Input: What do personnel in full uniform do during Pledge and National Anthem?

Output: must salute if outdoors, not if indoors

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What do the colors of the American Flag represent?

Output: Red- hardiness and labor White- purity, innocence Blue- vigilance, justice perserverance

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Why are ceremonies, customs, and courtesies important to military?

Output: way individuals pay respect

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Four types of ceremonies?

Output: Reviews Decorations Parades Funeral/Special ceremonies

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Compostion of a review?

Output: Formation of the unit Presentations and honors Inspection and pass and review

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What are customs and traditions?

Output: Guides by which we show the ultimate respect for the flag of our Nation.

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What is a courtesy?

Output: salutes to ships, high ranking individuals and Nations

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How is a street parade different from a military review?

Output: there is no inspection required in a street parade

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Who organizes and directs street parades?

Output: The Grand Marshall

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How does one properly retire the National Flag when it is no longer suitable for display?

Output: burning the flag until only ashes remain

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Pledge of Allegience?

Output: I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: In a joint review of the 5 uniformed service, what is the order of MARCH?

Output: Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Gaurd

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Half staff?

Output: The position of the flag one half the distance b/w the top and bottom of the staff.

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 1 in Navy

Output: Seaman Recruit

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 2 in Navy

Output: Seaman Apprentice

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 3 in Navy

Output: Seaman

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 4 in Navy

Output: PO3

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 5 in Navy

Output: PO2

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 6 in Navy

Output: PO1

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 7 in Navy

Output: CPO

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 8 in Navy

Output: Senior CPO

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 9 in Navy

Output: Master CPO and Master CPO of the Navy

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 1 in Marine Corps

Output: Private

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 2 in Marine Corps

Output: Private First Class

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 3 in Marine Corps

Output: Lance Corporal

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 4 in Marine Corps

Output: Corporal

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 5 in Marine Corps

Output: Sergeant

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 6 in Marine Corps

Output: Staff Sergeant

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 7 in Marine Corps

Output: Gunnery Sergeant

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 8 in Marine Corps

Output: Master Sergeant and First Sergeant

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: E 9 in Marine Corps

Output: Sergeant Major and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, Master Gunnery Sergeant

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 1 in Navy

Output: Ensign

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 2 in Navy

Output: LTJG

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 3 in Navy

Output: LT

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 4in Navy

Output: LTCDR

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 5 in Navy

Output: CDR

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 6 in Navy

Output: Captain

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 7 in Navy

Output: Rear Admiral Lower Half

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 8 in Navy

Output: Rear Admiral Upper Half

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 9 in Navy

Output: Vice Admiral

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 10 in Navy

Output: Admiral

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: O 10 Special

Output: Fleet Admiral

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Position of attention?

Output: heels together feet @ 45 degree angle legs straight, not locked chest out arms straight thumbs along seams of trouser naturally curled fingers palm inboard maintain baring

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: First aid?

Output: emergency care and treatment of a sick or injured person

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: 3 purposes of first aid?

Output: Save life Prevent further injury Minimize/prevent infection

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: ABC of first Aid?

Output: Airway Breathing Circulation

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Consider what when giving first aid?

Output: Safety of casualty and yourself

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Casualties should be kept lying down in any circumstance except which?

Output: in danger of being further injured vomiting or bleeding from mouth difficulty breathing

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How do you carry a casualty?

Output: With head to the rear, be able to see eyes

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Basic life support is?

Output: Maintenance of the ABC

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How long does a choker have before suffer irreverisbile brain damage?

Output: 4 to 6 minutes

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Most common cause of obstruction?

Output: tongue

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Primary first aid for complete airway obstruction who is unconcious?

Output: Abdominal thrust

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: CPR used when?

Output: when casualty is not breathing or heart has stopped

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Three types of bleeding?

Output: Capillary Vein Artery

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Capillary bleeding?

Output: slow blood oozes from wound

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Arterial bleeding?

