Input: Most Schizophrenia patients, however, do improve from the initial episode

Output: continue to manifest some symptoms, and remain vulnerable to periodic exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: In general, while the severity of psychosis plateaus within 5 to 10 years of the first episode, but

Output: diminish drive and emotion may worsen over a longer period.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Schizophrenia late in life there is a tendency toward

Output: decreased intensity of symptoms and some improvement of function, this does not compensate for years of lost experience and opportunity.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: b. Phases of schizophrenia

Output: i. goes from premorbid → prodromal → onset deterioration → chronic/residual ii. As you age, you get better (less episodes)

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: besides positive and negative symptoms what else is needed to diagnose SZ?

Output: -Decline in role functioning, self-care -Minimum 6 months of symptoms

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Brain volume changes in

Output: first-episode schizophrenia

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: ￼￼The Development of Chlorpromazine

Output: Derived from methylene blue dye is the only one that seems to improve patients conditions

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Recent large-scale studies like CATIE suggest 1st v. 2nd generation of antupsychotics distinctions probably less true due

Output: to dosing issues

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Cognitive enhancement” of new drugs may just be due to

Output: switching treatment refractory patients to the newer drug, thus “releasing” them from an old drug that given at a high dose and may have interfered with cognition

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Although cognitive dysfunction is SZ is not a diagnostic feat it is important for treatment development because

Output: Correlation of cognitive dysfunction to poor outcome § Lack of current effective treatments for poor cognition • No antipsychotic helps cognitive function improve • “cognitive enhancing” (dementia drugs) do not help • Important for providing information about underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Pathogenesis of SZ may include

Output: -genetic components -cellular programming -cell development -neural systems -behavioral functions

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Genes components contributing to sz

Output: Multiple susceptibility alleles each of small effect

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Neural systems related to sz

Output: Abnormal connectivity in local and associational circuits

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Behavioral functions related to SZ

Output: Disturbances in perception, information, processing, mood regulation, cognition

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: SZ Genetic component in twins are highly correlated

Output: 1. 50% concordance with monozygotic twins 2. 1st degree relatives without dx of SZ show many of the same traits

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Enviromental components related to SZ

Output: 1. people in high expressed emotion households are at risk, and high marijuana users 2. prenatal events like mother having flu, rubella, pre-eclampsia, STD at time of conception..

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The absence of a clear phenotypic distinction across diverse psychotic states such as schizophrenia, psychotic affective disorder and schizophrenia has led to one view that these disorders might represent

Output: a continuum termed the Unitary Psychosis Model.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Alterations in attention and information processing in schizophrenia have been thought to result from a failure of

Output: filter mechanisms leading to schizophrenia related psychopathology

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Frith and Done (1988) originally proposed that symptoms of alien control (i.e. first rank symptoms) in schizophrenia might result from

Output: problems with the central monitoring of responses.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Crow (2000) has proposed that nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to

Output: a disintegration of language processes that is uniquely human and emerges in the context of speciation.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Kapur (2003) proposed that psychosis may result from an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of

Output: one's experience as a result of dopaminergic dysregulation.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: none of the Models of Phenotypic Expression explains

Output: the broad body of the “facts of schizophrenia”.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Schzisophrenic people have a delusion of control they feel someone of is controlling their movements, they show

Output: contralateral motor and sensory activaition as if in fact someone was controlling their movemebts

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Observations of alterations in synchronous oscillations in the gamma range (30–80 Hz) have led to the theory that psychopathology in schizophrenia may result from

Output: dysfunction of inhibitory circuits

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: e. Corollary discharge – an explanation of hallucination

Output: i. Corollary is sending copy of instructions to other sensory regions of the body to cancel stimulation: hallucination is when these systems go awry ii. Efference copy is an internal copy created with a motor command of its predicted movement and its resulting sensations. One role of efference copies is to enable the brain to estimate the sensory feedback from movements in which case they are called corollary discharges.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: It should be noted that a white matter disease such as metachromatic leukodystrophy can mimic schizophrenia with its

Output: psychosis phenotype

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The widely held neurochemical hypothesis, the classic hyperdopaminergic model has in recent years given way to more complex and integrative views such

Output: as the prefrontal–limbic dopamine (DA) imbalance model and the phasic–tonic DA imbalance model

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Dopaminergic models are strongly supported by the fact that all currently available antipsychotics work by

Output: blocking dopaminergic receptors, and also by clinical observations of psychotic symptoms in individuals following repeated amphetamine use.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: DA blockade may be a necessary and sufficient explanation for antipsychotic effects (Kapur and Mamo, 2003), and by inference, to

Output: the positive symptom dimension of schizophrenia.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: DA imbalance models provide an integrative view of

