Input: situation in which a firm legally ceases to exist when an owner dies, quits, or a new owner is added; applies to sole proprietorships and partnerships. [sole proprietorship]

Output: limited life

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unincorporated business owned and operated by two or more people who share the profits and have unlimited liability for the debts and obligations of the firm; same as general partnerships [sole proprietorship]

Output: Partnership

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Form of partnership where one or more partners are not active in the daily running of the business, and whose liability for the partnership's debt is restricted to the amount invested in the business. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Limited Partnership

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Court-granted permission to an individual or business to cease or delay payment on some or all debts for a limited amount of time. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Bankruptcy

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: form of business organization recognized by law as a separate legal entity with all the rights and responsibilities of an individual, including the right to buy and sell property, enter into legal contracts, sue and be sued. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Corporation

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: written government approval to establish a corporation; includes company name, address, purpose of business, number of shares of stock, and other features of the business. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Charter

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: certificate of ownership in a corporation; common or preferred stock [sole proprietorship]

Output: Stock

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: person who owns a share or shares of stock in a corporation; same as shareholders [sole proprietorship]

Output: Stockholder

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: person who owns a share of stocks in a corporation [sole proprietorship]

Output: Shareholder

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a check representing a portion of the corporate earnings to each stockholder [sole proprietorship]

Output: Dividend

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: formal contract to repay borrowed money and interest on the borrowed money at regular future intervals [sole proprietorship]

Output: Bond

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Amount borrowed when getting a loan or issuing a bond [sole proprietorship]

Output: Principal

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: payment made for the use of borrowed money; usually paid at periodic intervals for long-term bonds or loans [sole proprietorship]

Output: Interest

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: feature of taxation that allows stockholders' dividends to be taxed both as corporate profit and as personal income. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Double Taxation

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ANS shunts blood to needy areas, speeds or slows heart rate, adjusts blood pressure and body temperature, and increases or decreased stomach secretions. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: What does the ANS do?

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ANS is also called the involuntary nervous system which reflects its subconcious control, or the general visceral motor system, which indicates the location of most of its effectors. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Other names for ANS

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cell body of the first neuron, the pregnangloionic neuron, resides in the brain or spinal cord. Its axon, the pregnaglionic axon, synapses with the second motor neuron, the ganglionic neuron, in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. The axon of the ganglionic, called the postganglionic axon, extends to the effector organ. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: The ANS uses a two-neuron chain to its effectors. Explain in detail how.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in the CNS and projects its axon to a peripheral ganglion [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Preganglionic Neuron

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A collection of nerve bodies outside the CNS [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Ganglion

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Autonomic Motor Neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its (posteganglionic) axon to an effector [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Ganglionic Neuron

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Preganglionic Axons are lightly myelinated, thin fibers, and postganglionic axons are even thinner and are unmyelinated. Most pre and post ganglionic fibers are incorporated into spinal or canial nerves.; Postganglion def. - Axon of a ganglionic neuron, an autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion; the axon projects to an effector [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pregnaglionic/ Postganglionic Axon (fiber)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Collection of sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglionic neuronal cell bodies [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Autonomic Ganglion

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The division of the ANS that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor (danger, excitement, etc.); the fight, fright, and flight subdivision. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Sympathetic Division

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The division of the ANS that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Parasympathetic Division

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: While all Somatic Motor neurons release ACh to make muscles contract, Neurotransmitters releaed into visceral effector organs by postganglionic autonomic fibers include NE secreted by most sympathetic fibers, and ACh released by parasympathetic fibers. Depending on the type of receptors present on the target organ, the organ's response may be either excitation or inhibition. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Norepinephrine (NE)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ANS uses the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions to serve the same visceral organs, but cause opposite effects. The sympathetic mobilizes the body during activity and the parasympathetic promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Dual Innervation

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Parasympathetic is the D division: Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination). Sympathetic is the E division: Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Easy way to remember Parasympathetic and Symathetic Divisions

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Their origion sites P- brain and sacral spinal cord S- thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord 2. The relative lengths of their fibers P-long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers S- has the opp. condition 3. The location of their ganglia P-located in the visceral effector organs S- lie close to the spinal cord [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Sympathtic and Parasympathetic Divisions differ in:

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Parasympathetic Division is also called this b/c its preganglionic fibers spring from opp. ends of the CNS- the brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Craniosacral Division

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In the Parasympathetic Division, the preganglionic axons extend from CNS almost to structures to be innervated, There the axon synapse with ganglioniv neurons located in terminal ganglia that lie very close to or within the target organs. Very short postganglionic axons issue from the terminal ganglia and synapse with effector cells in their immediate area. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Terminal Ganglia

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: They run in oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves. Their cell bodies lies in associated motor cranial-nerve nuclei in the bain stem. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Preganglionic fibers run in what nerves?

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ciliary Ganglia: • innervate smooth muscle in eyes to constrict pupils & bulge lenses (for close vision) [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Oculomotor Nerves (III)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pterygopalatine Ganglia: travel to nasal mucosa, palate & pharynx; stimulate secretion from nasal and lacrimal glands Submandibular Ganglia: stimulate submandibular & sublingual salivary glands [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Facial Nerves (VII)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Otic Ganglia: stimulate parotid salivary glands * Preganglionic fibers from cranial nerves III, VII & IX join branches of the trigeminal nerve as postganglionic fibers to their targets [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: most (~90%) of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers; branches to: • cardiac plexuses: to slow heart rate • pulmonary plexuses: to slow breathing rate • esophageal plexuses: branches to the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, & and half of large intestine to stimulate digestion [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Vagus Nerves (X)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: arises from sacral spinal nerves S2-S4; branch to form pelvic splanchnic nerves & synapse in distal half of large intestine, the urinary bladder, ureters & reproductive organs [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Sacral Outflow

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In sacral outflow, axons of the neurons (located in S2-S4) run in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to the ventral rami and then branch off to from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which pass through the inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus in the pelvic floor. Some preganglionic fibers synapse with ganglia in this plexus, but most synapse in intramural ganglia in the walls of the following organs: distal half of the large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive system. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves and Inferior Hypogastric (Pelvic) Plexus

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The sympathetic division is also referred to as the thoracolumbar division b/c all preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in spinal cord segments T1 through L2. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Thoracolumbar division

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: produced from the presence of numerous preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.; posterolateral to the ventral horns that house somatic motor neurons. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Lateral Horns (so-called Visceral Motor Zones)

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A white ramus communicans to enter an adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion forming part of the sympathetic trunk. Looking like strands of glistening white beads, the sympathetic trunks flank each side of the vertebral column, The sympathetic trunk ganglia are also called chain ganglia or paravertebral ganglia. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: After leaving the cord via the ventral root, preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through ......

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion 2. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion. 3. The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Once a preganglioniv axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon...

