Input: [2] amphipathic molecule [1]

Output: A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amplification [1]

Output: The strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaerobic [1]

Output: Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anabolic pathway [1]

Output: A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaerobic respiration [1]

Output: The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anagenesis [1]

Output: A pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species; also called phyletic evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] analogy [1]

Output: The similarity of structure between two species that are not closely related; attributable to convergent evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaphase [1]

Output: The fourth subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaphylactic shock [1]

Output: An acute, life-threatening, allergic response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anapsids [1]

Output: One of three groups of amniotes based on key differences between their skulls.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anatomically modern humans [1]

Output: Fully modern humans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anatomy [1]

Output: The study of the structure of an organism.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anchorage dependence [1]

Output: The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anchoring junctions [1]

Output: Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] androgens [1]

Output: The principal male steroid hormones, such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aneuploidy [1]

Output: A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] angiosperm [1]

Output: A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anhydrobiosis [1]

Output: The ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism's habitat dries up. Also called cryptobiosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] animal pole [1]

Output: The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated. Opposite of vegetal pole.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anion [1]

Output: A negatively charged ion.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] annual [1]

Output: A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antennae [1]

Output: Sensory appendages found in uniramians and crustaceans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterior pituitary [1]

Output: Also called the adenohypophysis, it consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterior [1]

Output: Referring to the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anther [1]

Output: The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antheridium [1]

Output: In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anthocerophyta [1]

Output: The phylum of hornworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anthophyta [1]

Output: The phylum containing all angiosperms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anthropoid [1]

Output: A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antibiotic [1]

Output: A chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antibody [1]

Output: An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anticodon [1]

Output: A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antidiuretic hormone [1]

Output: A hormone that is part of an elaborate feedback scheme that helps regulate the osmolarity of the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen [1]

Output: A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen presentation [1]

Output: The process by which an MHC molecule cradles a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen in its hammocklike groove, carries it to the cell surface, and "presents" the protein to an antigen receptor on a nearby T cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen receptor [1]

Output: Transmembrane versions of antibody molecules that B cells and T cells use to recognize specific antigens. Also called membrane antibodies.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen-presenting cell (APCs) [1]

Output: Cells that ingest bacteria and viruses and then destroy them. Class II MHC molecules in these cells collect peptide remnants of this degradation and present them to helper T cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anura [1]

Output: The order of frogs and toads that includes tailless tetrapod amphibians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anurans [1]

Output: The group of frogs and toads.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aphotic zone [1]

Output: The part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical dominance [1]

Output: Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical ectodermal ridge [1]

Output: A limb-bud organizing region consisting of a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical meristem [1]

Output: Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apicomplexan [1]

Output: One of a group of parasitic protozoans, some of which cause human diseases.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoda [1]

Output: The order of caecilians that includes legless amphibians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apodans [1]

Output: The group of caecilians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apomixis [1]

Output: The asexual production of seeds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apomorphic character [1]

Output: A derived phenotypic character, or homology, that evolved after a branch diverged from a phylogenetic tree.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoplast [1]

Output: In plants, the nonliving continuum formed by the extracellular pathway provided by the continuous matrix of cell walls.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoptosis [1]

Output: Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aposematic coloration [1]

Output: The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] appendix [1]

Output: A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aquaporin [1]

Output: A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aqueous humor [1]

Output: Plasmalike liquid in the space between the lens and the cornea in the vertebrate eye; helps maintain the shape of the eye, supplies nutrients and oxygen to its tissues, and disposes of its wastes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aqueous solution [1]

Output: A solution in which water is the solvent.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Arachnida [1]

Output: The animal class that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Archaea [1]

Output: One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Bacteria.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Archaezoa [1]

Output: Primitive eukaryotic group that includes diplomonads, such as Giardia; some systematists assign kingdom status to archezoans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archegonium [1]

Output: In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archenteron [1]

Output: The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archosaurs [1]

Output: The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arteriole [1]

Output: A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arteriosclerosis [1]

Output: A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] artery [1]

