Input: How does the organization size impact competitive activity? LARGE

Output: Likely to - initiate more competitive actions and strategic actions - quickly respond - have lots of resources to launch both tactical and strategic actions - rivals are more likely to respond to large firms because they are more visible

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How can we predict a rivals performance?

Output: Future preformance- by looking at their market depedance (extent that revs are derived from one market) - high dependance means they will respond to protect their position, however response will be slow - looking a past performance, poor preforming rivals are likely to respond more quickly then better preforming

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Describe how REPUTATION impacts firms

Output: - reputation is a positive or negative attribute that one rival ascribes to another - based on previous responses when attacked innovative firms: Apple is closely monitored by competitors aggressive and unpredictable firms: delay in responses by rivals

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is a standard and why is it important?

Output: A standard is a format, an interface or a system that allows interoperability - can be public or private - important because control over standards is the basis for competitive advantage

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why do standards appear?

Output: NET WORK EFFECTS- winner takes all markets: value of a given product is contingent on the number of other consumers that have it (telephones, fax, electronic mil, video games)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Explain the theory of network externalities

Output: Network dep- direct value is from the # of users/installed base, indirect is derived from availability of complementary products that are critical to use the product Network independant- intrinsic features/aspects of the product

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why do network effects lead to winner takes most markets?

Output: 1. path dependance: future performance is based on past events 2. positive feedback: leading firms become more successful and follow firms decline

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How is strategy defined in Network Industries?

Output: strategic actions - installed base development - managing complementary products - assessing network intensity

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why do market leaders fail to adequately respond to disruptive technologies?

Output: Performance trajectories - those in sustaining technologies expect next generation items and upgrades but disruptive technologies produce low end products that appeal to new/different markets- start much lower in demand, but eventually meet and surpass

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the main principles of Disruptive Innovation theory?

Output: 1. Companies depend on customers and investors 2. Small markets do not solve the growth needs of large companies 3. Markets that do not exist cannot be analyzed 4. An organization capabilities define its disabilities 5. Technology supply may not equal market demand (preformance over shoot)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How can Managers embrace disruptive technologies?

Output: 1. determine whether the technology is disruptive 2. define the strategic significance of the disruptive technology 3. locate the initial market for it 4. set up a separate organization (small enough to get excited by small gains) - leaders should be able to respond if they recognize the technology in a timely manner and establish a separate market

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the FOUR CONSTRAINTS against non consumers?

Output: 1. skill related constraints 2. wealth-related constraints- draw a consumption pyramid 3. Access-related constraints- occasions where you cant get it, 4. time-related- takes too long to consume EXAMPLES

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How do organize an internal structure to innovate?

Output: Idea Discovery (stimulate): Innovation training units Innovation Discovery Boards Idea Evaluation (shepherd): growth council or intrepreneur funds Opportunity Assessment (Spearhead): incubator group or autonomous growth groups Opportunity Commercialization (strengthen): Corporate venture investment unit or business development units

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Product Innovation and the Missile Approach

Output: Discovery Stage (34-30 weeks prior), Idea Evaluation Stage (30-27 weeks prior), Opportunity Assessment Stage (26-14 weeks prior), Concept Development Stage (14-0 weeks prior)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why does time depression dis economies occur?

Output: 1) higher development costs because aceleated learning leads to costly mistakes, higher testing costs, takes more people to complete quickly 2) Lower learning potential because learning is a cumulative process and it takes time to make sense of complex issues

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the limitations of the VRIN Model?

Output: - doesnt tell us how to develop core competences, only how to evaluate them -doesnt suggest how firms should adapt to changes in the environment - begs the question can a firm develop socially complex resources - suggests that a company cant explain how their cc's were developed because of casual ambiguity

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: [fluorescence] phosphorescence

Output: Phosphorescence does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics (electron spin pairing)

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] singlet state

Output: A transient, excited state of a molecule upon absorbing light that can release energy as heat or light (fluorescence) and thus return to the initial (ground) state electrons remain paired

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] triplet state

Output: A second excited state of a molecule produced by absorption of light to produce the singlet state, then loss of some energy (fluorescence) to arrive at the longer-lived triplet state The molecule may remain sufficiently long in the triplet state for a second activating light quantum to be effective in producing a second triplet state, obviously at still a higher level of excitation, hence reactivity. Alternatively, it may lose the triplet state energy directly and return to the ground state. Electrons unpaired

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] vibrational relaxation

Output: A process in which a polyatomic molecule in an excited vibrational state returns to a lower vibrational state in the same electronic state by colliding with other molecules Energy given off as heat

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] internal conversion

Output: a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule. It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted. It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state for internal conversion remains the same, whereas it changes for intersystem crossing. The energy of the electronically excited state is given off to vibrational modes of the molecule. The excitation energy is transformed into heat. vibrations of molecule cause loss of energy through heat

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] external conversion

Output: collisions with other molecules cause loss of energy

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] intersystem crossing

Output: When a singlet state nonradiatively transitions to a triplet state, that process is known as intersystem crossing. In essence, the spin of the excited electron is reversed. The probability of this process occurring is more favorable when the vibrational levels of the two excited states overlap, since little or no energy must be gained or lost in the transition

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] quantum yield

Output: fraction of emitted phtons/fraction of absorbed photons

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] hypsochromic

Output: a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a shorter wavelength (higher frequency) aka blue shift seen in molecular spectra, not atomic spectra

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] bathochromic

Output: a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a longer wavelength (lower frequency) aka red shift

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] hyperchromic

Output: an increase in the intensity of a spectral band due to a change in the molecular environment

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] hypochromic

Output: a decrease in absorption intensity

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] conjugated

Output: a sequence of alternating double (or triple) and single bonds. [E.g. C=C-C=C and C=C-C=O. Conjugation can also be relayed by the participation of lone pairs of electrons or vacant orbitals.]

