Input: [Chemical formula] molecules

Output: What are neutral particles formed as a result of sharing electrons?

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What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: [Chemical formula] covalent bond

Output: What is the force of attraction between atoms sharing electrons?

Glencoe Science - IPC Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: [Chemical formula] A polar molecule

Output: What has one end that is slightly negative and one en that is slightly positive although the overall molecule is neutral?

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What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: [Chemical formula] nonpolar

Output: Electrons are shared equally in a __________ molecule.

Glencoe Science - IPC Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: [Chemical formula] Ionic bonds

Output: What forms when atoms lose or gain electrons?

Glencoe Science - IPC Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: [Chemical formula] Covalent bonds

Output: What forms when atoms share electrons?

Glencoe Science - IPC Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com

What is composed of symbols and subscripts indicating the number of atoms of an element in a compound?


Input: the act of freeing a person from the charge of an offense by means of a decision, verdict or other legal process; to discharge¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: acquit

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a civil judicial proceeding whereby one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or prevention of a wrong; requires service of process on adversary party or potentially adversary party¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: action

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Any location that the defendant, through regular solicitation or advertisement, has held out as its place of business (sec. 308.6 CPLR).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: actual place of business

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: clause of a pleading alleging amount of loss or injury¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: ad damnum

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a temporary postponement of the proceedings of a case until a specified future time¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: adjournment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to hear or try and determine judicially¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: adjudicate

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An opponent. The defendant is the plaintiff's adversary.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: adversary

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the system of trial practice in the U.S. and some other countries in which each of the opposing, or adversary, parties has full opportunity to present and establish its opposing contentions before the court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: adversary system

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one who swears to an affidavit; deponent¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affiant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a sworn or affirmed statement made in writing and signed; if sworn, it is notarized¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affidavit

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an affidavit intended to certify the service of a writ, notice, or other document¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affidavit of service

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Related by marriage; family relation from one's spouse's family.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affinity

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an act of declaring something to be true under the penalty of perjury by a person who conscientiously declines to take an oath for religious or other pertinent reasons¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affirm

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A solemn and formal declaration under penalties of perjury that a statement is true, without an oath.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affirmation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Upheld, agreed with (e.g.,The Appellate Court affirmed the judgment of the City Court).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: affirmed

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the assertion, declaration, or statement of a party to an action, made in a pleading, setting out what the party expects to prove¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: allegation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To assert a fact in a pleading.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: allege

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a juror selected as substitute in case another juror must leave the jury panel¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: alternate juror

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To change.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: amend

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A Friend of the Court. A non-party to a proceeding that the Court permits to present its views.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: amicus curiae

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to make void, as to dissolve the bonds of marriage¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: annul

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a paper submitted by a defendant in which he/she responds to and/or denies the allegations of the plaintiff¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: answer

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a proceeding to have a case examined by an appropriate higher court to see if a lower court's decision was made correctly according to law¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: appeal

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the participation in the proceedings by a party summoned in an action, either in person or through an attorney¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: appearance

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the party who takes an appeal to a higher court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: appellant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the party against whom an appeal is taken¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: appellee

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the submission voluntarily or involuntarily of a disputed matter to selected persons and the substitution of their award or decision for the judgment of a court or its confirmation by the court as a judgment of the court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: arbitration

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a reason given in proof or rebuttal¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: argument

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: whenever the parties to a suit come to a point in the pleadings which is affirmed on one side and denied on the other, they are said to be "at issue"¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: at issue

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The taking of property into legal custody by an enforcement officer (see specialty section [acknowledgment]

Output: attachment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the act of witnessing an instrument in writing at the request of the party making the same, and subscribing it as a witness¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: attestation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: attorney whose name appears in the permanent records or files of a case¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: attorney of record

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A decision of an Arbitrator.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: award

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the security given (or posted) to ensure the future appearance of a defendant¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bail

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Prohibit - to bar the prosecution of an action. 2. The members of the legal profession.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bar

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Judge's seat or the judge, himself/herself, (e.g., the attorney addressed the bench)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bench

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a case in which the trial of the liability issue in a personal injury or wrongful death case is heard separate from and prior to trial of the damages in question¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bifurcated trial

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A written statement of the itemized taxable costs and disbursements¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bill of costs

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: factual detail submitted by a claimant after a request by the adverse party which details, clarifies or explains further the charges and/or facts alleged in a pleading¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: bill of particulars

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a written or printed document prepared by the lawyers on each side of a dispute and submitted to the court in support of their arguments - a brief includes the points of law which the lawyer wished to establish, the arguments the lawyer uses, and the legal authorities on which the lawyer rests his/her conclusions.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: brief

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a schedule of matters to be heard in court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: calendar

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the calling of matters requiring parties, or their attorneys, to appear and be heard, usually done at the beginning of each court day¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: calendar call

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in a pleading, deposition or other paper connected with a case in court, it is the heading or introductory clause which shows the names of the parties, name of the court, number of the case on the docket or calendar, etc.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: caption

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the court file containing papers submitted in a case¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: case file

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: grounds on which a legal action may be brought (e.g., property damage, personal injury, goods sold and delivered, work labor and services).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: cause of action

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a document attesting that the parties in a lawsuit are ready to go to trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: certificate of readiness

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Copy of a document signed and certified as a true copy of an original by the Clerk of the Court or other authorized persons (e.g., lawyer).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: certified copy

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to testify in writing¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: certify

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a proceeding in the state Supreme Court under Art. 78 of the CPLR to review the decisions or actions of a public official or body, as in a tax certiorari matter, a review of the tax assessed challenge an exception taken to a juror before he/she is sworn challenge for a challenge based on a legally specified reason¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: certiorari

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the removal of a suit begun in one county or district to another county or district for trial, though the term may also apply to the removal of a suit from one court to another court of the same county or district¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: change of venue

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in trial practice, an address delivered by the court to the jury at the close of the case instructing the jury as to what principles of law they are to apply in reaching a decision¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: charge to jury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: article of personal property¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: chattel