Output: cognitive and negative symptoms with psychotic episodes, though not other aspects of the illness such as structural alterations and functional decline.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Amphetamine-induced sensitized state has been used as an animal model for some domains such as

Output: symptoms, but not other domains such as negative symptoms

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: DA related genes do not appear to explain the substantive heritability of schizophrenia, and dopaminergic treatments

Output: have little effect of cognitive and negative symptoms.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: t is quite likely that DA alterations are involved downstream in the final common pathways that lead to psychosis (Seeman, 2010), though the primary causal events

Output: remain elusive.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Alteration in the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate system, especially involving N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function has emerged as a promising

Output: pathophysiological model.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: NMDA receptor model stemmed from

Output: early observations that phencyclidine (PCP) causes symptoms closely resembling schizophrenia. Early age pcp doesn't causes psychotic effect only in later life..similar to the onset of the disease

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Glutamatergic constructs such as the NMDA receptor hypofunction model have considerable explanatory power:

Output: ntegrates the early and late developmental deviations § The role of dopamine § The post-illness onset deteriorative processes that occur in schizophrenia.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Many genes implicated in schizophrenia appear to converge on the

Output: glutamatergic system. However, this model does not clarify why, despite the ubiquity of glutamatergic neurons in the brain, schizophrenia is not associated with more generalized neurological impairment

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Medications that modulate the glycine site of the NMDA receptors have been reported to

Output: improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Several lines of evidence indicate that gamma amino acid butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, the main inhibitory neurochemical system, is dysfunctional in schizophrenia. § Post-mortem studies have consistently reported reductions in

Output: GABA neurons and/or key enzymes related to this pathway.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: It has been suggested that observations of altered neural synchrony and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may be related to

Output: altered GABA neurotransmission.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The membrane hypothesis posits the role of

Output: membrane alterations in peripheral cells as well as the brain

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The membrane hypothesis is appealing since membranes are critical for

Output: several aspects of neuronal function such as receptors, channels and signal transduction.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on observations that schizophrenia may be associated with

Output: an increased serum concentration of several pro-inflammatory cytokines that may reflect response by microglia to various pathological processes in the brain

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The pathophysiology of schizophrenia has also been thought be related to increased oxidative stress (accumulation of reactive oxygen species that may damage neuronal function) in this illness, supported by

Output: observations of decreased antioxidant and increased pro-oxidant processes

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The “early” developmental models suggest that disruptions in intrauterine or early postnatal life, i.e. neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation and elimination, or neurogenesis processes, may lead to

Output: impaired neural infrastructure and abnormal brain maturation predisposing to premorbid dysfunction as well as psychopathology emerging later in adolescence or early adulthood.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The “late” developmental models, which account for the typical onset of schizophrenia during adolescence, propose

Output: deviations in later emerging processes such as synaptic/axonal pruning or neuronal apoptosis and/or myelination processes contribute to its evolution.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: It has been known for long that schizophrenia is highly heritable. § The most promising etiological models therefore include the view that

Output: schizophrenia may be polygenic/multifactorial.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Though recent linkage and genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of candidate genes and specific risk alleles for schizophrenia, replicated findings explain only

Output: a very small fraction of the heritability.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: The view that schizophrenia may be caused by multiple common genes each conferring a small effect has been supported by

Output: genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These alleles present relatively modest odds ratios (the odds of a risk variant being present in cases vs. controls) and suggest causal roles of gene regulatory mechanisms in Schizophrenia.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: In recent years, observations have emerged of rare and unique mutations and copy number variations (CNV) conferring

Output: possibly severe risks seen in a significant proportion of patients, though no single locus explains more than approximately 1% of cases.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: he relationships between genes (e.g. DISC1, neuregulin) and their neuropathological consequences (such as dendritic morphology) are not straightforward, and are likely to be influenced by

Output: profound gene–gene and gene–protein interactions, leading to incredibly complex “interactomes”.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: Gene–environmental models suggest that interactive effects of genes and environment on biological pathways may have

Output: larger effects than either genes or environment.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: A large fraction of the heritability of schizophrenia may be accounted for

Output: by gene–environment interaction.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: An integrative approach is the “two-hit hypothesis” which proposes that genetic risk and early developmental alterations (first hit) may

Output: prime the person to react to a second hit in the form of an environmental factor later during development leading to the illness.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: n epigenetic model, which is increasingly gaining recognition, posits that environmental factors impact on gene expression via changes in

Output: DNA methylation and chromatin structure which, in turn, may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia.

volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.


