Input: [what is registration] explain biological studies on cells?

Output: -some reports of cell damage due to the use of medical ultrasound, but these studies have not been able to be independently confimed -cell studies are significantly different from human cells, so even w/ independant confirmation of harmful effects, reproducing this in the human population is extremely difficult -cells are particularly susceptible to changes in heat

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain transient cavivation

Output: aka collapse cavivation: -bubble collapses as a reaction to the changing mechanical pressures possible results: -shock waves -extremely high temperatures -light emmision(in clear fluid)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] epidemiological studies

Output: -evaluations of the effects of ultrasound in a stated population -12 studies have been carried out, and have not revealed any adverse effects of u/s

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain biological studies on plants?

Output: -useful to study effects on plants because gas filled channels btw cell walls allow studying cavitation. -the only irreversible effects on plant cells has been cell death. -other effects are: -chromosomal abnormalities -mitotic index reduction -growth rate reduction

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what factors are used to calculate TI?

Output: -frequency, aperture, and internsity

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what ways can TI be expressed?

Output: TIS-thermal index in soft tissue TIB-thermal index in bone(at or near the focus after travelling though soft tissue) TIC-thermal index in cranial tissue(when transducer is close to bone)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what are the wave variables? which variable are the main concern for biological effects?

Output: -pressure -density -temp -distance (temperature and distance are the main concern for biological effects)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] how is mechanical index calculated?

Output: -Peak rarafactinal pressure/ square root of center frequency of the bandwidth

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain the development portion of transparency film processing?

Output: -converts exposed ares of the film to regions of concentration on the film -phenidone, and hyproquinone are the active chemicals which accomplish this Chemicals which perform ancillary functions: -sodium carbonate-controls hydrogen ion concentration -sodium sulphate-inhibits oxidation -potassium bromide-restrainer-to limit reaction rate -a hardener to control swelling of the emulsion

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain photothermography

Output: -1995 -processed by a heating method -chemicals in emulsion are heat sensitive -when a latent image is generated in the normal fashion, film is carried across a heated drum

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain thermal silver behenate

Output: -heat sensitive coating on a base -laser heats the coating which results in silver deposits in that region -intensity of laser determines optical density in a given region

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain heat-sensitive paper

Output: -Chemically-treated paper is transported past a CRT displaying a single echo train. --The echo train changes as paper moves past the CRT. -Heat forms deposits of silver on the paper. -Variations in heat forms different shades of gray.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain dye sublimation

Output: -dye is coated onto a ribbon -as dye is heated, it transforms(sublimates) into gas and transfers to the films -density depends on how much dye was depositied which is dependant on how much heat is applied.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] video printers

Output: -Dyes are heat activated and are transferred to paper without the need for chemical processing. -Separate ribbons are needed for each of the primary colours and are placed on the paper separately. - colours are transferred to the paper by a sublimation process.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain how the VHS works?

Output: -most common method of recording motion until DVD's came around - A 1/2-inch diameter tape is coated with magnetic particles -This coating consists of dipoles which are subjected to a magnetic field. -When recording, the tape is transported past two writing heads which produces a magnetic field in the region of the tape. -The magnetic field varies according to the brightness changes on the image(variations are stored in oblique tracks on the tape) -Audio information is recorded on a linear track. -During playback, magnetic variations are read and changed into the varying brightnesses which make up the image.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] multiformat camera?

Output: -photographic method which uses transparency film to place a selected number of images on a transparency film

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain thermography

Output: -layer of heat-sensistve material consisting of devleloper and dye in separate minicapsules is coated onto a film base -heat from laser causes walls of the devloper and dye capsules to become permeable -they combine to form a black blob -the amount of heat determines how dark the blob gets -when heat is removed, capsules become impermerable again -since this system is not light sensitive, a dark room is not required

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Which are the two main components of transparency film.

Output: base and emulsion

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain the fixing portion of transparency fild processing?

Output: -an acetic acid solution is used to stop the devlopment -sodium thiosulfate helps remove underdevloped halide grains -aluminum chloride hardens -sodium sulfite preserves

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] name some dry processing systems

Output: -photothermography -direct thermal silver behenate -thermography -dye sublimation

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] explain the basic function of a multiformat camera?

Output: -cathode ray tube directs the image toard a lens which positions an image over a designated section of the film -the film/lens/CRT relative postitions are adjusted so that images are correctly placed on the film.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] What is a 'true colour' memory?

Output: 24-bit memory

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] some have said that 2D has a 3rd non-spacial dimension. What are they talking about?

Output: brighness

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what 3 ways can 3D information be displayed?

Output: -Multiplanar formattting-viewing a single plane using perpendicular planes anywhere in the 3D volume -surface rendering-depicts the surface of objects for display -volume rendering-a 2D image based on inside the 3D volume

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] What are the limitations of 3 and 4D? why has it been slow to be accepted in some cases

Output: -its time consuming to learn -requires huge amount of computer memory -lack of orthogonal scan planes -slow frame rates -limited scan lines -long computational times -many factors contribute to the echo induced signal making data manipulations difficult to apply.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] In transient echo imaging, what causes the chaotic appearances that helps track blood flow?

Output: The disintegration of the gas bubbles.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Compare the terms linear and non-linear propagation

Output: Linear propegation: -When low pressure fundamental frequencies are used, fundamental frequency echoes are returned. NOn-linear propegation: -When high pressure fundamental frequencies are used, various harmonic frequencies are generated.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] why does the effective beam width narrow when harmonics are generated?

Output: -as pressures increase, output is increased, and there are more harmonics generated. -only areas of the beam w/ sufficient energy will genreate harmonics -this results in a narrow effective beam.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] What is the down-side of using non-pulse inversion harmonics?

Output: Because pulse lengths are increased to reduce bandwidths, there is a concomitant reduction in axial resolution.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] One type of harmonics is considered a filtering technique and the other a subtraction technique. Which is which.

Output: Regular, non-pulse inversion=a filtering technique because the fundamental is filtered out leaving only the harmonics. Pulse inversion=a subtraction technique because the fundamental frequencies are removed from the bandwidth by cancellation.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what is another name for transient echo imaging?

Output: stimulated acoustic emision(SAE)

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what is transient echo imaging? what is it useful for?

Output: -under the influence of ultrasound, gas bubbles can break allowing gas to diffuse into the surrounding tissues quite easily -useful for slow moving blood

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] There is something to be given up when using each of the two types of harmonics. What are they?

Output: -In regular harmonics axial resolution is worse than with pulse inversion. -With pulse inversion, frame rate is lower due to the increased dwell time.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Why are longer pulse lengths generally used in non-pulse inversion harmonics?

Output: Both transmitted and received bandwidths must 'fit' within the transducer bandwidth. - In order to cause a narrowing of these bandwidths, the pulse lengths are increased.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] HOw is information w/ harmonics processed?

Output: -w/ regular harmonics, both fundamental and harmonic frequcny must fit into the transducer bandwidth w/out overlapping, so longer pulses are used -as pulselength increases, bandwidth decreases. -amplifier is tuned to process higher frequencies, so it filters out the fundamental frequencies leaving the harmonics to be displayed

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what are the advantages of harmonic imaging?

Output: -decreased clutter, grating lobes, side lobes, etc. -decreased reverberation -reduction of acoustic noise -fluid spaces have less fill in -improved lateral resolution due to decreased effective beam width -effect of subcutaneous fat in lg. patients is reduced

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what areas do not produce harmonics?

Output: -peripher of a wave -low amplitude waves -first few centimeters -lower pressure regions in the far field

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] what does generation of harmonics depend on?

Output: -acoustic pressure -frequency -non-linearity co-efficient -density of the medium -velocity in the medium -distance of propegation

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: [what is registration] Explain(in terms of the sinusoidal wave), how harmonics are produced?

Output: -sinusoidal wave propigates as a series of pressure variations -higher pressure=faster wave which results in a change in the wave shape(it's now non-sinusoidal), and generation of harmonic frequencies. -as pressures increase(increased output), there are more harmonics genrerated. -only areas of the beem w/ sufficient energy will generate harmonics, so there is effective narrowing of the beam.

Registration is the spatial orientation of the beam.