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: [fluorescence] Lipinski's Rule of Five

Output: 1. fewer than 5 H bond donors 2. fewer than 10 H bond acceptors 3. molecular weight of less than 500 4. logP value of less than 5

CHEM 124 Electronic Spectroscopy Flashcards - Cram.com

Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger (less energetic) wavelength


Input: personal property or fixtures obtained by a creditor secures payment or performance of an obligation. [security agreement]

Output: security interest

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: party who holds a security interest in the collateral of the debtor. [security agreement]

Output: secured party

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the person who owes payment or has an obligation to perform under the security agreement. [security agreement]

Output: debtor

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: with secured transactions, tangible personal property serves BLANK (property securing the promise to repay). This includes: Consumer goods. Equipment. Inventory [security agreement]

Output: collateral

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A note with security agreement built into it. [security agreement]

Output: Chattel Paper

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attachment [security agreement]

Output: -An agreement in which debtor grants creditor a security interest in collateral -The debtor must have rights in the collateral -The creditor must give value to the debtor

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A creditor gets protection against other creditors or purchasers of the collateral [security agreement]

Output: perfecting the security interest

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A security interest is not legally enforceable between the creditor and debtor until it becomes BLANK to one or more particular items of debtor’s property. [security agreement]

Output: attached

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3 ways perfecting can be done: [security agreement]

Output: By filing public notice (financing statement)with the Secretary of State; By the creditor taking possession or control of the collateral (pledge); or Automatic perfection in certain transactions, such as a purchase money security interest.

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Financing Statement with the Secretary of State (see p. 591). UCC 9-501 requires [security agreement]

Output: Name(s) of the Debtor Name of the Secured Party A Statement indicating or describing the collateral covered by the financing statement.

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: certain collateral as security for the debt and transfer the collateral into the creditor's possession [security agreement]

Output: pedge

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a seller retains a security interest until goods are paid for or when money is loaned to acquire goods and the lender takes a security interest in the goods [security agreement]

Output: purchase money security interest (PMSI)

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: PMSIs in non-consumer goods are not automatically perfected. Two common types of non-consumer goods: [security agreement]

Output: Equipment used in a trade or business; Inventory of the business.

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In addition to property actually in the possession of the debtor, a security agreement can continue to cover new collateral or proceeds of collateral that has been disposed of [security agreement]

Output: floating liens

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3 floating liens [security agreement]

Output: Proceeds Automatically covered as of the time the security agreement attaches. After-acquired Property A security agreement may be drafted to grant a creditor a security interest in debtor’s after-acquired property. Future Advances Security agreements can cover extensions of credit if specified in a security agreement.

BLAW TEST 3 Ch. 29 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Q: An insured receives a monthly summary for his life insurance policy. He notices that the cash value of the policy is significantly lower this month than it was last month. What type of policy does the insured have? [2]

Output: Variable


Input: [1] Q: If someone wants to buy a life insurance policy that will provide lifetime protection against premature death, what type of life insurance policy should it be? [2]

Output: Permanent


Input: [1] What type of insurance would perform the function of cash accumulation? [2]

Output: Life insurance


Input: [1] must insurable interest exist in a life insurance policy? [2]

Output: At the time of application


Input: [1] What is the purpose of the agent's report during the application process? [2]

Output: The agent's report discusses the agent's personal observations about the proposed insured that may help in the underwriting process


Input: [1] When must the policy summary for a life insurance policy be delivered to the policy owner? [2]

Output: At the time of policy delivery


Input: [1] Who must have insurable interest in the insured? [2]

Output: The policyowner


Input: [1] What is insurance underwriting? [2]

Output: The process of risk selection and classification


Input: [1] What are the three main instances when insurable interest exists in life insurance? [2]

Output: Insuring your own life, the life of a family member, or the life of a business partners or someone who has a financial obligation to the policyowner


Input: [1] What are the three factors that determine the premium for a particular life insurance policy? [2]

Output: Mortality, interest and expense


Input: [1] Who is responsible for the contents of insurance advertisements? [2]

Output: The insurance company


Input: [1] What type of policy is typically issued without proof of insurability from the insured? [2]

Output: Group policy


Input: [1] What is included in Part 2 of a life insurance application? [2]

Output: Medical information about the prospective insured


Input: [1] What is the main responsibility of a company's underwriting unit? [2]

Output: Risk selection


Input: [1] All other factors being equal, which premium payment mode will require an overall higher premium: monthly or annual? [2]

Output: Monthly


Input: [1] What term describes the fee a person pays an insurance company to receive coverage? [2]

Output: Premium


Input: [1] What is a blackout period for social security benefits? [2]

Output: A period of time during which the surviving spouse does not receive benefits


Input: [1] What is the main purpose of the regulation on life insurance policy illustrations? [2]

Output: To help the public make educated decisions about buying life insurance


Input: [1] What type of policy issues certificates of insurance to the insureds? [2]

Output: Group policy


Input: [1] If an insured changes his payment plan from monthly to annually, what happens to the total premium? [2]

Output: : It will decrease.


Input: [1] In calculation the amount of life insurance needed, what is the needs approach based on? [2]

Output: The predicted needs of a family after the premature death of the insured


Input: [1] Life insurance may be used to pay state inheritance taxes and federal estate taxes eliminating the need to sell assets from the estate. What is this called? [2]

Output: Estate conservation


Input: [1] What type of insurance creates an immediate estate? [2]

Output: Life insurance


Input: [1] At what point does coverage begin when an agent issues a conditional receipt for a life insurance policy? [2]

Output: : Either on the date of the application or the date of the medical exam (whichever occurs last)


Input: [1] What are illustrations in a life insurance policy? [2]

Output: Presentations of nonguaranteed elements of the policy


Input: [1] What type of life insurance offers an applicant a cash value element? [2]

Output: Permanent insurance (usually, whole life)


Input: [1] : What document describes the specific information about a policy? [2]

Output: Policy summary


Input: [1] : How does the premium mode affect the total premium paid for insurance for the year? [2]

Output: Higher frequency of premium payments will result in higher overall premium


Input: [1] : What is the term that describes the frequency and the amount of the premium payment? [2]

Output: Premium mode


Input: [1] Who is a replacing insurer? [2]

Output: The company that issues a new policy during policy replacement


Input: [1] What is policy replacement? [2]

Output: A new policy is issued while an existing policy is terminated or reissued with a reduction in cash value


Input: [1] If an applicant for a life insurance policy and the potential insured are two different people, what would be the underwriter's main concern? [2]

Output: The existence of insurable interest between the applicant and the insured


Input: [1] Q: What document must a producer provide to the insured during policy replacement? [2]

Output: Notice Regarding Replacement


Input: [1] What does “liquidity” mean in a life insurance policy? [2]

Output: : Availability of cash value


Input: [1] What is the purpose of key person insurance? [2]

Output: To minimize the risk of financial loss caused by the death of a key employee


Input: [1] What are the personal uses of life insurance? [2]

Output: Survivor protection, estate creation and conservation, cash accumulation and liquidity


Input: [1] : Mortality tables are used by insurance companies to predict what? [2]

Output: Life expectancy and the death rates for specific groups of individuals


Input: [1] When planning for survivor protection in life insurance, what needs to be considered? [2]

Output: The insured's current assets, liabilities and survivor's needs


Input: [1] A business is the owner and beneficiary of a key-person life policy. When the business collects the policy benefit, how is it taxed? [2]

Output: : The benefit is received tax free.