Output: A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arthropod [1]

Output: Segmented coelomates with exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Arthropoda [1]

Output: The most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom; includes the horseshoe crab, arachnids (e.g., spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites), crustaceans (e.g., crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles), millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Arthropods are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] artificial selection [1]

Output: The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ascocarps [1]

Output: Macroscopic fruiting bodies of sac fungi.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ascus [1]

Output: A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asexual reproduction [1]

Output: A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aspartate [1]

Output: An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] associative learning [1]

Output: The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] assortative mating [1]

Output: A type of nonrandom mating in which mating partners resemble each other in certain phenotypic characters.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] astrocytes [1]

Output: Glial cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asymmetric carbon [1]

Output: A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asymmetric cell division [1]

Output: Cell division in which one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atherosclerosis [1]

Output: A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atom [1]

Output: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic nucleus [1]

Output: An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic number [1]

Output: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic weight [1]

Output: The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ATP (adenosine triphosphate) [1]

Output: An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ATP synthase [1]

Output: A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrial natriuretic factor [1]

Output: A peptide hormone that opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrioventricular (AV) node [1]

Output: A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrioventricular valve [1]

Output: A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrium [1]

Output: A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autogenesis model [1]

Output: According to this model, eukaryotic cells evolved by the specialization of internal membranes originally derived from prokaryotic plasma membranes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autoimmune disease [1]

Output: An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autonomic nervous system [1]

Output: A subdivision of the motor nervous system of vertebrates that regulates the internal environment; consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autopolyploid [1]

Output: A type of polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number to become tetraploid, which may self-fertilize or mate with other tetraploids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autosome [1]

Output: A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autotroph [1]

Output: An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] auxins [1]

Output: A class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid (IAA), having a variety of effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] auxotroph [1]

Output: A nutritional mutant that is unable to synthesize and that cannot grow on media lacking certain essential molecules normally synthesized by wild-type strains of the same species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Aves [1]

Output: The vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] axillary bud [1]

Output: An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] axon [1]

Output: A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] B lymphocyte (B cell) [1]

Output: A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bacteria [1]

Output: One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Archaea.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) [1]

Output: An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000–500,000 base pairs.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteriophage [1]

Output: A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. See phage.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteriorhodopsin [1]

Output: A photosynthetic pigment found in halophiles. It is very similar to the visual pigments in the retinas of our eyes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacterium [1]

Output: A prokaryotic microorganism in Domain Bacteria.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteroids [1]

Output: A form of Rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] baculum [1]

Output: A bone that is contained in, and helps stiffen, the penis of rodents, raccoons, walruses, and several other mammals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] balanced polymorphism [1]

Output: The ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bark [1]

Output: All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Barr body [1]

Output: A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] barrier methods [1]

Output: Contraception that relies upon a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm. Examples include condoms and diaphragms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bartholin's glands [1]

Output: Glands near the vaginal opening in a human female that secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal body [1]

Output: A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal metabolic rate (BMR) [1]

Output: The minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal nuclei [1]

Output: A cluster of nuclei deep within the white matter of the cerebrum.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] base [1]

Output: A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basement membrane [1]

Output: The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] base-pair substitution [1]

Output: A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basidiocarps [1]

Output: Elaborate fruiting bodies of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basidium [1]

Output: A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms. The fungal division Basidiomycota is named for this structure.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basophil [1]

Output: A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Batesian mimicry [1]

Output: A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] behavior [1]

Output: What an animal does and how it does it.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] behavioral ecology [1]

Output: A heuristic approach based on the expectation that Darwinian fitness (reproductive success) is improved by optimal behavior.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benign tumor [1]

Output: A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benthic zone [1]

Output: The bottom surfaces of aquatic environments.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benthos [1]

Output: The communites of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] beta cell [1]

Output: The source of insulin within the islets of Langerhans, nestled within the pancreas.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] beta oxidation [1]

Output: A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] beta (b) pleated sheet [1]

Output: One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biennial [1]