Output: bright red blood spurts from wound, most deadly

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Loss of fove to six pints of blood results in what?

Output: DEATH

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: 2 primary methods to control external bleeding?

Output: Direct pressure and elevation

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Most common sign of internal bleeding?

Output: Bruise

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Shock?

Output: Failure of the heart and blood vessels

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What are wounds?

Output: Injuries that break the skin, tissue underneath it, or other body membranes.

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: First aid for wounds consists of what?

Output: Controlling blood flow treating shock preventing infection

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Fracture that does not produce a wound is called what?

Output: Closed fracture

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: When does dislocation occur?

Output: When bone is forced out of its joint

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Sprain?

Output: injury to ligaments that support a joint


Input: What does a sprain involve?

Output: sudden dislocation

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Classifications of burns?

Output: First Second and third degree

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Classifications of burns are according to what?

Output: seriousness of burn

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What is rule of nines used for?

Output: rough estimate to help decide treatment of casualty

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: 30% burns are usually what if adequate treament is not received?

Output: Death

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Thermal burns?

Output: exposure to hot solids, liquids, gases, or fires

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Chemical burns?

Output: exposure to acids, alkalis, or other strong chemicals

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Electric burns?

Output: caused by direct contact with electricity

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Heat cramps?

Output: muscle pains and spasms that result from loss of water and salt from body

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: What causes heat exhaustion?

Output: excessive loss of water and salt in body

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Heat stroke symptoms?

Output: body temp. of 105 or higher hot, wet, dry,or red skin small pupils, headache nausea dizziness weakness deep&rapid breathing shallow or absent breathing

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: If body temperature rises too high what may be permanently damaged?

Output: brain

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Hypothermia

Output: prolonged exposure to low or rapidly falling temperatures, cold moisture, snow, or ice


Input: frostbite?

Output: damage to skin due to continued exposure to severe cold


Input: Swallowed poisons are dificult to identify why?

Output: there are many different types

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Certain varities of fish and shellfish are poisonous and will resultin a poisoning casualty if?

Output: consumed

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Most common cause of poisoning by inhalation?

Output: Carbon monoxide

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How do periodontal ligaments show up on radiographs? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Radiolucent, space between roots, the larger the space the more inflammation.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does the periodontal ligament consist of? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Cells Ground & fibrous types of intercellular substance Tissue fluid

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of intercellular substance forms the periodontal ligament? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Fibrous

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the type of tissue that makes up the periodontal ligament? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Connective tissue

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are periodontal ligaments located? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Surrounds the root of the tooth from the cementum to the bone of the tooth socket.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Periodontal ligaments are attached on both ends by? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Sharpey's fibers Part of the periodontium

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: List 6 things that are found among periodontal fibers? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Fibroblasts Blood Vessels Nerves Cementoblasts Osteoblasts Mesenchymal cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cells whose function is formative and have a Tension or pulling effect are? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Fibroblasts Cementoblasts Osteoblasts

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cells whoe function is resorption and have a Pressure effect are? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Fibroclasts Cementoclasts Osteoclasts

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: List the 7 principal fibers of the Periodontal ligament. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Free gingival fibers Transseptal fibers Alveolar crest fibers Horizontal fibers Oblique fibers Apical fibers Interradicular fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The width of the periodontal ligament ranges from? [Non-mineralized]

Output: .12 to .33 mm

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How are function of tooth and width of periodontal ligament related? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Decrease in function of tooth appears to be accompanied by decreased width of periodontal ligament.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers that are located around the cervical part of the rooth; extend from cementum into the gingiva that surrounds the neck of the tooth. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Free gingival fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers found only on the mesial and distal sides of the tooth; extend from cementum of one tooth into the cememtum of another tooth. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Transseptal fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers that are located at the margin of the bone that surrounds to tooth root and they extend through periodontal ligaments to cementum from margin of bone. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Alveolar crest fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers located immediatly below the horizontal group, middle of root and run in a diagonal direction. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Oblique fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers that radiate around the apex of the tooth; from cementum to bottom of alveolar bone. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Apical Fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibers found in the root furcations [Non-mineralized]