Input: [1] Who is the beneficiary on a key-person life insurance policy? [2]

Output: The employer


Input: [access v., n.] account n. [3] Just open a personal email account with a reliable address. * Internet account * email account

Output: [C] an arrangement that users have with a company that allows them to use the Internet for certain purposes

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] add-on (also plug-in) n. [3] This product is an add-on for Firefox with a lot of features and extras.

Output: [C] an optional product designed to complement another application, for example a ‘solver’ in Excel

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] analogue (AmE analog) a. [3] Computers require modems to turn signals from digital to analogue and vice versa. * analogue signal

Output: (of a measured value) taking any value between a maximum and a minimum

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] animate v. [3] Professionals use animated slides only very sparingly in a business presentation.

Output: to display a sequence of images in a computer program to give the impression of motion

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] animation n. [3] There are many software applications that enable you to create animations. * computer animation

Output: [C] a sequence of images in a computer program giving the impression of motion

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] applet n. [3] Unlike an application, applets cannot be executed directly by the operating system.

Output: [C] a small program which is run from within another application, for example from within a browser or a website

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] application (also app) n. [3] Teachers make great use of standard applications in their history lessons. * application software * hosted application

Output: [C] a program or a group of programs that performs a particular task for the user, i.e. a word-processor or a spreadsheet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] artificial intelligence (AI), n. [3] Some researchers think that AI has the objective to put the human mind into the computer.

Output: [U] the ability of a computer to copy intelligent human behaviour in finding a solution to a problem

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] asymmetric (also asymmetrical) a. [3] Asymmetric key encryption uses different keys for encryption/decryption. * asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)

Output: (of data transmission) differing downstream bit rate and upstream bit rate; or relating to public-key cryptography

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] attach v. [3] I attach a copy of her report. * Please find attached my cover letter and CV.

Output: to link a file to an electronic message, for example to an email

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] attachment n. [3] Users should not casually open attachments, especially if the emails have originated from an unknown source.

Output: [C] a file that is linked to an electronic message, for example to an email

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] authentication n. [3] This is a server that does not require authentication. * biometric authentication

Output: [U] proof of identity as a security measure that requires users to securely verify who they are

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] avatar n. [3] In most computer games you can create your own digital avatar.

Output: [C] a graphical representation of a person on a computer screen, especially in a computer game or chat room

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] back up v., backup n.

Output: - to copy information from your computer to a separate storage device - [C] a copy of information on your computer, which is stored separately

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] backbone n. [3] While Internet traffic soared by over 50 percent in the last decade, worldwide backbone capacity grew even faster.

Output: [C] a high-speed line or a series of connections to which smaller, local lines connect

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bandwidth n. [3] How much bandwidth do you need for your VoIP calls? * to reduce/increase bandwidth

Output: [U] the amount of data that can be sent through a network connection at any one time

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] barcode n. [3] There's more than one kind of barcode in use around the world. *barcode scanner/reader

Output: [C] a coded pattern of thick and thin bars with varying spaces in between for recognition by a scanner

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] beta test n. [3] The beta test of the software is now available for downloading. * beta software * beta version

Output: [C] a test for a computer product given to customers prior to commercial release, often preceded by a round of alpha testing

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] binary a. [3] This reduces the vulnerability to attacks, since users can no longer enter binary data. * binary code * binary digit (bit)

Output: pertaining to a numbering system that has 2 as its base and uses only two digits, 0 and 1, for its notation

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] blog (also weblog n.) v., n.

Output: - to update a publicly accessible Web page serving as a personal journal for the writer - [C] a publicly accessible Web page that serves as a personal journal for the writer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] blogger n. [3] The blogger refused to withdraw his post.

Output: [C] a writer who updates a publicly accessible Web page that serves as a personal journal for any subject

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bookmark / favourite n., v.

Output: - [C] a marker for finding a Web page or a specific place in a file immediately - to mark a Web page or a specific place in a file so that they can be found quickly

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] boot v., n.

Output: - (~ up) to load the first piece of software when starting a computer - the act of loading the first piece of software when starting a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bot (also robot) n. [3] Bots can be employed against ticketing sites to buy up as many good seats for a concert as possible.

Output: [C] a software app, e.g. a spider, that runs without human intervention to perform repetitive tasks on the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] browse v. [3] During break time and at the end of the activity the children could browse the Internet while supervised.

Output: to use a software application to look for and read documents on the Internet that are written in HTML-code

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] browser n. [3] Once the resource has been retrieved on the Internet, the web browser will display it. * Web browser * Internet browser

Output: [C] a software application that is used to look for and read documents on the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] buffer n., v.

Output: - [C] a reserved area of memory where data can be stored for a short time - to store data in a reserved area of memory for a short time

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bug (also glitch) n. [3] Most bugs arise from mistakes made by people in either a program's source code or its design. * Y2k bug

Output: [C] an error in software or the chip layout that causes repeated malfunctions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] built-in a. [3] Most spreadsheet applications support a built-in SUM function that adds up all cells in a row or column.

Output: included as part of an application and accessible by end-users

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bundle n., v.

Output: - [C] software and/or services included with a new computer at no extra cost - to include computer software or services with a new computer at no extra cost

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] bus n. [3] A bus has a clock speed measured in MHz. * A 16-bit bus transmits 16 bits of data at a time. * internal bus * data bus

Output: [C] a set of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer system to another

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] business-to-business (B2B) a. [3] The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.

Output: relating to business software that enables companies to exchange services, information or products online

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] business-to-consumer (B2C) a. [3] In a supply chain there is only one B2C transaction, the sale of the finished product to the end customer.

Output: relating to business software that enables companies and consumers to exchange services, information or products online

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] byte n. [3] Each character requires one byte of storage space.