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) summons to appear; 2) reference to authorities in support of an argument¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: citation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a summary of a trial which is written by a clerk¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: clerk's extract

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: notes, which are taken by a clerk, of events that occurred in court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: clerk's minutes

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person in charge of summoning citizens for jury duty¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: commissioner of jurors

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order to commit a person to the custody of a sheriff, commissioner of corrections, or mental health facility¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: commitment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the body of law which originated in England and upon which present day U.S. law is based¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: common law

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reimbursement for actual loss or injury, as distinguished from exemplary or punitive damages¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: compensatory damages

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the initial pleading in an action formally setting forth the facts and reasons on which the demand for relief is based¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: complaint

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: see eminent domain¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: condemnation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Related by blood.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: consanguinity

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one who is appointed by a court to manage the affairs of a protected person¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: conservator

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A joining of two or more actions to be tried together.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: consolidate

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: two or more actions involving a common question of law or fact may be consolidated by the court; the actions then are merged, becoming one action with one title, and they result in one verdict and one judgment¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: consolidated action

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an act or omission tending to obstruct or interfere with the orderly administration of justice or to impair the dignity of the court or respect for its authority¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: contempt of court

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an action which involves disputed issue(s) of fact or law¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: contested action

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a legally enforceable agreement between two or more persons or parties (oral or written)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: contract

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to strengthen; to add weight by additional evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: corroborate

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The statutory sum awarded to the successful party when a judgment is entered. (Section 1901 all Court Acts.)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: costs

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lawyer or attorney.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: counsel

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. In civil actions, a claim brought by a defendant against the plaintiff for an unlimited amount of money. 2. In small claims/commercial claims, a claim brought by a defendant against the plaintiff for an amount not to exceed the maximum monetary jurisdiction allowed in the small claims/commercial claims court.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: counterclaim

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A City Court, District Court or other court that has jurisdiction only over actions authorized by law.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: court of limited jurisdiction

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person who transcribes by shorthand or stenographically takes down testimony during court proceedings¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: court reporter

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: questioning by a party or his attorney of an adverse party or a witness called by an adverse party¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: cross- examination

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: claim litigated by co-defendants or co-plaintiffs against each other and not against a party on the opposite side of the litigation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: crossclaim

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Monetary compensation or indemnity for wrong or injury caused by the violation of a legal right. 1. Compensatory damages - Reimbursement for actual loss or injury. 2. Exemplary damages - Monetary award by way of punishment for injury caused by aggravated circumstances or malice, in addition to compensation for the injury. 3. Punitive damages - Monetary compensation awarded in excess of ordinary damages, as punishment for a gross wrong.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: damages

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the stamping on a document of the date it is received¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: date-stamp

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: From the beginning, a new trial.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: de novo

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the determination reached by a court in any judicial proceeding, which is the basis of the judgment¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: decision

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one fixing rights of parties without ordering anything to be done¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: declaratory judgment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a decision or order of the court - a final decree is one which fully and finally disposes of the litigation; an interlocutory decree is a provisional or preliminary decree which is not final¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: decree

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a "default" in an action of law occurs when a defendant omits to plead or otherwise defend within the time allowed, or fails to appear at the trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: default

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the party being sued or the party accused of committing the offense charged¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: defendant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process by which a panel of jurors comes to a decision on a verdict¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: deliberation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One who testifies under oath to the truth of facts.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: deponent

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sworn testimony of a witness¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: deposition

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the first interrogation of a witness by the party on whose behalf the witness is called¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: direct examination

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an instruction by the judge to the jury to return a specific verdict¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: directed verdict

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a proceeding whereby one party to an action may be informed as to facts known by other parties or witnesses¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: discovery (or disclosure)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: termination of a proceeding for a procedurally prescribed reason¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: dismissal

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Action dismissed on the merits which prevents renewal of the same claim or cause of action.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: dismissal with prejudice

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Action dismissed, not on the merits, which may be re-instituted.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: dismissal without prejudice

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the act of terminating a judicial proceeding¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: dispose

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the result of a judicial proceeding by withdrawal, settlement, order, judgment or sentence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: disposition

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the effect of a judgment of dissolution of marriage is to restore the parties to the state of unmarried persons¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: dissolution of marriage

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a document which summarizes a case¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: docket

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: that place where a person has a true and permanent home - a person may have several residences, but only one domicile¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: domicile

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: right held by one person to use the land of another for a special purpose¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: easement

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the power to take private property for public use by condemnation, i.e., the legal process by which real estate of a private owner is taken for public use without the owner's consent, but upon the award and payment of just compensation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: eminent domain

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to require a person, by writ of injunction from a court of equity, to perform or to abstain or desist from some act¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: enjoin

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an action which may be brought for the purpose of restraining the threatened infliction of wrongs or injuries, and the prevention of threatened illegal action; case in which payment of money damages will not be adequate compensation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: equitable action (equity matter)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the power to distribute equitably upon divorce all property legally and beneficially acquired during marriage by husband and wife or either of them, whether legal title lies in their joint or individual names¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: equitable distribution

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to stop, bar, or impede¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: estop

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a rule of law which prevents a person from alleging or denying a fact, because of his/her own previous act¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: estoppel

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an abbreviation of et alia meaning "and others"¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: et al

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: And another.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: et ano

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Legal mandate authorizing an enforcement officer to remove persons and their personal property from their premises.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: eviction, warrant of

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a form of proof or probative matter legally presented at the trial of an issue by the acts of the parties and through witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court or the jury¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: evidence

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a proceeding, order, motion, application, request, submission etc., made by or granted for the benefit of one party only; done for, in behalf of, or on application of one party only¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: ex parte

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a formal interrogation of parties and witnesses before trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: examination before trial (EBT)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (1) the performance of all acts necessary to render a written instrument complete, such as signing, sealing, acknowledging, and delivering the instruments (2) supplementary proceedings to enforce a judgment, which, if monetary, involves a direction to the sheriff to take the necessary steps to collect the judgment¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: execution

