Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for panic and social phobias in children/adolescents?

Output: SSRIs, Tofranil

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for OCD in children/adolescents?

Output: SSRIs, Anafranil

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for separation anxiety disorder in children/adolescents?

Output: SSRIs, Tofranil

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for social phobias in children/adolescents?

Output: Social phobia: SSRIs, Tofranil

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for PTSD in children/adolescents?

Output: PTSD: risperidone for control of aggression and flashbacks

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for insomnia in children/adolescents?

Output: Insomnia: Benadryl, Vistaril

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for Major Depressive Disorder and dysthymia (mild depression) in children/adolescents?

Output: MDD and dysthymia: SSRIs

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for psychosis in children/adolescents?

Output: Psychosis: atypical antipsychotics

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for tics in children/adolescents?

Output: Tics: clonidine

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [Define crisis.] What is the specific pharmacology for mania in children/adolescents?

Output: Mania: lithium, anticonvulsants

Mental Health Exam 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

A sudden event in one's life that disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping mechanisms cannot resolve the problem.


Input: [What is an attitude?] What makes an attitude general and lasting?

Output: general- because it applies to more than a momentary event, like hearing a loud noise. lasting- because it tends to endure over time

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the functional theory of attitudes.

Output: was developed by Daniel Katz to explain how attitudes faciliate social behaviour. According to this approach, attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person's motives. Ex: two people can each have the same attitude toward some object for very different reasons

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the utilitarian function of attitudes.

Output: it is related to the basic principles of reward and punishment. We develop some of our attitudes toward products simply on the basis of whether these products provide pleasure or pain

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the value-expressive function of attitudes.

Output: attitudes that perform a value-expressive function express the consumer's central values or self-concept. What does the product he or she buys, say about them? Ex: what sort of man rides a Harley?

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the ego-defensive function of attitudes.

Output: attitudes that are formed to protect the person, either from external threats or internal feelings, perform an ego-defensive function. Ex: products that make a man have a "macho" image may be appealing to his insecurity about his masculinity

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the knowledge function of attitudes.

Output: some attitudes are formed as the result of a need for order, structure, or meaning. This need is often present when a person is in an ambiguous situation or is confronted with a new product ("bayer wants you to know about pain relievers")

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What are the three components an attitude has?

Output: affect, behaviour and cognition

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the three components that an attitude has.

Output: affect- the way a consumer FEELS about an attitude object behaviour- involves the person's intentions to do something with regard to an attitude object cognition- refers to the BELIEFS a consumer has about an attitude object ABC model of attitudes

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What are the three hierarchies of effects?

Output: high involvement: cognition>affect>behaviour=attitude based on cognitive information processing Low involvement: Cognition>behaviour>affect=attitude based on behavioural learning processes Zajonc's model: Affect>Behaviour>cognition= Attitude based on hedonic consumption

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What does Aad stand for?

Output: attitude towards the advertisement. It is the consumers reactions to a product that are influenced by their evaluations of its advertising.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What are the main ways in which attitudes can form?

Output: classical conditioning- in an attitude object where mcdonalds is repeatedly paired with the jingle "I'm lovin' it". Instrumental conditioning- where consumption of the attitude object is reinforced Ex: pepsi quenches one's thirst

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What are the three different levels of commitment to an attitude?

Output: 1. Compliance- lowest level of involvement, an attitude is formed because it helps gain rewards or avoid punishments from others. This attitude is likely to change when the person's behaviour is no longer monitored by others or when other options become available. 2. Identification- Occurs when attitudes are formed so that the consumer will then feel similar to another person or group. Some ads depict the social consequences of choosing some products over others 3. Internalization- High level of involvement, seated attitudes are internalized and become part of the person's value system. These attitudes are very difficult to change because they are so important to the individual.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the principle of cognitive consistency.

Output: This says that consumers value harmony among their thoughts, feelings and behaviours and they are motivated to maintain this. This means that a consumer, if necessary, will change their thoughts, feelings or behaviours to make them consistent with other experiences.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the theory of cognitive dissonance related to marketing?

Output: This is a conflict between what you think vs. what you do. How do you resolve the dissonance? you can either change the attitude or change behaviour. Ex: two cognitive elements about smoking "I know smoking causes cancer, however I smoke cigarettes" the consumer will resolve the dissonance by either satisfying the urge to smoke or by stopping the behaviour.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the self-perception theory.

Output: Is an alternative explanation of dissonance effects. It assumes that people use observations of their own behaviour to determine what their attitudes are, just as we assume that we know the attitudes of others by watching what they do.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] What level of the hierarchies of effects is similar to the self-perception theory?

Output: Low-involvement hierarchy. Buying a product out of habit may result in a positive attitude toward it after the fact.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the foot-in-the-door technique.

Output: This is a sales strategy where a consumer is more likely to comply with a request if he or she has first agreed to comply with smaller requests.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the low-ball technique.

Output: Sales strategy in which a person is asked for a small favour and is informed after agreeing to it that it will be very costly.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the door-in-the-face technique.

Output: This is where a person is first asked to do something extreme (where it is usually refused) and then asked to do something smaller. People tend to go along with the smaller request possibly because they feel guilty about denying the larger one

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the social judgement theory.

Output: This assumes that people assimilate new information about attitude object in the light of what they already know or feel. The initial attitude acts as a "Frame of reference" where new information is categorized in terms of the existing standard. Ex: when someone thinks a box is heavy depends on how many boxes they have lifted. This is considered a subject standard (thinking box is heavy due to previous experiences)

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the latitudes of acceptance and rejection aspect to the social judgment theory.

Output: This means that people differ in terms of the information they will find acceptable or unacceptable. Ex: a consumer has a favorable attitude towards designated drivers. He is likely to be more encouraged to communications urging him to play this role before heading out with friends at night. If he were opposed to this practice, these messages would most likely not be considered.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the balance theory in the marketing perspective

Output: This theory states that people desire relations among elements in a triad to be harmonious or balanced. It they are not, a state of tension will result until somehow perceptions are changes and balance is restored. This balance act is used commonly for celebrity endorsements where it is hoped that the star's popularity will transfer to the product.