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: located anterior to the vertebral column; Unlike sympathetic trunk ganglia, the collateral ganglia are neither paired nor segmentally arranged and occur only in the abdomen and pelvis. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Collateral or prevertebral ganglia

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sympathetic preganglionic fibers serving the head emerge from spinal cord segments T1-T4 and ascend the sympathetic tunk to synapse with ganglionic Neurons in the superior cervical ganglion [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways to the Head

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sympathetic preganglionic fibers innervationg the thoracic organs originate at T1-T6. From there the preganglonic fibers run to synapse in the cervical trunk ganglia. Postganglionic fibers emerging from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia enter cervical nerves C4-C8. Some of these fibers innervate the heart via the cardiac plexus, and som innervate the thyroid gland, but most serve the skin. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways to the Thorax

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Most of the preganglionic fibers from T5 down synapse in collateral ganglia, and so most of these fibers enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing. They form several nerves called splanchnic nerves, including the thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least) and the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways with Synapses in Collateral Ganglia

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: These nerves contribute to a number of interweaving nerve plexuses known as the abdomina aortic plexus which clings to the surface of the abdominal aorta. This complex plexus contains several ganglia that serve the abdominopelvic viscera. From superior to inferior th most important of these ganglia are the celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric named for the arteries they closely associate with. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Splanchnic Nerves

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen is via preganglionic fibers from T5 to L2 whgich travel in the thoracic splanvchnic nerves to snapse mainly at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia. Postganglionic fibers issuing from these ganglia serve the stomach intestines, liver spleen and kidneys. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways to the Abdomen

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Preganglionic fibers innervating the pelvis originate from T10 to L2 and then descend in the sympathetic trunk to the lumbar and sacral trunk ganglia. Some fibers sunapse there and the postganglionic fibers run in lumar and sacral splanchnic nerves to plexuses on the lower aorta and in the pelvis. Others pass directly to these autonomic plexuses to the pelvis organs and also the distal half of the large intestines. For the most part, sympathetic fibers inhibit the acitivity of the muscles and glands in these visceral organs. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways to the Pelvis

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Some fibers traveling in the thoracic splanchnic nerves pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing and terminate by synapsing with the hormone producing medullary cells of the adrenal gland. When stimulated by preganglionic fibers, the medullary cells secrete NE and epinephrine into the blood, producing the excitatory effects we have all felt as a surge of adrenaline. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Pathways with Synapses in the Adrenal Medulla

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Visceral reflex arcs have the same 5 elements as somatic reglex arcs. The visceral afferent (sensory) fibers are found both in spinal nerves and in automatic nerves [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Visceral Reflexes

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Sensory receptor in viscera 2. Visceral sensory neuron 3. Integration center may be preganglionic neuron, may be a dorsal horn interneuron, may be within walls of gastrointestinal tract 4. Efferent pathway (two-neuron) chain: Pregnanglionic Neuron, Ganglionic Neuron 5. Visceral Effector [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: 5 elements of Visceral Reflexes

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Send info concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera, are the first to link in autonomic reflexes [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Visceral Sensory Neurons

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have the same components as somatic reflex arcs- receptors, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector- except that a visceral reflex arc has two neurons in its motor component. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Visceral Reflex Arcs

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The fact that visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers helps explain the phenomenon of referred pain. Pain stimuli arising in the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin. Ex. heart attack pain in arm. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Referred Pain

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ACh releasing fibers. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Cholinergic Fibers

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE) [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Major neurotransmitters released by ANS neurons

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: NE releasing fibers. Most sympathetic postganglionic axons release NE. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Adrenergic Fibers

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: 2 receptors that bind ACh

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: respond to nicotine; found on sarcolemma of skeletal muscles at neuromuscular junctions; all are ganglionic neurons both sympathetic and parasympathetic and the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla; the effect is always stimulatory [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Nicotinic Receptors

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: activated by a mushroom poison (muscarine); stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers. All parasympathetic target organs and a few sympathetic targets such as eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels of skeletal muscles. The effect can be either inhibitory or stimulatory. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Muscarinic Receptors

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2 classes: alpha (stimulatory) and beta (inhibitory) which are further divided into subclasses. NE or epinephrine can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on target organs depending on which subclass of receptor predominates in that organ. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Adrenergic Receptors

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Locations: Heart predominatly, but also kidneys and adipose tissue Effect of binding: increases heart reate and strength; stimulates renin release by kidneys [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: B1

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Location: Lungs and most other sympathetic target organs; abundant on blood vessels serving the heart, liver and skeletal muscle Effect: mostly inhibitory, dilates blood vessels and bronchioles. relaxes smooth muscle walls of digestive and urinary visceral organs; relaxes uterus [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: B2

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Location: Adipose tissue Effect: Stimulates lipolysis by fat cells [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: B3

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the vascular system is innervated by sympathetic fibers that keep the blood vessels in a continual state of partial contriction. [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Sympathetic or Vasomotor Tone

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Slows the heart and dictates the normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary tracts [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Parasympathetic Tone

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of blood vessels in the external genetalia and is responsible for erection [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Cooperative Effects

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Thermoregulatory Responses to Heat 2. Release of Renin from the Kidneys 3. Metabolic Effects -increase the metabolic rate of body cells - raises blood glucose levels - mobilizes fats for use as fuels [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Brain stem & spinal cord: reticular formation of brain stem, regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood pressure, swallowing, etc. -Spinal Cord- Urination, defecation, erection, ejaculation reflexes - Hypothalamus: Overall integration center of ANS, the boss. (regulates heart activity, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance & endocrine system activity) - Cerebral Cortex: although most autonomic functioning is involuntary, in some cases voluntary control appears possible [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: ANS Control by Higher Centers:

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (high blood pressure) may result from increased vasoconstriction by sympathetic fibers (could be stress-induced) [Autonomic Nervous System]

Output: Hypertension

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the early cell divisions of embryos, in which little or no growth occurs between divisions; reduces the cell size and distributes gene-regulating substances to the newly formed cell [Gametogenesis]

Output: Cleavage


Input: the process whereby a blastula develops into a gastrula, including the formation of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm [Gametogenesis]

Output: Gastrulation


Input: the process by which the layers of the gastrula(endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) rearrange to form organs [Gametogenesis]

Output: Organogenesis


Input: an immature form of an animal that subsequently undergoes metamorphosis into its adult form; includes the caterpillars of moths and butterflies, the maggots of flies, and the tadpoles of frogs and toads [Gametogenesis]

Output: Larva


Input: Indirect- offspring undergo radical changes in body form between birth and sexual maturity • this is metamorphosis -Direct- at birth the offspring have the same body form as adults [Gametogenesis]

Output: Direct vs. Indirect Development


Input: Sexually mature and can produce gametes [Gametogenesis]

Output: Adult


Input: localization of maternal molecules • uneven distribution of RNA and proteins -Cell signaling -Gene regulatory networks • collection of DNA segments within a cell that interacts with each other or within protein products of each other to regulate the rate the genes in the network are transcribed [Gametogenesis]

Output: Regulation of Development


Input: -Gametogenesis • in ovaries and testes -Fertilization • internal -Cleavage • within the uterine tube • proliferation of cells without growth • takes place within the fallopian tube • In humans it begins to separate two major different groups of cells o Inner cell mass- gives rise to the embryo proper • These are the embryonic stem cells o Outercell layer • Profoblast -Gastrulation -Organogenesis [Gametogenesis]

Output: The Human Life Cycle


Input: -Readily crosses the placenta -Alcohol is toxic to the fetus- a teratogen -Preventable cause of intellectual disabilities -Can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and other alcohol-related conditions -8 times more likely to have a baby die of SIDS if binge drinking during the first trimester or in 3 months prior to pregnancy occurs [Gametogenesis]

Output: Facts About Drinking in Pregnancy


Input: a cluster of symptoms, including mental retardation and physical abnormalities, that occur in infants born to mothers who consume large amounts of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy [Gametogenesis]

Output: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome


Input: Stores waste [Gametogenesis]

Output: Allantois


Input: Acts as a respiratory surface, provides for the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes [Gametogenesis]

Output: Chorion


Input: Encloses the embryo in fluid [Gametogenesis]

Output: Amnion


Input: Helps absorb nutrients from the mother,contains yolk as food [Gametogenesis]

Output: Yolk sac


Input: an early stage of human embryonic development, consisting of a hallow ball of cells, enclosing a mass of cells attached to its inner surface, which becomes the embryo [Gametogenesis]

Output: Blastocyst


Input: in animals, the embryonic stage attained at the end of cleavage, in which the embryo usually consists of a hallow ball with a wall that is one or several cell layers thick [Gametogenesis]

Output: Blastula


Input: the site at which a blastula indents to form a gastrula [Gametogenesis]

Output: Blastopore


Input: the outermost embryonic tissue layer, which gives rise to structures such as hairs, the epidermis of the skin, and the nervous system [Gametogenesis]

Output: Ectoderm


Input: the innermost embryonic tissue layer, which gives rise to structures such as the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts [Gametogenesis]

Output: Endoderm


Input: in animal development, a three-layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm cell layers. The endoderm layer usually encloses the primitive gut [Gametogenesis]

Output: Gastrula


Input: the middle embryonic tissue layer, lying between the endoderm and ectoderm, and normally the last to develop; gives rise to structures such as muscles, the skeleton, the circulator system, and the kidneys. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Mesoderm


Input: in animals, an embryonic stage during cleavage, when the embryo consists of a solid ball of cells [Gametogenesis]

Output: Morula


Input: • Genes and alleles from parents DNA • Genotype codes for phenotype o Morphology o Physiology o Behavior • Specific alleles come from parents [Gametogenesis]

Output: What are the units of heredity?