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An official transcript of a document from public records, made in a form to be used as evidence and authenticated or certified as a true copy, (e.g. exemplification of a judgment).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: exemplification

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a paper, document or other article produced and exhibited to a court during a trial or hearing and, on being accepted, is marked for identification or admitted in evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: exhibit

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the authorized act of physically destroying information, in files, computers or other depositories¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: expunge

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Level of proof in a civil action; more than half; more convincing.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: fair preponderance

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a fixed charge for service rendered on behalf of court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: fee

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person or institution who manages money or property for another, and who must exercise a standard of care in such management activity imposed by law or contract¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: fiduciary

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the court's or jury's decision on issues of fact¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: finding

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a sum imposed as punishment for an offense¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: fine

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Paper instituting the action (e.g., Summons, Motion, Infants's Compromise).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: first paper

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a legal proceeding that bars or extinguishes right¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: foreclosure

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a member of a jury, usually the first juror called and sworn, or a juror elected by fellow jurors, who delivers the verdict to the court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: foreperson

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A judicial tribunal or a place of jurisdiction. A meeting for discussion.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: forum

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A requirement of the U.S. Constitution that the records and judicial proceedings of one state shall have the same effect in courts of other states with the same jurisdiction.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: full faith and credit

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to attach a portion of the wages or other property of a debtor to secure repayment of the debt¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: garnish

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A person who owes a debt to a judgment debtor, or a person other than the judgment debtor who has property in his/her possession or custody in which a judgment debtor has an interest¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: garnishee

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: person appointed by a court to represent a minor or incompetent for purpose of some litigation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: guardian ad litem

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "You have the body." - the name given a variety of writs whose object is to bring a person before a court or judge - in most common usage, it is directed to the official or person detaining another, commanding him/her to produce the body of a person detained so the court may determine if such person has been denied his/her liberty without due process of law¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: habeas corpus

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a preliminary examination where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision on the basis of that evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: hearing

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a type of testimony given by a witness who relates not what he/she knows personally, but what others have told the witness, or what the witness has heard said by others; may be admissible or inadmissible in court depending upon rules of evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: hearsay

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a jury whose members cannot reconcile their differences of opinion and thus cannot reach a verdict¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: hung jury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process by which jurors are selected and sworn to their task¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: impaneling

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An addition of a third party to an action by the defendant.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: impleader

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in the judge's chamber out of the presence of the jury and the public¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: in camera

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In the matter of; concerning.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: in re

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Regarding the right or title to property.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: in rem

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lack of legal qualification or fitness (physical, intellectual or moral fitness) to discharge a legally required duty or to handle one's own affairs; also relates to matters not admissible in evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: incompetency

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Security against loss or damages, exemption from penalty or liability, amount paid as compensation under an indemnity agreement.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: indemnity

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a number issued by the county clerk, which is used to identify a case - in civil matters there is usually a charge¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: index number

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a system, established for all civil actions and proceedings heard in Supreme and County Court, which provides for the continuous supervision of each action and proceeding by a single judge (NYS)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: individual assignment system (IAS)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A statement of the nature and substance of the cause of action, for money only, which indicates the amount of the claim. It may be set forth upon the summons or attached to it. INFANT An individual who has not attained the age of eighteen (18).¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: indorsed complaint

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a civil proceeding or motion for obtaining court approval of the settlement of an infant's claim¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: infant's compromise

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a court order for a party to stop doing or to start doing a specific act¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: injunction

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a proceeding which usually is a limited non-jury trial for the purpose of fixing the amount of damages where the plaintiff or defendant alone introduces testimony.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: inquest

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Among other things.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: inter alia

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: provisional; temporary; not final - refers to orders and decrees of a court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: interlocutory

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: action by which one having possession of an article or fund claimed by two parties may compel them to litigate the title between themselves, instead of with him/her¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: interpleader

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person sworn at a judicial proceeding to translate oral or written language¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: interpreter

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: written questions propounded by one party and served on an adversary, who must provide written answers thereto under oath¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: interrogatories

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person who dies without a will¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: intestate

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: two or more actions involving a common question of law or fact may be joined by court order for trial - the actions are not merged but remain separate and distinct and may result in one or more verdicts and judgments¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: joint trial

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A determination of the rights of the parties in an action or special proceeding. A judgment shall refer to and state the result of a verdict or decision, or recite the circumstances on which it is based¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: judgment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a record of the judgment with the supporting papers¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: judgment roll

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person who has served as a judge or justice of a court of record of the Unified Court System, and who no longer is serving in such capacity, except a person who was removed from a judicial position pursuant to Section 22 of Article VI of the Constitution¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: judicial hearing officer (JHO)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the geographical, subject matter, and monetary limitations of a court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: jurisdiction

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a prescribed number of persons selected according to law and sworn to make findings of fact¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: jury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a body of jurors impaneled to hear a case in which the parties have no right to a jury trial - the judge remains solely responsible for the findings and may accept or reject the jury's verdict¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: jury (advisory)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: directions given by the judge to the jury¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: jury instructions

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the failure to diligently assert a right, which results in a refusal to allow relief¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: laches

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Eighteen (18) years of age. See CPLR Section 1206.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: legal age

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: system by which legal services are rendered to those in financial need who cannot afford private counsel¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: legal aid

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an obligation to do, to eventually do, or to refrain from doing something; money owed; or according to law one's responsibility for his/her conduct; or one's responsibility for causing an injury¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: liability

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a book used for keeping a record of specific documents or events having legal effect¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: liber

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a claim upon the property of another as security for some debt¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: lien

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Party to a legal action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: litigant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order prepared by counsel for signature of the court (usually based on a memorandum decision)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: long form order

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the furnishing by one person to another the means of living, or food, clothing, shelter, etc., particularly where the legal relations of the parties is such that one is bound to support the other, as between parent and child or between spouses¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: maintenance

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: person whose testimony on some issue has been judicially determined as relevant and substantial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: material witness