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the multi-attribute attitude models.

Output: This type of model assumes that a consumer's attitude (evaluation) of an attitude object (Ao) will depend on the beliefs he or she has about several or many attributes of the object. *Grocery store model*

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the three components of attitude according to the fishbein model that relates to the multi-attribute model.

Output: This model measures three components of attitude: 1) Salient beliefs- people have about an attitude object (those beliefs about an object that are considered during evaluation) 2) Object-attribute linkages- the probability that a particular object has an important feature 3)Evaluation of each of the important features

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: [What is an attitude?] Describe the theory of trying. Name 7 common issues that can happen when someone tries to accomplish something.

Output: This perspective recognizes that additional factors might intervene between intent and performance- both personal and environmental barriers might prevent the individual from attaining the goal. 1. Past frequency 2. Recency 3. Beliefs 4. Evaluations of consequences 5. The process 6. Expectations of success and failure 7. Subjective norms toward trying

Consumer Behaviour Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, or issues. Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible, such as a brand of vodca, or intangible, such as drunk driving, is called an attitude object


Input: adjustment of an instrument/examiner or its measurements so the distribution of measurements matches a standard [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: calibration


Input: a measure of periodontal health, developed and supported by WHO [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: community periodontal index CPI


Input: measures the prevalance and severity of dental flourosis [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: deans flourosis index


Input: a measure of dental carries in the primary dentition that includes decayed and filled primary teeth of tooth surface [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: df index


Input: a measure of dental carries in the deciduous dentition that includes decayed, missing, filled disid. teeth or tooth surface [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: dmf index


Input: measure of casies in the perm dentition that includes decayed, misssing, filled tooth/surface [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: DMF index


Input: a measure of the prevalence and severity of gingival bleeding [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: gingival index GI


Input: the level to which different examiners agree [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: intErexaminer reliability


Input: the level to wich an examiner agrees with him/herself at two different points in time [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: intrAexaminer reliability


Input: measures the precence and amount of dental plaque [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: plaque index P1l


Input: 6 index teeth used when eval. peio health UR1M, ULCI, UL1P, LL1M, LRCI, LRP [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: ramfjord index teeth


Input: a particular technique applied repeatedly yeailds the same result [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: reliability


Input: measures root carries; # of exposed root surfaces is the denominator [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: root carries index RCI


Input: measures the precence of plaque and calculus; considered an obsolete index [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: simplified oral hygine index OHI-S


Input: the ongoing systematic collection/analysis/omterpretation of outcome specific data for use in planning/implementing/evaluating public health survices [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: surveillence


Input: a measure of prevalance and severity of dental flourosis [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: tooth surface index of flourosis TSIF


Input: an instrument does what it is inteded to do [basic screening survey BSS]

Output: validity


Input: [1] Behavior that violates significant social norms [2]

Output: Deviance


Input: [1] mark of social disgrace that sets the deviance apart from teh rest of society [2]

Output: stigma


Input: [1] social scientists who study criminal behavior [2]

Output: criminalologistd


Input: [1] views deviance as the natural otugrowth of teh value, norms, and structure of society [2]

Output: Strain theory


Input: [1] situation that arise when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable [2]

Output: Anomie


Input: [1] explains deviance as a natural occurance [2]

Output: control theory


Input: [1] explains deviance as a learned behavior [2]

Output: cultural transmiaaon theory


Input: [1] frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondevian individual [2]

Output: differntial association


Input: [1] suspend their moral beliefs to commite deviant acts [2]

Output: techniques of neutralization


Input: [1] focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant [2]

Output: labeling theory


Input: [1] nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority [2]

Output: primiary deviance


Input: [1] individuals being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true [2]

Output: secondary deviance


Input: [1] process of labeling an individual as deviant is usually accompained by Harold Garfinkel [2]

Output: degradation ceremony


Input: [1] any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government [2]

Output: crime


Input: [1] high social status in professional lives [2]

Output: white-collar crime


Input: [1] large-scale orgainization of professional criminals that control some vice or business through violence or the threat of viloence [2]

Output: crime syndicate


Input: [1] police, courts, and corrections [2]

Output: criminal-justice system


Input: [1] the number id criminal offenses and teh number if full time police officers make it neccessary for the police to employ discretion in their decision involving arrest [2]

Output: police discretion


Input: [1] practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are mosre likely to commit crime than white Americans [2]

Output: racial profiling


Input: [1] process if legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence [2]

Output: plea barganing


Input: [2] situation [1]

Output: how you feel about change


Input: [2] yourself [1]

Output: how you view the change


Input: [2] supports [1]

Output: people and resources that can be of assistance


Input: [2] coping strategies [1]

Output: steps taken to engage change


Input: [2] resistance to change [1]

Output: fear, self-interest, habit


Input: [2] positive reasons for change [1]

Output: uniformed optimism, informed pessimism, informed optimism, completion, hopeful realism


Input: [2] behavior [1]

Output: actions of ppl


Input: [2] the big five personality dimensions [1]

Output: extraversion, agreeablenes, emotional stability, conscientiousness, openness to experience


Input: [2] conscientiousness [1]

Output: most strongly correlated to job performance


Input: [2] MBTI [1]

Output: commonly used personality trait test


Input: [2] social interaction. preference for gathering dat, preference for decision making, style of making decisions [1]

Output: 4 dimensions of MBTI


Input: [2] self monitoring scale [1]

Output: identifies the degree to which people are capible of reading and using the cues from the environment to determine behavior


Input: [2] strategic management process [1]

Output: set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of an organization


Input: [2] corporate-determines what business you should be in business-how to determine should compete in business functional- how to support the business level strategy [1]