Input: when a theory researches the level of absolute consistency in outcomes - allows for more precise predictions theories can never be proven, only disproven [FINER research]

Output: Empirical Law

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Input: to determine the worth or merit of a study, which ultimately depends upon the validity of the study [FINER research]

Output: Primary Goal of Evaluating Research Reports

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Input: Title Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References [FINER research]

Output: Basic Content of Research

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Input: mix of classic studies in the field and more recent studies to help define the question [FINER research]

Output: References

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Input: New True Important Comprehensible [FINER research]

Output: Reports of research findings should provide info that is....

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Input: Significance Investigators Innovation Approach Environment [FINER research]

Output: Key Components for an Outstanding Research Project

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Input: decision making process that allows one to estimate population characteristics from sample data [FINER research]

Output: Inferential Statistics

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Input: Random Representative Really Large [FINER research]

Output: Best Sample Is

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Input: success of this process (making valid conclusions) requires certain assumptions made concerning how well the sample represents the larger population: probability, sampling error [FINER research]

Output: Statistical Inference

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Input: system of rules for analyzing a complete set of possible outcomes [FINER research]

Output: Probability

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Input: tendency for sample values to differ from population values (occurs by chance) [FINER research]

Output: Sampling Error

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Input: guideline for making decisions about how well sample data estimate the characteristics of a population are observed differences likely to be representative of population differences or occurred simply by chance [FINER research]

Output: Use of Probability in Research

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Input: Define Population Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria [FINER research]

Output: Sampling

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Input: values is called sampling error. Sampling error of the mean for any single sample is equal to the difference between the sample mean (x) and the population mean (u). [FINER research]

Output: Sampling Error

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Input: sample as close to population as we can - randomization, representative, large number [FINER research]

Output: How can we prevent sampling error?

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Input: estimation of the population standard deviation [FINER research]

Output: Standard Error of the Mean (definition)

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Input: Standard Error = standard deviation / the square root of the sample size (n) [FINER research]

Output: Standard Error of the Mean (equation)

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Input: which of the following is the firms highest-level financial manager? [investments]

Output: chief financial officer

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Input: which of the following would not use finance? a) operational managers b) marketing managers c) human resource managers d) all of these would use finance [investments]

Output: = d) all of these would use finance

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Input: when determining a form of business organization, all of the following are considered EXCEPT: a) who owns the firm b) what are the owners risks c) what are the tax ramifications d) the physical location of the business [investments]

Output: d) the physical location of the business

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Input: This type of business organization is relatively easy to start, and they're subject to much lighter regulatory and paperwork burden than other business forms [investments]

Output: sole proprietorship

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Input: This type of business organization is legally independent entirely from its owners [investments]

Output: public corporation

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Input: The practice generally known as double taxation is due to [investments]

Output: corporate incomes being taxed at the corporate level, then again at the shareholder level when corporate profits are paid out as dividends

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Input: For corporations, maximizing the value of owner's equity can also be stated as [investments]

Output: maximizing the stock price

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Input: The definition of agency problem is [investments]

Output: the difficulties that arise when a principle hires an agent and cannot fully monitor the agent's actions.

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Input: which of the following is an example of aligning managers' personal interests with those of the owners? [investments]

Output: offer the managers an equity stake in the firm

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Input: This is the group who elected by stockholders to oversee management in a corporation [investments]

Output: board of directors

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Input: between corporate managers and stockholders, this can create ethical dilemmas [investments]

Output: agency relationship

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Input: This is the set of laws, policies, incentives, and monitors designed to handle the issues arising from the separation of ownership and control [investments]

Output: corporate governance

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Input: which of these are NOT basic approaches to minimizing the agency problem? a) just ignore the conflict of interest b) monitor managers' actions c) align managers' personal interest with those of the owners by making the managers owners d) all of these are basic approaches to minimizing the agency problem [investments]

Output: d) all of these are basic approaches to minimzing the agency problem

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Input: in a competitive marketplace "good ethics" is a wonderful idea but an impractical standard. There are simply too few benefits to be gained from maintaining high business ethics true or false [investments]

Output: false

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Input: A proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one individual and the owner benefits from the limited liability for business which limits his losses to what he has invested in the company true or false [investments]

Output: false

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Input: Everything else equal, including firm size, dollar sales, type of product sold, and so forth, the primary difference between the proprietorship and partnership business forms is that [investments]

Output: a partnership has more owners than a proprietorship

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Input: In the United States, the most common form of business is the ________ , and the form of business that generates most of the sales and profits is the __________. [investments]

Output: proprietorship, corporation

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Input: which financial statement reports the amounts of cash that the firm generated and distributed during a particular time period? [investments]

Output: statement of cash flows

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Input: on which of the four major financial statements would you find net plant and equipment [investments]