Input: • Eukaryotic DNA observed in cell nucleus and condensed chromosomes • DNA twice as abundant in diploid cells as haploid cells • DNA doubles during S phase of cell cycle • Shows same patterns of transmission as genetic information it carries [Gametogenesis]

Output: DNA Structure Reflects its Role as the Genetic Material


Input: 1. DNA Double helix 2. DNA wound around histone proteins 3. Coiled DNA/histone beads 4. Loops attached to a protein scaffold; this stage of partial condensation typically occurs in a nondividing cell 5. Folded chromosome, fully condensed in a dividing cell [Gametogenesis]

Output: DNA in Chromosomes


Input: DNA consists of four small subunits of nucleotides. Each nucleotides in DNA has three parts: a phosphate groups, a sugar deoxyribose, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. [Gametogenesis]

Output: What is the structure of DNA


Input: a subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA). Nucleotides are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic acid, by bonds between the phosphate and one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide [Gametogenesis]

Output: DNA nucleotide


Input: 1) conjugation 2) transduction- viruses can insert DNA 3) transformation [Gametogenesis]

Output: 3 Ways of getting DNA in Bacteria


Input: the copying of the double-stranded DNA molecule, producing two identical DNA double helices. DNA replication involved three major actions. First, the DNA double helix must be opened up so the base sequence can be read. Then, new DNA strands with base sequences complementary to the two original strands must be synthesized. In eukaryotic cells, these new DNA strands are synthesized in fairly short pieces. Therefore, the third step in DNA replication is to stick the pieces together to form a continuous new strand of DNA. Each step is carried out by a distinct set of enzymes [Gametogenesis]

Output: DNA Replication


Input: DNA Helicase- an enzyme that helps unwind the DNA double helix during DNA replication DNA Polymerase- an enzyme that bonds DNA nucleotides together into a continuous strand, using a preexisting DNA strand as a template [Gametogenesis]

Output: Enzyme required for DNA replication


Input: - the process of replication of the DNA double helix the two DNA strands separate, and each is used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. Consequently, each daughter double helix consists of one parental strand and one new strand [Gametogenesis]

Output: Semiconservative Replication


Input: Mutations Are rare Is actually a “proof reading” system that catches most errors (DNA repair enzymes) Specificity of hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs makes replication quite accurate DNA polymerase incorporates incorrect bases about 1/000 to 1/100,000 base pairs! BUT completed DNA strands contain only about one mistake in every 100 MILLION to 1 BILLION base pairs Ex. Humans – usually less than one per chromosome Can be neutral, beneficial or harmful [Gametogenesis]

Output: How do mistakes happen during replication?


Input: A nucleotide pair is deleted [Gametogenesis]

Output: Deletion Mutation


Input: A nucleotide is inserted [Gametogenesis]

Output: Insertion Mutation


Input: A DNA segment is inverted [Gametogenesis]

Output: Inversion Mutation


Input: A Nucleotide pair changes example from A-T to T-A [Gametogenesis]

Output: Nucleotide Substitution


Input: A mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed [Gametogenesis]

Output: Point Mutation


Input: When DNA segments are switched [Gametogenesis]

Output: Translocation


Input: an enzyme that bonds the terminal sugar in one DNA strand to the terminal phosphate in a second DNA strand, creating a single strand with a continuous sugar-phosphate backbone [Gametogenesis]

Output: DNA Ligase


Input: Most genes contain info to direct synthesis of a single protein • proteins form many cellular structures • enzymes that catalyze cell reactors -How does information flow from DNA to protein? • DNA → nucleus • Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm [Gametogenesis]

Output: One Gene- One Protein


Input: -carries DNA gene information to ribosomes -carries the information for the amino acid sequence of a proteins; groups of these bases (codons), specify the amino acids a strand of RNA, complementary to the DNA of a gene, that conveys the genetic information in DNA to the ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis; sequences of three bases (codons) in mRNA that specify particular amino acids to be incorporated into a protein [Gametogenesis]

Output: Messenger RNA


Input: -carries out translation -2 subunits remain separate, only come together during protein synthesis, job is to close mRNA a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes [Gametogenesis]

Output: Ribosomal RNA


Input: -20 enzymes in cytoplasm -1 for each amino acids -enzymes recognized the transfer RNA and use energy (ATP) to attach the correct amino acid a type of RNA that binds to a specific amino acid, caries it to a ribosome, and positions it for incorporation into the growing protein chain during protein synthesis. A set of three bases in tRNA (the anticodon) is complementary to the set of three bases in mRNA (the codon) that codes for that specific amino acid in the genetic code [Gametogenesis]

Output: Transfer RNA


Input: the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template Transcribe- to make a written copy of something in the same language • Transcription of the gene produces an mRNA with a nucleotide sequence complementary to one of the DNA strands [Gametogenesis]

Output: Transcription


Input: • RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA near the beginning of a gene, separating the double helix near the promoter • 3’ to 5’ • promoter is not transcribed [Gametogenesis]

Output: Transcription Initiation


Input: • RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template strand, unwinding the DNA double helix and synthesizing RNA by catalyzing the addition of ribose nucleotides into an RNA molecule. The nucleotides in the RNA are complementary to the template strand of the DNA • 3’ to 5’ [Gametogenesis]

Output: Transcription Elongation


Input: • At the end of the gene, RNA polymerase encounters a DNA sequence called a termination signal. RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and releases the RNA molecule [Gametogenesis]

Output: Transcription Termination


Input: • After termination, the DNA completely rewinds into a double helix. The RNA molecule is free to move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation, the RNA polymerase may move to another gene and begin transcription once again [Gametogenesis]

Output: Conclusion of Transcription


Input: AUG [Gametogenesis]

Output: Start Codon


Input: UAA, UAG, UGA [Gametogenesis]

Output: Stop Codon


Input: Prokaryotic genes are typically compact. All the nucleotides of a gene code for the amino kids in a protein. A prokaryotic cell commonly transcribe a single, very long mRNA from a series of adjacent genes. Because prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane separating their DNA from the cytoplasm, transcription and translation are usually not serrated, either in space or time. mRNA molecule begins to separate from the DNA during transcription, ribosomes immediately begin translating the mRNA into protein. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Messenger RNA Synthesis in Prokaryotes


Input: A.Eukaryotic genes consists of eons, which code for the amino acid sequence of a protein, and introns, which do not. Transcription of a eukaryotic gene produces a very long RNA strand which starts before the first exon and ends after the last exon. More nucleotides are added at the beginning and end of this pre-RNA molecule, forming a "cap" and "tail". These nucleates help to move the finished mRNA through the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm, to bind the mRNA to a ribosome, and to prevent cellular enzymes from breaking down the mRNA molecule. To convert this pre-mRNA molecule into the finished mRNA, enzymes in the nucleus cut the pre-mRNA apart at the junctions between introns and eons, splice together the preteen-coding eons, and discard the introns. The finished mRNA molecules then leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelop. In the cytoplasm the mRNA binds to ribosomes, which synthesize protein specified by the mRNA base sequence 1. Transcribing the gene into a long pre mRNA molecule 2. Adding additional RNA nucleotides to form the cap and tail 3. Cutting out the introns and splicing the eons together into the finished mRNA 4. Moving the finished mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm for translation [Gametogenesis]