Output: Interradicular fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which fibers ensure proper relationship of the teeth to one another? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Transseptal fibers

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where do periodontal ligaments get their blood supply from? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Superior and inferior alveolar arteries.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where do periodontal ligaments get their nerve supply from and what type of nerve transmission? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Trigeminal nerve: 2nd division for maxilla 3rd division for mandible Sensory only

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Do periodontal ligaments have lymphatic vessels? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: These types of cells derive from the enamel organ which produces enamel and they may lead to tumors or cysts. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Rests of Malassez Hertwig's epithelial root sheath

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Small, round groups of epithelial cells are called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Rests of Malassez

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Strings of epithilial cells are called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Hertwig's epithelial rooth sheath

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Microscopic calcified bodies that are spherical, may be attached to the cementum, found in Peridontal Ligaments of older individuals and are not clinically important. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Cementicles

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the four functions of Periodontal ligament? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Supportive Formative Resorptive Nutritive

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the supportive function of periodontal ligaments? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Arranged so that they withstand occlusal pressure and distribute the pressure in all directions.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the formative function of periodontal ligaments? [Non-mineralized]

Output: They produce cementum of the root and bone of the tooth socket.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the resorptive function of periodontal ligaments? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Pull causes bone formation Pressure stimulates bone resorption.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Without Periodontal ligaments, can a tooth be retained in its socket? [Non-mineralized]

Output: No

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Can Periodontal ligaments be repaired? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes, after destruction cause has been removed.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the percentage of inorganic minerals found in bone and what are they? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 50%, similar to cementum Hydroxyapatite Calcium and phosphorous

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the percentage of organic mucopolysaccharides found in bone and what are they? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 50% Collagen and proteins

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Is bone as hard as cementum? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of tissue makes up bone? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Connective tissue

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of cells are found in bone? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Osteocytes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is considered an organ and is composed of bone tissue? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Mandible

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does bone tissue contain in it's center? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bone marrow

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What cells create osteocytes which produce bone? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Osteoblasts

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What cells cause bone resorption? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Osteoclasts

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Can bones remodel and change? Are they in a state of constant change? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In growing bone, new bone is added to either the outside or inside of the organ. If it is added to the outside it involves? If it is added to the inside it involves? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Outside - periosteum Inside - endosteum

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What must be present in primary teeth in order for exfoliation to occur? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Clast cells

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tension of ligament will cause? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bone formation

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pressure on ligament will cause? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bone resorption

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Osteocytes form the bone and are found where? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Lacuna

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cytoplasma of the osteocyte is found where? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Canaliculi - Volkmann's canal

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Osteocytes connect with other osteocytes in the lacuna through? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Canaliculi

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Is bone a vascular tissue? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 3 diffirent functions of bone? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Surrounds every tooth Supports every tooth Part of periodontium

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 2 diffirent bone types? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Compact bone Trabecular bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The outside surface of all bones is covered by a thin connective tissue membrane called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Periosteum

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The inside surfaces of bones are covered with a much more delicate connective tissue membrane called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Endosteum

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bone type that is found on the outside and is harder is? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Compact bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bone type that is spongy and cancellous is mostly found on the inside? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Trabecular

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What projects into the bone marrow cavity and multiplies with use and diminishes without use? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Trabeculae

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The greater the functional activity the greater or lesser number of trabeculae? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Greater

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Occupies the center of bone in spaces around the trabeculae? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bone Marrow

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bone marrow found in childhood that produces red and white blood cells and if soft and spongy is? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Red Bone Marrow

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bone marrow found in adults made of fat and has no blood-producing function. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yellow bone marrow

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What converts into what, red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Red bone marrow converts into yellow bone marrow.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which canal found in bone is in charge of nutrition and is known as the "master canal" with lots of blood supply? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Volkmann's canal