Output: balance sheet

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Input: for which of the following would one expect the book value of the asset to differ widely from its market value? [investments]

Output: fixed assests

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Input: common stockholders equity divided by number of shares of common stock outstanding is the formula for calculating [investments]

Output: Book Value per share (BVPS)

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Input: an equity-financed firm will [investments]

Output: pay more in income taxes than a debt-financed firm

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Input: which of the following transactions may differ in timing of cash flow versus when income/expenses are recorded on the income statement? a) sales b) operating expenses c) fixed asset d) all of these e) only A and B [investments]

Output: d) all of these

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Input: which of the following activities result in an increase in a firm's cash? [investments]

Output: decrease fixed assets

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Input: if a company reports a large amount of net income on its income statement during a year, the firm will have a) positive cash flow b) negative cash flow c) zero cash flow d) any of these secenarios are possible [investments]

Output: d) any of these scenarios are possible

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Input: these ratios measure the relationship between a firm's liquid (or current) assets and its current liablities. [investments]

Output: liquidity

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Input: this ratio measures a firm's ability to pay off short-term obligations without relying on inventory sales [investments]

Output: quick or acid test

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this measures the number of days accounts receivable are held before the firm collects from the sale [investments]

Output: average collection period

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this measures the number of dollars of sales produced per dollar of fixed assets [investments]

Output: fixed asset turnover ratio

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which of these statements is true? [investments]

Output: the age of a firm's fixed assets will affect the fixed asset turnover ratio level.

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Input: these ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt management on the overall operation results of the firm. [investments]

Output: profitability

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Input: LIQUIDITY RATIOS you are evaluating the balance sheet for blue jays corporation. From the balance sheet you find the following balances: cash and marketable securities = $200,000, Accounts receivable = $800,000, Inventory = 1,000,000, accrued wages and taxes = $250,000, accounts payable = $400,000, and notes payable = $300,000. What are Blue Jay's Current ratio and quick rati [investments]

Output: = 2.10526, 1.05263 quick acid test ratio = current assets - inventory/ current liabilities

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Input: MARKET VALUE RATIOS Bree's Tennis Supply's market-to-book ratios is currently 9.4 times and PE ratio is 20 times. If Bree's Tennis Supply's common stock is currently selling at $20.50 per share, what is the book value per share and earnings per share? [investments]

Output: $2.1809, $1.025 Earnings per share (EPS) = net income available to common stock holders/ number of common shares outstanding book value per share = common equity/ number of common shares outstanding

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Input: The information contained in the annual report is used by investors to form expectations about future earnings and dividends true or false [investments]

Output: true

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Input: the balance sheet presents a summary of the firm's revenues and expenses over an accounting period true or false [investments]

Output: false

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Input: all of the following represent cash outflows to the firm except a) taxes b) interest payments c) dividends d) purchase of plant and equipment e) depreciation [investments]

Output: depreciation

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Input: the annual report contains all of the following financial statement except a)income statement b) statement of changes in long-term financing c)statement of cash flows d) balance sheet e) statement of retained earnings [investments]

Output: b) statement of changes in long-term financing

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Input: which of the following statement shows the portion of the firm's earnings that has been saved rather than paid out as dividends a) balance sheet b) income statement c) statement of retained earnings d) statement of cash flows e) proxy statement [investments]

Output: statement of retained earnings

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Input: which of the following ratios measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest costs [investments]

Output: times-interest-earned ratio

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Input: These provide a forum in which demanders of funds raise funds by issuing new financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds [investments]

Output: primary markets

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Input: In the U.S., these financial instituitions arrange most primary market transations for businesses [investments]

Output: investment banks

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Input: primary market financial instruments include stock issues from firms allowing their equity shares to be publicly traded on stock market for the first time. We usually refer to these first time issues as which of the following [investments]

Output: initial public offering

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Input: once firms issue financial instruments in primary markets, these same stocks and bonds are then traded in which of these [investments]

Output: secondary markets

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Input: these feature debt securities or instruments with maturities of one year or less [investments]

Output: money markets

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Input: which of the following is NOT a money market instrument a) treasury bills b) commercial paper c) corporate bonds d) banker's acceptions [investments]

Output: corporate bonds

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Input: These money market instruments are short-term funds transferred between fincanial institutions, usually for no more than one day. [investments]

Output: federal funds

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Input: these capital market instruments are long term loans to individuals or businesses to purchase homes, pieces of land, or other real property [investments]

Output: mortgages

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Input: which of the following is NOT a capital market instrument a) u.s. treasury notes and bonds b) u.s. treasury bills c) u.s. government agency bonds d) corporate stocks and bonds [investments]