Output: Messenger RNA Synthesis in Eukaryotes


Input: converting words from one language into another language • Translation of the mRNA produces a protein molecule with an amino acid sequence determined by the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA [Gametogenesis]

Output: Translation


Input: • 1. A tRNA with an attached methionine amino acid binds to a small ribosomal subunit, forming a preinitiation complex • 2. The preinitiation complex binds to an mRNA molecule. The methionine (met) tRNA anticodon (UAC) base-pairs with the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA • 3. The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small subunit. The methionine tRNA binds to the first tRNA site on the large subunit [Gametogenesis]

Output: Translation Initiation


Input: • 4.The second codon of the mRNA (GUU) base-pairs with the anticodon (CAA) of the second tRNA carrying the amino acid valine (val). This tRNA binds to the second tRNA site on the large subunit • 5.The catalytic site on the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond linking the amino acids methionine and valine. The two amino acids are now attached to the tRNA in the second binding site • 6. The “empty” tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA, one codon to the right. The tRNA that is attached to the two amino acids is now in the first tRNA binding site and the second tRNA binding site is empty • 7. The third codon of mRNA (CAU) base-pairs with the anticodon (GUA) of a tRNA carrying the amino acid histidine (his). This tRNA enters the second tRNA binding site on the large subunit • 8. The catalytic site forms a peptide bond between valine and histidine, leaving the peptide attached to the tRNA in the second binding site. The tRNA in the first site leaves, and the ribosome moves one codon over on the mRNA [Gametogenesis]

Output: Translation Elongation


Input: • 9. This process repeats until a stop codon is reached; the mRNA and the completed peptide are released from the ribosome, and the subunits separate [Gametogenesis]

Output: Translation Termination


Input: -Ultraviolet radiation-sunlight and tanning beds -Cigarette smoke- environmental smoke • causes mutations in a gene called RAS, it is associated with many human cancers • more than 30 % of lung cancer, 90 % of pancreatic cancer, 50% of colon cancers are due to mutations on the RAS gene [Gametogenesis]

Output: What causes mistakes in DNA replication


Input: -Can be benign (no problem) -This happens if entire genes including their promoters get broken apart and reattached -Not benign -Happens when a gene is split in two [Gametogenesis]

Output: How Do Mutations Affect Protein Function? Inversion and Translocation


Input: -3 nucleotides code for one amino acid so if you delete or add 3 nucleotides, it may not alter the protein function -if you delete or insert 1 or 2 nucleotides, that shift the rest of them which results in catastrophic effects because it changes the set of triples -frame shift mutations- when everything shifts by one [Gametogenesis]

Output: How Do Mutations Affect Protein Function? Deletion and Insertion


Input: -known as point mutation, one nucleotide replaces another nucleotide o 4 possible outcomes -1) protein can be unchanged  this can happen due to all of the redundancy in the code • UAU→ UAC, both are tyrosine -2) a new protein may be functionally equivalent to the old one  neutral mutations -3) protein function might be changed by altered amino acid sequence -4) protein function is destroyed by premature stop codon [Gametogenesis]

Output: How do mutations affect protein function? Substitution


Input: -They are what give us genetic diversity -mutations are the raw material for evolution -Natural selections act of these -Human mutation rates • they range from 1/100,000 to 1/1,000,000 gametes • males produce 300-400 million sperm/per ejaculate o each ejaculate contains about 600 sperm with new mutations [Gametogenesis]

Output: Why are mutations so important for evolution?


Input: -Human genome- 20,000 to 25,000 genes • in most of your cells • red blood cells do not because they do not have nuclei • not all genes are expressed (transcribed and translated) -Gene expression • some genes are expressed in all cells • others only expressed in very specific cells, or certain point in life, or under specific environmental conditions -Regulation of gene expression • can occur at transcription, translation or protein activity [Gametogenesis]

Output: How are genes regulated?


Input: There are 3 levels of gene regulation • regulating of individual genes o promoter regions- contain several different transcription factor binding sites o the presence or absence of these can regulate transcripters • regulation of regions of chromosomes o highly condensed • sometimes so tightly there is no access to RNA polymerase • Regulation of entire chromosome o Most of a chromosome ends up being really condensed and RNA polymerase cannot access it, prevents transcription [Gametogenesis]

Output: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes


Input: -purple→green→yellow -hit your arm • blood vessels break and release red blood cells, these red blood cells burse open and release their hemoglobin • hemoglobin contains a heme group, the heme group contains iron and this hemoglobin is blueish purple in its deoxygenated state • heme is not a good thing, it is toxic to the liver, kidneys, and brain • hemoxygenase converts heme to billiverdin (green) • a second enzyme comes along and converts billiverden to bilirubin (yellow) • the billibruin is no longer toxic and moves to liver and is excreted into bile [Gametogenesis]

Output: Why do bruises turn colors?


Input: CFTR • channel protein, found in sweat glands, lungs, intestines -Mutation in CFTR • prevents reabsorption of chloride and sodium (salt) • salt stays in sweat • cells that line your airways and lungs have the same CFTR protein • lungs are covered in a thin mucous layer o traps bacteria and debris -Defective CFTR protein • the mucus becomes very dehydrated and becomes thick (rather than thin), the airways become clogged and it is not very efficient in removing bacteria and debris o cannot clear bacteria and get a bad infection [Gametogenesis]

Output: Cystic Fibrosis


Input: a sequence of three bases of messenger RNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein; certain codons also signal the beginning or end of protein synthesis [Gametogenesis]

Output: Codon


Input: a segment of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that codes for amino acids in a protein [Gametogenesis]

Output: Exon


Input: a segment of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for amino acids in a protein [Gametogenesis]

Output: Intron


Input: -Evolution • Process by which modern organism descended with modification from pre-existing life forms • Changes in allele frequencies in a population (or species) over time -Process of evolution by natural selection • Natural selection is one mechanism that can result in evolution • Natural selection is differential reproduction and survivorship among individuals within a population [Gametogenesis]

Output: What is Evolution?


Input: structures that have similar functions and superficially similar appearance but very different anatomies, such as the wings of insects and birds. The similarities are the result of similar environmental pressures rather than a common ancestry. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Analogous Structure


Input: a selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; used mainly to enhance desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals; may also be used in evolutionary biology experiments [Gametogenesis]

Output: Artificial Selection


Input: the independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms as a result of similar environmental pressures [Gametogenesis]

Output: Convergent Evolution


Input: structures that may differ in function but that have similar anatomy, presumably because the organisms that possess them have descended from common ancestors [Gametogenesis]

Output: Homologous Structure


Input: the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms with different phenotypes, caused by environmental forces. Natural selection refers specifically to cases in which the differing phenotypes are heritable; that is, they are caused at least partly by genetic differences, with the result that better adapted phenotypes become more common in the population [Gametogenesis]

Output: Natural Selection


Input: a structure that serves no apparent purpose but is homologous to functional structures in related organism and provides evidence of evolution [Gametogenesis]

Output: Vestigial Structure


Input: Eat a wide range of food [Gametogenesis]

Output: Generalist


Input: Eat only one of a few food resources [Gametogenesis]

Output: Specialist


Input: Variation exists among individuals in a population in the traits they possess. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Darwins First Postulate


Input: The variation in traits among individuals is at least in part heritable. Traits can be passed from parents to their offspring, and so offspring resemble their parents in the traits they possess. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Darwins Second Postulate


Input: Traits confer differences in survivorship and reproduction, a measure we call fitness: individuals with certain traits will have higher fitness, while those with other traits will have lower fitness. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Darwins Third Postulate


Input: The fitness of individuals is not random; it is based on the traits they possess. [Gametogenesis]

Output: Darwins Fourth Postulate


Input: ADH+: alcohol resistance ADH-: cannot process alcohol [Gametogenesis]

Output: Fruit Fly Tolerance


Input: Formal description of an animals common behaviors [Gametogenesis]

Output: Ethogram


Input: Animal behaviors that we attribute to human motivations, characteristics, or emotions [Gametogenesis]

