Larynx come from?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] A fancy way of saying XI via X.

Output: What is the pharyngeal plexus?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The pharyngeal constrictors, the muscles of the soft palate except for the tensor veli palatine, the cricothyroid, and the motor to the larynx.

Output: Which muscles are innervated vial the pharyngeal plexus?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Pharyngeal, the superior laryngeal and its branch the external Laryngeal, and the recurrent laryngeal.

Output: What branches of X is the pharyngeal plexus associated with?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The internal Laryngeal enters the Thyrohyoid membrane and the External branch innervates the cricothyroid muscle.

Output: What is the path of the Superior laryngeal N. branches?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The External Laryngeal branch of the Superior Laryngeal N.

Output: What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It runs external to the Ext. carotid Artery and internal to the Post digastric.

Output: Where does the Hypoglossal nerve run with respect to the external carotid artery and the posterior belly of the digastrics?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] At the inferior aspect of the epiglottis.

Output: Where does the recurrent Laryngeal nerve end?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Meningeal branch, auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, superior laryngeal branch w/two branches, and the recurrent Laryngeal branch.

Output: What are the 4 main branches of the Vagus?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius.

Output: What will the cervical portions of CN XI eventually supply?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The muscles of the Larynx and Pharynx.

Output: What will the cranial portions of CN XI eventually supply?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The first 3 are innervated by the Hypoglossal, the 4th is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus

Output: What nerve/nerves innervate the hypoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, and palatoglossus?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It goes back to their embryologic development. The classical muscles of the tongue developed from occipital somites.

Output: Why do the above muscles of the tongue have different innervations?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] From superficial to deep: Ant. Digastrics, Mylohyoid, Hypoglossal N., Hyoglussus, and Lingual Artery.

Output: How do the lingual artery, the ant digastrics, the mylohyoid, the hypoglossal n., and the hyoglossus relate in space?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] When you stick the tongue out it will deviate to the left. It goes to the ipsilateral side as the damage.

Output: How will damage to the left Hypoglossal nerve present in the tongue?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The palatoglossal and the palatopharyngeal arch.

Output: What are the names of the arches on either side of the uvula?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The lateral pharyngeal space…so infections can spread into this space and beyond with a risk of asphyxiation.

Output: The arches mentioned above are medial extensions of what?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The palantine tonsils (very large lymph nodes)

Output: What is located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Gum recession.

Output: What can occur if the labial frenum runs too close to teeth?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Aka the submandibular duct enters at the sublingual papilla, about 1/3 way up the lingual frenum.

Output: Where does wharton’s duct enter?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] A patent thyroglossal duct, a connection to the thyroid.

Output: What condition might exist at the foramen cecum?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The styloglossus, genioglossus, and hyoglossus

Output: What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The lingual frenum connected to tip of tongue (tongue tied)

Output: What is ankyloglossia?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: styloid process, I: lateral aspect of tongue, A: Elevates and retracts tongue and makes a trough.

Output: Origin, Insertion, and Action of the Styloglossus:

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: superior genial tubercle(mental spine), I: Dorsal tongue and hyoid bone, A: Protrudes and depresses, retracts extreme tip.

Output: Origin, Insertioin, Action of the Genioglossus:

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O:Hyoid bone, I: Lateral tongue, A: depression and retrusion of the tongue.

Output: Origin, Insertion, Action for the Hyoglossus:

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] O: Palantine aponeurosis, I: Lateral tongue, A: Elevates posterior tongue to help close the oropharyngeal isthmus. Innervated by Vagus….or XI via X

Output: Origin, Insertion, Action of the palatoglossus:

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Longitudinal fibers run antero-posteriorly(in two layers), Transverse fibers run perpendicular to the longitudinal, and the inferior fibers run from the dorsum of tongue inferiorly.

Output: What direction do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue run?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Longitudinal-shorten and lengthen, Transverse-curl , and vertical flattens the tongue.

Output: What actions do the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical fibers or the intrinsic tongue muscles perform?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] As opposed to filiform, the fungiform are larger with a CT core and contain some taste buds.

Output: How do fungiform and filiform papillae differ?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The have a cleft or trough surrounding them, they are larger and they have the most taste buds.

Output: What is unique to circumvallate papilla?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They are minor salivary serous glands that secrete into the clefts of the circumvallate papilla allowing food to wash over the taste buds.

Output: What are Von Ebner’s Glands?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They secrete a sero-mucous fluid ~ 60% of salivary production secreted through Whartons.

Output: What type and % of product do the submandibular glands secrete?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Surround mucous portion/cells in the submandibular gland.

Output: What are Serous demilunes?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It secretes serous fluid. ~30% of salivary secretion

Output: What type of secretion does the parotid gland make?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It looks like the pancrease with all dark cells, but the pancreas has the islets of Langerhans to distinguish it.

Output: What other gland does the parotid gland look like histologically?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Increased hyperkeratosis and fissuring due to varying heights of the papilla.