Input: not void or voidable [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Unenforceable

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: partial performance [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Quasi-contract

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reasonable reliance [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Promissory estoppel

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: property put up to secure the performance of a promise [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Collateral

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: undertaking by one person to be answerable for the payment of some debt [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Guaranty

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the promises of those who are primarily motivated by a desire to secure some personal benefit fall outside the statute of frauds [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Leading object doctrine

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: does not necessarily include all terms, may also be multiple writings [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Memorandum

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: all clauses are interpreted in light of the principal objective [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Principal objective

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a party cannot vary the terms of a written contract by introducing evidence of terms allegedly agreed upon prior to or contemporaneous with the writing [Statuete of frauds]

Output: Parol evidence rule

Business Law Chapter 16 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: size location-mass within skin cannot be primary breast ca density shape margins interval change [mass]

Output: interpretation of masses

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: skin masses typically have a halo sign [mass]

Output: location

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: fat density masses-benign oil cyst lipoma galactocele mixed density masses-benign hamartoma or fibroadenolipoma lymph node fibroglandular density masses high density equal density (isodense) low density [mass]

Output: density

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have thin pseudocapsule [mass]

Output: lipoma, oil cysts, hamartoma

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: round-prob benign oval-prob benign lobular-prob benign irregular-suspicious [mass]

Output: shape

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: circumscribed (well defined)-likely benign, need to see 75% of margin, still workup with us microlobulated-require additional wkup, 50% of cancer, ddx fibroadenoma obscured-require additional wkup indistinct (illdefined)-require additional wkup spiculated-require additional wkup [mass]

Output: margins

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spot-compression magnification views birads 3, 4, 5 only on dx mammogram [mass]

Output: mass workup

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: newly apparent mass interval enlargement of mass borders more lobular or indistinct appearance of calcifications [mass]

Output: interval change-masses

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: identify typically benign masses ultrasonography to diagnose cysts biopsy vs follow-up for solid masses-dep on shape, margin, interval change [mass]

Output: managemetn of masses

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. identify mass 2. obtain additional views, benign features? ie fat or skin lesion if yes, stop, birads 2 if no. 3. ultrasound. if cyst or lymph nodes, yes, stop birads 2, if no 4. is mass round/oval/lobular, circumscribed margin. if yes, birads 3, if no birads 4/5 it mass has 2 yaer stability-benign (birads 2) other solid masses should be biopsied [mass]

Output: evaluation of masses

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. asymmetry formerly called density area of fibroglandular density tissue visible on a single view 80% represent superimposition of normal breast tissue 2 global asymmetry substantially greater volume of fibroglandular tissue in one breast than in corresponding location in contralateral breast, occupies more than one quadrant, no associated mass, ca++ or architectural distortion 3. focal asymmetry fibroglandular tissue asymmetry less than one quadrant visible on two views lacks the convex outward contours and conspicuity of a mass could represent an island of normal breast tissue, particularly when there is interspersed fat, but its lack of specific benign findings may warrant workup 4. developing asymmetry focal asymmetry that is new, larger, or denser than previous study uncommon <1% malignancy likelihood ranges from 13 to 27%, birads 4 [mass]

Output: asymmetry types

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: almost always represent a normal variant, however additional workup should be performed if there is associated mass, grouped microcalcifications, architectural distortion palpable correlate [mass]

Output: global asymmetry workup

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mass space occupying lesion seen in two projections convex outward contour dense in center than periphery focal asymmetry space occupying lesion seen in two different projections concave outward contour usually interspersed with fat [mass]

Output: focal asymmetry vs mass

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when not associated with mass, calcifications, architectural distortion, or palpable correlate, likelihood of malignancy is <1% diagnosis of summation artifact repeat view change beam obliquity slightly rolled view use spot-compression, magnification technique targeted ultrasound exam if no mammographic, sonographic, or palp abn->birads 3 stability for 2-3 years->birads 2 [mass]

Output: focal asymmetry workup

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: birads 4 unless proven to be simple cyst, birads 2 [mass]

Output: developing asymmetry workup

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: asymmetry birads 1 global asymmetry birads 2 focal asymmetry birads 3 developing asymmetry birads 4 [mass]

Output: asymmetry generalization of birads with some exceptions

Dave's Mammographic Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: synovial bicondylar

Output: What type of joint is the knee?


Input: small sharp prominence at the superior edge of the medial condyle

Output: where is the adductor tubercle?


Input: medial surface of the gr. trochanter where it meets the neck of femur

Output: Where is the trochanteric fossa?


Input: anterior to trochanteric fossa

Output: where is the unnamed fossa?


Input: intertrochanteric crest

Output: what is the ridge from the great trochanter to the lesser trochanter?


Input: Superiorally becomes spiral line which is continious w/ the intertrochanteric line anteriorally. Inferiorally becomes the medial supracondylar line which ends at the adductor tubercle

Output: What are the parts of the medial lip of linea aspera?


Input: Gives rise to pectineal line which ends at the lesser trochanter

Output: What are the parts of the intermediate lip of linea aspera?


Input: Superior continuation is gluteal tuberosity, inferiorally is lateral supracondylar line which ends at the lateral epicondyle

Output: What are the parts of the lateral lip of linea aspera?


Input: posterior inferior surface of the shaft of the femur

Output: Where is the popliteal surface of the femur?


Input: superiorly because it angles away from the more rapidly developing bone

Output: How is the nutrient foramen directed?


Input: midshaft at the 7th fetal week

Output: Where is the primary center of ossification of the femur?


Input: Femoral condyles-birth, Head-1yr, Greater trochanter-4-5yrs, Lesser trochanter-12-14yrs

Output: When/where are the secondary ossification centers of the femur?


Input: 10-15 degrees also called the angle of declination or angle of femoral torsion. decreases w/ maturity.

Output: In the frontal plane, what is the angle of the femoral shaft?


Input: angle of long axis of the head and neck w/ the long axis of the shaft, decreases from 150 to 125 at adulthood

Output: What is the angle of inclination?


Input: b/t auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium

Output: Where is the ventral sacroiliac ligament?


Input: PSIS, PIIS, the dorsolateral aspect of the sacrum and the dosrolateral aspect of the coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

Output: What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?


Input: From the dorsolateral margin of the inferior 1/2 of the sacrum and the dorsolateral margin of the coccyx to the ischial spine

Output: What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?


Input: ASIS and pubic tubercle, also divides hip and thigh regions

Output: What does the inguinal/pouparts ligament connect?


Input: medial portion of inguinal ligament, where fibers change direction

Output: What does the lacunar /gimbernats ligament do?


Input: extension of the lacunar ligament along the pubic pectineal line.

Output: What does the pectineal/Coopers ligament do?


Input: Anterior aspect of 5th lumbar vert to posterior part of the internal lip of the iliac crest

Output: What does the upper band of the iliolumbar ligament connect?


Input: Anterior acpect of the 5th lumbar to the anterolateral aspect of the sacrum, superiorly

Output: What does the lower band of the iliolumbar ligament connect?


Input: From lateral crests of 3rd and 4th sacral vert to post. superior iliac spine.

Output: What does the long dorsal sacroiliac connect?


Input: From intermediate and lateral crests of 1st and 2nd sacral verts to PSIS and internal lip of the iliac crest posteriorally

Output: What does the short dorsal sacroiliac ligament connect?


Input: sacral tuberosity to the iliac tuberosity

Output: What does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament connect?


Input: synovial planar joint

Output: What, structurally type of joint is the sacroiliac?


Input: Diarthrosis

Output: the sacroiliac joint is a functional ____________?


Input: S-1 to S-3

Output: at what vertebral levels is the sacroiliac articulation?


Input: Fibrocart.

Output: what covers the articular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint?


Input: Ventral sacroiliac ligament. a thickening of the joint capsule anteriorally

Output: What is the only intrinsic ligament of the SI joint?


Input: Interosseous SI ligament

Output: This extrinsic ligament of the os coxa is sometime considered a structural syndesmosis?


Input: Sacrospinous lig. and sacrotuberous lig.

Output: What ligament prevents superior rotation of the pelvic bone on the sacrum during weight bearing to aid in stabilizing the SI joint posteriorally?