Output: A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] big-bang reproduction [1]

Output: A life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon. Also known as semelparity.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bilateral symmetry [1]

Output: Characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bilateria [1]

Output: Members of the branch of eumetazoans possessing bilateral symmetry.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bile [1]

Output: A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] binary fission [1]

Output: The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] binomial [1]

Output: The two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specific epithet.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biodiversity [1]

Output: All of the variety of life; usually refers to the variety of species that make up a community; concerns both species richness (the total number of different species) and the relative abundance of the different species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biodiversity crisis [1]

Output: The current rapid decline in the variety of life on Earth, largely due to the effects of human culture.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biodiversity hot spot [1]

Output: A relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bioenergetics [1]

Output: The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biogenesis [1]

Output: The principle that all life arises by the reproduction of preexisting life.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biogenic amines [1]

Output: Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biogeochemical cycles [1]

Output: Any of the various nutrient circuits, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biogeography [1]

Output: The study of the past and present distribution of species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biological clock [1]

Output: An internal timekeeper that controls an organism's biological rhythms; marks time with or without environmental cues but often requires signals from the environment to remain tuned to an appropriate period. See also circadian rhythm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biological magnification [1]

Output: A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biological species concept [1]

Output: The definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential in nature to interbreed and produce fertile offspring; a biological species is also called a sexual species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biomass [1]

Output: The dry weight of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biome [1]

Output: One of the world's major ecosystems, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bioremediation [1]

Output: The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biosphere [1]

Output: The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biotechnology [1]

Output: The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biotic [1]

Output: Pertaining to the living organisms in the environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] biotic components [1]

Output: All the organisms that are part of the environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bipolar cell [1]

Output: Neurons that synapse with the axons of rods and cones in the retina of the eye.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] birds [1]

Output: Any of a class of warm-blooded vertebrates distinguished by having the body more or less completely covered with feathers and the forelimbs modified as wings.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] birth control pills [1]

Output: Chemical contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, retard follicular development, or alter a woman's cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bisexual flower [1]

Output: A flower equipped with both stamens and carpels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blade [1]

Output: A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastocoel [1]

Output: The fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the blastula embryo.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastocyst [1]

Output: An embryonic stage in mammals; a hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization in humans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastodisc [1]

Output: An embryonic cap of dividing cells resting on a large undivided yolk.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastomeres [1]

Output: Small cells of an early embryo.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastopore [1]

Output: The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blastula [1]

Output: The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blood [1]

Output: A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blood pressure [1]

Output: The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blood vessel [1]

Output: A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] blood-brain barrier [1]

Output: A specialized capillary arrangement in the brain that restricts the passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing dramatic fluctuations in the brain's environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] body cavity [1]

Output: A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bolus [1]

Output: A lubricated ball of chewed food.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bond energy [1]

Output: The quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bone [1]

Output: A type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] book lungs [1]

Output: Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bottleneck effect [1]

Output: Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bottom-up model [1]

Output: A model of community organization in which mineral nutrients control community organization because nutrients control plant numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bowman's capsule [1]

Output: A cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] brachiopod [1]

Output: Also called lamp shells, these animals superficially resemble clams and other bivalve mollusks, but the two halves of the brachiopod shell are dorsal and ventral to the animal rather than lateral, as in clams.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] brain hormone [1]

Output: A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the insect brain. It promotes development by stimulating the prothoracic glands to secrete ecdysone.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] brainstem [1]

Output: The hindbrain and midbrain of the vertebrate central nervous system. In humans, it forms a cap on the anterior end of the spinal cord, extending to about the middle of the brain.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] breathing control center [1]

Output: A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bronchioles [1]

Output: Fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bronchus [1]

Output: One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] brown algae [1]

Output: One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] brown fat [1]

Output: A special tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bryophyta [1]

Output: The phylum of mosses. Note that the term "bryophyte " refers instead to the informal group of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, nonvascular plants that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bryophytes [1]

Output: A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bryozoan [1]

Output: Colonial animals that superficially resemble mosses.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] budding [1]