Output: U.S. treasury bills

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Input: this is a security formalizing an agreement between two parities to exchange a standard quantity of an asset at a predetermined price on a specified date in the future [investments]

Output: derivative security

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this is a security formalzing an agreement between two parties to exchange a standard quantity of an asset at a predetermined price on a specified date in the future [investments]

Output: derivative security

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Input: the existence of financial intermediaries greatly increase the efficiency of financial markets because, without them, savers would have to provide funds directly to borrowers, which would be a much costlier process true or false [investments]

Output: true

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Input: A corporate stock that was issued last year would now trade in the ______ market [investments]

Output: secondary

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Input: which of the following is not an advantage of going public a) it allows a firm founders to diversify their holdings b) it increases the liquididty of the stock c) it establishes a value for the firm d) it makes it easier to raise new equity capital in the future e) all of the above are advantages of going public [investments]

Output: e) all of the above are advantages of going public

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Input: How are present values affected by changes in the interest rates? [investments]

Output: the lower the interset rate the larger the present value will be

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Input: we call the process of earning interest on both the orginal deposit and on the earlier interest payments [investments]

Output: compounding

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Input: The rule of 72 is a simple mathematical approximation for: [investments]

Output: the number of years required to double an investment

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Input: earning just one percent more in interest rate every year results in much higher future values over time, and [investments]

Output: time has the same effect on future values over time

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Input: a dollar paid (or received) in the future [investments]

Output: not worth as much as dollar paid (or received) today

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Input: when calculating the number of years needed to grow an investment to a specific amount of money [investments]

Output: the higher the interest rate, the shorter the time period needed to achieve the growth

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Input: MULTI-YEAR FUTURE VALUE how much would be in your savings account in 7 years after depositing 100 today if the bank pays 5% interest per year. [investments]

Output: $140.71

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Input: RULE OF 72 approximately how many years does it take to double a $300 investment when interest rates are 8% per year? [investments]

Output: 9 years

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Input: MOVING CASH FLOWS what is the value in year 3 of a $500 cash flow made in year 5 when interest rates are 6 percent? [investments]

Output: 445

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Input: level of frequent, consistent cash flows are called [investments]

Output: annuities

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Input: the present value of an annuity payments made far into the future are [investments]

Output: worth very little today

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Input: many people who want to start investing for their future want to start today which implies an annuity stream that is paid at the beginning of the period. beginning-of-peroid cash flows are referred to as [investments]

Output: annuities due

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Input: when computing the future of an annuity, the higher the compound frequency. [investments]

Output: the higher the future will be

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Input: Loan amortization schedules show [investments]

Output: both the principal balance and interest paid per period

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY what is the future value of a 300 annuity payment over 6 years if the interest rates are 7 percent [investments]

Output: $2,145.99

Finance Exam 1 flash cards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [coarse-filter] conservation biology

Output: The scientific study of phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] ecosystem services

Output: Natural processes that sustain human life that depend on the functional integrity of natural communities and ecosystems.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] evolutionarily significant unit

Output: An appropriate target of management within a species (e.g., subspecies, populations) as determined by genetic analyses; also called a management unit.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] extinction vortex

Output: A pattern in which a small population that drops below a certain size may decrease even further in size, perhaps spiraling towards extinction; an extinction vortex results from the vulnerability of small populations to chance genetic, demographic, and environmental events.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] fine-filter

Output: Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on genes, populations, and species.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] flagship species

Output: A charismatic species that may be emphasized in conservation efforts because it helps to garner public support for a conservation project.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] focal species

Output: One of a group of species selected as a priority for conservation efforts and chosen because its ecological requirements differ from other species in the group, thereby helping to ensure that as many different species as possible receive protection.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] habitat degradation

Output: Anthropogenic changes that reduce the quality of habitat for many, but not all, species.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] habitat fragmentation

Output: The breaking up of once continuous habitat into a complex matrix of spatially isolated habitat patches amid a human-dominated landscape.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] habitat loss

Output: The outright conversion of an ecosystem to another use by human activities.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] invasive species

Output: Introduced species that survive and reproduce in their new environment, sustain a growing population, and have large effects on the native community.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] population viability analysis (PVA)

Output: Projection of the potential future status of a population through use of demographic models; a PVA approach is often used to estimate the likelihood that a population will persist for a certain amount of time in different habitats or under different management scenarios.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] surrogate species

Output: A species selected as a priority for conservation with the assumption that its conservation will serve to protect many other species with overlapping habitat requirements.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] taxonomic homogenization

Output: A worldwide reduction of biodiversity resulting from the spread of non-native and native generalists coupled with declining abundances and distributions of native specialists and endemics.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [coarse-filter] umbrella species

Output: A surrogate species selected with the assumption that protection of its habitat will serve as an “umbrella” to protect many other species; often a species with large or specialized habitat requirements or which is easy to count.