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a written opinion or decision of a court on a litigated question, giving the court's conclusion on factual and legal issues (this may constitute the order of the court if so stated)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: memorandum decision

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: memorandum in writing, which is a very brief statement of the reasons for a decision, without detailed explanation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: memorandum opinion

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To hold in suspense an action that cannot reasonably be tried because a party or witness is in the military service.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: military calendar

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A Court Clerk's Journal of Courtroom proceedings.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: minute book

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a record of court proceedings kept by noting significant events¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: minutes

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a trial which has been terminated and declared void prior to the reaching of verdict due to extraordinary circumstance, serious prejudicial misconduct or hung jury - it does not result in a judgment for any party but merely indicates a failure of trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: mistrial

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (adj.) unsettled, undecided, not necessary to be decided¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: moot

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an oral or written request to the court made by a party for a ruling or order¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: motion

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the party who initiates the motion¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: movant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Individual (does not include corporate entities)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: natural person

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: negligence

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It does not follow¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: non seq. (Non sequitur)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a document filed with the court placing a cause on the trial calendar¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: note of issue

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A notice with an affidavit of service stating that the attached copy of an entered order or judgment has been served by a party on another party.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: notice of entry

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Written notice of a petitioner that a hearing will be held in a court to determine the relief requested in an annexed petition.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: notice of petition

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (now for then) presently considered as if occurring at an earlier date; effective retroactively¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: nunc pro tunc

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a swearing to the truth of a statement which, if made by one who knows it to be false, may subject one to a prosecution for perjury or other legal proceedings¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: oath

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the first address of counsel prior to offering of evidence¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: opening statement

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: evidence given by word of mouth; the oral testimony of a witness¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: oral proof

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an oral or written direction of a court or judge¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: order

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: term has meaning similar to `alimony' except that award, settlement or agreement arises out of non-marital relationship of parties (i.e., non-marital partners)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: palimony

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a tract or a plot of land¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: parcel

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a court room where specified business of a court is to be conducted by a judicial officer¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: part

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Person having a direct interest in a legal matter, transaction or proceeding.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: party

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the challenge which may be used to reject a certain number of prospective jurors without assigning any reason¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: peremptory challenge

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the act of lying or stating falsely under oath¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: perjury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ordinary jury for the trial of a civil case (so called to distinguish it from the grand jury)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: petit jury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a formal written request to a court, which initiates a special proceeding¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: petition

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In a special proceeding, one who commences a formal written application, requesting some action or relief, addressed to a court for determination. Also known as a plaintiff in a civil action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: petitioner

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the party bringing a civil action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: plaintiff

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: complaint or petition, answer, and reply¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: pleadings

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a practice whereby the jurors are asked individually whether they assented, and still assent, to the verdict¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: polling the jury

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: instrument authorizing one to act legally for another either generally or in a specified matter¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: power of attorney

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: previously adjudged action or decision on same or similar point, serving as a rule or example for present guidance¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: precedent

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To prevent or stop¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: preclude

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: for oneself; in one's own behalf; in person; a pro se party is one who, without representation, acts as his/her own attorney¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: pro se

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the succession of events constituting the process by which judicial action is invoked and utilized pursuant to procedure¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: proceeding

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a legal means, such as a summons, used to subject a defendant in a lawsuit to the jurisdiction of the court; broadly, refers to all writs issued in the course of a legal proceeding¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: process

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To atone for an offense, to submit to a court's mandate (i.e., to purge oneself of contempt of court)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: purge

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To disqualify oneself as a judge¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: recuse

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to edit, revise¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: redact

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a person to whom a cause pending in a court is referred by the court to take testimony, hear the parties, and report thereon to the court, or to make a judicial determination - the referee is an officer exercising judicial powers and is an arm of the court for a specific purpose¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: referee

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Legal remedy¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: relief

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to send a case back from an appellate court to the lower court from which it came, for further proceedings¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: remand

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: legal process by which an appellate court transmits to the court below the proceedings before it, together with its decision, for such further action and entry of judgment as is required by the decision of the appellate court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: remittitur

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an action brought for the owner of items to recover possession of those items when those items were wrongfully taken or are being wrongfully kept¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: replevin

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a plaintiff's response to a defendant's answer when the answer contains a counterclaim¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: reply

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Subject matter¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: res

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a thing judicially acted upon or decided¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: res judicata

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One who formally answers the allegations stated in a petition which has been filed with the court. Also known as a defendant in a civil action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: respondent

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to reinstate the action to active inventory¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: restore/ reinstate to calendar

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a penalty or punishment provided as a means of enforcing obedience to a law, rule or code; also, an authorization¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: sanction

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Discharge of a legal obligation, as in a "Satisfaction of Judgment."¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: satisfaction

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to close a case file from public scrutiny - in instances of youthful offenders and acquittal, sealing orders are issued by the court to prevent the public from obtaining information on the cases¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: seal

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An undertaking required by a court to cover the payment of costs if the judgment is against the depositor.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: security for costs

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in matrimonial law, a cessation of cohabitation of husband and wife by mutual agreement, or in the case of "judicial separation," under the decree of a court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: separation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to separate, set apart, hold aside for safekeeping or awaiting some determination; jurors are sequestered when not permitted to return home until the case is closed¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: sequester

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the exhibition or delivery of a writ, notice, etc., officially notifying a person of some action or proceeding in which that person is concerned¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: service

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order prepared by the court¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: short form order

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order, decree, execution, etc., to appear as directed, and present to the court such reasons and considerations as one has to offer why it should not be confirmed, take effect, be executed, or as the case may be¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: show cause

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Without a date, as in an action being adjourned sine die. Legal process which commands a witness to appear and testify.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: sine die

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: filing by any person aggrieved by an assessment of a one, two or three family, owner occupied residential structure used for residential purposes (including condominiums) (NYS)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: small claims assessment review (SCAR)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a special master is an attorney appointed on an ad hoc basis to assist the court in hearing motions (NYS)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: special master

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: general term for remedies or proceedings which are not ordinary actions, e.g., condemnation¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: special proceedings