Output: An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] budgets [1]

Output: Used in reference to the gains and losses of various materials and energy. Most energy and materials budgets are interconnected, with changes in the flux of one component affecting the exchanges of other components.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] buffer [1]

Output: A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bulbourethral gland [1]

Output: One of a pair of glands near the base of the penis in the human male that secrete fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acids in the urethra during sexual arousal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bulk flow [1]

Output: The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bulk-feeder [1]

Output: Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bundle-sheath cell [1]

Output: A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] C3 plant [1]

Output: A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] C4 plant [1]

Output: A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cadherins [1]

Output: An important class of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] calcitonin [1]

Output: A mammalian thyroid hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] callus [1]

Output: A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells at the cut end of a shoot.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] calmodulin [1]

Output: An intracellular protein to which calcium binds in its function as a second messenger in hormone action.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] calorie (cal) [1]

Output: The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Calvin cycle [1]

Output: The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] CAM plant [1]

Output: A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cambrian explosion [1]

Output: A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cAMP receptor protein (CRP) [1]

Output: A regulatory protein that directly stimulates gene expression.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] canaliculi [1]

Output: Minute canals in a bodily structure.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] canopy [1]

Output: The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] capillary [1]

Output: A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] capillary bed [1]

Output: A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] capsid [1]

Output: The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complete in shape.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] capsule [1]

Output: A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carbohydrate [1]

Output: A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carbon fixation [1]

Output: The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic bacterium).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carbonyl group [1]

Output: A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carboxyl group [1]

Output: A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carboxylic acid [1]

Output: An organic compound containing a carboxyl group.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carboxypeptidase [1]

Output: An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the end of the polypeptide that has a free carboxyl group.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carcinogen [1]

Output: A chemical agent that causes cancer.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cardiac cycle [1]

Output: The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cardiac muscle [1]

Output: A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart; its cells are joined by intercalated discs that relay each heartbeat.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cardiac output [1]

Output: The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cardiovascular disease [1]

Output: Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cardiovascular system [1]

Output: A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins; the system is characteristic of vertebrates.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carnites [1]

Output: The group of birds with a carina, or sternal keel, supporting their large breast muscles.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carnivore [1]

Output: An animal, such as a shark, hawk, or spider, that eats other animals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carotenoid [1]

Output: An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carpel [1]

Output: The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carrier [1]

Output: In human genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, with one normal allele and one potentially harmful recessive allele. The heterozygote is phenotypically normal for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the harmful allele to offspring.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] carrying capacity [1]

Output: The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cartilage [1]

Output: A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Casparian strip [1]

Output: A water-impermeable ring of wax around endodermal cells in plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] catabolic pathway [1]

Output: A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] catabolite activator protein (CAP) [1]

Output: In E. coli, a helper protein that stimulates gene expression by binding within the promoter region of an operon and enhancing the promoter's ability to associate with RNA polymerase.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] catalyst [1]

Output: A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] catastrophism [1]

Output: The hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] catecholamines [1]

Output: A class of compounds, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cation [1]

Output: An ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cation exchange [1]

Output: A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] CD4 [1]

Output: A T cell surface protein, present on most helper T cells, CD4 binds to part of the class II MHC protein.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] CD8 [1]

Output: A T cell surface protein that enhances the interaction between the antigen-presenting infected cell and a cytotoxic T cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cDNA library [1]

Output: A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cecum [1]

Output: A blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell [1]

Output: The simplest collection of matter that can live.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell adhesion molecules [1]

Output: Glycoproteins that contribute to cell migration and stable tissue structure.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell body [1]

Output: The part of a cell, such as a neuron, that houses the molecules.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell center [1]

Output: A region in the cytoplasm near the nucleus from which microtubules originate and radiate.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell cycle [1]

Output: An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of the M, G1, S, and G2 phases.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell cycle control system [1]

Output: A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell division [1]

Output: The reproduction of cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell fractionation [1]

Output: The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell lineage [1]