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com

Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems.


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] macroeconomics

Output: the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] microeconomics

Output: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] normative statements

Output: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] positive statements

Output: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] production possibilities frontier

Output: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] absolut advantage

Output: the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] comparative advantage

Output: the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] exports

Output: good and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] opportunity cost

Output: whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] competitive market

Output: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] complements

Output: tow goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] demand curve

Output: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] demand schedule

Output: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] equilibrium

Output: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] equilibrium price

Output: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] equilibrium quantity

Output: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] inferior good

Output: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] law of demand

Output: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] law of supply

Output: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] law of supply and demand

Output: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] market

Output: a group of buyers and seller of a particular good or service

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] normal good

Output: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] quantity demand

Output: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] quantity suppled

Output: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] shortage

Output: a situation in wich quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] substitutes

Output: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] supply curve

Output: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] supply schedule

Output: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] surplus

Output: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] cross-price elasticity of demand

Output: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] elasticity

Output: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] income elasticity of demand

Output: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] price elasticity of demand

Output: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] price elasticity of supply

Output: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in price quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [Circular Flow Diagram] total revenue(in a market)

Output: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold

Economics Chapt 1-5 Flashcards - Cram.com

a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets amount households and firms


Input: [acknowledgment] acquit

Output: the act of freeing a person from the charge of an offense by means of a decision, verdict or other legal process; to discharge¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] action

Output: a civil judicial proceeding whereby one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or prevention of a wrong; requires service of process on adversary party or potentially adversary party¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] actual place of business

Output: Any location that the defendant, through regular solicitation or advertisement, has held out as its place of business (sec. 308.6 CPLR).¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] ad damnum

Output: clause of a pleading alleging amount of loss or injury¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] adjournment

Output: a temporary postponement of the proceedings of a case until a specified future time¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] adjudicate

Output: to hear or try and determine judicially¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] adversary

Output: An opponent. The defendant is the plaintiff's adversary.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] adversary system

Output: the system of trial practice in the U.S. and some other countries in which each of the opposing, or adversary, parties has full opportunity to present and establish its opposing contentions before the court¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affiant

Output: one who swears to an affidavit; deponent¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affidavit

Output: a sworn or affirmed statement made in writing and signed; if sworn, it is notarized¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affidavit of service

Output: an affidavit intended to certify the service of a writ, notice, or other document¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affinity

Output: Related by marriage; family relation from one's spouse's family.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affirm

Output: an act of declaring something to be true under the penalty of perjury by a person who conscientiously declines to take an oath for religious or other pertinent reasons¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affirmation

Output: A solemn and formal declaration under penalties of perjury that a statement is true, without an oath.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] affirmed

Output: Upheld, agreed with (e.g.,The Appellate Court affirmed the judgment of the City Court).¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] allegation

Output: the assertion, declaration, or statement of a party to an action, made in a pleading, setting out what the party expects to prove¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] allege

Output: To assert a fact in a pleading.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] alternate juror

Output: a juror selected as substitute in case another juror must leave the jury panel¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] amend

Output: To change.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] amicus curiae

Output: A Friend of the Court. A non-party to a proceeding that the Court permits to present its views.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] annul

Output: to make void, as to dissolve the bonds of marriage¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] answer

Output: a paper submitted by a defendant in which he/she responds to and/or denies the allegations of the plaintiff¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] appeal

Output: a proceeding to have a case examined by an appropriate higher court to see if a lower court's decision was made correctly according to law¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] appearance

Output: the participation in the proceedings by a party summoned in an action, either in person or through an attorney¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] appellant

Output: the party who takes an appeal to a higher court¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] appellee

Output: the party against whom an appeal is taken¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] arbitration

Output: the submission voluntarily or involuntarily of a disputed matter to selected persons and the substitution of their award or decision for the judgment of a court or its confirmation by the court as a judgment of the court¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] argument

Output: a reason given in proof or rebuttal¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] at issue

Output: whenever the parties to a suit come to a point in the pleadings which is affirmed on one side and denied on the other, they are said to be "at issue"¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] attachment

Output: The taking of property into legal custody by an enforcement officer (see specialty section

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] attestation

Output: the act of witnessing an instrument in writing at the request of the party making the same, and subscribing it as a witness¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] attorney of record

Output: attorney whose name appears in the permanent records or files of a case¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] award

Output: A decision of an Arbitrator.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bail

Output: the security given (or posted) to ensure the future appearance of a defendant¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bar

Output: 1. Prohibit - to bar the prosecution of an action. 2. The members of the legal profession.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bench