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the special referee has the authority to exercise judicial functions when assigned duties by the court to determine the following (1) to determine an issue (binding) (2) to perform an act (disclosure) (3) to hear and report - matrimonial actions may be included (NYS)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: special referee (or referee)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a court part set aside to hear specific types of cases¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: special term

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a special finding of the facts of a case by a jury leaving to the court the application of the law to the facts thus found¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: special verdict

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a statute that declares that no actions of a specified kind be commenced after a specified period of time after the cause of action arose¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: statute of limitations

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a stopping or suspension of procedure or execution by judicial or executive order¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: stay

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an agreement by attorneys on opposite sides of a case as to any matter pertaining to the proceedings or trial - most stipulations must be in writing¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: stipulation

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A formal agreement between litigants and/or their attorneys resolving their dispute.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: stpulation of settlement

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: upon its own motion, initiation or will; without a prior request¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: sua sponte

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Legal process which commands a witness to appear and testify.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: subpoena

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order issued by the court to a person to attend court and give testimony¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: subpoena (judicial)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a subpoena requiring a person to produce specified documents or records in a trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: subpoena duces tecum

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order issued by the court requiring a person to produce specified documents or records in a trial¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: subpoena duces tecum (judicial)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Any proceeding or action taken with respect to a specific case after it has been filed with the court.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: subsequent proceedings

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A legal action or proceeding.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: suit

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Liquidated damages pursuant to contract, promissory note, law, etc.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: sum certain

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a determination in an action on the grounds that there is no genuine issue of fact¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: summary judgment

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A form used to commence a civil action and acquire jurisdiction over a party¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: summons

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: further inquiry, under court jurisdiction, after entry of judgment, to determine means for enforcing the judgment against judgment debtor¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: supplementary proceedings

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One who is legally liable for the debt, default, or failure to carry out a duty of another.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: surety

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an oral declaration made by a witness or party under oath¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: testimony

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A claim asserted by a defendant, styled a third-party plaintiff, against a person, styled a third-party defendant.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: third-party action

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an injury or wrong committed, either with or without force, and either intentionally or negligently, to the person or property of another¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: tort

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the official record of proceedings in a trial or hearing¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: transcript

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the removal of a cause from the jurisdiction of one court or judge to another by lawful authority¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: transfer

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the formal examination of a legal controversy in court so as to determine the issue¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: trial

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: that part of the court which assigns cases for trial (NYS)¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: trial assignment part (TAP)

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A new trial (see [acknowledgment]

Output: trial de novo

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Deposit of a sum of money or filing of a bond in court.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: undertaking

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to set aside a previous action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: vacate

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: technically, a writ summoning persons to court to act as jurors; popularly used as meaning the body of names thus summoned¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: venire

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Geographical place where some legal matter occurs or may be determined. 2. The geographical area within which a court has jurisdiction. It relates only to a place or territory within which either party may require a case to be tried. A defect in venue may be waived by the parties.¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: venue

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the determination of a jury on the facts¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: verdict

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: confirmation of the correctness, truth or authenticity of pleading, account or other paper by an affidavit or oath¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: verification

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a questioning of prospective jurors by the attorneys, and, on application of any party, by the judge, to see if any of them should be disqualified or removed by challenge or examination¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: voir dire

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an intentional and voluntary relinquishment of some known right¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: waiver

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a written order directing the arrest of a person issued by an authority - warrants are "issued," "executed" or "canceled"¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: warrant

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the term, as applied to judgment of dismissal, is as conclusive of rights of parties as if action had been prosecuted to final adjudication adverse to the plaintiff¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: with prejudice

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a dismissal "without prejudice" allows a new suit to be brought on the same cause of action¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: without prejudice

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one who testifies to what he/she has seen, heard, or otherwise observed¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: witness

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an order issuing from a court of justice and requiring the performance of a specified act, or giving authority and commission to have it done¶ [acknowledgment]

Output: writ

LEGAL GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS - ENGLISH Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Heuristics

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Representativeness

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Base Rate

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Availability

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Systematic errors in thinking. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Cognitive Biases

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecast known outcomes. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Hindsight Bias

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Overconfidence

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Watching behavior in real-world settings. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Naturalistic Observation

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: External Validity

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect infernces from a study. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Internal Validity

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Case Study

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Existence Proofs

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are association. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Correlational Design

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Grouping of points ona two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Scatterplot

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Illusory Correlation

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Experiment

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Randomly sorting participants into two groups. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Random Assignment

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In an experiment, that group of participants that receives the manipulation. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Experimental Group

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In an experiment, that group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Control Group

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Variable that an experimenter manipulates. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Independent Variable

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Dependent Variable

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Any differnce between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Confound

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Investigation of the consistency of patterns of results across large numbers of studies conducted in differnt laboratories. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Meta-Analysis

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tendency for negative findings to remain unpublished. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: File Drawer Problem

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Placebo Effect

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Blind

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Nocebo Effect

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Experimenter Expectancy Effect

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Double-Blind

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phenomenon in which participants' knowledge that they're being studied can affect their behavior. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Hawthorne Effect

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Demand Characteristics

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Random Selection

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Consistency of measurement. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Reliability

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Validity

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tendencies of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Response Sets

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Informed Consent

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Statistics

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Numerical characterizations that describe data. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Descriptive Statistics

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Central Tendency

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Average, a measure of central tendency. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Mean

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Middle score of a data set; a measure of central tendency. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Median

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Most frequent score of a data set; a measure of central tendency. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Mode

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Dispersion

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Difference between highest and lowest scores; a measure of dispersion. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Range