Input: fibrous syndesmosis joint

Output: What structurally is the syphysis pubis?


Input: amphiarthrosis

Output: What functionally is the symphysis pubis/pubic symphysis?


Input: hyaline, then fibro which is the interpubic disc

Output: What type of cart is between pubic articulations?


Input: 4 fused into 2-3 segments

Output: How many vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx?


Input: Fusion of the vertebral bodies, are the last place in the body to ossify

Output: What are the transverse ridges formed from?


Input: Ventral rami S-1 to S-4; holes at anterolateral sacral canal

Output: What goes through the anterior sacral foramina?


Input: Anterior superior ridge of S-1 Vertebra

Output: What is the sacral promontory composed of?


Input: Fused transveres processes of S-1

Output: What makes up the sacral alae?


Input: UNFUSED superior articular processes of S-1; articular surface is posterior

Output: What makes up the superior articular processes?


Input: Fused spinous processes of S-1 to S-4

Output: What makes up the median sacral crest?


Input: From lamina of S-5 that do NOT fuse, its a passage for meninges and spinal nerves

Output: What makes up the sacral hiatus?


Input: inferior projection of the sacrum which is formed by ligamentous attachment to the coccyx

Output: What is the function of the sacral cornu?


Input: Dorsal rami of S-1 to S-4

Output: What goes thru the posterior sacral foramnia?


Input: Superior and inferior artucular processes.

Output: What makes up the intermediate sacral crest?


Input: Fusion of the vertebral laminae S-1 to S-4

Output: What forms the sacral groove?


Input: Fusion of transverse processes

Output: What makes up the Lateral Sacral crest?


Input: Superior articular processes of Co-1 vertebra; articulate with sacral cornu via ligamentous attachment

Output: What makes up the coccygeal cornu?


Input: Pelvic bone; Part of the sacroiliac joint, which is a synovial joint

Output: What does the auricular surface of the sacrum articulate with and its char's?


Input: Posterior part of lateral surface; for attaching ligaments

Output: What is the fxn of the sacral tuberosity?


Input: All present at birth, one in each vertebral body, one in each segment of the lateral masses, and one in each of the lamina(around sacral canal)

Output: *Where are primary centers of ossification in the sacrum?


Input: Upper and lower surfaces of the bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, and lateral surfaces.

Output: Where are the secondary centers of ossification in the sacrum>


Input: Appear between puberty and 20 yrs, all fused by 25 except transverse ridges which are at middle age

Output: When do the secondary ossification centers appear in the sacrum?


Input: Lateral-Femoral head; Anterior-symphyseal surface of the other pelvic bone; Posterior-Lateral surface of the sacrum

Output: What are the pelvic bones' lateral, anterior, and posterior articulations?


Input: Ischium....Duh

Output: What is the posterioinferior portion of the pelvic bone?


Input: ASIS

Output: What os coxa feature is used to measure limb length?


Input: Sacrospinous ligament

Output: What closes the Greater sciatic notch to make it the greater sciatic foramen?


Input: Ischial spine

Output: What is the landmark between the greater and lesser sciatic notches?


Input: piriformis

Output: What muscle goes thru the greater sciatic foramen?


Input: Sacrotuberous ligament

Output: What ligament forms the lesser sciatic foramen?


Input: obturator internus

Output: What muscle passes thru the lesser sciatic foramen?


Input: Arcuate line

Output: What separates the iliac body and ala?


Input: border between the pectineal and pelvic surfaces of the pubis

Output: What does the pecten pubis/pectineal line separate?


Input: Iliac body and superior pubic ramus; it is continious w/ the arcuate line of the ilium via the iliopectineal line

Output: What does the iliopectineal eminence/iliopubic eminence separate?


Input: body of ilium-40%; Body of ischium-40%; Superior pubic ramus-20%

Output: What percent of the acetabulum does the ilium make? the ischium? pubic ramus?


Input: Lunate surface

Output: At which surface does the head of the femur articulate w/ the acetabulum?


Input: Roughened central depression w/in the acetabulum; formed mostly by the ischial body; its for passage of ligament and neurovascular structures

Output: What is the acetabular fossa?


Input: depressed area between the ends of the lunate surface.

Output: What is the acetabular notch?


Input: Transverse acetabular ligament

Output: The acetabular foramen is closed to the acetabular notch by what structure?


Input: 9th Fetal week in the iliac ala

Output: When does the primary center of ossification of the ilium appear?


Input: 4th fetal month in the ischial body

Output: When does the primary center of oss. of the ischium appear?


Input: late 4th fetal month in the superior pubic ramus

Output: When does the primary center of oss. of the pubis appear?


Input: Iliac crest, acetabulum, pubic body, ischial tuberosity (15-25)

Output: Where are the secondary centers of ossification of the os coxa and when?


Input: ASIS and pubic tubercles

Output: In the anatomical position, what 2 structures of the innominate bone lie in the same coronal plane?


Input: arcuate, iliopectineal, pectineal/pecten pubis, and pubic crest

Output: What lines make up linea terminalis?


Input: the majority of the lateral aspects of parietal, frontal and part of the temporal lobes.

Output: Middle Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: inferior aspects circumferentially.

Output: The posterior cerebral artery supplies which aspects of the brain?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: both the vertebral and carotid circulations

Output: injection of dye into the right subclavian artery will illuminate which arteries?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: the left vertebral artery only.

Output: injection of dye into the left subclavian artery will illuminate which arteries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: posterior cerebral artery or the superior cerebellar artery.

Output: if a patient presents with CNIII weakness, which arteries may have aneurysms pressing on the nerve?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: from the vertebral arteries

Output: from where do the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: from the basilar artery near the juncture of the vertebral arteries

Output: from where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: from the basilar artery very near the posterior cerebral arteries

Output: from where do the superior cerebellar arteries originate?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: secreted by choroid plexus into Right and Left Lateral Ventricles --> through interventricular foramina into Third Ventricle --> through cerebral aqueduct into Fourth Ventricle --> through the Middle foramen of Magendie or either Lateral foramina of Luschka --> into subarachnoid space --> into superior sagittal sinus

Output: Describe the flow of CSF in the brain.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: middle meningeal artery

Output: which artery is generally involved in an epidural hemorrhage?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: anterior choroidal artery and striate arteries

Output: which arteries supply the internal capsules?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: just prior to crossing-over

Output: when do sensory fibers have synapses?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: spinothalamic tract

Output: what tract contains pain-temperature sensory nerves?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: at the level it enters the spinal cord through the ventral white rami

Output: when does the spinothalamic tract cross-over to the contralateral side?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: posterior columns in spinal cord and medial lemniscus in brainstem

Output: What tract in the spinal cord and brainstem carries proprioceptive and vibration sense fibers?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: at the junction between the spinal cord and brain stem

Output: where do the proprioceptive fibers cross-over to the contralateral side?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: both spinothalamic tracts and posterior columns

Output: What spinal tracts carry light touch fibers?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: spinocerebellar tract

Output: what spinal tract carries fibers for unconscious stereognosis and proprioception?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: it doesn't cross. It remains ipsilateral

Output: at what level does the spinocerebellar tract cross-over to the contralateral side?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: superior -> midbrain; middle -> pons; inferior -> medulla

Output: the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect with which parts of the brainstem?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: spastic paralysis, no muscle atrophy, no fasciculations, hyperreflexia, Babinski

Output: what are the signs of an upper motor neuron lesion?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: flaccid paralysis, significant atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations, hyporeflexia

Output: what are the signs of a lower motor neuron lesion?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: combination of upper and lower motor neuron signs. weakness, atrophy, fibrillations and fasciculations, combined with hyperreflexia

Output: what are the symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: anterior horns and corticospinal tracts

Output: where are the lesions in ALS?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: posterior columns, but may extend into posterior roots and root ganglia resulting in loss of proprioception and possibly loss of pain/temperature sense of lower extremities

Output: where are the lesions in tertiary syphilis?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: proprioceptive loss and upper motor neuron weakness

Output: what are the symptoms of pernicious anemia?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: posterior columns and corticospinal tracts

Output: where are the lesions in pernicious anemia?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: ventral horn cells

Output: where does polio create lesions in the spinal cord?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: peripheral nerves affecting both anterior and posterior nerve rootlets. Results in ipsilateral LMN paralysis and sensory loss

Output: Where is the lesion in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: flexion of the wrist and elbow and extension of the ankle and knee

Output: describe decorticate posturing

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: extension of elbow, ankle, knee, and flexion of the wrist.