Output: what are the 3 types of organizational strategies


Input: [2] screening of large amounts of info to anticipate changes in environment [1]

Output: enviromental screening


Input: [2] Quantitative-applies data Qualitative-uses jusdgement [1]

Output: 2 types of forecasting


Input: [2] search for the best practices among competitiors that lead to best performance [1]

Output: benchmarking


Input: [2] work specialization-tasks are divided into seperate jobs [1]

Output: 6 elements of org design


Input: [2] departmentalization [1]

Output: basis on which jobs are grouped


Input: [2] chain of command [1]

Output: line of authority


Input: [2] span of control [1]

Output: # of employees a manager can supervise effectively


Input: [2] centralization/decentralization [1]

Output: who, where, and how decisions are made in orgs


Input: [2] formalization [1]

Output: degree to which jobs are satndardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided


Input: [2] org size, strategy, technology, environmental uncertainty [1]

Output: 4 contingency variables


Input: [2] control motivation, emotional expression, informatoin [1]

Output: 4 major forms of communication


Input: [2] filtering [1]

Output: the deliberate manipulation of info to make it appear more favorable


Input: [2] downward communication [1]

Output: from manager to employees


Input: [2] upward comm. [1]

Output: from employees to manager


Input: [2] lateral commm. [1]

Output: among employees on the same level


Input: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Output: What are the common infective cervical causes of vaginal discharge?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans or the condition bacterial vaginosis, which is due to an imbalance in the concentration of normal vaginal flora.

Output: What are the common infective vaginal causes of vaginal discharge?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis

Output: Which causes of vaginal discharge are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or significant complications in pregnancy?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Tubal scarring which is associated with tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The risk of these complications developing increases substantially with each episode of PID

Output: What permanent tubular damage can pelvic inflammatory disease do?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Pregnancy test. Important pregnancy related causes of pain include miscarriage (threatened, incomplete, complete or septic), accidents associated with the corpus luteum in the ovary (rupture, haemorrhage) and ectopic pregnancy, where the conceptus is implanted outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube but occasionally in the ovary or on the peritoneum.

Output: What is the mandatory test in acute lower abdominal pain in women? Why?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Cyst (benign or malignant), infection, haemorrhage into cyst, torsion of enlarged ovary, endometriosis (endometrial tussie inside ovary)

Output: What are some ovarian sources of pelvic pain?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Infection/inflammation

Output: What are some tubal sources of pelvic pain?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Endometritis, degenerating fibroid, prolapse, period pain (dysmenorrhoea)

Output: What are some uterine causes of pelvic pain?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Infection/inflammation eg precipitated by foreign body (retained tampon)

Output: What are some vaginal causes of pelvic pain?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Infection/inflammation, endometriosis, carcinomatosis

Output: What are some peretoneal causes of pelvic pain?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: The b subunit of the placental hormone human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) in either urine or blood (NB hCG consists of 2 subunits a and b). As blood or protein can interfere with the result of the urinary test, the blood test is used in the emergency situation.

Output: What does a pregnancy test detect?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: The blood result is an absolute concentration of the bhCG and is sensitive enough to be indicative of a pregnancy within 7-10 days of conception. The urinary test, usually used at home or at the chemist, can remain negative until 4 weeks after conception as the concentration of the bhCG may be too low for the kit to recognise.

Output: How soon after conception is a pregnancy test positive?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: AIDS/HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, Hep B, PID, syphilis

Output: Which STIs receive high priority for contact tracing?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Genital herpes, genital warts

Output: Which STIs receive low priority for contact tracing?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: <14: parent or guardian must give consent 14-16: can treat minor with consent of minor only and can treat minor with consent of parent/guardian only 16-18: "mature minor" patient can consent for themselves

Output: Who gives consent for treatment at ages 14, 16 and 18?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: A spectrum of upper genital tract inflammatory disorders among women that includes any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. Adhesions can present additional complications. It restricted to infections of the upper genital tract caused by microorganisms that ascend from the cervix or vagina and excludes blood-born infections such as tuberculosis

Output: What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Initially organisms involved may include those sexually transmitted such as Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis. Many other facultative (i.e. can live with or without air) and anaerobic endogenous bacteria may subsequently ascend into the upper genital tract causing a polymicrobial infection.

Output: What is the aetiology of PID?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: PID associated with sexually transmitted infections occurs by canalicular spread along the mucosal surfaces, site of initial infection, from the lower to the upper genital area. Intermittent microbial ascent, such as occurs with menses may also contribute to the upper genital spread

Output: What is the pathogenesis of PID?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: It is protective against it because it acts as a barrier.Situations in which the barrier is less protective include menses, sex steroid hormone effects of the follicular phase, douching and recent endocervical / uterine instrumentation or recent intrauterine device placement. Use of combined oral contraceptive pill may protect against the development of PID – due to thickening of the plug

Output: What is the role of the endocervical mucous plug in the pathogenesis of PID?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Output: In what age group is PID most common?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Subclinical: first episode of chlamydia is the most frequent form of PID but is often assymptomatic Mild to moderate: subsequent chlamydial infections will present with abdo/pelvic pain, dyspareunia (painful sex), irregular bleeding, abnormal discharge. Gonorrhoea PID is usually acute causing moderate to severe symptoms and is infrequently seen in Australia.

Output: What are the varying clinical severities of PID?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Complications include subfertility and ectopic pregnancies, chronic pain and other gynaecological morbidity. Chlamydial PID is more likely than Gonococcal PID to result in tubal factor infertility, as recurrent infections can result in a delayed hypersensitivity reaction with intraluminal scarring and damage.

Output: What are some complications of PID? How does the type of initial organism alter this profile?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Sertoli cells which secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and Leydig cells which secrete testosterone. If the germ cells do not contain a "testis determining gene" on the Y chromosome then there is no secretion of AMH or testosterone, the gonads become ovaries and the internal and external genitalia become female.