Output: [C] a unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] cache n., v. [3] The computer first checks the internal cache. * internal (also: memory) cache * external (also: disk) cache

Output: [C] a temporary high-speed storage area for copies of data that is often needed while a program is running

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] card n. [3] expansion card * graphics card* soundcard * videocard

Output: [C] the part inside a computer to which chips are attached, allowing the computer to do specific things

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] capture v., n.

Output: - to save a particular state of a program, esp. the information currently displayed - [C] the act of saving a particular state of program, esp. the info currently displayed

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] checker (also check) n. [3] My mailing program doesn't have a built-in spell checker. * grammar checker * spell checker *link checker

Output: [C] a software tool or online service that you use to check things, e.g. grammar and spelling

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] checkout button n. [3] Please access the payment section by clicking on the checkout button.

Output: [C] a small square in a dialog box that you can click to leave a Web site

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] chipset n. [3] My new chipset seems to be performing consistently slower than the older one. * chipset driver

Output: [C] a group of integrated circuits (chips) that are used together to perform a specific function

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] client n. [3] How do you log in to a client workstation? client/server * thin client * fat client

Output: [C] a workstation or a software program a personal computer, both of which rely on a server to perform certain tasks

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] clipboard n. [3] When you paste a block of text, the word processor copies it from the clipboard to its final destination in the document.

Output: [C] a special memory area (buffer) which is used to transfer text or graphics within a document or between documents

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] cluster n., v.

Output: - [C] a group of computers, connected together to improve computing power - to connect a group of computers together to improve computing power

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] code n., v.

Output: - [U] written computer instructions - to write computer instructions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] collaboration software (also groupware) n. [3] We offer collaboration software to enable concurrent and distributed engineering on larger projects.

Output: [U] software designed to help people to work together on a project with computers

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] command n. [3] How do execute the startup command for this program? * command initiator * command receiver

Output: [C] an instruction given to the computer by means of keyboard, mouse or voice command

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] compatible a. [3] Software must be compatible with the hardware it is used with. * fully backward compatible * forward compatible

Output: (of software and hardware) (~ with) able to work together

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] compiler n. [3] The program fed into the compiler is called the source program.

Output: [C] a computer program that translates a high-level programming language into machine code

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] compress v. [3] Graphics can be compressed to 10 percent of their original size.

Output: to code data in a format that takes up less space and is faster to transmit

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] compression n. [3] Compression can be applied to data files, images, audio, or video. * data compression

Output: [U] the act of coding data in a format that takes up less space and is faster to transmit

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] computer-aided a. [3] Computer-aided design (CAD) is used to design figures in 2- or 3-dimensional space. * computer-aided learning (CAL)

Output: using computer systems as aids for special purposes

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] computer (also cyber) forensics n. [3] Today cyber forensics is offered as courses at many colleges and universities worldwide.

Output: a branch of forensic science pertaining to legal evidence found in computers and digital storage media

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] computerize v. [3] Our operations have been fully computerized.

Output: to store in, to equip with or to control by means of computers

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] computer-literate a. [3] These days, all our students are computer-literate.

Output: being able to use a computer well

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] configuration n. [3] I changed the configuration by resetting the parameters. * configuration management

Output: [C] the way a computer or network is set up to meet the user’s requirements, or the setup of the hard-/software components

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] configure v. [3] A computer can be configured differently for different uses.

Output: to set up a program or computer system for a particular use

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] connect v. [3] The school is not connected to the Internet yet. * connect time

Output: (~ to) to link up a computer with the Internet or a computer network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] connectivity n. [3] Laptop computers, many of which have difficulty linking into a network, have poor connectivity.

Output: [U] a program or device's ability to link with other programs and devices

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] convergence n. [3] There is increasing interaction and convergence between the Internet and mobile phones. * digital convergence

Output: [U] merging two or more disparate technologies by incorporating, for example, digicams and Web browsers into PDAs

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] corrupt v. [3] The new application seems to have corrupted the system files.

Output: to damage a computer file in such a way that the information in it is no longer correct

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] crack v. [3] Some people claim that they can crack any password in five minutes.

Output: to break into a computer system or to copy software illegally by breaking copy-protection and registration techniques

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] crawler (also spider) n. [3] Crawlers are often deployed by search engines.

Output: [C] a program that collects and indexes Web pages and the references linked to them

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] cursor n. [3] This key moves the cursor to the end of the line.

Output: [C] a small mark that can be moved around a computer screen to show exactly where you are working

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] customize v. [3] Our company will customize the software for you.

Output: to adapt a program or application to suit the needs of the owner

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] cyber prefix [3] cybercafé * cybercrime * cybershopping * cyberspace * cyberstalking * cyberterrorism

Output: related to the new things that have been made possible by computer systems or the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] data mining n. [3] New advances in data mining techniques are leading to deep web searches. * data mining

Output: [U] the process of extracting hidden patterns from a group of data that can be used to predict future behaviour

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] data transfer rate (DTR) n. [3] Please note that a data transfer rate of at least 511 kbit/s is required to access the live broadcast.

Output: [C] the speed at which data can be transmitted from one device to another

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] data warehousing n. [3] Data warehousing functions prevent you from having to invest in additional business intelligence tools.

Output: the combination of many different databases which come from different parts of a business and which are stored together

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] debug v. [3] If you get error messages here you have to debug the source code.

Output: to find and remove the errors in a computer program

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] decompress (also expand) v. [3] Do you know how to decompress this archived file?

Output: to change a compressed file back to its original size

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] decrypt v. [3] The receiver uses his private key to decrypt the secure message.

Output: to change encrypted data back to its original form

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] default n, v.

Output: - [U] an instruction assumed by a program if the user gives no other instructions - (of a program) to assume an instruction if the user gives no other instructions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] defragment v. [3] I’m afraid I don’t know to defragment my hard drive.

Output: to put all the parts of a file together in one location, which reduces the time the computer needs to load it into memory

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] desktop [3] You can arrange the icons on the electronic desktop just like real objects on a real desktop. * desktop publishing

Output: [C] a computer screen which represents an office desktop and shows the icons of the programs ready for use

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] dial-up a. [3] As dial-up access utilizes normal telephone lines, data rates are limited. * dial-up connection

Output: using traditional copper telephone lines with analogue signals to connect a computer to a network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] dialogue (AmE also dialog) box n. [3] The parent window is sometimes frozen when the dialog box opens.

Output: [C] a special window on a screen allowing the user to communicate with the computer by entering information or setting options

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] digit n. [3] The binary system represents all numbers using only two digits: 1 and 0.