Output: The ancestry of a cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell plate [1]

Output: A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell wall [1]

Output: A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell-mediated immunity [1]

Output: The type of immunity that functions in defense against fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses inside host cells and against tissue transplants, with highly specialized cells that circulate in the blood and lymphoid tissue.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cellular differentiation [1]

Output: The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cellular respiration [1]

Output: The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cellular slime mold [1]

Output: A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cellulose [1]

Output: A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Celsius scale [1]

Output: A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F 232) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] central canal [1]

Output: The narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] central nervous system (CNS) [1]

Output: In vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] central vacuole [1]

Output: A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] centriole [1]

Output: A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] centromere [1]

Output: The centralized region joining two sister chromatids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] centrosome [1]

Output: Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cephalization [1]

Output: An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cephalochordate [1]

Output: A chordate without a backbone, represented by lancelets, tiny marine animals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cerebellum [1]

Output: Part of the vertebrate hindbrain (rhombencephalon) located dorsally; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cerebral cortex [1]

Output: The surface of the cerebrum; the largest and most complex part of the mammalian brain, containing sensory and motor nerve cell bodies of the cerebrum; the part of the vertebrate brain most changed through evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cerebral hemisphere [1]

Output: The right or left side of the vertebrate brain.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cerebrospinal fluid [1]

Output: Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, protects, against infection, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cerebrum [1]

Output: The dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of the vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex functions of the central nervous system.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cervix [1]

Output: The neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chaparral [1]

Output: A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chaperonin [1]

Output: Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] character [1]

Output: A heritable feature.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Charophyceans [1]

Output: The green algal group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. They are considered to be the closest relatives of land plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] checkpoint [1]

Output: A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chelicerae [1]

Output: Clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of the chelicerate group.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Chelicerata [1]

Output: The animal phylum that includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, spiders, and an extinct group called the eurypterids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chelicerates [1]

Output: Members of the animal phylum that includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, spiders, and an extinct group called the eurypterids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical bond [1]

Output: An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical energy [1]

Output: Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical equilibrium [1]

Output: In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical reaction [1]

Output: A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemically-gated ion channels [1]

Output: Specialized ion channels that open or close in response to a chemical stimulus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemiosmosis [1]

Output: An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemoautotroph [1]

Output: An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemoheterotroph [1]

Output: An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemokine [1]

Output: A group of about 50 different proteins secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells and monocytes. These molecules bind to receptors on many types of leukocytes and induce numerous changes central to inflammation.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemoreceptor [1]

Output: A receptor that transmits information about the total solute concentration in a solution or about individual kinds of molecules.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chiasma [1]

Output: The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Chilopoda [1]

Output: The animal class that includes centipedes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chitin [1]

Output: A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chlorophyll [1]

Output: A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chlorophyll a [1]

Output: A type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chlorophyll b [1]

Output: A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chloroplast [1]

Output: An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] choanocyte [1]

Output: A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collarlike ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cholecystokinin (CCK) [1]

Output: A hormone released from the walls of the duodenum in response to the presence of amino acids or fatty acids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cholesterol [1]

Output: A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Chondrichthyes [1]

Output: The vertebrate class of cartilaginous fishes, represented by sharks and their relatives.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chondrin [1]

Output: A protein-carbohydrate complex secreted by chondrocytes; chondrin and collagen fibers form cartilage.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chondrocytes [1]

Output: Cartilage cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chordate [1]

Output: A member of a diverse phylum of animals that possess a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits; and a postanal tail as an embryo.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chorion [1]

Output: The outermost of four extraembryonic membranes; contributes to the formation of the mammalian placenta.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chorionic villus sampling (CVS) [1]

Output: A technique for diagnosing genetic and congenital defects in a fetus by removing and analyzing a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] choroid [1]

Output: A thin, pigmented inner layer of the vertebrate eye.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chromatin [1]

Output: The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chromista [1]

Output: In some classification systems, a kingdom consisting of brown algae, golden algae, and diatoms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chromosome [1]