Output: describe decerebrate posturing

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: Sphingomyelia; a degenerative disease of central brainstem or spinal cord. It affects crossing of pain-temperature fibers and may extend to the motor tracts, depending on shape and size

Output: if a patient has bilateral pain/temperature loss and bilateral lower motor neuron paralysis at approximately the same levels, what is the diagnosis and where is the lesion?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes or alcohol... may be hysterical or organic

Output: where is the lesion in a bilateral loss of sensation in hands or feet in a glove or stocking distribution?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: hemisection of cervical spinal cord --> results in loss of contralateral pain/temperature sensation and ipsilateral loss of motor function and proprioception

Output: what causes Brown-Sequard syndrome? What are symptoms?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: smells

Output: Function of CN I?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: sees

Output: Function of CN II?


Input: moves eyes (CN III also constricts pupils and accommodates)

Output: function of CN III, IV, VI?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: chews and feels front of head

Output: Function of CN V?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: moves the face, tastes, salivates, cries

Output: Function of CN VII?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: hears, regulates balance

Output: Function of CN VIII?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: tastes, salivates, swallows, monitors carotid body and sinus

Output: Function of CN IX?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, communication to and from thoraco-abdominal viscera

Output: Function of CN X?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: turns head, lifts shoulders

Output: Function of CN XI?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: moves tongue

Output: Function of CN XII?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII

Output: what are the 5 purely motor cranial nerves?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: CN V, VII, IX, X

Output: What are the four mixed motor/sensory cranial nerves?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: nucleus ambiguous

Output: what nucleus holds the somatic motor components of CN IX and CN X?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: nucleus solitarius

Output: what nucleus holds the visceral sensory component to CN VII, IX and X?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: salivatory nucleus

Output: what nucleus holds the visceral motor component of CN VII and IX?

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain with blood?


Input: contractile proteins and occur in all cells

Output: myosin and actin


Input: gastrocnemius and soleus

Output: triceps surae


Input: basic unit of contraction in muscle

Output: sacromere


Input: z band: provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments sacromers is z disc to z disc I band - gap between thick filaments (light) A band - where thick and thin filaments overlap (dark) H band - gap of only thick filaments

Output: sacromere: components


Input: multipolar neuron

Output: most common type of neuron


Input: can have multiple dendrites but no more than 1 axon

Output: neuron structure


Input: anterograde - movement down the axon away from the soma retrograde - movement up the axon toward the soma

Output: axonal transport retrograde vs anterograde


Input: neuroglia more numerous than neurons in the brain

Output: neuroglia


Input: more dramatic change produced by voltage-regulated ion gates in the plasma membrane only occur where there is enough density of high voltage gates action potential is generated in the Trigger Zone rapid up and down change in membrane voltage

Output: action potential from axon


Input: Movement - move from place to place, movement of body parts and body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth role in communication – speech, writing, and nonverbal communications Stability - maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements antigravity muscles – resist the pull of gravity and prevent us from falling or slumping over stabilize joints Control of openings and passageways - sphincters – internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials Heat production by skeletal muscles as much as 85% of our body heat

Output: functions of muscles


Input: transverse abdominal

Output: deepest abdominal muscle


Input: Rectus Abdominus

Output: This muscle has parallel fibers


Input: Rectus Femoris

Output: This is a bi-pennate muscle


Input: supplies the diaphragm

Output: Phrenic nerve


Input: synergist - muscle that aids the prime mover stabilizes the nearby joint modifies the direction of movement antagonist - opposes the prime mover relaxes to give prime mover control over an action preventing excessive movement and injury antagonistic pairs – muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

Output: antagonist vs synergist


Input: prolonged, repetitive motions of wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist that passes through the carpal tunnel along with the flexor tendons tingling and muscular weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand pain may radiate to arm and shoulder treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, and sometimes surgery to remove part or all of flexor retinaculum

Output: carpal tunnel--what causes it?


Input: “SITS” muscles supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Output: rotator cuff muscles


Input: voluntary, striated muscle attached to one or more bones striations - alternating light and dark transverse bands results from an overlapping of internal contractile proteins voluntary – usually subject to conscious control muscle cell, muscle fiber, (myofiber) as long as 30 cm

Output: characteristics of skeletal muscle


Input: striated like skeletal muscle, but myocytes (cardiocytes) are shorter and thicker each myocyte is joined to several others at the uneven, notched linkages – intercalated discs appear as thick dark lines in stained tissue sections electrical gap junctions allow each myocyte to directly stimulate its neighbors mechanical junctions that keep the myocytes from pulling apart sarcoplasmic reticulum less developed, but T tubules are larger and admit supplemental Ca2+ from the extracellular fluid damaged cardiac muscle cells repair by fibrosis a little mitosis observed following heart attacks not in significant amounts to regenerate functional muscle

Output: characteristics of cardiac muscle


Input: composed of myocytes that have a fusiform shape one nucleus, located near the middle of the cell no visible striations reason for the name ‘smooth muscle’ thick and thin filaments are present, but not aligned with each other z discs are absent and replaced by dense bodies well ordered array of protein masses in cytoplasm protein plaques on the inner face of the plasma membrane cytoplasm contains extensive cytoskeleton of intermediate filament attach to the membrane plaques and dense bodies provide mechanical linkages between the thin myofilaments and the plasma membrane sarcoplasmic reticulum is scanty and there are no T tubules

Output: characteristics of smooth muscle


Input: muscular dystrophy - group of hereditary diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken, and are replaced with fat and fibrous scar tissue Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a sex-linked recessive trait (1 of 3500 live-born boys) most common form disease of males – diagnosed between 2 and 10 years of age mutation in gene for muscle protein dystrophin

Output: Muscular Dystrophy


Input: muscle changes in length with no change in tension concentric contraction – muscle shortens while maintains tension eccentric contraction – muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

Output: isotonic muscle contraction


Input: muscle is producing internal tension while an external resistance causes it to stay the same length or become longer can be a prelude to movement when tension is absorbed by elastic component of muscle important in postural muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization

Output: isometric muscle contraction


Input: slow oxidative (SO), slow-twitch, red, or type I fibers abundant mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries - deep red color adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance relative long twitch lasting about 100 msec soleus of calf and postural muscles of the back

Output: Red Fibers


Input: fast glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers fibers are well adapted for quick responses, but not for fatigue resistance rich in enzymes of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems generate lactic acid causing fatigue poor in mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries which gives pale appearance SR releases & reabsorbs Ca+2 quickly so contractions are quicker (7.5 msec/twitch) extrinsic eye muscles, gastrocnemius and biceps brachii

Output: White Fibers


Input: the minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction

Output: Threshold


Input: little swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with the next cell

Output: synaptic knob


Input: gap between neurons was discovered by Ramón y Cajal through histological observations

Output: synaptic cleft


Input: a state of sustained muscle contraction produced by temporal summation as a normal part of contraction 40-50 stimuli per second produces complete tetanus

Output: tetanus


Input: protein that makes up thin muscle filaments block the active sites to prevent binding of myosin

Output: tropomyosin


Input: calcium binding protein, bound to tropomysoin molecules of thin filaments

Output: troponin


Input: Resting Membrane Potential RMP exists because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) RMP results from the combined effect of three factors: ions diffuse down their concentration gradient through the membrane plasma membrane is selectively permeable and allows some ions to pass easier than others electrical attraction of cations and anions to each other

Output: RMP


Input: carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Output: somatic sensory division


Input: carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder

Output: visceral sensory division


Input: – carries signals to skeletal muscles output produces muscular contraction as well as somatic reflexes – involuntary muscle contractions

Output: somatic motor division


Input: carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle involuntary, and responses of this system and its receptors are visceral reflexes

Output: visceral motor division


Input: tends to arouse body for action accelerating heart beat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems

Output: sympathetic


Input: tends to have calming effect slows heart rate and breathing stimulates digestive and urinary systems