Output: [C] any number from 0 to 9

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] digital a. [3] All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally. * digital art * digital camera * digital certificate

Output: using a series of the digits one and zero to receive and send information by means of an electronic signal that is either on or off

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] digitize v. [3] Unpublished text documents are being digitized by libraries and archives.

Output: to convert analogue information into a digital form that can be read and processed by a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] directory (also folder) n. [3] It’s impossible to read information from this directory. * root directory * source directory * subdirectory

Output: [C] a virtual container used to organize other directories and files in a hierarchical structure

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] disable v. [3] When a check box doesn’t contain a checkmark, the function is "disabled," i.e. it is turned off and not active.

Output: to turn off an optional software item, making it non-functional

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] domain n. [3] We will register the domain, if it has not already been registered for someone else. * domain name * top-level domain

Output: [C] a part of the Internet that is owned by an organization or person, where they can upload files or access email

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] down a. [3] Either there are network problems or the server is down for maintenance. * downtime

Output: (of a computer or computer system) not working and not ready for use

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] download v., n.

Output: - to transfer data from a server to your computer - [C] the data transferred from a server to your computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] drive n. [3] A disk drive rotates the disk very fast and has one or more heads. * hard drive * portable hard drive

Output: [C] a hardware device that reads and writes information on disks, CDs or tapes

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] driver (also device driver) n. [3] You may need to load a new driver when you connect the device to your computer. * printer driver * keyboard driver

Output: [C] software that allows an operating system to communicate with a hardware or peripheral device

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] e prefix [3] e-book * e-business * e-commerce * email * e-tailer

Output: related to something that is done on or involves the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] embed v. [3] Why don’t you embed this YouTube video in your blog?

Output: to insert an object into a file or an Internet page in such a way that it is no longer linked to the source document

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] emulation n. [3] The efficient wafer operation provides for optimal emulation of third party software.

Output: [U] the ability of one computer to work in the same way as another computer; e.g. an Apple computer acting like a PC

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] enable v. [3] Please put a check in the box to enable the spell checker.

Output: to turn on an optional software item to make it functional

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] encrypt v. [3] Sensitive banking data is encrypted before being sent to another subsidiary.

Output: to put data in a secret code so that only someone with the right key can read it

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] encryption n. [3] We use state-of-the-art 128-bit encryption whenever you make a deposit with us.

Output: [U] the act of putting data in a secret code so it is unreadable except by authorized users

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] engine n. [3] Google has long established itself as the search engine of choice.

Output: a program or service on the Internet that allows users to search for files and information

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] enterprise resource planning (ERP) n. [3] Resource optimization through the use of ERP software has boomed in recent years.

Output: [U] a system to manage all the information and functions of a business or company from shared data stores

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] error message n. [3] You’ll have to call our hotline if you get that error message again.

Output: [C] a message that communicates to the user that the computer cannot carry out an instruction, or there is some other problem

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] execute v. [3] Our home computer failed to execute the last series of updates. * to execute a program * to execute a command

Output: to make a program or command happen or work

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] expandable a. [3] It’ll take hours to get these expandable files running again.

Output: relating to a compressed file that can be returned to its original size

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] expert system n. [3] The success of an expert system depends on the quality of the data provided to the computer.

Output: [C] a computer system that is programmed to imitate the problem-solving procedures that a human expert makes

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] field n. [3] A field may have a specific number of characters or may vary.

Output: [C] a specified area, within a database record, used for a particular category or item, for example, Name, City, Zip Code

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] file n. [3] If the file is protected by a password, you are asked to enter this password. * file name * file share site * file server;

Output: [C] a block of information in the form of bytes, stored together on a computer or external storage device, and given a name

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] firewall n. [3] Please check whether or not you have a firewall installed and, if so, whether it may be blocking access to the portal.

Output: [C] a system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between the Internet and another network/workstation

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] flash n. [3] Flash memory cards are small and used in PDAs, digital cameras, cell phones, printers, etc. * flash drive * flash memory.

Output: a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions like a combination of RAM and ROM

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] format n., v.

Output: - [C] the way in which information is stored or held to be worked on by computers - to organize the space on a disk or the layout of a file in a particular way

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] fragmentation n. [3] In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used inefficiently.

Output: [U] breaking a file into parts to store the data in whatever disk areas are available

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] fuzzy a. [3] A fuzzy search can be useful when the user is not sure of the spelling. * fuzzy logic * fuzzy technology

Output: (of a computer program or system) designed to deal with data which is imprecise or has uncertain boundaries

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] gateway n. [3] Prodigy has a gateway that translates between its internal e-mail format and the Internet. * a gateway to the Internet

Output: a hardware or software setup that provides access to other systems or networks with differing protocols

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] grid computing n. [3] Grid computing can be used for very large tasks that require an enormous amount of computing power.

Output: [U] applying the resources of many computers in a network to solve or work on the same problem simultaneously

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hack v. [3] Last week he hacked into the company's central database.

Output: to use ingenuity and creativity to solve computer programming problems or to overcome the limitations of a system

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hand-held a. [3] Hand-held scanners are less expensive than desktop scanners, but require a steady hand to get a clear image.

Output: relating to electronic devices that have been designed so that they can be held and used easily with one or two hands

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hands-free a. [3] Hands-free wireless phones allow users to talk and listen to calls without holding the phone against their head.

Output: relating to electronic devices that are mostly without touch

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] headset n. [3] Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation.

Output: [C] a headphone combined with a microphone

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] help desk n. [3] The help desk operators provide help directly or pass requests on to technical support staff. * help desk technician

Output: [C] the place in a network or organisation where users ask questions or report problems with hardware or software

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] high-end a. [3] High-end computers today will be largely obsolete in two years.

Output: relating to the highest level of development of a device, usually implying premium price

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] high-speed a. [3] Most multi-user gaming events require high-speed networks.

Output: relating to the transmission of data at high speeds over ordinary copper telephone wires or fibre wires

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] home page n. [3] The landing page from a Google search may not always be the home page.

Output: [C] the main page of a Web site to which the others are linked

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] host n., v.

Output: - [C] the main computer in a network that provides facilities to other computers - to provide facilities to other computers in the same network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hotspot n. [3] Most users find hotspots by mining the screen with roll-over. * wireless hotspot

Output: [C] a wireless LAN access point or a spot in a website that contains a hyperlink

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hub n. [3] A passive hub may simply forward messages; an active hub amplifies or refreshes the stream of data.