Output: Anthropomorphism


Input: [2] medical specialty that studies the A&P of the female genital system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat female genital diseases. [1]

Output: Gynecology

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] medical specialty that studies the A&P of the female reproductive system and uses diagnostic tests, medical & surgical procedures, and drugs to monitor normal pregnancy and childbirth and treat diseases. [1]

Output: Obstetrics

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] failure of the ovaries to release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation, although the cycle is normal. [1]

Output: Anovulation

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous tumor on an ovary. The malignancy often does not cause symptoms until it is quite large and has already metastasized. [1]

Output: ovarian cancer

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ovaries contain multiple cysts. [1]

Output: polycystic ovary syndrome

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inflammation or infection of the uterine tube that narrows or blocks the lumen of the tube. It is due to endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease. [1]

Output: Saplingitis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous tumor of the endometrium of the uterus, earliest sign is abnormal bleeding. [1]

Output: endometrial cancer

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] endometrial tissue in abnormal places. The endometrium sloughs off during menstruation but is forced upward through the uterine tubes and out into the pelvic cavity because the uterus is in an abnormal, retroflexed position. The tissue implants itself of the outside of the ovaries and uterus and on the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity. [1]

Output: endometriosis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benign smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium which can be small or as large as a soccer ball. There is pelvic pain, excessive uterine bleeding, and painful sexual intercourse. [1]

Output: leiomyoma

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium. [1]

Output: leiomyosarcoma

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inflammation or infection of the myometrium. [1]

Output: myometritis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] infection of the myometrium that creates pus in the intrauterine cavity. [1]

Output: pyometritis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] infection of the cervix that ascends to the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries; often caused by STD. [1]

Output: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abnormal position In which the entire uterus is bent backward while the cervix is in a normal position. It is associated with the development of endometriosis. [1]

Output: retroflexion of the uterus/retroversion is another name

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benign fibrous tissue tumor of the myometrium that can be small or large, and there are usually several. [1]

Output: uterine fibroids

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] resembling fiber [1]

Output: Fibroid

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] descent of the uterus from it’s normal position. This is caused by stretching of ligaments that support the uterus and weakness in the muscles of the floor of the pelvic cavity. [1]

Output: uterine prolapse

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] absence of monthly menstrual periods. It is caused by a hormone imbalance, thyroid disease, or a tumor of the uterus or ovary. [1]

Output: Amenorrhea

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] painful menstruation. [1]

Output: Dysmenorrheal

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] normal cessation of menstrual periods, occurring around middle age. [1]

Output: Menopause

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] time around menopause when menstrual periods first become irregular and menstrual flow is lighter. [1]

Output: Perimenopausal

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] another name for menopause [1]

Output: Climacteric

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a period with excessively heavy flow or a menstrual period that lasts longer than 7 days. It is caused by a hormone imbalance, uterine fibroids, or endometriosis. [1]

Output: Menorrhagia

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] period with very light flow or infrequent menstrual cycles in a woman who previously had normal periods. [1]

Output: Oligomenorrhea

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] breast tenderness, fluid retention, bloating, and mild mood changes a few days before the onset of a period [1]

Output: premenstrual syndrome –PMS

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous tumor of the cervix. [1]

Output: cervical cancer

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] if the cancer is still localized. There is severe dysplasia of the cells as seen on a pap smear, later ulceration and bleeding [1]

Output: Carcinoma

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abnormal growth of squamous cells in the surface layer of the cervix, seen on an abnormal pap. [1]

Output: cervical dysplasia

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] condition of a painful, abnormal growth [1]

Output: Dysplasia

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] spontaneous, premature dilation of the cervix during the second trimester of pregnancy; can result in spontaneous abortion. [1]

Output: incompetent cervix

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] infection of the vagina due to Gardnerella vaginalis. There’s a white or grayish discharge that has a fishy odor. This Is not a STD. [1]

Output: Bacterial vaginosis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] yeast infection of the vagina due to Candida albicans. Vaginal itching and leucorrhea which is a cheesy, white discharge; can occur after taking antibiotic drug for bacterial infection; the drug kills the disease-causing bacteria but also kills the normal bacteria flora of the vagina. Then yeast, which isn’t affected by the antibiotic drug, multiplies and causes an infection. [1]

Output: Candidasis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] herniation of the bladder into the vagina because of a weakness in the vaginal wall. Caused by childbirth or age [1]

Output: Cystocele

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] painful or difficult sexual intercourse [1]

Output: Dyspareunia

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] herniation of the rectum into the vagina because of a weakness in the vaginal wall; caused by childbirth or age [1]

Output: Rectocele

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous tumor, usually an adenocarcinoma of the lactiferous lobules of the breast. Can be swelling in the area, enlarged lymph nodes, and nipple discharge. [1]

Output: Breast Cancer

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cancerous tumor or mass of a gland [1]

Output: adenocarcinoma

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] lack of production of milk in the breasts following pregnancy. [1]

Output: Failure of Lactation

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] benign condition in which numerous fibrous and fluid-filled cysts form in one or both breasts. The size of the cysts can change in response to hormone levels. They are painful and tender. [1]

Output: fibrocystic disease

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] discharge of milk from the breasts when the patient is not pregnant or breastfeeding. [1]

Output: galactorrrhea

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] birth position in which the presenting part of the fetus is not the head. [1]

Output: abnormal presentation

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] presenting part is the buttocks, buttocks and feet, or just the feet. [1]

Output: Breech

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] if the fetus is in a transverse lie; fetal vertebral column is perpendicular to the mother’s vertebral column; the shoulder or arm is the presenting part. [1]

Output: Malpresentation

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] complete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor which results in uterine hemorrhage that threatens the life of the mother as well as disruption of blood flow and oxygen through the umbilical cord, which threatens the life of the fetus. [1]

Output: abruption placentae

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] size of the fetal head exceeds the size of the opening in the mothers pelvic bones. [1]

Output: cephalopelvic disproportion

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] any type of difficult or abnormal labor and delivery. [1]

Output: dystocia

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] implantation of a fertilized ovum somewhere other than in the uterus. It can occur in the cervix, ovary, or abdomen, by most commonly occurs in the uterine tube. [1]

Output: ectopic pregnancy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pregnancy that occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in the uterine tube [1]

Output: tubal

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bleeding of the uterine tube; common with tubal pregnancies [1]

Output: Hemosalpinx

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] temporary disorder of glucose metabolism that occurs only during pregnancy. [1]

Output: gestational diabetes mellitus

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abnormal union of an ovum and spermatozoon. It produces hundreds of small, fluid-filled sacs but no embryo. The chorion produces HCG so the patient has early signs of pregnancy, however the mole grows more rapidly than a normal pregnancy, and the uterus is much larger than expected for the gestational age [1]

Output: Hydatidiform

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inflammation or infection of the breast [1]

Output: Mastitis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] nausea & vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy [1]

Output: morning sickness

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] excessive vomiting that causes weakness, dehydration, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. [1]

Output: Hyperemisis gravidarum

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] decreased volume of amniotic fluid. The fetus swallows amniotic fluid but does not excrete a similar volume in its urine because of a congenital abnormality of the fetal kidneys. [1]

Output: Oligohydramnios

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] incorrect position of the placenta with its edge partially or completely covering the cervical canal. [1]

Output: placenta previa

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] increased volume of amniotic fluid caused by maternal diabetes mellitus, twin gestation, abnormalities in the fetus. [1]

Output: Polyhyramnios

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] continual bleeding from the site where the placenta separated after delivery. The uterus is boggy and does not become firm. It is caused by hypo-secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland in the brain. [1]

Output: postpartum hemorrhage

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] loop of umbilical cord becomes caught between the presenting part of the fetus and the birth canal. This occurs if the membranes rupture before the fetal head is fully engaged in the bother’s pelvis. [1]

Output: prolapsed cord

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] loss of a pregnancy. An early spontaneous abortion usually occurs because of a genetic abnormality or poor implantation of the embryo with the endometrium. [1]