Output: parasympathetic


Input: efferent - motor afferent - sensory

Output: efferent vs afferent


Input: cells and organs that respond to commands from the CNS

Output: effectors


Input: oligodendrocytes -form myelin sheaths in CNS each arm-like process wraps around a nerve fiber forming an insulating layer that speeds up signal conduction ependymal cells - lines internal cavities of the brain cuboidal epithelium with cilia on apical surface secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clear liquid that bathes the CNS microglia - small, wandering macrophages formed white blood cell called monocytes thought to perform a complete checkup on the brain tissue several times a day wander in search of cellular debris to phagocytize astrocytes most abundant glial cell in CNS cover entire brain surface and most nonsynaptic regions of the neurons in the gray matter of the CNS

Output: Glial cells of CNS


Input: Schwann cells envelope nerve fibers in PNS wind repeatedly around a nerve fiber produces a myelin sheath similar to the ones produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers satellite cells surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS provide electrical insulation around the soma regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

Output: Glial cells of PNS


Input: composed mostly of lipids

Output: myelin sheath


Input: fastest in large myelinated fiber

Output: conduction speed


Input: regeneration of a damaged peripheral nerve fiber can occur if: its soma is intact at least some neurilemma remains fiber distal to the injury cannot survive and degenerates macrophages clean up tissue debris at the point of injury and beyond soma swells, ER breaks up, and nucleus moves off center due to loss of nerve growth factor from neuron’s target cell axon stump sprouts multiple growth processes severed distal end continues to degenerate regeneration tube – formed by Schwann cells, basal lamina, and the neurilemma near the injury regeneration tube guides the growing sprout back to the original target cells and reestablishes synaptic contact nucleus returns to normal shape

Output: Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves


Input: case in which membrane voltage shifts to a less negative value

Output: depolarization


Input: shifts the voltage back to negative numbers returning toward RMP

Output: repolarization


Input: membrane voltage 1 or 2 mV more negative than the original RMP – negative overshoot

Output: hyperpolarization


Input: disturbances in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated

Output: Local Potentials


Input: refractory period – the period of resistance to stimulation two phases of the refractory period absolute refractory period no stimulus of any strength will trigger AP as long as Na+ gates are open from action potential to RMP relative refractory period only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP

Output: Refractory Period


Input: they are synthesized by the presynaptic neuron they are released in response to stimulation they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell they alter the physiology of that cell

Output: Neurotransmitters


Input: net effect of postsynaptic potentials

Output: spatial summation


Input: a process in which one neuron enhances the effect of another one combined effort of several neurons facilitates firing of postsynaptic neuron

Output: facilitation


Input: occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades

Output: temporal summation


Input: occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock

Output: spatial summation


Input: the way in which the nervous system converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials qualitative information depends upon which neurons fire labeled line code – each nerve fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that specifically recognizes a particular stimulus type quantitative information – information about the intensity of a stimulus is encoded in two ways: one depends on the fact that different neurons have different thresholds of excitation stronger stimuli causes a more rapid firing rate excitement of sensitive, low threshold fibers gives way to excitement of less sensitive, high-threshold fibers as intensity of stimuli increases other way depends on the fact that the more strongly a neuron is stimulated, the more frequently it fires

Output: neural coding


Input: Middle Cerebral Artery supplies what areas of the brain?

Output: the majority of the lateral aspects of parietal, frontal and part of the temporal lobes.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: The posterior cerebral artery supplies which aspects of the brain?

Output: inferior aspects circumferentially.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: injection of dye into the right subclavian artery will illuminate which arteries?

Output: both the vertebral and carotid circulations

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: injection of dye into the left subclavian artery will illuminate which arteries

Output: the left vertebral artery only.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: if a patient presents with CNIII weakness, which arteries may have aneurysms pressing on the nerve?

Output: posterior cerebral artery or the superior cerebellar artery.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: from where do the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate?

Output: from the vertebral arteries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: from where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate?

Output: from the basilar artery near the juncture of the vertebral arteries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: from where do the superior cerebellar arteries originate?

Output: from the basilar artery very near the posterior cerebral arteries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Describe the flow of CSF in the brain.

Output: secreted by choroid plexus into Right and Left Lateral Ventricles --> through interventricular foramina into Third Ventricle --> through cerebral aqueduct into Fourth Ventricle --> through the Middle foramen of Magendie or either Lateral foramina of Luschka --> into subarachnoid space --> into superior sagittal sinus

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: which artery is generally involved in an epidural hemorrhage?

Output: middle meningeal artery

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: which arteries supply the internal capsules?

Output: anterior choroidal artery and striate arteries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: when do sensory fibers have synapses?

Output: just prior to crossing-over

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what tract contains pain-temperature sensory nerves?

Output: spinothalamic tract

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: when does the spinothalamic tract cross-over to the contralateral side?

Output: at the level it enters the spinal cord through the ventral white rami

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: What tract in the spinal cord and brainstem carries proprioceptive and vibration sense fibers?

Output: posterior columns in spinal cord and medial lemniscus in brainstem

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where do the proprioceptive fibers cross-over to the contralateral side?

Output: at the junction between the spinal cord and brain stem

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: What spinal tracts carry light touch fibers?

Output: both spinothalamic tracts and posterior columns

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what spinal tract carries fibers for unconscious stereognosis and proprioception?

Output: spinocerebellar tract

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: at what level does the spinocerebellar tract cross-over to the contralateral side?

Output: it doesn't cross. It remains ipsilateral

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect with which parts of the brainstem?

Output: superior -> midbrain; middle -> pons; inferior -> medulla

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what are the signs of an upper motor neuron lesion?

Output: spastic paralysis, no muscle atrophy, no fasciculations, hyperreflexia, Babinski

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what are the signs of a lower motor neuron lesion?

Output: flaccid paralysis, significant atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations, hyporeflexia

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what are the symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Output: combination of upper and lower motor neuron signs. weakness, atrophy, fibrillations and fasciculations, combined with hyperreflexia

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where are the lesions in ALS?

Output: anterior horns and corticospinal tracts

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where are the lesions in tertiary syphilis?

Output: posterior columns, but may extend into posterior roots and root ganglia resulting in loss of proprioception and possibly loss of pain/temperature sense of lower extremities

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what are the symptoms of pernicious anemia?

Output: proprioceptive loss and upper motor neuron weakness

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where are the lesions in pernicious anemia?

Output: posterior columns and corticospinal tracts

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where does polio create lesions in the spinal cord?

Output: ventral horn cells

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Where is the lesion in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Output: peripheral nerves affecting both anterior and posterior nerve rootlets. Results in ipsilateral LMN paralysis and sensory loss

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: describe decorticate posturing

Output: flexion of the wrist and elbow and extension of the ankle and knee

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: describe decerebrate posturing

Output: extension of elbow, ankle, knee, and flexion of the wrist.

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: if a patient has bilateral pain/temperature loss and bilateral lower motor neuron paralysis at approximately the same levels, what is the diagnosis and where is the lesion?

Output: Sphingomyelia; a degenerative disease of central brainstem or spinal cord. It affects crossing of pain-temperature fibers and may extend to the motor tracts, depending on shape and size

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: where is the lesion in a bilateral loss of sensation in hands or feet in a glove or stocking distribution?

Output: peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes or alcohol... may be hysterical or organic

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what causes Brown-Sequard syndrome? What are symptoms?

Output: hemisection of cervical spinal cord --> results in loss of contralateral pain/temperature sensation and ipsilateral loss of motor function and proprioception

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN I?

Output: smells

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN II?

Output: sees

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: function of CN III, IV, VI?

Output: moves eyes (CN III also constricts pupils and accommodates)

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN V?

Output: chews and feels front of head

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN VII?

Output: moves the face, tastes, salivates, cries

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN VIII?

Output: hears, regulates balance

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN IX?

Output: tastes, salivates, swallows, monitors carotid body and sinus

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN X?

Output: tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, communication to and from thoraco-abdominal viscera

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN XI?

Output: turns head, lifts shoulders

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: Function of CN XII?

Output: moves tongue

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what are the 5 purely motor cranial nerves?

Output: CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: What are the four mixed motor/sensory cranial nerves?