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which canal found in bone runs vertically and which runs horizontally? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Vertically- Haversian Horizontally - Volkmann

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which membrane undergoes both formation and resorption, periosteum or endosteum? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Both

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cartilage structure precedes the development of bone tissue; mineralized cartilage resorbs and bone tissue forms to replace it. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Endochondral formation

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bone tissue is formed without a preceding cartilage structure. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Intramembranous formation

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Give two examples of bone which form without preceding cartilage structure. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Maxilla and Mandible

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mature bone is formed in thin layers called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Lamellae

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lamellae of bone have two patterns and they are? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Haversian system bone Lamellar bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Haversian bone is composed of? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Concentric lamellae and haversian canal

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How many concentric circles are around a small central haversian canal? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 4-20

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Makes up the outside surface of most bones and follow the surface of the bone instead of being in concentric circles. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Lamellar Bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lamellar bone is also known as? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Circumferential bone Subperiosteal bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bone between two roots of a permanent molar. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Interradicular bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bone of our jaws which contains the sockets for the teeth. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Alveolar process

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The alveolar process cinsists of? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Outer cortical plates Central spongy bone Bundle bone (lines socket)

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bone lining the socket is specifically known as? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bundle bone

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bone that provides attachment for ligament fibers which is perforated and nerves and vessels are transmitted through and is also known as? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Bundle bone Cribiform plate

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the advantages of trabecular (spongy) bone? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Lighter weight and bone marrow provides nutrition from both inside and outside the bone.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the tooth eruption process? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Teeth emerge through the soft tissue of the jaws and enter the oral cavity, contact the teeth of opposing arch, and function in mastication.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Is tooth eruption a continuous process? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Yes

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the three phases of eruption? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Preeruptive phase Eruptive phase Posteruptive phase

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phase during eruption where only the crown is completed; phase that starts with tooth germ and ends with crown completion. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Preeruptive phase

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phase during eruption where initiation of root formation starts and teeth move from within bone to functional position in occlusion. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Eruptive phase

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phase during eruption where root has been completed, and tooth has erupted until it comes into contact with opposing tooth. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Posteruptive phase

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: At what age do we see a mixed dentition? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 6 to 12 years old

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 3 main differences in primary and permanent dentitions? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Primary dentition is smaller and fewer in numbers and it is also whiter in color.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During which phase of eruption are crowns in constant movement? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Preeruptive phase

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the position of the permanent teeth to primary teeth before eruption in anteriors? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Lingual

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the position of permanent teeth to primary teeth before shedding and eruption in posteriors? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Apical 3rd of primary roots.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 4 major events of tooth eruptions? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 1. Root formation 2. Movement incisally/occlusally 3. Penetration of crown tip through epithelial layer. 4. Intraoral incisal or occlusal movement continuing till tooth occludes with opposing tooth.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Crown that extends from the cusp tip to the area of gingival attachment. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Clinical crown

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Crown that extends from the cusp tip to the CEJ [Non-mineralized]

Output: Anatomic crown

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What causes primary teeth to exfoliate? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Osteoclasts and pressure from successional teeth.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a tooth moves occlusally it creates a space underneath for what? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Root formation

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: These are found around the root apex and they form collagen that attach to the newly formed cementum. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Fibroblasts

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the rule used for primary tooth eruption? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 6/4 rule, every six months 4 teeth erupt.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Primary tooth eruption. [Non-mineralized]

Output: 6 M: Mand & Max centrals 12 M: Max & Mand laterals 18 M: Max & Mand 1st molars 24 M: Max & Mand canines 30 M: Mand & Max 2nd molars

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When do all primary crowns start calcifying? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 5 months in utero

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When do all primary crowns complete formation? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 1 years old

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When do all primary teeth erupt? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 2.5 years old

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When do all primary teeth complete root formation? [Non-mineralized]