Output: spontaneous abortion

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to remove a small piece of tissue for examination to look for abnormal or cancerous cells [1]

Output: Biopsy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a biopsy that uses three different angles of mammography to precisely locate the mass. [1]

Output: Sterotactic

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] to cut the area over the mass to remove a large part, but not all, of the mass. [1]

Output: Incisional

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] entire mass is remove along with the surrounding margin of normal tissues [1]

Output: Excisional

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the study of a cell [1]

Output: Cytology

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pertaining to outside the cervix [1]

Output: Ectocervical

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pertaining to within the cervix [1]

Output: Endocervical

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] test of the amniotic fluid [1]

Output: Amniocentesis

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] contrast dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus. It coats and outlines the uterus and uterine tubes and shows narrowing, scarring and blockage. [1]

Output: Hysterosalpingography

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] xray image of a hysterosalpingography [1]

Output: Hysterosalpingogram

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] x-rays to create an image of the breast. The breast is compressed and slightly flattened. This is used to detect areas that a breast examination can’t feel. [1]

Output: Mammography

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image on a computer screen [1]

Output: Ultrasonography

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the ultrasound image is known as a sonogram [1]

Output: Sonogram

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pertaining to through; inside the vagina [1]

Output: Transvaginal

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure that uses a magnifying lighted scope to visually examine the vagina and cervix. [1]

Output: Colposcopy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to destroy small areas of abnormal tissue on the cervix. [1]

Output: Cryosurgery

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cold, rod like instrument used to touch the areas to freeze and destroy the abnormal tissues. [1]

Output: Cryoprobe

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a woman who has never been pregnant and is not pregnant now. [1]

Output: Nuliigravida

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a woman who is pregnant for the first time. [1]

Output: Primigravida

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a woman who has been pregnant more than once [1]

Output: Multigravida

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a woman that has had many children is called this [1]

Output: Multiparous

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to remove the uterus [1]

Output: Hysterectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to visualize the abdominopelvic cavity, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries for diagnosis, biopsy, or surgery. [1]

Output: Laparoscopy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to remove an ovary because of large ovarian cysts or ovarian cancer. [1]

Output: Oophorectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to remove the uterine tube because of ovarian cancer or an ectopic pregnancy in the tube. [1]

Output: Saplingectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to suture a weakness in the vaginal wall. This is done to correct a Cystocele or a rectocele. [1]

Output: Colporrhaphy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the vagina and then pushed through the posterior wall of the vagina and into the pelvic cavity. [1]

Output: Culdoscopy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to excise a small malignant tumor of the breast. Adjacent normal breast tissue and the axillary lymph nodes are also removed in case any cancerous cells have already spread to them. [1]

Output: Lumpectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to change the size, shape, or position of the breast. [1]

Output: Mammaplasty

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] surgical resection of all or part of the breast to excise a malignant tumor. [1]

Output: Mastectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pectoralis major and minor muscles of the chest wall are also removed [1]

Output: Radical Mastectomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] to cut apart [1]

Output: • Dissection

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] type of mastectomy that can be performed to prevent breast cancer from occurring in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. [1]

Output: Prophylactic

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to place a purse-string suture around the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely. [1]

Output: Cerclage

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] procedure to deliver a fetus through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus. [1]

Output: Cesarean section

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] surgical incision in the posterior edge of the vagina to prevent a spontaneous tear during delivery of the baby’s head. [1]

Output: Episiotomy

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] drug to treat pre-mature contractions by relaxing the smooth muscle of the uterine wall. [1]

Output: Tocolytic

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] drug to treat the symptoms and consequences of menopause caused by decreased levels of estradiol. [1]

Output: Estrogen

gynecology and obstetrics Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an installment plan

Output: What is a small monthly payment with intrest?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: earnings on stocks

Output: Define stock dividends.

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: speculation

Output: What is a risky investment for a chance of making a quick profit?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: buying on margin

Output: What is it called when someone takes a loan to buy stocks?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: inventory

Output: What is the supply of unsold goods?


Input: October 29,1929 Black Tuesday

Output: What day and what do we call the day the stock market crashed?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: 1 desire to get rich quick 2 credit 3 government interference

Output: What are the three reasons that the Great Depression was so severe?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: Herbert Hoover

Output: Who was the Great Humanitarian?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Output: what year did the dust bowl hit Kansas?


Input: Credit, Stock, Buying on Margin

Output: What were the three causes of the great depression?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: John Steinbeck

Output: Who wrote the Grapes of Wrath?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Output: Who proposed the "New Deal?"

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: Emergency Banking Relief Act

Output: What act declared a national bank holiday?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: John Maynard Keynes The idea that government can live beyond the means.

Output: Who founded and what is Keynesian Ecinomics?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: people could no longer trade in paper money for gold.

Output: What happened when FDR abandoned the gold standard?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: 21st Amendment

Output: What repeled Prohibition?

abaka history 8th grade ch 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What were the three causes of the great depression?


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is physiology?

Output: Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What are the major levels of organization in the body?

Output: Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] How is a tissue different than an organ?

Output: Tissues are an organization of many similar cells, whereas organs are groups of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is the anatomical position?

Output: The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] Why are the anatomical directions listed in pairs?

Output: Anatomical directions describe relative positions of the body and are placed in pairs to understand them better.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is meant by a section of the body?

Output: Section is a term used to describe the subdivisions or smaller segments of the body.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What are the two major cavities of the body?

Output: Ventral and dorsal body cavities

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is the difference between the abdominal cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

Output: The abdominal cavity includes only the abdomen; the abdominopelvic cavity is the inclusion of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is the difference between the axial portion of the body and the appendicular portion of the body?

Output: The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and torso or trunk; the appendicular portion consists of the upper and lower extremities.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What are some of the regions of the upper extremity and lower extremity?

Output: Upper extremity is divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand components. Lower extremity is the leg, ankle, and foot components.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] Why is homeostasis also called "balance" of body function?

Output: Homeostasis is called “balance” of body function because it is the relative constancy of the internal environment.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] What is a feedback loop and how does it work?

Output: A feedback loop is a self-regulating, highly complex, and integrated communication control system within the body. It works by a sensor that detects changes and provides information (feedback) to the control center, which compares that information to the norm and responds by activating the effector, which has an effect on the controlled condition.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [What is anatomy?] How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback?

Output: Negative feedback loops oppose, or negate, a change in a controlled condition, whereas positive feedback control loops are stimulatory—they temporarily amplify the change that is occurring.

Anatomy Quick Checks Chapter 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.


Input: [Carotid Artery] Jugular Vein [blood to head]

Output: blood from head to heart

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Carotid Artery] Aorta [blood to head]

Output: blood to body

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Carotid Artery] Vena Cava [blood to head]

Output: blood from body to heart

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Carotid Artery] Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries [blood to head]

Output: blood to lungs

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Carotid Artery] Pulmonary Vein [blood to head]

Output: blood from lungs to heart

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Carotid Artery] Coronary Artery [blood to head]

Output: blood to heart muscle

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: application of normative ethical theory to everyday life [Ethics]

Output: Applied ethics


Input: occurs when an individual is unsure which moral priniciples or values apply and may even inlcude uncertainty as to what the moral problem is. [Ethics]

Output: moral uncertainty or moral conflict


Input: is the result of the individual knowing the right thing to do but organizational constraints make it difficult to take the right course of action [Ethics]

Output: Moral distress


Input: occurs when an individual witnesses the immoral act of another but feels powerless to stop it [Ethics]

Output: Moral outrage


Input: occurs when two or more unclear moral priniciples apply but they support inconsistent courses of action [Ethics]

Output: moral or ethical dilemmas


Input: guides individuals in solving ethical dilemmas [Ethics]

Output: Ethical Frameworks


Input: consists of judging wheather the consequences of an action are good or bad [Ethics]

Output: utilitarianism or consequentialist theory


Input: judges whether the action is right or wrong regardless of the consequenses and is based on the philosophy of Emanuel Kant in the 18th centruy [Ethics]