Output: a central device that connects several computers together or several networks together

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] hyper prefix [3] hyperlink * hypermedia * hypertext

Output: beyond the usual size or limits

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] identity theft n. [3] Identity theft is a major concern for online security.

Output: [U] a form of Internet fraud that involves someone pretending to be someone else in order to steal money or gain other benefits

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] icon n. [3] Files and programs have icons which open when the user double-clicks on the icon.

Output: [C] a small picture on the screen which represents a computer application, a file etc.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] information (super-) highway n. [3] The information superhighway, once a dream, is now threatening us with overflowing traffic.

Output: [C, usually sing.] the use of the internet as a means to connect sources of information worldwide

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] intelligent agent n. [3] Intelligent agents are capable of autonomous action when searching through your email program.

Output: [C] a computer utility program that uses AI to perform tasks such as retrieving and delivering information

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] interactive a. [3] The opposite of interactive processing is batch p., where all the commands are given before the program starts to run.

Output: relating to computer programs that accept input from the user while they are running

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] interconnected a. [3] Creating a system of interconnected devices is the next great challenge.

Output: relating to a system of mutually linked devices or systems

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] interface n. [3] The user-friendly interface is combined with a set of algorithms. * graphical user interface * virtual interface

Output: [C] a shared boundary or common point for interaction between hardware and hardware or between a human and a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] intrusion n. [3] Intrusion detection has become a lucrative sector of IT security. * Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

Output: [C] any set of actions that attempt to undermine the integrity, confidentiality or availability of a resource.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] Internet Protocol (IP) n. [3] The system is protected by https, a secure internet protocol. * IP address * Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Output: [C] a part of TCP/IP, which is used to route a data packet from its source to its destination over the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] kernel n. [3] My new netbook runs on a Linux kernel.

Output: [C] the essential part of a program or operating system that performs the basic functions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] log in (also on) v. [3] You need a password to log on to your home page.

Output: to access a computer system, often by means of a password

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] log off (also out) v. [3] You’ve got to log out before switching the computer off.

Output: to perform the routine to finish using a computer system

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] low-end a. [3] Many users are happy with low-end computers that offer data processing and internet access.

Output: relating to a basic level of development of a device, usually implying a cheap price

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] magnetic stripe card n. [3] Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards, and transportation tickets.

Output: [C] a type of card which stores data by modifying the magnetism on a band of magnetic material.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] mainframe n. [3] Their mainframe computer is located in an air-cooled bunker below the earth.

Output: [C] a large and powerful computer that can support hundreds, or even thousands, of users at the same time

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] markup language n. [3] Exact instructions for a markup language have to be followed.

Output: [C] a language that has codes for indicating the layout and styling of a file, such as italics, paragraphs, insertion of graphics

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] mash-up n, mash up v.

Output: - [C] a web page made by mixing and matching content from other sources - to automatically mix and match content from other sources on one’s web page

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] media player n. [3] The current market for media players has been captured by RealPlayer.

Output: [C] application software for playing multimedia files, including both audio and video files

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] memory n. [3] The information is then stored in the computer's memory. * read only memory (ROM) * random access memory (RAM)

Output: [C] he working space used by the computer to hold the program that is currently running, along with the data it needs

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] memory stick n. [3] Insert the memory stick into a USB port of your PC and copy the file onto the memory stick.

Output: [C] a removable device with a flash memory card format

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] merge v. [3] This is a tool for comparing and merging files and folders. * mail merge * print merge

Output: to combine two files in such a way that the resulting file has the same organization as the two original files

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] micro prefix [3] microchip * microcomputer * micro–electronics * microprocessor

Output: extremely small

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] modem n. [3] To enable you to surf the internet, your computer has to set up a connection via the modem.

Output: a device for transmitting data over a telephone line, which converts analogue signals to digital signals and vice versa

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] motherboard n. [3] Additional boards, called daughter boards, can be plugged into the motherboard.

Output: [C] the main circuit board that everything plugs into and that contains the CPU, the busses, memory sockets, etc.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] multi prefix [3] multimedia * multi-player * multitasking

Output: many or much, more than one

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] nano prefix [3] nanobot * nanocomputer * nanotechnology

Output: indicating extreme smallness: one billionth part of a unit

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] net suffix [3] Ethernet * extranet * Internet * intranet

Output: related to the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] netiquette n. [3] ‘No Flaming’ is the most commonly breached rule of netiquette.

Output: [U] the rules of correct or polite behaviour for the Internet, especially in forums and chatrooms

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] netizen n. [3] Many netizens face a crack down at the hands of the authorities who see their internet activities as dangerous dissent.

Output: [C] someone who uses the Internet frequently and in a responsible way

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] network n. [3] The office network allows users to share files and to use a central printer.* local area network (LAN)

Output: [C] a group of interconnected computers, including the hardware and software used to connect them

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] neural a. [3] The bank is using neural networks to assess credit risks.* neural network * neural computer

Output: (of a computers) able to "learn" from experience, used in applications such as speech recognition and medical diagnosis

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] newsgroup n. [3] There are thousands of newsgroups on different subjects.

Output: [C] a discussion group on the Internet which is focused on a particular topic

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] nickname n. [3] Everyone in this newsgroup goes by several nicknames.

Output: [C] a pseudonym users give themselves, either to protect their identity or to create an online presence

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] node n. [3] Intrusions are often attempted at a network’s most vulnerable node.

Output: [C] an interconnection point on a computer network where numerous lines come together at the same switch

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] object-oriented a. [3] To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language like Java or C++.

Output: related to an approach to programming in which each data item with the operations used on it is designated as an object

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] offline a. [3] Our computers are offline for one hour each day.

Output: not connected to the computer and not turned on; or not connected to a computer network or the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] ontology n. [3] The essential knowledge about the domain will be made available to the agents by means of an ontology.

Output: [C] a model for describing the world that consists of a objects or concepts, their properties and their relationships

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] operating system n. [3] The application is running under a full, general-purpose operating system.

Output: [C] the main control program of a computer that schedules tasks, manages storage, and handles peripherals

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] packet n. [3] The data packets related to a message are reassembled once they have arrived at their destination. * packet switching

Output: [C] a piece of a message that is formatted for transmission on a network and includes its source and destination in the header

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] password n. [3] When a user enters a password, it appears as a line of asterisks ******* so no one can read it.