Output: A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chromosome theory of inheritance [1]

Output: A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chromosome walking [1]

Output: A DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and "walks" along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producing a map of overlapping restriction fragments.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chylomicron [1]

Output: Small intracellular globules composed of fats that are mixed with cholesterol and coated with special proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chymotrypsin [1]

Output: An enzyme found in the duodenum. It is specific for peptide bonds adjacent to certain amino acids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chytrid [1]

Output: Mainly aquatic primitive fungi that form uniflagellated spores (zoospores). The chytrids and fungi are now thought to form a monophyletic branch of the eukaryotic tree.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ciliate [1]

Output: A type of protozoan that moves by means of cilia.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ciliary body [1]

Output: A portion of the vertebrate eye associated with the lens. It produces the clear, watery aqueous humor that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cilium [1]

Output: A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] circadian rhythm [1]

Output: A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] clade [1]

Output: Each evolutionary branch in a cladogram.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cladistics [1]

Output: A taxonomic approach that classifies organisms according to the order in time at which branches arise along a phylogenetic tree, without considering the degree of morphological divergence.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cladogenesis [1]

Output: A pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist; also called branching evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cladogram [1]

Output: A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class [1]

Output: In classification, the taxonomic category above order.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class Arachnida [1]

Output: The animal group that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class Chilopoda [1]

Output: The centipede group of animals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class Diplopoda [1]

Output: The millipede group of animals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class I MHC molecules [1]

Output: A collection of cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. In humans, these glycoproteins are also known as the HLA, human leukocyte antigens. Class I MHC molecules are found on all nucleated cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] class II MHC molecules [1]

Output: A collection of cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. In humans, these glycoproteins are also known as the HLA, human leukocyte antigens. Class II MHC molecules are restricted to a few specialized cell types.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] classical conditioning [1]

Output: A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cleavage [1]

Output: The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cleavage furrow [1]

Output: The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] climate [1]

Output: The prevailing weather conditions at a locality.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cline [1]

Output: Graded variation in some traits of individuals that parallels a gradient in the environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] clitoris [1]

Output: An organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cloaca [1]

Output: A common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts in all vertebrates except most mammals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] clonal selection [1]

Output: The mechanism that determines specificity and accounts for antigen memory in the immune system; occurs because an antigen introduced into the body selectively activates only a tiny fraction of inactive lymphocytes, which proliferate to form a clone of effector cells specific for the stimulating antigen.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] clone [1]

Output: (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cloning [1]

Output: Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cloning vector [1]

Output: An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] closed circulatory system [1]

Output: Circulatory systems in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] club fungus [1]

Output: The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the clublike shape of the basidium.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] clumped [1]

Output: Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregate in patches.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cnidocyte [1]

Output: A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cochlea [1]

Output: The complex, coiled organ of hearing that contains the organ of Corti.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] codominance [1]

Output: A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] codon [1]

Output: A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coefficient of relatedness [1]

Output: The probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coelom [1]

Output: A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coelomate [1]

Output: An animal whose body cavity is completely lined by mesoderm, the layers of which connect dorsally and ventrally to form mesenteries.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coenocytic [1]

Output: Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coenzyme [1]

Output: An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coevolution [1]

Output: The mutual influence on the evolution of two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cofactor [1]

Output: Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cognition [1]

Output: The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information obtained by its sensory receptors.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cognitive ethology [1]

Output: The scientific study of cognition; the study of the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cognitive map [1]

Output: A representation within the nervous system of spatial relations among objects in an animal's environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cohesion [1]

Output: The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cohesion species concept [1]

Output: The idea that specific evolutionary adaptations and discrete complexes of genes define species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cohort [1]

Output: A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coitus [1]

Output: The insertion of a penis into a vagina, also called sexual intercourse.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coleoptile [1]

Output: The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coleorhiza [1]

Output: The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] collagen [1]

Output: A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] collagenous fibers [1]

Output: Tough fibers of the extracellular matrix. They are made of collagen that are nonelastic and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] collecting duct [1]