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Standard Deviation

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Inferential Statistics

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Numerous examples from history and recent times demonstrate that our intuitions that a particular phenomenon has occurred can be wrong. Only when there is an objective, consistent, replicable measure can we confirm our subjective hunches. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Explain what research designs accomplish that we can't discover by intuition alone.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Our heuristics are highly useful but can sometimes steer us wrong. Representativeness and availability heuristics can lead us to rely too heavily on inaccurate measures of the probability of events. Biases such as hindsight bias and overconfidence can lead us to overestimate our ability to predict outcomes accurately. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Identify heuristics and biases that prevent us from thinking clearly about psychology.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Four key types of research designs are naturalistic observation, case studies, correlational designs, and experimental designs. Naturalistic observation involves recording behaviours in real-world settings but are often not carefully controlled. Case studies involve examining one or a few individuals over long periods of time; these designs are often useful in generating hypotheses but limited in testing them rigorously. Correlational studies allow us to establish the relations among two or more measures, but do not allow causal conclusions. Experimental designs involve random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable, and they allow us to draw conclusions about the causes of a particular behavior. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Distinguish the types of research designs and the conclusions we can learn from each.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Placebo effects, experimenter expectancy effects, and response sets are examples of problems in research designs that can lead to faulty conclusions. Other limitations, such as halo effects and errors of central tendency often arise for rating data. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Identify the potential pitfalls of each research design that can lead to faulty conclusions.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Concerns about ethical treatment of research participants have led research institutions to establish research ethics baords (REBs) that review all research and require informed consent by participants. In some cases, they may also require a full debriefing at the conclusion of the research session. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Explain the ethical obligations of researchers toward their research participants.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Animal research has led to clear benefits in our understanding of human learning, brain physiology, and psychological treatment, to mention only a few advances. To answer many critcal psychological questions, there are simply no good alternatives to using animals. Those who question the ethics of animal research have raised useful questions about the treatment of these animals and emphasized the need for adequate housing and feeding conditions. Many protest the large number of laboratory animals that are used each year and question whether animal research offers sufficient external validity to justify such uses. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Describe both sides of the debate on the use of animals as research subjects.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Three measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average of all scores. The median is the middle score. The mode is the most frequest score. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Explain how to calculate measures of central tendency.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Among the three measures of central tendency, the mean is the most widely used measure and is also the most sensitive to extreme scores. Two measures of dispersion are the range and standard deviation. THe range is a more intuitive measure of variability, but can yield a deceptive pictures of how spread out or clustered individual scores are. The standard deviation is a better measure of dispersion, although it is more difficult to calculate. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Identify uses of various measures of central tendency and dispersion.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Reporting measures of central tendency that are nonrepresentative of most participants, creating visual representations that exaggerate effects, and failing to take base rates into account are all frequent methods of manipulating statistics for the purposes of persuasion. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Show how statistics can be misused for purposes of persuasion.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Good research design requires not only random assignment and manipulation of an independent variable, but also inclusion of an appropriate control consition to rule out placebo effects. Most important, it requires careful attention to the possibility of alternative explanations of observed effects. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Identify flaws in research designs.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To evaluate psychological claims in the news and elsewhere in the popular media, we should bear in mind that few psychology reporters have formal psychological training. When considering media claims, we should consider the source, bewards of excessive sharpening and levelling, and be on the lookout for pseudosymmetry. [Prefrontal Lobotomy]

Output: Identify skills for evaluating psychological claims in the popular media.

PSY102 - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Created by a vibration; a disturbance that transfers energy throught matter and empty space. [1]

Output: Wave


Input: [2] Matter; the stuff waves travel through. [1]

Output: Medium


Input: [2] A wave where the medium moves at right angles to the motion of the wave [1]

Output: Transverse Wave


Input: [2] Awave where the medium moves at rigin the same direction as the motion of the wave [1]

Output: Compression Wave


Input: [2] The amount of energy a wave transfers [1]

Output: Amplitude


Input: [2] Highest point of a transverse wave. [1]

Output: Crest


Input: [2] Lowest point of a transvserse wave [1]

Output: Trough


Input: [2] The length of one wave - includes one crest and one trough. Measured in cm etc. [1]

Output: Wavelength of Transverse wave


Input: [2] The height of the crest or the depth of the trough of a transverese wave. [1]

Output: Amplitude of Transverse wave


Input: [2] The horizontal line that show what the medium is like before the wave disturbes it. [1]

Output: rest position


Input: [2] The dense or squeezed part of a compression wave [1]

Output: Compression


Input: [2] The spread out or less dense area of a compression wave [1]

Output: Rarefaction


Input: [2] Measures by how tightly packed the particles of the medium are in the compression [1]

Output: Amplitude of a Compression wave


Input: [2] The distance between one compression and one rarefaction [1]

Output: Wavelenght of a Compression Wave


Input: [2] the number of waves past a point in1 second. unit: hertz (hz) [1]

Output: Frequency


Input: [2] The bending of a wave when it goes around a barrier [1]

Output: Diffraction


Input: [2] The ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency. [1]

Output: Resonance


Input: [2] The combining of two or more waves. either constructive or destructive. [1]

Output: Interference


Input: [2] The bending of a wave as it moves from one medium to another [1]

Output: Refraction


Input: [2] The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a barrier [1]

Output: Reflection


Input: [2] The change in frequency or pitch that occurs when the source of a sound wave is moving relative to the observer [1]

Output: Doppler Effect


Input: [2] The amount of energy a sound wave carries measure in decibels. dB [1]

Output: Intensity of sound


Input: [2] How human perceive the intensity of a sound wave [1]

Output: Loudness of sound


Input: [2] How humans perceive the frequency of sound waves. Pitch and Frequency have a positive relationship. [1]

Output: Pitch


Input: [2] A hollow air filled space that amplifies sound when it is vibrated [1]

Output: resonator


Input: [2] Man made device that uses sound to determine the location and distance to objects under water. [1]

Output: Sonar


Input: [2] Frequencies above human hearing; above 20,000hz [1]

Output: Ultrasonic


Input: [2] Waves created by vibration electron that can travel thru a vacuum or a medium. A wide variety of frequencies and wavelengths are possible [1]

Output: Electromagnetic wave


Input: [2] Highest energy electromagnetic wave. Very short wavelength and very high frequency [1]

Output: gamma ray


Input: [2] electromagnetic waves we associate with radiant heat. Wavelenght and frequency just below human sight. [1]