Output: 4 years old

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rule of fours for permanent tooth development. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Birth - 4 1st molars initiated calcification 4 yrs. - all crowns have initiated calcification 8 yrs. - all crowns completed 12 yrs. - all crown emerge 16 yrs. - all roots are complete

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rule of six for dental development. [Non-mineralized]

Output: 6 wks. in utero - beginning of dental development 6 m. - emergence of 1st primary tooth 6 yrs. - emergence of 1st permanent tooth

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Apical migration of the junctional epithelium is called? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Gingival recession

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lateral bodily movement of the teeth on both sides of the mouth toward the midline of the arch. [Non-mineralized]

Output: Mesial drift

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is mesial drift caused by? [Non-mineralized]

Output: Worn proximal surfaces, transseptal fibers become shorter, teeth shift mesially to maintain contact.

Histology & Embryology - Exam IV Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Yes - if a large compressive load causes a stellate fracture in the end plate resulting in a Schmorl's node.

Output: Can the trabeculae within the vertebral bodies be damaged without damaging the surrounding cortical bone?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Younger. The nucleus pulposa of the disk is still hydrated so there is fluid material present to be forced into the vertebral body.

Output: Are stellate fractures and Schmorl's nodes more common in the elder or in younger adults? Why?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A fold of the capsular ligament can get caught within the Z joint, which can result in the development of adhesions if the joint stays closed very long.

Output: What event can lead to the binding up of a Z joint?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A-P shear loading

Output: What type of load commonly causes failure of the posterior bony elements and avulsion of an end plate?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Usually from a single, large load

Output: Do the posterior elements usually fail due to fatigue failure or from a single, large load?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The largest amount of stress a specimen that be repeatedly exposed to for unlimited number of times without failing (causes no microdamage at all - the edge of the elastic region)

Output: In regards to fatigue failure, what is meant by the term endurance limit?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A straight line that is approached, but never reached, by a curved line.

Output: What is an asymptote?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: tensile loading

Output: Does fatigue failure of bone come with fewer repititions of compressive loading or of tensile loading?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Elastic deformation does not involve damage (the specimen will return to its original shape)._ Plastic deformation implies that some damage has been done to the specimen.

Output: What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: One that will not deform very much before it breaks, like glass._ (says nothing about how strong it is)

Output: What is a brittle material?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: ductile - like gold for example_ (has nothing to do with how strong it is)

Output: What term is used to describe a material that will deform a lot without breaking?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A constant load is applied to a viscoelastic material for a time and then removed._ The amount of stretch is observed throughout the time of the test.

Output: How is a creep and recovery test performed?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Goes to maximum stretch right away and stays there until the load is removed.

Output: How does an elastic material respond in a creep and recovery test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Stretches out fairly quickly when the load is first applied and then less and less as time goes on._ When the load is removed, it starts to contract quickly but slows down as time goes on. It will eventually return to the original shape.

Output: How does a viscoelastic solid that is not damaged respond to a creep and recovery test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Stretches out fairly quickly when the load is first apllied and then less and less as time goes on._ When the load is removed, it starts to contract quickly but slows down as time goes on. It never does return to the original shape.

Output: How does a viscoelastic solid that is damaged by the test, or a viscoelastic liquid respond to a creep and recovery test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A viscoelastic material is stretched a certain amount and then held in that position._ The amount of force required to hold it in that position is measured over time until the end of the test.

Output: How is a stretch and relaxation test performed?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Takes the same amount of force to hold the position throughout the entire test.

Output: How does an elastic material respond in a stretch and relaxation test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Takes less force to hold the position as time goes on, but will never drop below some particular amount of force.

Output: How does a viscoelastic solid respond to a stretch and relaxation test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The amount of force required to hold the position reduces over time until it takes no force at all.

Output: How does a viscoelastic liquid respond to a stretch and relaxation test?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. Although it is either a liquid or a solid, it has properties of both._ 2. It takes time to reach maximum deformity when exposed to a load._ 3. The stretching causes internal components to rub against each other, resulting in a loss of energy as heat due to friction.