Output: The location in the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected; the filtrate is now called urine.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] collenchyma cell [1]

Output: A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] colloblasts [1]

Output: Adhesive structures on the tentacles of ctenophores.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] colon [1]

Output: The tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] columnar [1]

Output: The column shape of one type of epithelial cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] commensalism [1]

Output: A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont benefits but the host is neither helped nor harmed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] community [1]

Output: All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] community ecology [1]

Output: The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] companion cell [1]

Output: A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube cell by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] competition [1]

Output: Active demand by two or more organisms or kinds of organisms for some environmental resource in short supply.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] competitive exclusion principle [1]

Output: The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] competitive inhibitor [1]

Output: A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complement [1]

Output: A set of about 20 serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps leading to the lysis of microbes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complement fixation [1]

Output: An immune response in which antigen-antibody complexes activate complement proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complement system [1]

Output: A group of at least 20 blood proteins that cooperate with other defense mechanisms; may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens; activated by the onset of the immune response or by surface antigens on microorganisms or other foreign cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complementary DNA (cDNA) [1]

Output: A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complete digestive tract [1]

Output: A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called alimentary canal. An incomplete digestive tract has only one opening.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complete dominance [1]

Output: A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complete flower [1]

Output: A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complete metamorphosis [1]

Output: The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] compound [1]

Output: A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] compound eye [1]

Output: A type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia; especially good at detecting movement.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] compressor [1]

Output: A small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] concentration gradient [1]

Output: An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conception [1]

Output: The fertilization of the egg by a sperm cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] condensation reaction [1]

Output: A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conduction [1]

Output: The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cone cell [1]

Output: One of two types of photoreceptors in the vertebrate eye; detects color during the day.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conformer [1]

Output: A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables. The animal is a conformer if it allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conidium [1]

Output: A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conifer [1]

Output: A gymnosperm whose reproductive structure is the cone. Conifers include pines, firs, redwoods, and other large trees.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Coniferophyta [1]

Output: The largest of the four gymnosperm phyla, the reproductive structure is the cone. Conifers include pines, firs, redwoods, and other large trees.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conjugation [1]

Output: In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conjunctiva [1]

Output: A mucous membrane that helps keep the eye moist; lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the front of the eyeball, except the cornea.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] connective tissue [1]

Output: Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conodonts [1]

Output: The group of ancient vertebrates that date back as far as 510 million years.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] conservation biology [1]

Output: A goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] consumers [1]

Output: Organisms that obtain their food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] contraception [1]

Output: The prevention of pregnancy.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] contractile vacuole [1]

Output: A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] control elements [1]

Output: Segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription of a gene by binding proteins called transcription factors.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] convection [1]

Output: The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] convergent evolution [1]

Output: The independent development of similarity between species as a result of their having similar ecological roles and selection pressures.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] convergent extension [1]

Output: A mechanism of cell crawling in which the cells of a tissue layer rearrange themselves in such a way that the sheet of cells becomes narrower while it becomes longer.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cooperativity [1]

Output: An interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all the others.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] copepods [1]

Output: A group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] coral reefs [1]

Output: Warm water, tropical, ecosystems dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by the resident cnidarians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cork cambium [1]

Output: A cylinder of meristematic tissue in plants that produces cork cells to replace the epidermis during secondary growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cornea [1]

Output: The transparent frontal portion of the sclera, which admits light into the vertebrate eye.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] corpus callosum [1]

Output: The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] corpus luteum [1]

Output: A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cortex [1]

Output: The region of the root between the stele and epidermis filled with ground tissue.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cortical granules [1]

Output: Vesicles that begin just under the egg plasma membrane prior to their involvement in the cortical reaction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cortical nephrons [1]

Output: Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex. These nephrons have a reduced loop of Henle.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cortical reaction [1]

Output: A series of changes in the cortex of the egg cytoplasm during fertilization.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] corticosteroids [1]

Output: A family of steroids synthesized by and released from the adrenal cortex.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cotransport [1]