Output: In the germ cell, which hormones are secreted so that the gonads develop into testes and the internal and external genitalia become male?

8.05 Female sexual health, STIs Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the components of a complete sexual history?


Input: Simultaneous verse Sequential lineups

Output: Overall, simultaneous lineups are more accurate when the suspect is present, but sequential lineups are better if the target is absent

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Input: Daubert Standards

Output: Expert must have proper credentials Evidence must be relevant, probative, and reliable In order to be reliable, evidence must be tested, peer-reviewed, have error rate, and generally accepted by the scientific community

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Input: Reasons why Judges Deny Experts for Eyewitness Testimony

Output: EWT literature not mature or precise Jury should decide credibility of the witness, and an expert invades the providence of the jury Expert will make jurors skeptical of all witnesses, and thus would be prejudicial Experts would just be explaining common sense notions

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Input: Scooter Libby Trial

Output: Expert witness on memory not allowed Judge states that evaluation of witness and memory errors is common sense and jurors have experience with it in their everyday lives

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Input: Common Sense Study (Keil and Lockhart)

Output: Even young children view psychology as common sense when compared to other areas of study, such as natural sciences and economics

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Input: When is testimony from experts on eyewitness testimony the best and most effective?

Output: When testimony is clear, repetitive, and from prestigous university Also makes jurors aware of information without being overly skeptical "Battle of the experts" reduces credibility of the experts

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Input: Binet's Observations of Children

Output: More suggestible than adults More influenced by examiner's questions More confident after repeated questioning but less accurate More suggestible in groups More accurate through free recall

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Input: Sam Stone Studies

Output: Example of how stereotyped information influences children's memory and recall (thought Sam had broken and dirtied things when they were told he was clumsy) When combined with suggestive interview techniques, resulted in the most false memories and reports

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Input: Harris Study

Output: Children have a hard time distinguishing reality from fantasy when asked to use their imaginations

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Input: Mr. Science Studies

Output: Children will recall non-experienced but suggested events (both touching events and science experiements) using minimal suggestive technique (story by parents three months later) Also found that older children were just as prone to suggestion as younger children, but were better able to realize their mistake when challenged

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Input: Paco Perez Study

Output: Found that children will falsely report fantastic events in detail if reinforced and will later recall them as having actually happened False memories can occure for things other than the mundane Also found that researchers could change and suggest false memories through reinforcement (praise, reward, punishment) and co-witness information (others students said so) False allegations were greatest in reinforcement group Only required one suggestive interview early on, not multiple ones

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Input: Techniques that interviewers used in the Kelly Michaels Case that could have caused false memories and allegations

Output: Repeated questioning Suggestive questions using anatomically correct dolls Praise or reward for desired answers (reinforcement) Critisized unwanted answers (indicating there were "right" and "wrong" answers) Invited speculation and imagination Peer pressure (others had said so and told the truth)

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Input: Reasons Why Not to Ignore Children's Testimony

Output: Samantha Runnion case - friend gave a detailed description that lead to the arrest of the murderer Goodman ("Creepy Man" Study) - children resist telling something untrue Children have better verbatim memory traces than adults because they don't rely on schemas (memory test as an example)

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Input: Funnel Technique

Output: emphasizes the use of free recall and open ended questions when interviewing children then moving to specific questions

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Input: Bruck and Ceci's Study Conclusions regarding children and forensic developmental psychology

Output: Children can identify suspects and give accurate information through open ended questions and free recall Interviews can be suggestive without leading questions Don't need multiple suggestive interviews to influence children's reports, just one Suggestions don't always lead to erroneous reports Suggestibility is not just a problem for young children but also for older children and adults

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Input: Coy v. Iowa

Output: Child cannot be concealed behind a screen during trial Violates a defendant's sixth admendment right to face his or her accuser Also erodes the presumption of innocence

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Input: Maryland v. Craig

Output: Use of CCTV is permissible when children testify Seems to overturn the previous ruling Although CCTV is permissbile, jury might see child as less credible and lacking the emotional power of actually being in the courtroom

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Input: Crawford v. Washington

Output: Hearsay evidence no longer allowed in child abuse cases Cannot use testimony of witnesses that do not appear in court Children can not testify about what another person said outside of court

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Input: False Memory in Adults studies

Output: Lost Mall Study - 25% remembered after two interviews Spilling the Punch Study - 27% remembered spilling punch on brides family, even elaborating about it Could also implant traumatic events (being bitten by a dog) and impossible events (seeing bugs bunny at Disney World) Hot Air Balloon Study - up to 50% of people remembered the story with doctored photo, and 75-80% recalled the memory with photo and narrative to go with it

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Input: Factors in adults that make them more prone to false memories

Output: Use pictures Very good at visual imagery Score higher on tests of dissociation When told to relax and imagine the event

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Input: Chowchilla Kidnapping Case

Output: School bus full of children was hijacked and buried underground Bus driver was able to escape and see the hijackers car, but couldn't remember license plate Used hypnosis and successfully remembered the number, directly leading to arrest

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Input: Hyperamnesia

Output: Idea that hypnosis might increase the recall of events However, hypnosis also causes people to have more difficulty distinguishing between true and false memories Also puts people in a more suggestive state

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Input: Scoboria Hypnosis Study

Output: Combination of hypnosis and misleading questions lead to the most errors in memory Leading questions alone resulted in more errors than hypnosis

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Input: Rock v. Arkansas

Output: Case in which a woman shot her husband and could not remember because it was because of a faulty firing mechanism Used hypnosis to remember this fact SC found that Hypnosis cannot be completely banned Can be evaluated on a case-by-case basis Complete ban would limit a defendant's ability to testify on their own behalf

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Input: Freyd's Two Types of Trauma

Output: Traumatic - prepetrated by a stranger and makes a person fear for their lives and which they remember for long periods of time Social Betrayal - results in numbness and forgetting because memory and trauma must be repressed in order to survive (sexual abuse) These theories lend credance to recovered memories