Output: What are the characteristics of a viscoelastic material?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus_ Some consider the end plate as a part of the IVD although some think of it as part of the vertebral body.

Output: What are the basic components of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Enables the IVD to resist rotation in either direction

Output: What is the biomechanical significance of the alternating direction of the slant of the collagen fibers in the alternating layers of the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The layers of the annulus can separate (delamination).

Output: What harmful effect can result from excessive compression of a dehydrated IVD (typically in an older person)?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Younger people, because the disc is still well hydrated._ (there is no fluid to be pushed out if the disc is old and dehydrated)

Output: In what age group do herniated discs usually occur? Why?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. The disc is usually in a younger person and at the edge of the range of motion._ 2. There has usually been a lot of repetitive loading (like 25,000 cycles)._ 3. It usually happens to people who sit a lot

Output: What conditions are usually associated with the herniation of an IVD?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Stabilizers (not prime movers)

Output: According to our author, McGill, what is the primary function of the short muscles of the cervical spine?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The ones with tendons that run superficially tend to be extensors (longer moment arm)._ The ones with tendons that run deep tend to be stabilizers.

Output: How does the biomechanical function of a back extensor muscle tend to vary depending on whether the tendon for that muscle runs superficially or deep?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: They apparently are designed to protect against shear forces._ (they surely aren't intended to cause sliding of one vetebra relative to its neighbor)

Output: What is the biomechanical significance of oblique muscle fibers in deep lumbar muscles?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Trunk rotation and stabilization but not flexion.

Output: What is the apparent role of the abdominal oblique muscles?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. Reduce amount of bulking when contracting to reduce pressure on underlying viscera_ 2. Allow the abdomen to bend while the rectus abdominus is contracted (and therefore rigid)_ 3. Prevent hoop stresses from intra-abdominal pressure from splitting the muscle fibers apart

Output: What are 3 possible benefits of the rectus abdominus muscle having multiple bellies?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Prime movers tend to attach in few places and be active in only certain movements._ Stabilizers tend to attach to many places and are active in a wide variety of movements.

Output: In general, how do muscles that are prime movers tend to differ from stabilizers?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: To prevent anything from getting into the spinal canal during movements of the spine.

Output: The ligamentum flavum is the most elastic ligament in the body. Why is it stretched even in the neutral position?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Helps to resist shear forces.

Output: What is the biomechanical significance of the oblique fibers in the interspinous ligament?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: paratenon

Output: What is the name of the structure that surrounds tendons to isolate them from surrounding structures and guide them around corners?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: A progressive increase in stiffness as the flexible tendon approaches the rigid bone._ (reduces the risk of the tendon snapping off at the attachment site)

Output: In regards to the attachment of tendons to bone, what is meant by the term strain relief?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Spurious input to the nerve supplying that structure could be induced by a subluxation at the IVF. The brain would interpret activity in that nerve as pain in the structure with its sensors.

Output: What mechanism might explain the sensation of pain in a particular structure when there is nothing wrong at the structure?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The upper thoracics have the most rotation._ The lumbars and lower thoracics have the most flexion/extension.

Output: Which area of the spine, below the cervicals, has the most rotation?_ Has the most flexion/extension?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Excessive or reduced range of motion as compared to normal, or especially assymetrical range of motion._ However, unusual ranges of motion could merely be reflective of normal variation.

Output: What characteristics of the range of motion of an individual provide an indication of pathelogical abnormalities?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. Determine and mark the same two points on the vertebra on each of the two images of that vertebra._ (the two points should be as far apart from each other as possible)_ 2. Draw a line connecting the point on one image to the same point on the other image._ (do that for each of the two points selected on the vertebra)_ 3. Draw a perpendicular bisector through each of the two lines._ 4. The intersections of the two perpendicular bisectors is the center of rotation for that movement.