Output: [C] a secret sequence of letters and other symbols for authentication to log into a computer system

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] patch v., n.

Output: - to insert code into a computer program to fix or modify it in some way - [C] the code inserted into a computer program to fix or modify it in some way

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] path n. [3] Once again, I forgot to print the path on my document and can’t find it anymore.

Output: [C] the exact directions to a file on a computer, usually described by means of the hierarchical filing system

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] personal digital assistant (PDA) n. [3] PDAs can usually store phone numbers, appointments, and to-do lists.

Output: [C] an kind of handheld and palm-sized PC, electronic organizer, smartphone, or pager

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] peer n. [3] Any computer can access files on any other computer in a peer-to-peer network. * peer-to-peer (P2P)

Output: [C] a computer in a communications network where any computer on the network can be a client and/or server

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] peripheral n. [3] Adding extra servers, peripherals or users can be trivial, but this gets much harder as the network grows.

Output: [C] any piece of hardware connected to a computer, or any part of the computer outside the CPU and working memory

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] phishing n. [3] The program can be used to block malicious phishing and virus-infected webpages.

Output: [U] the practice of tricking a user into giving away personal information into a fake form on the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] piracy n. [3] Piracy has become a serious issue for the entertainment industry. * Internet piracy

Output: [U] the unauthorized copying of copyrighted software or media for personal or commercial use.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] platform n. [3] The platform used is an Intel yy processor running DOS version xx.

Output: the hardware and/or operating system on which a program runs

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] podcast n., v.

Output: - [C] a radio-style show that is downloaded in MP-3 or video format - to upload a radio-style show in MP-3 or video format

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] pointer n. [3] The pointer can be used to locate a specific point or object on the screen, to select and move objects, etc.

Output: [C] a symbol displayed on the computer screen that is moved by means of a mouse, stylus, trackball, etc.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] port n., v.

Output: - [C] a place on a computer to connect sth or an endpoint to a logical connection - to move software from one computer system to another

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] portal n. [3] Decision makers are choosing our portal as their favourite source of online information. * Internet portal * Web portal

Output: [C] a site that is intended to be the point of entry to the Web

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] post n., v.

Output: - a message sent to an Internet discussion group for all the group members to read - to put a message or computer file on the Internet so that other people can see it

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] printer n. [3] There are four types of printers on the market: dot matrix, inkjet, bubble jet and laser.

Output: [C] a peripheral that prints text or illustrations on paper; essential to have if you want a hard copy of your work

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] printout (also: hard copy) n. [3] Printouts contradict the notion of a paperless office.

Output: [C] a printed version of text or data from a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] processor (also Central Processing Unit or CPU) n. [3] The work to be handled by the processor is shared across all the cores.

Output: [C] the central part of a computer system that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] programmable a. [3] Properly using a programmable thermostat in your home is one of the easiest ways to save energy?

Output: able to accept instructions for automatic operation or computer processing

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] proprietary (also closed) a. [3] Do you have the proprietary rights to the data? * proprietary software

Output: relating to a product which is privately owned and controlled; in the computer industry, proprietary is the opposite of open

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] quantum computing n. [3] Quantum computing is not well suited for tasks such as word processing and email.

Output: [U] applying the principles of quantum mechanics to computer technology to make computers of the future much faster

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] query n., v.

Output: - [C] a request for information from a database - to request information from a database

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] radio frequency identification (RFID) n. [3] RFID systems can be used just about anywhere, from clothing tags to missiles. * RFID tag

Output: [U] the use of an object (RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product or person for identification using radio waves

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] real-time a. [3] They developed a real-time missile guidance system for the defence industry.

Output: relating to changing data that is processed fast enough to control its source; or referring to events simulated in real-life speed.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] reboot v., n.

Output: - to restart a computer - [C] the act of restarting a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] recognition n. [3] He developed software for the recognition of receipts. * optical character recognition (OCR) * speech recognition

Output: [U] the process by which an electronic device recognizes acoustic or printed or written letters or numbers.

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] record n. [3] A record about a customer might contain fields for name, address, telephone, etc.

Output: [C] in a database, a group of fields that make up one complete entry

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] recovery n. [3] This program improves backup and recovery of critical data. * disaster recovery * file recovery program

Output: [U] the restoration of corrupted data resulting from damaged disks, viruses, power spikes, and other problems

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] refresh (also reload) v. [3] Display monitors must be refreshed many times per second. * refresh rate * refresh button

Output: to update the screen with new data that has arrived since you first began looking at it

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] retrieve v. [3] Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently.

Output: to find and bring back stored data, so that it can be displayed on the screen and processed

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] rewritable a. [3] Most people choose to burn the file on a rewritable CD ("CD-RW") * rewritable optical disc

Output: able to be rewritten many times; for example, storage media such as optical disks and magnetic tapes

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] rip v. [3] How do I rip a DVD movie to my hard drive?

Output: (~ to) to convert and copy sounds or pictures from a DVD or CD onto a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] router n. [3] Do I as need to install a hardware router, or is software protection enough? * to configure a router

Output: [C] a device that sends data packets through networks; located at gateways, where two or more networks connect

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] run v.

Output: - to operate or execute a program - (of a program) to be executed

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] scan v. [3] How do I scan a photo and attach it to an email? Can you scan the text into the computer?

Output: (~ into) to pass light over a picture or document in order to copy and store it in the memory of a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] screen n. [3] Write the letter on the computer to make changes easily on screen. * screen saver * screen shot * touch screen

Output: [C] a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shown

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] script n. [3] Did an error in the script cause the malfunction?

Output: [C] a series of commands that can be executed without user interaction

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] seamless a. [3] The seamless integration of data, text, images and sound is enabled. * seamless IT infrastructure

Output: relating to sth done so smoothly that you cannot tell where one thing stops and the next begins

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] searchable a. [3] The CD contains 200 fully searchable film clips. * a searchable database

Output: (of computer files and database) containing information organized in such way that it can be found using a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] semiconductor n. [3] Semiconductors make it possible to miniaturize electronic components, such as transistors.

Output: [C] a material like silicon, which partially allows electricity to move through it, or an electronic device made from this material

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] serial a. [3] Average serial cables become unreliable after the first 3 to 4 meters. * serial number * serial port

Output: designed to transfer data sequentially, i.e. one data bit after another

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] server n. [3] Cookies contain information that is sent back to the server the next time you visit it online. * proxy server * mail server

Output: [C] a software program that controls or supplies information to several clients connected in a network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] sideload v. [3] The launch of Apple’s iTunes store brought sideloading to the masses.