Output: What is geographic tongue?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Pry related to geographic tongue. Filliform papilla degenerate.

Output: What is fissured tongue?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Keritin on the filliform papilla.

Output: What causes coated tongue and hairy tongue?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Cinnamon flavor

Output: What can cause contact stomatitis?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Ant: Nasopalatine, Middle: Greater palatine, Posterior: Lesser Palatine.

Output: What areas of the palate are innervated by what nerve?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Palatopharyngeus, Palatoglossus, Levator Palati, Tensor Palati, and the Uvular muscle.

Output: Name 5 muscles of the soft palate

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They are all innervated by the pharyngeal plexus/ XI via X, except for the tensor palate that is innervated by a branch of V3

Output: What innervates the muscles of the soft palate?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It pulls the uvula superior to help seal the nasopharynx.

Output: What does the uvular muscle do?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They all work to elevate the palate to seal the nasopharynx.

Output: What action do all of the muscles of the soft palate share?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The lavator palate and the Tensor Palati

Output: Which muscles aid to open the auditory tubes?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] You could have an open oral nasal fistula.

Output: If the muscles of the soft palate are functioning properly, but you still have fluid coming out the nose when you drink, what might be the cause?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is a generic term for cartilage that connects other cartilage…similar to the generic term emissary veins.

Output: Where is sesamoid cartilage located?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Olfactory receptor cells, sustentacular cells, and Basal cells.

Output: What are the 3 types of cells found in the olfactory mucosa?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Taste Buds

Output: What other tissue has receptor cells, sustentacular cells, and basal cells?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, The vomer, The septal nasal cartilage, Nasal crest of the palantine, and the nasal crest of the maxilla.

Output: What 5 pieces make up the nasal septum?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The sella tursica.

Output: What lies directly posterior to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Eustacian tube, auditory canal, or the tympanopharyngeal canal.

Output: What is the hole located in the anterolateral part of the nasopharynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The superior and middle conchae and meatuses of the ethmoid bone, the inferior concha and meatus, The vertical plate of the palatine bone, and the frontal process of the maxilla.

Output: What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess directly above the superior concha.

Output: Where do the sphenoid and Ethmoid sinuses drain to?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The opening via the hiatus semilunaris that drains the frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses.

Output: What is the maxillary orifice?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The inferior meatus. This is why you can taste your tears.

Output: Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The submandibular ganglion.

Output: What ganglion hangs from the lingual nerve?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Output: What lines the sinuses?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The epithelium, with a thin or no submucosa and a very thin lamina propria that fuses to the periosteum of the surrounding bone.

Output: What layers are found in the sinus lining?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] They are variable and are NOT SYMMETRICAL

Output: How are the frontal sinuses oriented?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It drains from the top into the hiatus semilunaris so it almost always has stagnate fluid in the bottom that can serve as a reservoir for bacteria.

Output: What is the design problem with the Maxillary sinus?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Roof: orbit floor, Floor: Maxilla, Posterior: infratemporal surface of the maxilla, Base: Lateral wall of nasal cavity, Apex: The Zygoma. Pyramidal shaped.

Output: What are the border of the maxillary sinus?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Referred pain from a sinus infection to the teeth, infections from teeth can get into sinuses, roots can grow into sinuses making extractions tricky.

Output: How do the sinuses affect dentists?

Head and Neck Final Flashcards - Cram.com

What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is varyiable. Usually there are multiple and sometimes called ethmoid air cells.

Output: How many ethmoid sinuses do we have?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is the very thin lamina between the ethmoid sinuses and the orbit that may be blown out in forceful pressurizing/blowing of the nose.

Output: What is the lamina paperacia?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] An element of the digestion system made of muscles and soft tissues that are important for Respiration, Deglutination, and Regurgitation.

Output: What is the Pharynx and what are 3 associated functions?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Cartilage, muscle and associated soft tissues that are important for vocalization, respiration, and deglutination.

Output: What is the Larynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Deglutination, Phonation, and Exhalation.

Output: What critical functions does the Pharynx have?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Understanding the Pharynx will explain this.

Output: How can we understand why milk or soda comes out your nose if you laugh while drinking?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Between the Esophagus, the mouth and the base of the skull. It is suspended from the base of the skull and forms the back of the throat.

Output: Where is the pharynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The nasopharynx, The oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

Output: What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The Pharyngeotympanic tube/Eustachia/auditory tube.

Output: What structure equalizes the pressure in middle ear and serves as a conduit for infections to the middle ear?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] It is on the lateral wall of the Laryngopharynx. (food gets stuck)

Output: Where is the piriform recess located?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] Between the superior epiglottis and the bottom of the larynx

Output: Where is the Laryngopharynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?


Input: [Fibrocartilage] The inner longitudinal: stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus, The outer circular layer from inside to out: The superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.

Output: What muscles make up the two muscle layers of the pharynx?

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What kind of cartilage is located at the TMJ?