Output: What are the 4 steps for determinining the center of rotation of a vertebra which has moved from one position in an x-ray to another as shown in another x-ray when one of the x-rays has been laid over the top of the other?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The various centers will tend to be localized in the disc between the two vertebra

Output: Describe the location of the instantaneous centers of rotation of the movement of one lumbar relative to its lower neighbor in a healthy spine during flexion and extension:

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The various centers will tend to be relatively spread out below the disc between the two vertebra

Output: Describe the location of the instantaneous centers of rotation of the movement of one lumbar relative to its lower neighbor in a biomechanically unstable spine during flexion and extension:

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. Calculating Young's modulus from stress/strain data taken by pressing on the spine_ 2. Measuring the response to a ping on the spine (PulStar system)

Output: Spinal stiffness is evaluated subjectively by motion palpation. What are two objective methods of quantifying spinal stiffness that we discussed in class?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Because the ligaments carry the load of supporting the weight - only when fully flexed_ (known as the flexion/relaxation phenomenon)

Output: When the trunk is fully flexed, why do paraspinal muscles relax?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Normals usually show a distinct relaxation of paraspinal muscles at full flexion - low back pain sufferers usually do not.

Output: How can the flexion/relaxation phenomenon be used to distinguish between normals and those with low back pain?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The spine is longer after sleeping because water is imbibed into the IVDs making them thicker (There is reduced load from your body weight on IVDs while you are horizontal)._ The spine is shortest just before going to bed because water is pushed out during the day when your are upright, putting more load (body weight) on the IVDs, making them thinner.

Output: How and why does the length of the spine typically vary during the course of a 24 hour period?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: His muscles have been conditioned to sitting and it takes a few minutes for them to adjust to effectively handle heavy loading.

Output: Why shouldn't a truck driver hop out of his truck and begin manual unloading immediately after making a long run?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: To prevent buckling of the spine (not to reduce pressure within the IVDs)

Output: What does McGill think is the role of interabdominal pressure during heavy lifting?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: 1. spine extension via muscle attachments_ 2. retinaculum_ 3. "strapping"_ 4. provide support during lateral bending

Output: What are the four possible roles of the lumbodorsal fascia as proposed by McGill?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: Providing pressure on the extensor muscles of the spine to reduce bulging which increases the amount of force they can develop.

Output: In regards to a proposed role of the lumbodorsal fascia, what is meant by "strapping"?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: The use of tensile forces to maintain the integrity of a structure._ (it is a contraction of the words tensile and integrity)

Output: How is tensegrity defined?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: It could be that the brain sends an inappropriate message to one or more muscles of the back, causing excessive contraction which could result in injury.

Output: What explanation does McGill propose for why a seemingly trivial load within normal motions can sometimes lead to a back injury?

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

How are the trabeculae aligned within the cortical bone of the vertebral bodies?


Input: This part of the brain contains olfactory obes, the cerebrum, thalmus, hypothalmus, and pituitary gland [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Forebrain

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This part of the brain contains the optic lobes [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Midbrain

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This part of the brain contains the cerebellum and medulla oblongata [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Hindbrain

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nerve tissue within the brain [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Gray matter

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Insulated nerve cells [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: White matter

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Oldest part of the brain (in terms of evolution) [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Brainstem

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Newest part of the brain (in terms of evolution) [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Frontal Lobes

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sometimes called the Reptillian Brain [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Hindbrain

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Contains the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Hindbrain

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Carries information to the brain and instructions from the brain [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Spinal cord

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Helps control the body's autonomic functions such as respiration, digestion and heart rate, as well as acting as a relay station for nerve signals [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Medulla Oblongata

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Regulates and coordinates movement, posture and balance. Also involved in learning movement. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Cerebellum

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum; aids in relaying other messages in the brain; controls arousal, and regulates respiration. Some believe it has a role in dreaming. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Pons

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Area sometimes called the "old mammalian brain" or emotional brain [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Limbic System

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus are located. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Limbic System

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Performs a primary role in the formation and storage of emotionally-charged memories, as well as triggering responses of fear and anger. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Amygdala