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Input: Social Betrayal and Child Abuse

Output: When a child is violated by someone that is their primary provider and someone they depend on, it is evolutionarily beneficial for survival to try to forget the event

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Input: Gary and Holly Ramona Case

Output: Daughter accused her father of sexual assault and rape after seeing a psychologist in college who used suggestive techniques Sued her father, but her testimony was discredited becasue she used sodium amytal After medical files became public, father sued her for defamation of character and won but only a small amout Caused therapists to become more cautious and a decrease in repressed memory cases that go to court

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Input: Linda Williams Study

Output: Interviewed women who had been sexually molested as children Found that 38% couldn't remember and 16% had forgotten then remembered Evidence for recovered memories

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Input: Guildford Four

Output: Accused IRA bombers that were found guilty after coerced confessions Used extreme tactics Weren't even released after the actual bombers confessed After they are finally released, UK passes laws stating that police can't lie or trick suspects and all interviews must be tapped

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Input: Paul Ingram

Output: Case of the Sadistic Father (not really) Daughters accused him of sexual assault and exploitation in a sadistic cult (and for killing their cult babies) Idea was suggested by a counselor at their fundamentalist Christian church Paul believes he must have done it if his daughter says so, believing the Devil entered his body, made him do it, and then forget about it Psychologist proved that he didn't do any of the things he was accused of by implanting a completely false memory that his children said never occurred Still plead guilty and was convicted

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Input: Central Park Jogger

Output: Police forcefully interrogate five black youths after brutal rape of a woman in Central Park They all confess after being promised that they can go home All of their stories contradict one another and were very different All were found guilty even though DNA evidence didn't match any of them

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Input: Michael Crowe

Output: Confesses to killing his sister after an extreme interrogation where he was lead to believe he blocked out the memory Scientific evidence later found that a mental patient passing through the area had commited the crime Demonstrates extreme abuse by the police even though interview was taped

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Input: Choctaw Three

Output: Woman in prison lies and says she is pregnant to get out Doctors and guards believe her and release her She sees a guard a while later (she obviously isn't pregnant) but the police think she killed her baby They bring her, her husband, and her sister in and force them to confess after a lengthy interrogation and threats of the death penalty Only released 15 years later

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Input: John Karr

Output: Confessed to the murder of Jon Benet Ramsey Impossible for him to have committed the crime because he was in Alabama at the time (fullproof alibi)

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Input: Arizona v. Fulminante

Output: Supreme Court rules that appeals can't be granted based on the fact that interviews were coerced or because of wrongful confessions States that confessions are just like any other piece of evidence States that confessions are "harmless," but several studies say otherwise

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Input: Kassin and Neumann Study (College Student and Confession Study)

Output: College students read cases that involved trial summaries for murder, rape, assault, and auto theft Evidence ranged from confession to EWT to character witness to control Found that confessions were the most powerful evidence in almost all cases (not auto theft) More likely to convict even if the confession is retracted

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Input: Types of False Confessions

Output: Voluntary False Confessions - want to be punished or need an alibi Coerced Compliance False Confessions - forced to confess (Choctaw Three) Coerced Internalized False Confessions - really believe they did it (Michael Crowe, Paul Ingram)

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Input: Four ways of knowing that a Confession is False

Output: Crime didn't occur - Choctaw Three Physically impossible for suspect to have committed the crime - John Karr Real perpetrator confesses - Central Park Jogger Scientific evidence points to different culprit - Michael Crowe

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Input: Five components of Developing an Internalized False Confession

Output: Vulnerable suspect (young, low IQ, suggestible, etc) Police use false evidence Suspect tries to reconcile lack of memory with alleged evidence Suspect makes tenative admission of guilt Suspect then converts simple admission into a full confession and detailed report

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Input: CTL Key Test and False Confessions Study

Output: College students doing a fast or slow paced task on the computer with or without a witness in the room When computer crashes, asked to sign a confession sheet When there was no witness, only those going fast were inclined to sign confession When there was a witness, both fast and slow groups were inclined to sign the petition However, those going fast when there was a witness overwhelmingly internalized the event

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Input: Videotape and Audio Study

Output: College students and investigators listened to 5 true and 5 false confessions Students were more accurate, while investigators were more confident Neither were much better than chance, though Both did better with audio than with video (don't make wrong assumptions about nonverbal cues)

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Input: Woman Named Betty Study (Gray and Wegner Study)

Output: When students met Betty and saw her being totured, they were more likely to think she was guilty This is because of cognitive dissonance - percieving pain in others creates discomfort and subject must see person as deserving of pain to reduce discomfort Those that didn't meet Betty and listened to her being tortured were more likely to think she was innocent This is becasue of moral type-casting - tendency to see people as either victim or perpetrator but not both (if in pain, more likely to be seen as victim)

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Input: Behavioral Analysis Interview

Output: Intensive program established by Reid, Buckley, and Jayne to train interrogators to distinguish lies from truths Uses verbal cues, nonverbal cues, and behavioral attitudes Entire goal is to elicit a confession Claim that they only interrogate guilty people and that these methods are justified

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Input: Deception Detection Study

Output: Found that Secret Service agents were the best at detecting deception and lies, but not 100% (only 64% accurate) Most people are only slightly better than average Found a small percentage of people who were lie detector wizards (probably by chance)

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Input: Why are we bad at decieving deception?