Output: The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cotyledons [1]

Output: The one (monocot) or two (dicot) seed leaves of an angiosperm embryo.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] countercurrent exchange [1]

Output: The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] countercurrent heat exchanger [1]

Output: A special arrangement of blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] courtship [1]

Output: Behavior patterns that lead up to copulation or gamete release.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] covalent bond [1]

Output: A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cranial nerves [1]

Output: Nerves that leave the brain and innervate organs of the head and upper body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] craniata [1]

Output: The chordate subgroup that possess a cranium.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) [1]

Output: A type of metabolism in which carbon dioxide is taken in at night and incorporated into a variety of organic acids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] crista [1]

Output: An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] crocodilia [1]

Output: The reptile group that includes crocodiles and alligators.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] crossing over [1]

Output: The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cross-pollination [1]

Output: The transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to flowers of another plant of the same species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Crustacea [1]

Output: The animal phylum that includes mostly aquatic animals such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and shrimp.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] crustacean [1]

Output: A member of a major arthropod phylum that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cryptic coloration [1]

Output: Camouflage, making potential prey difficult to spot against its background.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cuboidal [1]

Output: The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cuticle [1]

Output: (1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyanobacteria [1]

Output: Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cycadophyta [1]

Output: A phylum of gymnosperms that superficially resemble palms. Cycads bear naked seeds on sporophylls, leaves specialized for reproduction.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyclic AMP (cAMP) [1]

Output: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyclic electron flow [1]

Output: A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyclic photophosphorylation [1]

Output: The generation of ATP by cyclic electron flow.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyclin [1]

Output: A regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) [1]

Output: A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cystic fibrosis [1]

Output: A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytochrome [1]

Output: An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytokines [1]

Output: In the vertebrate immune system, protein factors secreted by macrophages and helper T cells as regulators of neighboring cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytokinesis [1]

Output: The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytokinins [1]

Output: A class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxins to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytological maps [1]

Output: Charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytoplasm [1]

Output: The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytoplasmic determinants [1]

Output: The maternal substances in the egg that influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytoplasmic streaming [1]

Output: A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytoskeleton [1]

Output: A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytosol [1]

Output: The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytotoxic T cell (TC) [1]

Output: A type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] daily torpor [1]

Output: A daily decrease in metabolic activity and corresponding body temperature during times of inactivity for some small mammals and birds. The physiological changes during resting periods enable these organisms to survive on energy stores in their tissues.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] dalton [1]

Output: A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Darwinian fitness [1]

Output: The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] daughter cells [1]

Output: Either of the two cells that result when a cell divides.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] day-neutral plant [1]

Output: A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] decapod [1]

Output: A relatively large group of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] decomposers [1]

Output: Any of the saprotrophic fungi and bacteria that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] decomposition [1]

Output: The breakdown of organic materials into inorganic ones.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deep green [1]

Output: An international initiative focusing on the deepest phylogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deep-sea hydrothermal vents [1]

Output: A dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment associated with volcanic activity. The food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] dehydration reaction [1]

Output: A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deletion [1]

Output: (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] demographic transition [1]

Output: A shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] demography [1]

Output: The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] denaturation [1]

Output: For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] dendrite [1]

Output: One of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that conveys nerve impulses toward the cell body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] density [1]

Output: The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] density dependent [1]

Output: Any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] density-dependent factor [1]

Output: Any factor that has a greater impact on a population as the population density increases.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] density-dependent inhibition [1]

Output: The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] density-independent factor [1]

Output: Any factor that affects a population by the same percentage, regardless of density.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [1]

Output: A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deoxyribose [1]

Output: The sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] depolarization [1]

Output: An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential. A neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of 270 mV in the direction of zero voltage.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] depolarized [1]

Output: The condition of a membrane that is more negatively charged on one side than on the other.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deposit-feeder [1]

Output: A heterotroph, such as an earthworm, that eats its way through detritus, salvaging bits and pieces of decaying organic matter.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com