Output: infrared wve


Input: [2] electromagnetic waves with wavelengths and frequecies just above human vision. Harmful [1]

Output: Ultra violet rays


Input: [2] electromagnetic wave with longest wavelenghts and frequencies [1]

Output: Radiowaves


Input: [2] a specific type of radio wave used for cooking food and transmitting data [1]

Output: Microwaves


Input: [2] The part of the electromagnetic spectrum humans can see. ROYGBV [1]

Output: Visible light


Input: [2] electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that a just longer then gamma rays. Penetrate skin [1]

Output: X-rays


Input: [2] Material that does not allow light to be transmitted [1]

Output: opaque


Input: [2] Material that allows light to be transmitted thru it but not clearly Wax paper, frosted glass [1]

Output: translucent


Input: [2] Materal that allows to be clearly transmitted thru it. [1]

Output: transparent


Input: [2] Reflects light from a surface that is curved inward. Can magnify objects or create light beams [1]

Output: Concave mirror


Input: [2] diverges light ray to form smaller, upright virtual images. Thinnger in the middle and thicker on the edge. [1]

Output: Concave lens


Input: [2] Reflects light from a surface that curves outwards adn forms smaller upright, virtual images. [1]

Output: Convex mirror


Input: [2] Converges light rays; thicker in the middle than the edges can form real and virtual images [1]

Output: Convex lens


Input: [2] upright reflected image your brain understands but no light passes thru it [1]

Output: virtual image


Input: [2] Upside down opitical image formed when light passes throught an object [1]

Output: real image


Input: [2] Device that produces coherent light and is used in medical treatments and in industry and science. [1]

Output: LASER


Input: [2] Light with one wavelength that travels with all crest and troughs lined up [1]

Output: coherent light


Input: [2] λ [1]

Output: Symbol for wavelength


Input: to what type of entities can deductible donations be made?

Output: 170(c) organizations qualified to receive deductible contributions.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are the three categories of charitable organizations?

Output: private foundations public charities private operating foundations

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are private foundations?

Output: the default charitable category and the least favored often lower dedutibility than with other entities

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are public charities?

Output: most favored category organization must qualify most favored tax deduction

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are private operating foundations?

Output: hybrid between charitable and private foundations favorable deductions

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is a quid pro quo contribution?

Output: when donor gives something to charity in exchange for goods and services; deduction is limited to amount by which value of property trnasferred exceeds value of items received in return exception - de mininimus rule

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Are foreign donations deductible?

Output: not to foreign charities yes to domestic charities doing foreign work but for estate tax purposes, not limited to domestic charities; also private foundations ok

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Are partial interests deductible?

Output: no (e.g. one week in vacation home donated to charity auction)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Are earmarked contributions deductible?

Output: No (e.g. donation to non-profit college on condition $$ be used to offset costs for son attending college)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: How is the deduction for donated vehicles handled?

Output: deduction limited to amount charity sells vehicle for Exceptions: charity actually uses vehicle charity tranfers vehicle for less than FMV to further charitable purpose.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is a donor-advised fund?

Output: Separate funds maintained by public charities where donor is permitted to recommend charitable donees to charity. Power of private foundation but allow contribution deductions - contributions are treated as contribution to charity maintaining fund.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What does a contribution to a donor-advised fund require for deductibility?

Output: letter from charity to donor stating that charity has exclusive legal control over assets.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is the rule for deduction for donation of clothing and household items?

Output: must be in good condition or better (unless single item under $500 along with appraisal)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: how is deductibility handled for contributed property with built-in ordinary income and short-term capital gain potential?

Output: amount of contribution shall be reduced by the amount of gain that is not long-term capital gain (held for longer than 12 months)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: how is deductibility handled for long-term capital gain property?

Output: it is reduced by the long-term capital gain potential in the property ONLY IF it is tangible personal property, contributions to private foundations, certain intellectual property, taxidermy

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: when is dedutibility reduced for personal property donations with long-term capital gain property?

Output: when contributed property is used by donee in way that is unrelated to donee's charitable purpose (e.g. painting contributed to hospital that sells it to raise money) OR charity sells it during same year contribution is made. de minimis exception

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is another major exception for the long-term capital gain property reduction rule?

Output: donation of qualified appreciated stock: in a corporation established security market long-term capital gain potential limited to less than 10% of outstanding value.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is the limit for dedutible donations?

Output: 50% of AGI or 30% of AGI if built-in gains and not subject to reduction exception 30% or 20% for non-public charities depending on built-in capital gains potential

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Can a donor "carryover" contributions?

Output: yes, for five succeeding taxable years.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what type of substantiation of donations is required?

Output: minimal for under $250 normal for over $250 extended for over $500 appraisal for over $5000

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Can donations directly from retirement accounts be mad?

Output: Yes, only IRA/Roth IRAs limited to $100,000 per year donor over 70 1/2

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: For estate tax deductibility purposes, is there a maximum donation? Is less credit given when assets have built-in capital gains?

Output: no maximum no reduction in creidt.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Are standards for deductibility more generous for estate tax than for income tax?

Output: yes. no distinction between gifts "to" or "for use of" charitable donees

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: if a trustee has discretion to make charitable gifts, are those gifts deductible?

Output: Maybe - IRS may argue no because at moment of death possibility that nothing will be given. better practice to require that gifts be given and let trustee pick the charities

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are two ways to provide a trust to benefit spouse for life with remainder to charity?

Output: 1. CRT (CRAT or CRUT) entire transfer deducible for estate tax purposes because qualifies for marital deduction and remainder qualifiees for charitable deduction 2. QTIP with charitable remainder. Trust included in estate of SS, but qualifies for deduction at death of SS

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: How do powers of appointment impact estate tax charitable deductibility?

Output: General power - transfers to charity ARE deductible special/lmited power - not deductible

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: can non residents get a gift tax donation?

Output: yes, but only for domestic charities

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is the general rule regarding contribution of less than a full interest in property to charity?