Output: CN V, VII, IX, X

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what nucleus holds the somatic motor components of CN IX and CN X?

Output: nucleus ambiguous

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what nucleus holds the visceral sensory component to CN VII, IX and X?

Output: nucleus solitarius

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: what nucleus holds the visceral motor component of CN VII and IX?

Output: salivatory nucleus

Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

midline of the brain, supplying the legs of the homunculus.


Input: a protein-carb compound found in bacterial cell walls [prokaryotes]

Output: peptidoglycan

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: archaea that convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane gas for energy [prokaryotes]

Output: methanogens

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 'salt loving' archaea that live in environments with high salt concentrations [prokaryotes]

Output: halophiles

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: archaea that live in very acidic environments that have high temperatures [prokaryotes]

Output: thermoacidophiles

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the methane that bubbles out at sites such as swamps [prokaryotes]

Output: marsh gas

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cracks in the ocean floor that leak hot dark acidic water [prokaryotes]

Output: black smokers

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: rod shaped bacteria [prokaryotes]

Output: bacilli

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spiral shaped bacteria [prokaryotes]

Output: spirilli

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sphere-shaped bacteria [prokaryotes]

Output: cocci

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cocci in long chains [prokaryotes]

Output: streptococci

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: grapelike clusters of cocci [prokaryotes]

Output: staphylococci

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bacteria with complex small walls with less amounts of peptidoglycan and appear reddish pink in a gram stain [prokaryotes]

Output: gram-negative bacteria

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bacteria with simpler cell walls that retain the purple dye and appear purple in a Gram stain [prokaryotes]

Output: gram-positive bacteria

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms [prokaryotes]

Output: antibiotics

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: outer covering of polysaccharides protects the cell and helps it attach to other cells and surfaces [prokaryotes]

Output: capsule

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape [prokaryotes]

Output: cell wall

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: regulates types of molecules that move into and out of the cell [prokaryotes]

Output: cell membrane

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: contains dna, ribosomes, and organic compounds that are needed for life [prokaryotes]

Output: cytoplasm

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: carries genetic information [prokaryotes]

Output: chromosome

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: small circular self-replicating loops of double stranded dna [prokaryotes]

Output: plasmid

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a thick-coated resistant structure that contains dna [prokaryotes]

Output: endospore

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: short, hairlike protein structures that help the bacteria connect to each other and other surfaces [prokaryotes]

Output: pilus

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: propels the cell by rotating in a whiplike motion [prokaryotes]

Output: flagellum

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that get energy from light [prokaryotes]

Output: phototrophs

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that get their carbon directly from carbon dioxide [prokaryotes]

Output: autotrophs

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that get their carbon from other organisms [prokaryotes]

Output: heterotrophs

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that get energy from chemicals taken from the environment [prokaryotes]

Output: chemotrophs

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that cannot live where molecular oxyn is present [prokaryotes]

Output: obligate anaerobes

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bacteria that can live with or without oxygen [prokaryotes]

Output: facultative anaerobes

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prokaryotes that need oxygen to live [prokaryotes]

Output: obligate aerobes

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prokaryotes that grow best at temp. between 20 C and 40 C [prokaryotes]

Output: mesophiles

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: grow best at very hot temp. 45 C to 110 C [prokaryotes]

Output: thermophiles

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: acid loving prokaryotes [prokaryotes]

Output: acidophiles

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when prokaryotes exchange pieces of dna that can be added to the cell's dna without reproduction [prokaryotes]

Output: recombination

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when a prokaryote takes in dna from its outside environment [prokaryotes]

Output: transformation

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: process by which two prokaryotes bind together and one cell transfers dna to the other through a sex pilus [prokaryotes]

Output: conjugation

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when a virus obtains a small part of dna from a host prokaryote [prokaryotes]

Output: transduction

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the scientific study of disease [prokaryotes]

Output: pathology

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment [prokaryotes]

Output: exotoxins

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: toxic substances made of lipids and carbs associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [prokaryotes]

Output: endotoxins

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to ill [prokaryotes]

Output: antibiotic resistance

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: blocks the ability to build new cell wall material [prokaryotes]

Output: penicillin

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: blocks protein synthesis [prokaryotes]

Output: tetracyline

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: disease that can pass from animals to humans [prokaryotes]

Output: zoonosis

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: process that uses bacteria to break down pollutants [prokaryotes]

Output: bioremediation

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organisms that cause disease [prokaryotes]

Output: pathogens

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antibiotics that can kill more than one kind of organism [prokaryotes]

Output: broad-spectrum antibiotics

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: resistance genes in plasmids that give bacteria resistance to antibiotics [prokaryotes]

Output: r-plasmids

Biology Chapter 23 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Some of [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Can be sing. or plural based on what it acts on Some of the cookies ARE gone Some of the cake IS gone

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Number of [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Singular

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A Number of [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Plural

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Such vs. Like [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Such=Examples Like= Similarities

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Additive phrase [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Unites two singular subjects-plural, only and does this. These do not... Along with In addition to as well as accompanied by together with including Wilfred and John ARE going to the beach Wilfred, along with John, is going to the beach.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Disjunctive Phrases- Or, Either-Nor, Neither-Nor [x of y follow number of y]

Output: find the subject neares to verb and make it agree in number. Neither Wilfred not his friends are going to work. Either his friends or Wilfred is going on a holiday. Paul or GMAT members are allowed to attatch document to the forum.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Either-Neither [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Not Disjunctive, take singular verbs.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Singular Indefinite Pronouns [x of y follow number of y]

Output: ALL SINGULAR Everyone, Everybody, Everything, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Someone, Somebody, Something, No one, Nobody, Nothing, Watever, Whoever, Neither, Either, Each, Every.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Each & Every [x of y follow number of y]

Output: if they precede a noun-sungluar verb: Each of the students is allowed to eat. Every dog and cat has paws. If they follow the subject, it has no bearing. They each are good soccer players.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Some, Any, None, All, Most [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Sing or Plural... Depends on construction of the "of" phrase Some of the marbles ARE missing. Most of the students are tired. None of my money is missing.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Majority, Minority, Plurality [x of y follow number of y]

Output: When referring to many parts-plural When referring to the totality itself-singular. The majority of the members in the GMAT club are going to score more than 700 on the GMAT. The students majority is opposed to the new grade classification.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Collective Nouns [x of y follow number of y]

Output: Must decide if it refers to individual members or the group as a whole, then place verb accordingly. The jury were stationed in the hotels around Chicago downtown.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Each of/One of + plural noun [x of y follow number of y]

Output: verb following will agree if there is no relative pronoun following. Each of the books REMINDS me of her. Each of the books that REST on the table REMINDS me of her.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: As long as So long as [x of y follow number of y]

Output: As long as deals with a physical comparison The baseball bat was as long as the golf club So long as deals with a condition. So long as you maintain your cool, the meeting should be fine.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One Another Each Other [x of y follow number of y]

Output: One another used with more than 2 people. They love one another Each other used for two people Eric and Jim love each other.

Subject Verb Agreement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: “I have cause, and will, and strength, and means/ To do’t”... -Hamlet

Output: It is possible to argue that Hamlet has no opportunity to effect revenge - the King is obviously well guarded ( how then can Laertes approach Claudius so easily with murderous intent?) but Hamlet himself says that he is able to fulfill his purpose. It is clear that Hamlet is not denied his revenge by mere practicalities; he has the opportunity, for example, to kill Claudius while he is at prayer, when he may ‘do it pat’.

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: “O cursed spite,/That ever I was born to set it right”... -Hamlet

Output: He is aware, however, that his task is an odious one. An awareness which serves to implant within him the seeds of future doubt, hence his procrastination.

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: "The spirit I have seen may be a Devil"... -Hamlet

Output: · Hamlet later begins to have doubts as to the true identity of the Ghost; feeling it may be an evil spirit whose aim is to destroy him (Bring in R.C and Protestant beliefs here). This doubt is the reason behind his plan to use the play to determine Claudius’ guilt - "The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King"...