Output: Truth Bias - we expect people to tell the truth in order to function in the world (want and need to believe someone) Lie Bias - police and inmates actually have biases the other way around because they constantly see people who are lieing to them

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Input: Characteristics of a Liar

Output: Hand gestures to a minimum Voice is tense and high-pitched More or less speech errors or hesitations Less vocally expressive Don't show spontaneity Lack of details Stories are less plausible Stories are shorter Display micro-expressions These characteristics are usually contrary to the stereotype

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Input: Micro-expressions

Output: When someone is speaking and remembering things that happened, a flash of emotion will wash over their face Liars try to hide this expression quickly, resulting in a micro-expression

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Input: Frye Standard and Polygraph

Output: Frye standard - scientific evidence can only be admitted into evidence if it is generally accepted by the scientific community Polygraphs currently do not meet the Frye standard and are thus not considered admissible in court Frye has been superceeded by Daubert in federal court, and the practice has been adopted by many state courts (some still go by just Frye)

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Input: Control Question Test

Output: Relies on relative arousal Ask relevant question related to crime (did you do it?) Ask control questions that are broad and related to the character of the person (also known as lie questions - did you cheat on a test?) Guilty peopel should show more stress on relevant questions and innocent people on control questions

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Input: Problems with Control Question Test for the Polygraph

Output: Some people are so emotionally non-responsive that lying produces little physiological response (psychopaths) No guarantee innocent person wont react strongly Person has to have faith in the validity of the test Examiner must be skilled in devising control questions

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Input: Guilty Knowlege Test for the Polygraph

Output: Ask specific questions or details about the crime that only the perpetrator would know Multiple choice, so perpetrator should show more stress on correct answer while innocent person should show similar stress throughout Reduces the status of the examiner (good!)

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Input: Problems with the Guilty Knowledge Test for the Polygraph

Output: Keeping details out of the Press Assumes that the guilty party actually encoded the details and facts the interrogator is asking for

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Input: Brain Fingerprinting

Output: EEG response to a stimuli of special significance in a case is monitored If stimuli is meaningful for the suspect, brain reaction indicates they are familiar with it and are thus guilty

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Input: fMRIs in Deception Detection The "No Lie fMRI"

Output: Monitors brain activity in the pre-frontal cortex If someone is presented with a stimuli that they recognize or of significance while they are trying to lie, fMRI will detect activity because they are exerting energy to lie Five of Clubs test - subjects given $20 to lie and say they don't have a five of clubs while in the machine Extremely accurate - 96-100% However, very susceptable to countermeasures Easier to trick than a polygraph

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Input: Minimization

Output: Investigators try to elicit a confession by minimizing the crime and making suspect look toward the future in order to confess Implies leniency if the suspect confesses

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Input: Maximization

Output: Method that interrogators and police officers use to emphasize the strength of the evidence against the suspect during a confession Horrible things will happen if the person doesn't confess

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Input: Behavioral Confirmation Study (Stealing Money Study by Kassin)

Output: Had undergraduates steal money or not from cabinet Told intestigators that either 4/5 were guilty (presumption of guilt) or 1/5 were guilty (presumption of innocence) Interrogators were more likely to think that innocent suspects were guilty than actual guilty suspects (especially when there was a presumption of guilt) In part due to behavioral confirmation - investigator forms a belief, behaves toward suspect in that manner, and suspect responds in way that supports investigator's belief

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Input: Miranda Warning

Output: Statement of a suspects right to remain silent 80% of suspects waive their right (usually innocent people) because they are not informed or because they think they have nothing to hide

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Input: "Alternative Question"

Output: Find info

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Input: Who has problems with Miranda warning?

Output: Juveniles Mentally retarded Adults who have misconceptions about the judicial system Adult non-offenders without criminal justice experience

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Input: $100 Study (Kassin and Norwick Study)

Output: Participants either do or do not steal $100 in a mock crime Students are told to do whatever they can to defend their innocence Innocent participants were much more likely to waive Miranda rights in all circumstances

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Input: Why do innocent people waive Miranda rights?

Output: Self-presentation Power of innoncence to prevail Belief in a just world Illusion of Transparency

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Input: Peter Reilly Case

Output: Waived Miranda Rights after being accused of murdering his mother Didn't ask for an attorney because he thought his innocence would speak for itself

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Input: High/Low Pressure Confession Study (Kassin and Sukel)

Output: Juries do not discount coerced confessions Even when mock jurors knew that confessions were coerced, they were more likely to convict Although jurors say that the confession didn't influence them, it did

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Input: Videotapping Confessions

Output: If camera is focused at suspect, confession is seen as more voluntary, less coerced, and jury is more likely to convict If focused on interrogators, more likely to believe interview it is coerced If focused on both, more balanced view

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Input: Wyatt v. Stickney

Output: Right of the mentally ill to receive treatment Found that three fundamental conditions had to be present: humane environment, sufficient and qualified staff, individualized treatment plan Lead to de-instutitionalization

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Input: Donaldson v. O'Conner

Output: Right to freedom from custodial confinement If not a danger to self or others, could not keep people confined Lead to de-instutitionalization

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Input: Rone v. Fireman

Output: Right to least restrictive setting for treatment If person could be treated in the community, then they should be Lead to de-instutitionalization

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Input: Three states of mind

Output: Commitment - focuses on present and future Competency - focuses on present and near future NGRI - focuses on specific moment in the past

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Input: Civil commitment

Output: Must be dangerous to self, others, or show a grave disabiltiy APA would like to add the "Thank You" theory - person would likely suffer substancial mental or physical deterioration if not hospitalized

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Input: Addington v. Texas

Output: Sets burden of proof at "clear and convincing" in order to involuntarily commit someone Greater than a preponderence of the evidence, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt Tried to claim that standard should be set at beyond a reasonable doubt because of loss of freedom, but SC didn't buy it

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Input: Dusky Criteria for Mental Competency to Stand Trial

Output: The defendant must have sufficient present ability to consult with his attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding The defendant must have a rational as well as a factual understanding of the proceedings against him Can be found IST by a preponderance of the evidence No standardized assessment Court assumes that everyone is competent to stand trial

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Input: Restoring Competency Study

Output: Found that with a education program about the legal process, competence was restored in 43% of defendants after three months Without the program, restored in 15% after 3 months