Output: no deduction. EXCEPTIONS: CRT CLT remainder interest in residence or farm charitable gift annuitites

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: why might a client contribute personal residence to charity?

Output: Large current income tax deduction keep living in residence rent-free; passes to charity upon death.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are charitable gift annuitites?

Output: transfer of property to a charity in exchange for an annuity. amount transferred will exceed annuity value -- deduction allowed for difference

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What are options for donors who want to make a large contribution in current year (for tax reasons) but select beneficiary in future years?

Output: 1. private foundation (generally only good for $1M+) 2. donor-advised fund 3. supporting organization 4. donor-directed fund

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is a CLT?

Output: charitable lead trust (CLAT/CLUT) initially makes all distributions to charity (either annuity or unittrust)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is the most common CLT

Output: non-grantor CLATs

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: when are CLTs most likely to be used

Output: on death - or othwerise when donor's income tax deduction isn't relevant (e.g. donor already exceeded 50% AGI level)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is the primary benefit of a CLT?

Output: estate or gift tax deduction is calculated at 120% of midterm AFR. If actual investment return during charitable return exceeds that figure, excess passes free of estate and gift tax.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Are CLAT's preferred when AFR is low or high?

Output: Low - easier hurdle to beat with investments

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is the estate tax deduction for a CLT?

Output: unlimited estate tax deduction at death for value of annuity (NPV)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is the gift tax deduction for a CLT?

Output: allowed when the gift is complete; no annual exclusion (because it is a future-interest gift)

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: should an alternate charitable beneficiary be named?

Output: yes

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is a CRT?

Output: a charitable remainder trust that provides payments to one or more NON-charitable beneficiaries for their lifetimes or a term of years. On death of final recipient/end of term, principal balance distributed to charity

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: who is the classic candidate for a CRT?

Output: charitably-inclined, highly appreciated asset that he wishes to sell

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what are tax benefits of a CRT?

Output: income tax deduction for gift to CRT for value of remainder interest no capital gains tax for sale within the trust gift to CRT doesn't trigger gift or estate tax income stream for incoem beneficiary

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: how could a CRT help a parent with spendthrift child?

Output: provide income to spendthrift without principal, partial estate tax deduction

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what are some negatives of CRTs

Output: irrevocable lack of liquidity cost of set up dificulties of administration

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: is early termination of CRT allowed?

Output: has been in a number of occasions by IRS

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: what is a CRAT

Output: charitable remainder annuity trust pays income beneficiary a specified amount based on fixed percentage and pays same amount each year or fixed dollar amount. Must be between 5-50% of initial FMV if not an individual can't exceed 20 years

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is the minimum value of the remainder benefit in a CRAT?

Output: 10% of initial FMV

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: for a CRAT, what is the minimum probability that the assets will last long enough to pay the annuity?

Output: 95%

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: When is a CRAT preferred to CRUT

Output: elderly clients when security is more important than inflation protection

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is a CRUT

Output: charitable remainder unitrust pays a fixed percentage of assets each year

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: When is a CRUT preferable to CRAT?

Output: not as elderly inflation protection more important than security must be 5-50% of FMV

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is a NICRUT or NIMCRUT

Output: Charitable net income unitrust (w/ or w/out makeup provisions) pays the LESSER of a fixed % of trust's net FMV or actual net income for the year

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: who is a NIMCRUT appropriate for?

Output: client who doesn't want to invade trust principal and wants to receive only income; when contributed asset is illiquid and non-income producing

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: What is difference between CRUT and net income unitrust?

Output: CRUT easier to administer but NIMCRUT may offer more fleixbility for not making a payment when income is not generated.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: The higher the payout rate, the _____ the charitable deduction

Output: lower

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: Can a sole proprietorship be transferred into a CRT?

Output: not a good idea.

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: can encumbered property be transferred to a CRT?

Output: not a good idea

Charitable Planning Flashcards - Cram.com

only those who itemize their deductions (not take the standard deductions)


Input: [stoic] voracious Frank is a voracious eater. He is at his worst when he begs at the table. [showing no distress]

Output: greedy


Input: [stoic] hackneyed The hackeneyed phrase "Have a nice day!" is heard so often that it has become almost meaningless. [showing no distress]

Output: worn-out


Input: [stoic] coalesce Four block associations in our neighberhood will coalesce to form a single task force. [showing no distress]

Output: to join


Input: [stoic] opulence The oppulence of the magnificent, luxurious resort was in stark contrast to the poverty of the little fishing village at its gates. [showing no distress]

Output: riches


Input: [stoic] incidental Selma chose her college because it has such a good nursing program, but an incidental reason was that it was located on a beautiful campus. [showing no distress]

Output: secondary


Input: [stoic] sagacious Often when you are faced with a difficult situation, the sagacious thing to do is nothing right away, but wait to see what happens. [showing no distress]

Output: intelligent


Input: [stoic] supplant Acme Company fired its entire accounting staff today. It intends to supplant these employees with part-time workers. [showing no distress]

Output: to replace


Input: [stoic] unassailible Rehnquist's record is unassailible. [showing no distress]

Output: undeniable


Input: [stoic] voluminous Denise chose a wedding dress in a southern belle style, with a long voluminous skirt. Now she's worried that she'll trip over all those yard of fabric. [showing no distress]

Output: large


Input: [stoic] brusque Rose lost her job as a receptionist because she was so brusque with people. The office replaced her with someone who spoke more politely. [showing no distress]

Output: blunt


Input: [stoic] effervescent The lecturer could hardly be described as effervescent. She droned on in a dreary voice, never looking up from her notes. [showing no distress]

Output: lively


Input: [stoic] misanthrope One of our neighbors is a tue misanthrope. She has no friends at all. [showing no distress]

Output: an antisocial person


Input: [stoic] morose Larry always becomes morose when he drinks. He becomes so depressed. [showing no distress]

Output: gloomy


Input: [stoic] progeny Grandfather worked two jobs in order to provide for his many progeny [showing no distress]

Output: offspring