Output: Deontological Ethical Theory


Input: is an ethical framework stating that some decisions must be made because there is duty to do something or to refrain from doing something. [Ethics]

Output: Duty-Based reasoning


Input: is based on the belief that some things are a person's just due [Ethics]

Output: Rights-Based reasoning


Input: allows the decision maker to review each ethical problem or issue on case by case basis, comparing the relative weights of goals, duties, and rights [Ethics]

Output: intuitionist framework


Input: is the belief that a specific culture's ethical principles cannot be generalized to individuals who do not share that culture [Ethics]

Output: Ethical Relativism


Input: ethical principles are universal and can be used to justify ethical decisions in all cultures [Ethics]

Output: Ethical Universalism


Input: promotes seld-determination adn freedom of choice [Ethics]

Output: autonomy


Input: actions are taken in an effort to promote good [Ethics]

Output: Beneficence


Input: actions are taken in an effort to acoid harm [Ethics]

Output: Nonmaleficence


Input: one individual assumes the right to make decisions for another [Ethics]

Output: Paternalism


Input: The good of the many outweights the wants or needs of the individual [Ethics]

Output: Utility


Input: Seek fairness; treat "equals" equally and treat "unequals" according to their differences [Ethics]

Output: Justice


Input: Obligation to tell the truth [Ethics]

Output: Veracity


Input: Need to keep promises [Ethics]

Output: Fidelity


Input: Keep privileged infomation private [Ethics]

Output: Confidentiality


Input: is a set of prinicples, established by a profession, to guide the indiviudal practionor [Ethics]

Output: professional code of ethics


Input: These standards are also used as the baseline for determing eligibility for magnet status for acute care hospitals [Ethics]

Output: The Scope and Standards for Nurse Administrators


Input: This model is especially useful in clarifying wthical problems that result from conflicting obligations [Ethics]

Output: MORAL decision making


Input: directs the decision maker to what one aspires to be or what one desires the organization to be [Ethics]

Output: Aspirational ehtics


Input: are primialy formed to protect the rights and welfare of reserch subjects [Ethics]

Output: Institutional Review Boards


Input: [1] formed when an equal sign (=) is placed between two expressions [2]

Output: equation

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] formed when a symbol such as < less than or > greater than is placed between two expressions [2]

Output: inequality

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the distance between the origin and a point representing a real number [2]

Output: absolute value

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] in x and y, it is the set of all points (x,y) that are solutions of the equation [2]

Output: graph of an equation

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] uses the symbol | | [2]

Output: absolute value

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] in one variable, this is the set of points on a number line that represent all solutions of an inequality [2]

Output: graph of a linear inequality

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] two inequalities connected by and or or [2]

Output: compound inequality

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] an ordered pair that makes an inequality true when the values of x and y are substituted into the inequality [2]

Output: solution of a linear inequality

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] an arrangement of digits that is used to display and order numerical data [2]

Output: stem-and-leaf plot

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] three commonly used measures of central tendency of a collection of numbers [2]

Output: mean, median, mode

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a data display that divides a set of data into four parts, called quartiles [2]

Output: box-and-whisker plot

Algebra 1 Chapter 6 Key Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (crime-arrest-preliminary hearing/ grand jury- arraignment) and then.. from Arraignment- to motion- to pre trial detention- to bail;ror, - to pretrial realities [Pretrial Process]

Output: Pretrial Process Overview

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -bail hearings can occur at almost any point - plea negotiations can occur at almost any point, depending on the evidence, confidence, etc. of both sides. [Pretrial Process]

Output: Pre-trial realitites

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - the first formal meeting between the prosecutor and the defendant's attorny - a formal court apperance in which the charges against the defendant are read, and the defendant, advised by his or her lawyer, enters a plea of either guilty or not guilty [Pretrial Process]

Output: arraignment

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -an application to a court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specific action -defense attorneys use pretrial proceedings to challenge the prosecution's evidence (ex. the defense may seek an order for the prosecution to share certain evidence) [Pretrial Process]

Output: motion

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -when crime is serious, crime is violent, person is a flight risk, or cannot afford to make bail - studies in philly and NYC have raised questions about the need to hold most defendants in jail -"the psychological and economic hardships faced by pretrial detainees and their families can be major and prolonged" [Pretrial Process]

Output: pretrial detention

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bail, ROR, citations [Pretrial Process]

Output: Alternatives to Pretrial Detention

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -a judge chooses an amount of money to be paid as a condition of pretrial release to ensure that the accused will appear in court as requires -no legal right (the 8th am. forbids excessiveness) [Pretrial Process]

Output: Bail

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: judicial discretion, lack of time, critics argue that it discriminates against the poor [Pretrial Process]

Output: Bail Problems

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: authorizes preventative detention; upheld in united states v. salerno and cafero [Pretrial Process]

Output: The Bail Reform Act (1984)

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: private business people who are paid fees by defendants who lack the money to bail. state licensed and choose own clients. [Pretrial Process]

Output: Bail Bondsmen

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pretrial release granted on the defendants promise to appear in court. The judge believes that the dfenedants ties to the community guaranteee that he or she will appear - nyc studies, only 15% failed to appear [Pretrial Process]

Output: Release on Recognizance

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a written order or summons, issued by cop, directing an alleged offender to appear in court at a specific time to answer a criminal charge [Pretrial Process]

Output: Citation

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a plea agreement is a guilty plea given by a defendant (rep by lawyer) to the prosecutor (who reps the state) in exchange for a previously negotiated agreement about penalties and punishment. This agreement must be accepted by a judge in order to be legally binding. [Pretrial Process]

Output: Plea Negotiation

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: emphasizes that the plea process is a set of exchange relationships among the prosecture, the defense, defendant, and sometimes the judge. -each actors have their own goals and find success in the outcome [Pretrial Process]

Output: Plea Bargaining/ negotiation

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: plea bargain may be misleading, often not a good deal for one or both sides. -each side gives up and receives something in return for the agreement ( ex defendant may decrease sentence and state increases control of criminal). -the "exchange" is more likley to be uneven than even, favoring whichever party has the upper hand. [Pretrial Process]

Output: plea bargain vs. plea agreement

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - the prosecutor has the greater strength and power, charges can be increased to scare the defendant inot pleading guilty - a high level operative in an organized crime group may be able to obtain a minimal sentance and punishment, despite heinous crimes, in exchange for sharing damning and damaging information about others [Pretrial Process]

Output: examles of uneven exchange

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -dominance of the "informal court working group" made up of the prosecutre, defense attorney, and even judge, over the formal adversarial justice model [Pretrial Process]

Output: why people plead guilty

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: value to actors as individuals and value to the system - the current cj system, and court system in particular, could not work without pleas; it would collapse uner the pressure of every case going to trial [Pretrial Process]

Output: the greaty efficiency pleas give to the CJ stystem

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1.defendants give up some constitutional rights 2.reduces society's interest in appropriate punishments for crimes 3. hidden from judicial scrutiny 4. breeds disrespect and contempt of the law 5. unust to those who assert their right to a trial (i.e, federal sentencing and two-pt deduction for guilty plea 6. innocent people will plead guilty to acts they did not commit 7. public perception of lax justice or "getting off easy" often not true [Pretrial Process]

Output: criticisms of plea bargaining

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -although the vast majority of criminal sentences result from a plea, a jurty trial for a criminal charge is a fundamental right in U.S law - trials are, by definition and design, adversarial; the us criminal law system uses an adversarial process -despite the public belief, criminal trials are the exception, not the rule, as a resolution of a criminal case [Pretrial Process]

Output: criminal trials

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: juries, jury trial, the trial process, evaluating the jury system [Pretrial Process]

Output: Overview of Trials: exceptions, not the norm

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. prevent government oppression by safeguarding citizens against arbitrary law enforcement 2. determine whether the accused is guilty on the basis of the evidence presented 3. represent diverse community interests so that no one set of values or biases dominates decision making 4. serve as a buffer between the accused and the accuser 5. promote knowledge about the criminal justice system by learning about it through the jury duty process 6. symbolize the rule of law and the community foundation that supports the criminal justice system [Pretrial Process]