Output: The Judge's seat or the judge, himself/herself, (e.g., the attorney addressed the bench)¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bifurcated trial

Output: a case in which the trial of the liability issue in a personal injury or wrongful death case is heard separate from and prior to trial of the damages in question¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bill of costs

Output: A written statement of the itemized taxable costs and disbursements¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] bill of particulars

Output: factual detail submitted by a claimant after a request by the adverse party which details, clarifies or explains further the charges and/or facts alleged in a pleading¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] brief

Output: a written or printed document prepared by the lawyers on each side of a dispute and submitted to the court in support of their arguments - a brief includes the points of law which the lawyer wished to establish, the arguments the lawyer uses, and the legal authorities on which the lawyer rests his/her conclusions.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] calendar

Output: a schedule of matters to be heard in court¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] calendar call

Output: the calling of matters requiring parties, or their attorneys, to appear and be heard, usually done at the beginning of each court day¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] caption

Output: in a pleading, deposition or other paper connected with a case in court, it is the heading or introductory clause which shows the names of the parties, name of the court, number of the case on the docket or calendar, etc.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] case file

Output: the court file containing papers submitted in a case¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] cause of action

Output: grounds on which a legal action may be brought (e.g., property damage, personal injury, goods sold and delivered, work labor and services).¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] certificate of readiness

Output: a document attesting that the parties in a lawsuit are ready to go to trial¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] certified copy

Output: Copy of a document signed and certified as a true copy of an original by the Clerk of the Court or other authorized persons (e.g., lawyer).¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] certify

Output: to testify in writing¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] certiorari

Output: a proceeding in the state Supreme Court under Art. 78 of the CPLR to review the decisions or actions of a public official or body, as in a tax certiorari matter, a review of the tax assessed challenge an exception taken to a juror before he/she is sworn challenge for a challenge based on a legally specified reason¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] change of venue

Output: the removal of a suit begun in one county or district to another county or district for trial, though the term may also apply to the removal of a suit from one court to another court of the same county or district¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] charge to jury

Output: in trial practice, an address delivered by the court to the jury at the close of the case instructing the jury as to what principles of law they are to apply in reaching a decision¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] chattel

Output: article of personal property¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] citation

Output: 1) summons to appear; 2) reference to authorities in support of an argument¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] clerk's extract

Output: a summary of a trial which is written by a clerk¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] clerk's minutes

Output: notes, which are taken by a clerk, of events that occurred in court¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] commissioner of jurors

Output: a person in charge of summoning citizens for jury duty¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] commitment

Output: an order to commit a person to the custody of a sheriff, commissioner of corrections, or mental health facility¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] common law

Output: the body of law which originated in England and upon which present day U.S. law is based¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] compensatory damages

Output: reimbursement for actual loss or injury, as distinguished from exemplary or punitive damages¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] complaint

Output: the initial pleading in an action formally setting forth the facts and reasons on which the demand for relief is based¶

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the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] condemnation

Output: see eminent domain¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] consanguinity

Output: Related by blood.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] conservator

Output: one who is appointed by a court to manage the affairs of a protected person¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] consolidate

Output: A joining of two or more actions to be tried together.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] consolidated action

Output: two or more actions involving a common question of law or fact may be consolidated by the court; the actions then are merged, becoming one action with one title, and they result in one verdict and one judgment¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] contempt of court

Output: an act or omission tending to obstruct or interfere with the orderly administration of justice or to impair the dignity of the court or respect for its authority¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] contested action

Output: an action which involves disputed issue(s) of fact or law¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] contract

Output: a legally enforceable agreement between two or more persons or parties (oral or written)¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] corroborate

Output: to strengthen; to add weight by additional evidence¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] costs

Output: The statutory sum awarded to the successful party when a judgment is entered. (Section 1901 all Court Acts.)¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] counsel

Output: Lawyer or attorney.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] counterclaim

Output: 1. In civil actions, a claim brought by a defendant against the plaintiff for an unlimited amount of money. 2. In small claims/commercial claims, a claim brought by a defendant against the plaintiff for an amount not to exceed the maximum monetary jurisdiction allowed in the small claims/commercial claims court.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] court of limited jurisdiction

Output: A City Court, District Court or other court that has jurisdiction only over actions authorized by law.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] court reporter

Output: a person who transcribes by shorthand or stenographically takes down testimony during court proceedings¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] cross- examination

Output: questioning by a party or his attorney of an adverse party or a witness called by an adverse party¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] crossclaim

Output: claim litigated by co-defendants or co-plaintiffs against each other and not against a party on the opposite side of the litigation¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] damages