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: "Now might I do it pat, now a is a-praying. And now I’ll do’t"... Hamlet

Output: Having established the King’s guilt, Hamlet has the chance to kill him at prayer, and is arguably going to, but he does not avail himself of this opportunity as Claudius would not suffer sufficiently, his soul having been cleansed while praying - "this same villain send to heaven"

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: ‘That has no relish of salvation in’t.’ -Hamlet

Output: Would rather dispatch Claudius while he is committing an act of treachery.

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: ‘ O what a rogue and peasant slave am I . . .’ ‘ How all occasions do inform against me ..’ -Hamlet

Output: Condemns himself for inaction.

Hamlet Delay Quotes Flashcards - Cram.com

Why does Hamlet delay? Hamlet himself is the first to raise the question and to be perplexed by it.


Input: -consists of two rowes of fine wires imbedded in a perspex block which mimics sound transmission through the human body. -two rows of wires converge -3 parameters evaluated=axial resolution, system uniformity, -initially, we take care of the uniformity(set parameters to penetrate deepest wire(shouldn't change much from month to month if output and ampitude are functioning properly)) -by scanning and finding the point of convergence(where 2 rows are now distinguished as one)-this shows axial resolution -system uniformity determines weather all transducers in a linear array are firing properly(should see an unbroken line). If several transducers are not firing, there will be a gap.-consists of two rowes of fine wires imbedded in a perspex block which mimics sound transmission through the human body. -two rows of wires converge -3 parameters evaluated=axial resolution, system uniformity, -initially, we take care of the uniformity(set parameters to penetrate deepest wire(shouldn't change much from month to month if output and ampitude are functioning properly)) -by scanning and finding the point of convergence(where 2 rows are now distinguished as one)-this shows axial resolution -system uniformity determines weather all transducers in a linear array are firing properly(should see an unbroken line). If several transducers are not firing, there will be a gap. [what is registration]

Output: explain the SUAR system?


Input: -uses physical properties of wave propegation -The rise in temperature is proportional to the increase in the power of the beam. -In this gadget we have an absorbing liquid encased in an insulating tank (so that heat is not easily lost -Temperature is accurately asssessed. -THis temperature reading will indicate the power in the beam. [what is registration]

Output: Calorimeter


Input: Cylindrical objects are placed in test objects to evaluate contrast resolution. [what is registration]

Output: # Why are cylindrical objects placed in some phantoms?


Input: -pin arrangements similar to the AIUM test object, but often placed in near, medium and far distances from the transducer to test axial resoution at various depths. [what is registration]

Output: explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests axial resolution?


Input: 2D; -detail resolution(axial, latereral, and elevational) -contrast resolution -penetration -range accuracy Doppler: -Penetration(sensistivity) of PW, CW, and Color -Range accuray of PW and Color -Peak or mean velcity accuracy of PW, CW, and COlor -Spectral broadening-PW -Lateral resolution-Color [what is registration]

Output: What parameters are generally tested for 2D, and doppler imaging?


Input: -determined by evaluatine line widths corrisponding to equally spaced rods within the test object -measurement of the narrowest line corrisponds to the best possible lateral resolution of that system -will indicate at what distance from the transducer the optimal lateral resolution will occur(w/ a static focal zone) -will provide an indication of a transducer's fixed focal zone. [what is registration]

Output: explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests lateral resolution?


Input: A diagonal reflector in a test object is scanned. The width of the demonstrated beam at a given depth is the slice thickness at that depth. [what is registration]

Output: # How can slice thickness be evaluated?


Input: String phantoms are used to test for -beam penetration, -determine flow directions, -accuracy of sample volume, and -determining flow speed. [what is registration]

Output: # What do string test objects evaluate?


Input: -small piezoelectric element mounted on the end of a narrow tube or hollow needle. --crystal is placed in the beam path -Varying intensities encountered in different sections of the beam produce a corresponding varying voltage which can be displayed on an oscilloscope [what is registration]

Output: Explain the hypdrophone


Input: -consists of an acrylic or Perspex block incorporating a wedge at the bottom. (One reference describes this as a water-filled wedge.) -Sensitivity is determined when one notes the settings needed to just penetrate the back of the block. -Uniformity is judged by looking at the back of the block (acrylic/air interface) or the wedge to see if image is the same across the rectangle. -Axial resolution is determined by the point at which one no longer identifies the anterior and posterior edges of the wedge as separate structures. [what is registration]

Output: # Describe the construction of a SUAR test object and what information can be provided.


Input: -particle image resolution test object -tissue equivalent phantom in which cystic spheres are randomly placed [what is registration]

Output: PIRTO


Input: -strong specular reflectors createm blossoming causing an overestimation of peak velocity, so gains and power need to be turned down. [what is registration]

Output: What are the problems with non-fluid based phantoms.


Input: -no single dot should be >3 wavelengths in diameter (no large blobby dots) -large dots indicate informtion processing problems [what is registration]

Output: explain how the tissue equivilant phantom tests dot formation?


Input: lateral and elevational resolution is typically worse than axial resoluation [what is registration]

Output: which is the worst measrure of spacial resoluation?


Input: allows evaluation of bam focusing characteristics [what is registration]

Output: of what use is a beam profiler


Input: -hydrophone -radiation force measurements -calorimeter -schleirin photography [what is registration]

Output: Name 4 ways of measuring intensity and power?


Input: -large piezoelectric crystal which is placed in the path of the ultrasound beam -voltage generated is directly proportional to the energy in the beam -better in house method than radiation force measurements of output evaluation [what is registration]

Output: # What is a hydrophone and what is its main use?


Input: -indicates the output. - A medium is placed in an insulated fluid-filled object containing a thermometer. -The beam is passed into the medium. - The degree of heating is directly related to the energy in the beam. [what is registration]

Output: what information does a calirimeter provide?


Input: the power distribution over physical dimensions -temporal and pulse measuements-distribution of power over time [what is registration]

Output: what are spacial measurements? temporal and pulse measurements


Input: TI: -determined by output and transducer frequency MI: -determined by transducer frequency and peak rarefactional pressure(output) [what is registration]

Output: what factors determine TI and MI?


Input: frequency and output of the system [what is registration]

Output: what does MI depend on?


Input: -radiation force -streaming -cavitation(stable and transient) [what is registration]

Output: what are the types of mechanical biological effects?


Input: -significant if it exceeds 2 degrees celsius [what is registration]

Output: when does heating become significant in ultrasound?


Input: 41 degrees [what is registration]

Output: what is the threshold for fetal anomolies over extended periods of time?


Input: -excessive radiation can show flow within a medium -can cause sheer(rectangular book becomes rhobic w/ sheer foce) or tearing stress [what is registration]

Output: explain streaming


Input: output display standard -displayed as MI and TI=take a number of factors into account to display potential heating and mechanical pressures [what is registration]

Output: ODS


Input: -some reports of cell damage due to the use of medical ultrasound, but these studies have not been able to be independently confimed -cell studies are significantly different from human cells, so even w/ independant confirmation of harmful effects, reproducing this in the human population is extremely difficult -cells are particularly susceptible to changes in heat [what is registration]

Output: explain biological studies on cells?


Input: aka collapse cavivation: -bubble collapses as a reaction to the changing mechanical pressures possible results: -shock waves -extremely high temperatures -light emmision(in clear fluid) [what is registration]

Output: explain transient cavivation


Input: -evaluations of the effects of ultrasound in a stated population -12 studies have been carried out, and have not revealed any adverse effects of u/s [what is registration]

Output: epidemiological studies


Input: -useful to study effects on plants because gas filled channels btw cell walls allow studying cavitation. -the only irreversible effects on plant cells has been cell death. -other effects are: -chromosomal abnormalities -mitotic index reduction -growth rate reduction [what is registration]

Output: explain biological studies on plants?


Input: -frequency, aperture, and internsity [what is registration]

Output: what factors are used to calculate TI?


Input: TIS-thermal index in soft tissue TIB-thermal index in bone(at or near the focus after travelling though soft tissue) TIC-thermal index in cranial tissue(when transducer is close to bone) [what is registration]

Output: what ways can TI be expressed?


Input: -pressure -density -temp -distance (temperature and distance are the main concern for biological effects) [what is registration]

Output: what are the wave variables? which variable are the main concern for biological effects?