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Input: Riggins v. Nevada

Output: Rights were violated by making defendant take medication while waiting to go to trial SC said that this was unfair and that people have the right to deny medication

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Input: Sell v. US

Output: Dentist case who was delusional Refuses to take medication SC found that the state can forcefully administer medication to render a defendant competent to stand trial under certain circumstances: Important government issues at stake Treatment is unlikely to have side effects that will undermine the fairness of the trial Medication is necessary (other less intrusive means of treatment have been tried)

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Input: Adjudicative Competence

Output: Developed by Bonnie and goes beyond Dusky criteria Made up of two parts - foundational competence and decisional competence Foundational Competence: Understand basic elements of the legal system Relate relevent information to attorney Understand one's position as a defendant Decisional Competence: Understand information relevant to decisions to plead guilty, plea bargain, etc Reason about alternatives Appreciate decisions that are made Make a choice about those decisions

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Input: Who has difficulty understanding Miranda rights?

Output: Look up info

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Input: Godinez v. Moran

Output: Man confesses murdering his wife and several other people, decides to plead not guilty, is found competent, waives his counsel during the trial, pleads guilty, is sentenced to death, and appeals his case Claims that he wasn't competent to stand trial SC states that because he was found competent to stand trial, he was competent to plead guilty and take the consequences

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Input: Colin Ferguson

Output: Black man who served as his own attorney after waiving counsel Was still found guilty, but emphasized the positives of serving as your own defense: Defendant can humanize themselves to the jury Defendant can give their version of the events through questioning and does not have to take the stand

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Input: Indiana v. Edwards

Output: Supreme Court rules that a judge can refuse a defendant from defending themselves if it is in their best interest Someone can be competent to stand trial but not to defend themselves

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Input: Ford v. Wainwright

Output: Cruel and unusual punishment to execute an incompetent prisoner Judicial system wants people to understand why they are going to trial, what the consequences are, and why they are being executed

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Input: Singleton case

Output: Starts having hallucinations while on death row and is put on medications to control him He was executed because he was voluntarily taking the drugs

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Input: Atkins v. Virginia

Output: Supreme Court rules that it is cruel and unusual punishment to execute a mentally retarded prisoner based on evolving standards of decency Atkins was eventually executed because the court claimed that his IQ had risen to above 70 (mostly because of the appeals and talking to his lawyers) His sentence was later communted

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Input: Kenneth Bianchi The Hillside Strangler Case

Output: Tried to fake multiple personality disorder Psychologist proved that Bianchi was faking by introducing a fact to him Faking incompetence is hard to do

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Input: Distortions about NGRI in the public

Output: Think that it is a rich man's defense Allows a large population of inmates to return to society Sentences will be shorter Believe that the trial is usually just a battle of the experts All of these beliefs and assumptions are wrong

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Input: M'Naughten Rule

Output: "Right or Wrong Test" Everyone is presumed sane Legally insane if: At the moment of the crime, the accused was laboring under a "defect of reason" or from a "disease of the mind" The accused did not know the nature and quality of the act they were doing If they did know it, they did not know what they were doing was wrong Two questions must be answered: Did he know what he was doing? Did he know it was wrong?

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Input: Wild Beast Test

Output: If someone doesn't know what they are doing from a wild beast, then they aren't culpable

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Input: Irresistable Impulse

Output: Because of mental illness, the person lost the power to resist engaging in wrong behavior even though they nkow that it is against societal standard Very ambiguous and hard to determine Policeman at the elbow test - would they have done it if a policeman had been at their elbow?

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Input: Durham Rule (The Product Rule)

Output: Person is not guilty if their action was the PRODUCT of their mental illness This gives more power to experts during a trial

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Input: ALI Rule (Brawner Standard)

Output: If a person lacks substantial capacity to APPRECIATE the wrongfulness of their conduct or if they could not confirm their conduct to the law, then they are legally insane More flexible than M'Naughten

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Input: Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984

Output: Changed standards back to the M'Naughten Rule Courts now presume sanity Mental disease must be "severe" Irresistable impulse prong eliminated Experts barred from giving "ultimate issue" testimony (can't say if they were actually insane at the time crime was committed)

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Input: Changes that occurred after Hinckley case

Output: Stricter standards used to prove insanity and to win NGRI cases Adoption of the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 by federal courts (a thus several state courts) Abolition of NGRI in many states Replaced with Guilty but Mentally Ill Diminished capacity is seen as a mitigating factor

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Input: Reasons why Hinckley was found NGRI

Output: Burden of proof was placed on the prosecution that he was SANE beyond a reasonable doubt Used a broad definition of mental illness and mental defect Judge allowed testimony that spoke to the affective interpretation of "appreciate" and not just hte cognitive interpretation (more lenient)

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Input: Reasons why Andrea Yates was not found NGRI

Output: Incorrect testimony by Dietz Death-qualified jury was assembled because the prosecutor was seeking the death penalty (really just wanted a conviction) DQ jurors tend to have more negative views of NGRI More likely to find the defendant guilty than excusables

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Input: Venire

Output: Pool from which potential jurors are drawn Construction of a pnel of potential jurors that will be drawn from a fair proportion of the population Must be representative (actual juror does not have to be)

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Input: Voir Dire

Output: Pre-trial interview during which attorneys have the chance to remove or challenge potential jurors through two methods: Exclude for cause - because of a person's bias, prejudice, situation, etc with approval of judge Peremptory Challenge - without reason or cause, but cannot exclude because of race of gender (discrimination) If asked, attorney must give reason for why they excluded

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Input: Batson v. Kentucky

Output: Judge excluded all blacks from the jury SC finds that challenges cannot be made on the basis of race or gender If challenged, attorneys must give reason

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Input: Witherspoon v. Illinois

Output: Prosecutor got rid of all the objectors to the Death Penalty, resulting in a very pro-death jury SC found that a person would be excluded if he "would vote against the death penalty under any circumstance," such a Hitler on the stand Also excluded jurors who would find the defendant not guilty because of the threat of the death penalty