Output: Monetary compensation or indemnity for wrong or injury caused by the violation of a legal right. 1. Compensatory damages - Reimbursement for actual loss or injury. 2. Exemplary damages - Monetary award by way of punishment for injury caused by aggravated circumstances or malice, in addition to compensation for the injury. 3. Punitive damages - Monetary compensation awarded in excess of ordinary damages, as punishment for a gross wrong.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] date-stamp

Output: the stamping on a document of the date it is received¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] de novo

Output: From the beginning, a new trial.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] decision

Output: the determination reached by a court in any judicial proceeding, which is the basis of the judgment¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] declaratory judgment

Output: one fixing rights of parties without ordering anything to be done¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] decree

Output: a decision or order of the court - a final decree is one which fully and finally disposes of the litigation; an interlocutory decree is a provisional or preliminary decree which is not final¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] default

Output: a "default" in an action of law occurs when a defendant omits to plead or otherwise defend within the time allowed, or fails to appear at the trial¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] defendant

Output: the party being sued or the party accused of committing the offense charged¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] deliberation

Output: the process by which a panel of jurors comes to a decision on a verdict¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] deponent

Output: One who testifies under oath to the truth of facts.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] deposition

Output: sworn testimony of a witness¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] direct examination

Output: the first interrogation of a witness by the party on whose behalf the witness is called¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] directed verdict

Output: an instruction by the judge to the jury to return a specific verdict¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] discovery (or disclosure)

Output: a proceeding whereby one party to an action may be informed as to facts known by other parties or witnesses¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] dismissal

Output: termination of a proceeding for a procedurally prescribed reason¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] dismissal with prejudice

Output: Action dismissed on the merits which prevents renewal of the same claim or cause of action.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] dismissal without prejudice

Output: Action dismissed, not on the merits, which may be re-instituted.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] dispose

Output: the act of terminating a judicial proceeding¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] disposition

Output: the result of a judicial proceeding by withdrawal, settlement, order, judgment or sentence¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] dissolution of marriage

Output: the effect of a judgment of dissolution of marriage is to restore the parties to the state of unmarried persons¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] docket

Output: a document which summarizes a case¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] domicile

Output: that place where a person has a true and permanent home - a person may have several residences, but only one domicile¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] easement

Output: right held by one person to use the land of another for a special purpose¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] eminent domain

Output: the power to take private property for public use by condemnation, i.e., the legal process by which real estate of a private owner is taken for public use without the owner's consent, but upon the award and payment of just compensation¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] enjoin

Output: to require a person, by writ of injunction from a court of equity, to perform or to abstain or desist from some act¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] equitable action (equity matter)

Output: an action which may be brought for the purpose of restraining the threatened infliction of wrongs or injuries, and the prevention of threatened illegal action; case in which payment of money damages will not be adequate compensation¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] equitable distribution

Output: the power to distribute equitably upon divorce all property legally and beneficially acquired during marriage by husband and wife or either of them, whether legal title lies in their joint or individual names¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] estop

Output: to stop, bar, or impede¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] estoppel

Output: a rule of law which prevents a person from alleging or denying a fact, because of his/her own previous act¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] et al

Output: an abbreviation of et alia meaning "and others"¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] et ano

Output: And another.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] eviction, warrant of

Output: Legal mandate authorizing an enforcement officer to remove persons and their personal property from their premises.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] evidence

Output: a form of proof or probative matter legally presented at the trial of an issue by the acts of the parties and through witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court or the jury¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] ex parte

Output: a proceeding, order, motion, application, request, submission etc., made by or granted for the benefit of one party only; done for, in behalf of, or on application of one party only¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] examination before trial (EBT)

Output: a formal interrogation of parties and witnesses before trial¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] execution

Output: (1) the performance of all acts necessary to render a written instrument complete, such as signing, sealing, acknowledging, and delivering the instruments (2) supplementary proceedings to enforce a judgment, which, if monetary, involves a direction to the sheriff to take the necessary steps to collect the judgment¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] exemplification

Output: An official transcript of a document from public records, made in a form to be used as evidence and authenticated or certified as a true copy, (e.g. exemplification of a judgment).¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] exhibit

Output: a paper, document or other article produced and exhibited to a court during a trial or hearing and, on being accepted, is marked for identification or admitted in evidence¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] expunge

Output: the authorized act of physically destroying information, in files, computers or other depositories¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] fair preponderance

Output: Level of proof in a civil action; more than half; more convincing.¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶


Input: [acknowledgment] fee

Output: a fixed charge for service rendered on behalf of court¶

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com

the act of going before a qualified officer (e.g., Clerk) and declaring the validity of the document. The officer certifies same, whose certification is known as the acknowledgment¶