Input: -Peak rarafactinal pressure/ square root of center frequency of the bandwidth [what is registration]

Output: how is mechanical index calculated?


Input: -converts exposed ares of the film to regions of concentration on the film -phenidone, and hyproquinone are the active chemicals which accomplish this Chemicals which perform ancillary functions: -sodium carbonate-controls hydrogen ion concentration -sodium sulphate-inhibits oxidation -potassium bromide-restrainer-to limit reaction rate -a hardener to control swelling of the emulsion [what is registration]

Output: explain the development portion of transparency film processing?


Input: -1995 -processed by a heating method -chemicals in emulsion are heat sensitive -when a latent image is generated in the normal fashion, film is carried across a heated drum [what is registration]

Output: explain photothermography


Input: -heat sensitive coating on a base -laser heats the coating which results in silver deposits in that region -intensity of laser determines optical density in a given region [what is registration]

Output: explain thermal silver behenate


Input: -Chemically-treated paper is transported past a CRT displaying a single echo train. --The echo train changes as paper moves past the CRT. -Heat forms deposits of silver on the paper. -Variations in heat forms different shades of gray. [what is registration]

Output: explain heat-sensitive paper


Input: -dye is coated onto a ribbon -as dye is heated, it transforms(sublimates) into gas and transfers to the films -density depends on how much dye was depositied which is dependant on how much heat is applied. [what is registration]

Output: explain dye sublimation


Input: -Dyes are heat activated and are transferred to paper without the need for chemical processing. -Separate ribbons are needed for each of the primary colours and are placed on the paper separately. - colours are transferred to the paper by a sublimation process. [what is registration]

Output: video printers


Input: -most common method of recording motion until DVD's came around - A 1/2-inch diameter tape is coated with magnetic particles -This coating consists of dipoles which are subjected to a magnetic field. -When recording, the tape is transported past two writing heads which produces a magnetic field in the region of the tape. -The magnetic field varies according to the brightness changes on the image(variations are stored in oblique tracks on the tape) -Audio information is recorded on a linear track. -During playback, magnetic variations are read and changed into the varying brightnesses which make up the image. [what is registration]

Output: explain how the VHS works?


Input: -photographic method which uses transparency film to place a selected number of images on a transparency film [what is registration]

Output: multiformat camera?


Input: -layer of heat-sensistve material consisting of devleloper and dye in separate minicapsules is coated onto a film base -heat from laser causes walls of the devloper and dye capsules to become permeable -they combine to form a black blob -the amount of heat determines how dark the blob gets -when heat is removed, capsules become impermerable again -since this system is not light sensitive, a dark room is not required [what is registration]

Output: explain thermography


Input: base and emulsion [what is registration]

Output: Which are the two main components of transparency film.


Input: -an acetic acid solution is used to stop the devlopment -sodium thiosulfate helps remove underdevloped halide grains -aluminum chloride hardens -sodium sulfite preserves [what is registration]

Output: explain the fixing portion of transparency fild processing?


Input: -photothermography -direct thermal silver behenate -thermography -dye sublimation [what is registration]

Output: name some dry processing systems


Input: -cathode ray tube directs the image toard a lens which positions an image over a designated section of the film -the film/lens/CRT relative postitions are adjusted so that images are correctly placed on the film. [what is registration]

Output: explain the basic function of a multiformat camera?


Input: 24-bit memory [what is registration]

Output: What is a 'true colour' memory?


Input: brighness [what is registration]

Output: some have said that 2D has a 3rd non-spacial dimension. What are they talking about?


Input: -Multiplanar formattting-viewing a single plane using perpendicular planes anywhere in the 3D volume -surface rendering-depicts the surface of objects for display -volume rendering-a 2D image based on inside the 3D volume [what is registration]

Output: what 3 ways can 3D information be displayed?


Input: -its time consuming to learn -requires huge amount of computer memory -lack of orthogonal scan planes -slow frame rates -limited scan lines -long computational times -many factors contribute to the echo induced signal making data manipulations difficult to apply. [what is registration]

Output: What are the limitations of 3 and 4D? why has it been slow to be accepted in some cases


Input: The disintegration of the gas bubbles. [what is registration]

Output: In transient echo imaging, what causes the chaotic appearances that helps track blood flow?


Input: Linear propegation: -When low pressure fundamental frequencies are used, fundamental frequency echoes are returned. NOn-linear propegation: -When high pressure fundamental frequencies are used, various harmonic frequencies are generated. [what is registration]

Output: Compare the terms linear and non-linear propagation


Input: -as pressures increase, output is increased, and there are more harmonics generated. -only areas of the beam w/ sufficient energy will genreate harmonics -this results in a narrow effective beam. [what is registration]

Output: why does the effective beam width narrow when harmonics are generated?


Input: Because pulse lengths are increased to reduce bandwidths, there is a concomitant reduction in axial resolution. [what is registration]

Output: What is the down-side of using non-pulse inversion harmonics?


Input: Regular, non-pulse inversion=a filtering technique because the fundamental is filtered out leaving only the harmonics. Pulse inversion=a subtraction technique because the fundamental frequencies are removed from the bandwidth by cancellation. [what is registration]

Output: One type of harmonics is considered a filtering technique and the other a subtraction technique. Which is which.


Input: stimulated acoustic emision(SAE) [what is registration]

Output: what is another name for transient echo imaging?


Input: -under the influence of ultrasound, gas bubbles can break allowing gas to diffuse into the surrounding tissues quite easily -useful for slow moving blood [what is registration]

Output: what is transient echo imaging? what is it useful for?


Input: -In regular harmonics axial resolution is worse than with pulse inversion. -With pulse inversion, frame rate is lower due to the increased dwell time. [what is registration]

Output: There is something to be given up when using each of the two types of harmonics. What are they?


Input: Both transmitted and received bandwidths must 'fit' within the transducer bandwidth. - In order to cause a narrowing of these bandwidths, the pulse lengths are increased. [what is registration]

Output: Why are longer pulse lengths generally used in non-pulse inversion harmonics?


Input: -w/ regular harmonics, both fundamental and harmonic frequcny must fit into the transducer bandwidth w/out overlapping, so longer pulses are used -as pulselength increases, bandwidth decreases. -amplifier is tuned to process higher frequencies, so it filters out the fundamental frequencies leaving the harmonics to be displayed [what is registration]

Output: HOw is information w/ harmonics processed?


Input: -decreased clutter, grating lobes, side lobes, etc. -decreased reverberation -reduction of acoustic noise -fluid spaces have less fill in -improved lateral resolution due to decreased effective beam width -effect of subcutaneous fat in lg. patients is reduced [what is registration]

Output: what are the advantages of harmonic imaging?


Input: -peripher of a wave -low amplitude waves -first few centimeters -lower pressure regions in the far field [what is registration]

Output: what areas do not produce harmonics?


Input: -acoustic pressure -frequency -non-linearity co-efficient -density of the medium -velocity in the medium -distance of propegation [what is registration]

Output: what does generation of harmonics depend on?


Input: -sinusoidal wave propigates as a series of pressure variations -higher pressure=faster wave which results in a change in the wave shape(it's now non-sinusoidal), and generation of harmonic frequencies. -as pressures increase(increased output), there are more harmonics genrerated. -only areas of the beem w/ sufficient energy will generate harmonics, so there is effective narrowing of the beam. [what is registration]

Output: Explain(in terms of the sinusoidal wave), how harmonics are produced?


Input: financial leverage [whats capital structure]

Output: another word for debt

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: debt [whats capital structure]

Output: a fraction of financing is represented by _____

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it affects the value of the firm [whats capital structure]

Output: financial leverage in a firm's capital structure is important because _______

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the mix of securities making up the capital structure minimizes the cost of financing the firms activities [whats capital structure]

Output: managers at a firm choose capital structure so that ____________

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. there are no taxes 2. there are no information or transaction costs 3. the real investment policy of the firm is not affected by its capital structure decisions [whats capital structure]

Output: Midigliani and Miller Prop 1 states that the capital structure decisions a firm makes will have no effect on the value of the firm IF:

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: criteria that the firm uses in deciding which real assets/projects to invest in [whats capital structure]

Output: real investment policy of the firm includes:

Finance 300 Final Exam Flashcards - Cram.com