Output: Juries perform six vital functions

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: those called to jury duty and who arrive in court [Pretrial Process]

Output: Jury Pool

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: questioning the juries [Pretrial Process]

Output: Voir Dire

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: neutral jury; real goal: each side wants a jury sympathetic to their side or arguments [Pretrial Process]

Output: Theoretical Goal of Juries

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Challenge for cause (bias) and peremptory challenge. [Pretrial Process]

Output: Two reasons for rejection

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the dismisal of jurors without stating cause for doing so [Pretrial Process]

Output: Peremptroy Challenge

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Prosceturs can not use peremptory challenge based on race, (ultimately led to gender, ethnicity,) [Pretrial Process]

Output: Batson V. Kentucky

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that clarified the constitutional limitations on the use by prosecutors of peremptory challenges [Pretrial Process]

Output: Miller-El V. Dretke

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Historic and conemporary problems of REPRESENTATION; who is on, and who is off, juries - most of the concerns regarding unconstitutional exclusion involve race, but also involving other factors like gender, religion, etc. -manifests at various stages of jury selection - for jurisdiciton s that allow findings of guilt with less than unanimous juries, minority opinion can also be excluded [Pretrial Process]

Output: Juries continued

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: removal of a prospective juror by showing that he/she has some bias or some other legal disablilty. [Pretrial Process]

Output: challenge for cause

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: trials are based on the idea that the prosecution and defense will compete as adversaries before - the rules of criminal law, procedure, and evidence govern the conduct of the trial - the judge sees to it that the rules are followed and that the jury impartially evaluates the evidence and reflects the community's interests -in a jury trial, the jury alone evaluates the facts in a case [Pretrial Process]

Output: Jury Trial

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: variations in juy size and unanimity allowed by different states. -jury nullification - convicting the innocent [Pretrial Process]

Output: Juries: Facts & Controversies

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 8 steaps 1) selection of the jury 2) opening statements by prosecution and defense 3) presentation of the prosecution's evidence and witnessses 4) presentation of the defense's evidence and witnesses 5) presentation of rebuttal witnesses 6) closing arguments by each side 7) instruction of the jury by the judge 8) decision by the jury [Pretrial Process]

Output: The Trial Process

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - a criminal defense is a legal response to a criminal charge -the prosecutor has the burden of proof to prove the defendant GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT, the standard used by a jury to decide whether or not the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction - the defense can/will try to undermine the prosecutors proof and introduce reasonable doubt regarding one or more elements of the crime [Pretrial Process]

Output: Defenses to crimes

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. denial of wrongdoing 2. recognition of wrongful act or consequence but legally acceptable explanation in mitigation. [Pretrial Process]

Output: Defenses fall into two broad categories

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -denial of some or all of the elemtns of a crime -absolute denial- "i didn't do it" [Pretrial Process]

Output: Denial of wrong doing

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "i did it but im not legally culpable" i.e. distinction between actus reus and mens rea. [Pretrial Process]

Output: affirmative defense example

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: for those who go to trial, the majority Do Not usse - the defendant has the burden of proof for an affirmative defense -absence of mens rea does not guarantee a verdict of not guilty in every case [Pretrial Process]

Output: Affirmative defenses against crime reasons

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -self- defense - entrapment -necessity -duress (coercion) -mistake of fact (ignorance) -diminished capacity [Pretrial Process]

Output: affirmative defense "reasons why"

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: immaturity, developmental disability; lack of mental capacity [Pretrial Process]

Output: ddiminished capacity

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: frequencey and succes of use; public image v. reality - how widely or narrowly defines is that statue? states have begun to define enw categories. eg. guilty but mentally ill. -narrow definiiton in texas [Pretrial Process]

Output: mental illness/insanity

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a request to a higher court that it review actions taken in a trial court - an appeal is based on a claim that one or more errors of law or procedure were made during the investigation, arrest, or tiral process -trials deal with facts and law, appeals only deal with law (legal challenges, allegatoins of legal erros that substantially affected the outcome. [Pretrial Process]

Output: trial v. appeal

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -increasing relevance of prisons in the US - prisons reflect and reinforce poverty and marginality -prison cultures influence the outisde -prisons may exacerbate crime -effects and legacies of imprisonment [Pretrial Process]

Output: prisons matter

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -huge racial distortion -woman are fastest growing group to face incarceration -mostly blacks -expanison in incarceration simultaneous with the decline in rehabilitation -major variation [Pretrial Process]

Output: American Imprisonment

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: marginality, poverty, numbers and policies they relfect [Pretrial Process]

Output: Us Prisons. vs the World

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "most prisoners come from the poor, the minority groups, the uneducated, the unemployed, the mentally il.. Prison is the magnifying mirror which reflects and enlarges the unresolved social problems of the society which it serves." [Pretrial Process]

Output: Prisons refelct and reinforce poverty and marginatliy

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1.Soviet union - russia 2. South africa and Robben island 3. Saggy Patns 4. Egypt [Pretrial Process]

Output: Prison Cultures Influence the Outside

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -oleinik argues that in Soviet prisons, a key position of power were inmate leaders called the "theif in law." - the theif-in-law's job it was to "maintian order" based on the prisoners illicit norms -this position migrated into the mainstream soceity, first to provide oversight in the informal market and later in the post-Soviet economy [Pretrial Process]

Output: Soviet union to Russia

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: toyi toyi, negotiation [Pretrial Process]

Output: South Africa and Robben Island

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Thought line of thinking for 9/11 began in prisons of Egypt. - Torture -Nurtured a movement - sayyed qutb, a leading islamist intellectual, suffers in prison fomred passion play for islam - Qutb's writings in prison smuggled out to become a core islmaist manifesto for emerging movement -from prison, qutb had been able to regenerate the secret apparatus [Pretrial Process]

Output: Egypt

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Children with a parent in prison are much more likely to commit crime themselves - crime is often cirbulre, victims become victimizers ( abused child= violent adults) -although victims do not always become perpetrators, it is rare the serious perpetrator was not also a victim [Pretrial Process]

Output: Prison may exacerbate crime

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: especially important mechanism of increasing crime (ex. aryan warriors in nevada) [Pretrial Process]

Output: Gangs

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ECONOMIC COSTS [Pretrial Process]

Output: Prison Issues

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: frequent legal restrictions and almost universla unofficial barriers- effect on jobs, public housing,a nd the right to vote [Pretrial Process]

Output: Social and Human costs

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -racial inequality and hostility -exclusion from full citizenship [Pretrial Process]

Output: Undermining democracy

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -lower levels of crime with lower levels of imprison ment -most ppl think prisons are necessary for violent, serious, and repeat offenders. -most poeple dont realize how many non-violent inmates we have [Pretrial Process]

Output: What do Prisons Do?

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: age, gender, similiar in observable charactersitcs, behaviors, achievement, interests, attitudes.

Output: In what ways to friends tend to be similiar to each other?

What key functions are served by children's friendships? How do these functions differ accross development?


Input: More talking, task orientation, cooperation, positive affect, effective conflict management. Distinctions between friends and non-friends are very strong by adolescence.

Output: How do children's interactions with friends differ from non-friends? How do these differences change over development?

What key functions are served by children's friendships? How do these functions differ accross development?


Input: There is more confict with friends, more negative affect and guilty coercion, but more negotiation and disengagement, reach equitable outcomes

Output: What contradictory findings have emerged from research on conflict and conflict resolution between friends?

What key functions are served by children's friendships? How do these functions differ accross development?


Input: Friendless children show internalizing difficulties and peer victimization. This predicts adult self-worth. Having a friend promotes + adjustment, protects against victimization. High quality, stable friendships = better leadership across transition and + psychological well-being

Output: What does reserach show with respect to friendship and children's adjustment? How do these associations vary based on the stability and quality of the friendship?

What key functions are served by children's friendships? How do these functions differ accross development?