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Input: Wainwright v. Witt

Output: SC allows judges to exclude a juror if the judge feels that the juror's views would prevent or impair the performance of his or her dutied during the trial Broadens exclusion of jurors

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Input: Lockhart v. McCree

Output: SC rejects defendants request for two seperate juries - one for the trial and one for the penalty phase - because the court says that the first jury selected is representative Also state that only the venire must be representative of the community, not hte actual jury

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Input: Liberation hypothesis

Output: Judges feel more freedom in choosing a verdict and presiding over trial if the offense is less serious The more serious the offense, the less control and leniency the judge feels like they have

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Input: Heterogeneous Juries compared to Homogeneous Juries

Output: Deliberate longer More thorough with evidence Bring up a variety of issues Seen as more legitimate and fairer

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Input: Williams v. Florida

Output: SC says that it is constitutionally permissible to have a six person jury in non-capital cases Relied on social science evidence, but the evidence was wrong Larger juries are actually better (deliberate longer, recall evidence more accurately, have more agreement, more representative, and hand down more consistent verdicts)

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Input: Unanimous Juries compared to Majority Rule Juries

Output: Spends more time discussing evidence Takes fewer votes (puts fewer people on the spot) Exerts less pressure on others Less likely to hang Listens to minority opinion more Results in greater juror satisfaction

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Input: Why are jurors influenced so highly by Inadmissible evidence?

Output: Because of the psychological processes of reactance and ironic processing

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Input: Reactance

Output: Emotional reaction in direct contradiction to instructions that limits behavioral freedom ("Don't think about this, you can't consider it")


Input: Ironic Processing ("White Bear")

Output: Person's deliberate attempts to suppress certain thoughts that results in thoughts becoming more persistent Like trying not to think about a pink elephant when you are told not to

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Input: Influence of Pre-Trial Publicity on verdicts

Output: Jurors are more likely to see juror as culpable Effect is greatest during pre-trial phase The more information juror can recall, the more likely they are to see the defendant as guilty TV and print coverage, emotional content, and more serious crime causes more of an effect

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Input: Methods courts use to deal with Pre-Trial Publicity

Output: Continuance Judicial instructions Expanded Voir Dire (doesn't work becasue jurors are often unaware of their own biases) Change of venues (most effective)

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Input: Characteristics of juries that result in higher conviction rates

Output: Similarity with Defendant if the crime is serious or heinous (dis-similarity if not) Authoritarianism if defendant is not a person with great authority Internal locus of control Belief in a just world

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Input: Black Sheep Effect

Output: Someone inside the groups will be treated more harshly by groups members than those outside the group if they have done something to shame or embarrass the group (even though the out person did the same thing) If defendant is similar to the jurors, then he will be punished harder if found guilty

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Input: Under what circumstances is scientific jury selection the most effective?

Output: When there is an extended voir dire as opposed to a shortened voir dire When a consultant is brought in an used

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Input: Effects of Prior Conviction evidence

Output: More likely to convict if prior offense waht the same Prior acquittal evidence does not seem to prejudice the jury Juries LOVE someone with a clean record, though (as well as defendants who take the stand)

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Input: Stealing Thunder

Output: Introduce negative information before the other side can in order to minimize its effect on the jury

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Input: OJ Simpson Trial and Story Model

Output: Prosecution thought that black women on the jury would be more inclined to identify with domestic violence victim and find OJ guilty Defense saw it a different way and felt like the black women would identify with the story that the white police detective was planting evidence on OJ Black women went with the defense Story fit their own narrative the best

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Input: Dennis Devine Study and Jury Deliberations

Output: If jury leanings are known before entering deliberation, outcome can be inferred, holding that: 10+ one way, verdict wont change 7- jurors will acquit 8-9 up in the air

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Input: Jury Deliberation stages

Output: Orientation (foreman elected, procedure discussed, verdict or evidence driven jury decided) Open Conflict (try to win everyone over to the majority side) Reconciliation (come together as a group and resolve on one decision)

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Input: Proposed Jury Reforms

Output: Clearer instructions Written instructions Instructions delivered before and after evidence Note taking Asking questions Discuss the case throughout hte trial instead of just at the end

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Input: Furman v. Georgia

Output: Supreme Court puts a moratorium on the Death Penalty Claims that it is being arbitrarily imposed at the time

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Input: Gregg v. Georgia

Output: Capital punishment states again Sets down stricter guidelines that must be followed for the DP to be imposed: Bifurcated Trials Consider mitigating and aggravating factors All DP rulings are automatically reviewed by state supreme courts

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Input: Why are mitigating factors seen as aggravating factors by jurors?

Output: Many aggravating factors, such as child abuse and substance abuse, are seen as out of the defendant's hands and impossible to change Although we think that we can change personally, we rarely think that others can permenantly change and that their true self will still leak out

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Input: Capital Jury Project

Output: Analysed actual cases Found that nearly 50% had reached a premature verdict and decided on punishment Saw DP as the only acceptable punishment for some types of murder Some believed that if the defendant was found guilty it was their responsibility to give them the death penalty Didn't understand the alternative to the DP very well Racial factors were present Didn't understand difference between aggravating and mitigating circumstances

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Input: McClesky v. Kemp

Output: Argued that DP was applied in a racial biased manner SC upheld conviction, stating that there was no evidence that the jurors in his specific case were biased, although they acknowledged that racial bias can occur based on psychological studies

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Input: "Alternate Question Technique"

Output: Interrogators provide two alternatives to suspects, one positive and one negative, with the underlying assumption that the crime was committed As a result in the rise in the use of the AQ, the SC has decided that the DP will not be implemented if the defendant is: Mentally Retarded Mentally Incompetent A Juvenile In cases of rape Cases decided by the judge (does not reflect the concensus of society) This was decided because the AQ puts these people on an unfair playing field

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