Output: referring to the process of transferring data between two local devices, especially between a computer and a mobile device

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] simulation n. [3] Simulations are also used to test new theories. * real-time simulation

Output: [C] imitating a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas; for example weather conditions or chemical reactions

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] snail mail n. [3] For customers there are monthly lists with new releases and special offers, sent by snail mail or e-mail.

Output: [C] regular postal service mail, which is slower than electronic mail

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] source code n. [3] Source code is the only program format that is readable by humans. * open-source

Output: [C] the original form in which a computer program is written before it is translated into machine code

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] spam n.

Output: - [U] the electronic equivalent of junk mail, often advertising material - to send the same message to many different people over the Internet

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] spreadsheet n. [3] Each location in a spreadsheet is called a cell, and each cell has a number, such as A3, B4, etc.

Output: [C] an application that is used to perform automatic calculations on changing data

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] standalone n. [3] The various applications are architecturally autonomous and can also be used separately as standalone solutions.

Output: [C] a computer that works on its own without being part of a network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] storage n. [3] I have the rights of reproduction and storage. * storage device * data storage * storage and retrieval of information

Output: [U] the process of placing, holding and retrieving data on a computer

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] stream v., n.

Output: - to play sound or video on your computer while it is being downloaded from the net - the file played on your computer while it is being downloaded from the net

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] stylus n. [3] Using a stylus, you can navigate the menu by touching icons on the screen.

Output: [C] a pen-like pointing and writing device for the screens on handheld computers

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] surf v. [3] The new open-source operating system would primarily make it easier to surf the Internet * to surf the Web

Output: to navigate through cyberspace like a surfer riding the top of a wave

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] swipe v. [3] The cash register only opens once the card has been swiped.

Output: to move a card with information stored on a magnetic stripe through a device to read this information

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] synchronization (also sync or synch) n. [3] The network facilitates fail-proof synchronization of the databases in both computer centres. * in sync * out of sync

Output: [U] harmonizing a single set of data between two or more devices, automatically copying changes back and forth

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] tablet n. [3] They are capturing now signatures on the display of a tablet. * graphics tablet * digitizing tablet * tablet PC

Output: [C] a device for entering drawings, sketches or handwriting into a computer by means of an LCD screen and a stylus

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] tag n., v.

Output: - [C] an indication of command beginnings and endings or a file formatting command - to mark a section of a file with a formatting command

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] tele prefix [3] telecommunications * telecommuter * teleconferencing * teletext * teleworking

Output: relating to long distance

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] terminal n. [3] This connectivity option is suitable for participants who already have a Bloomberg terminal.

Output: a piece of equipment, consisting of at least a keyboard and a screen that joins a user to the central computer network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] thumbnail n. [3] Please click on the thumbnail to view a larger version of the image.

Output: [C] a miniature display on a computer screen which shows you what a larger picture will look

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] tool n. [3] The collaboration tool supports this exchange of information. * toolbar

Output: [C] a small helper program that performs a specific non-routine task, such as adding a graphic

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] topology n. [3] What’s the network topology that a potential client will reside in? * bus topology * ring topology * star topology

Output: [C] a map or plan showing the arrangement and interlinking of computers in a network

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] transmit v. [3] Dial-up modems utilize traditional copper phone lines to transmit analogue signals. * to transmit data

Output: to send data from one point to another by means of radio waves or along a transmission line

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] transmission n. [3] The company markets fibre optic capacity for the transmission of data. * (a-)synchronous transmission

Output: [C] sending data from one point to another by means of radio waves or along a transmission line

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] trojan horse n. [3] Using social engineering techniques, the Trojan horse could be disguised as a game or a handy new utility.

Output: [C] a destructive program that masquerades as a benign application containing additional hidden code

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] troubleshoot v. [3] Your hardware manufacturer will troubleshoot any driver installation problems.

Output: to isolate the source of a problem which is suspected to be hardware-related and fix it

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] unauthorized a. [3] Can we prevent any unauthorized access from other people or software programs?

Output: trying to access a network or a computer without the official permission

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] unformatted a. [3] Unformatted text can be created using Notepad. * an unformatted disk

Output: relating to a disk or a file which is not ready for use and unorganized

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] uninstall v. [3] Before you install the new version, you must first uninstall your current version.

Output: to remove an application from a computer by removing all the files that were added when the application was initially installed

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] uninterruptible power supply (UPS) n. [3] A built-in uninterruptable power supply (UPS) and an automatic backup function ensure that data is not lost.

Output: [C] a power supply that includes a battery to maintain power in case of a power failure

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] up a. [3] My new computer is finally up and running properly. * uptime

Output: (of a computer or computer system) working and ready for use

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] update v., n.

Output: - to change or add to the data in a file in order to make the data current - [C] a change or addition to a file so that it has the most recent information

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] upgrade v., n.

Output: - to install or make a new and presumably better version of hardware or software - [C] a newer, presumably better, version of hardware or software

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] upload v., n.

Output: - to transfer data from your computer to a server - [C] the data transferred from your computer to a server

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] username n. [3] Usernames, and often passwords, are required in multi-user systems.

Output: [C] an individual name used to gain access to a computer system, also part of an email address before the @ symbol

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] utility n. [3] Open the utility for decompressing files, select the compressed, and specify where you want to save it.

Output: [C] a small helper program that performs a specific routine task, such as examining or copying files

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] virtual a. [3] We tested the control measures in virtual form before implementing them in practice. virtual office * virtual reality

Output: existing on a computer or on the Internet, rather than in the real world

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] volatile a. [3] The main memory (RAM) of the computer is volatile memory. * non-volatile memory * volatile storage

Output: relating to memory or storage devices that lose their content when the power is shut off

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] ware combining form [3] adware * freeware * groupware * hardware * malware * shareware * software * spyware

Output: relating to computer programs and devices

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] watermark n. [3] Do you want to protect your audio files with a watermark?

Output: [C] a unique inaudible code inserted into a digital file that identifies the owner or the first person who legally purchased the file

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file


Input: [access v., n.] wiki n. [3] How can I put links to other pages in my own wiki entry? * Wikipedia

Output: [C] a collaborative construction engine on the Web which allows any user to add and edit content

- to read or write data on a computer file - [U] the act of reading data from a computer file