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Plays important role in the formation of new memories about experienced events, as well as spatial orientation or "place" memory. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Hippocampus

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Influences hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; regulates the pituitary gland; controls circadian rhythms and body temperature. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Hypothalamus

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Relays most sensory signals within the brain and plays a function in motor control. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Thalamus

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where the frontal lobes, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, Broca's Area, and the Corpus Callosum is located. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Neocortex

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sometimes called the Rational Brain or "neomammalian brain." [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Neocortex

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What separates the brain hemispheres. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Longitudinal fissure

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The neural bridge that connects the two hemispheres and facilitates communication between them. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Corpus callosum

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Linear reasoning and language functions, as well as a sense of past and present, are often lateralized to this part of the brain. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Left hemisphere

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Holistic reasoning language functions (such as intonation and accentuation), spatial reasoning, artistic ability, and imagination, are often lateralized to part of the brain. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Right hemisphere

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Controls speech, language recognition and facial nerves. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Broca's Area

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An evolved portion of the brain that handles reasoning, problem solving, judgment, and impulse control; also higher emotions such as empathy and altruism; motor control and memory. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Frontal lobe

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Integrates sensory information to form a single perception, constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us, and processes pain. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Parietal Lobe

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Involved in semantics both in speech and vision, auditory sensation, and emotion and memory. Houses the auditory cortex. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Temporal Lobe

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Controls visual sensation and processing. Houses the visual cortex. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Occipital Lobe

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Responsible for the comprehension of speech and the selection of content words. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Wernicke's area

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter modulates anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep, sexuality, appetite, and metabolism. Low quantities can contribute to anxiety and impulsive behavior. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Serotonin

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter triggers wakefulness or arousal and, when scarce, can lead to depression. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Norepinephrine

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter lowers arousal and reduces anxiety through its inhibitory functions. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: GABA

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter is involved with pleasure and love, desire, and voluntary movement and motivation. Drugs that act on it, causing euphoria, tend to be addictive. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Dopamine

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Three types of substances that can act as neurotransmitters. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Amino acids Peptides Monoamines

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in arousal and alertness. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Epinephrine (aka Adrenalin)

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, focused attention, energy, and feelings. Can cause agitation and anxiety. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Norepinephrine (aka Noradrenalin)

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Levels of epinephrine in the CNS are only about __% of the levels of norepinephrine. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: 10%

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If so much serotonin is available throughout the body, why can't the brain use it? [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Serotonin in the brain is independently synthesized from tryptophan transported across the blood-brain barrier.

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Of all neurotransmitters, this is the most strongly affected by diet. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Serotonin

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This ANS neurotransmitter slows the heart rate, relaxes the physiological state, stimulates digestion and is also thought to initiate REM sleep when most dreaming occurs. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Acetylcholine

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A recently discovered neurotransmitter that affects pain perception, depression, appetite, short-term memory, and fertility. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Anandamide

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This neurotransmitter is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Anandamide

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This inhibitory neurotransmitter appears to promotes sleep and suppresses arousal. Caffeine blocks its receptors, leading to alertness. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Adenosine

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This influences the release of hormones from other glands. [Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain]

Output: Pituitary gland

Brain Anatomy - Basic Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The primary sensory area is found in the Lobe. [a spinal reflex]

Output: Parietal

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: The fiber of a neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is [a spinal reflex]

Output: the dendrites

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: Excess secretion of cortisol causes a disorder called [a spinal reflex]

Output: Cushings disease

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: Myelinated nervous tissue is described as [a spinal reflex]

Output: white

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: THe sympathetic nervous system can be classified as adrenergic, [a spinal reflex]

Output: based on the main neurotransmitters used.

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: The most superior portion of the brain stem is called [a spinal reflex]

Output: the midbrain

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: The maintenance of muscle tone and the coordination of signals fromthe motor cortex is the responsibility of [a spinal reflex]

Output: The cerebellum

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: The building blocks of protein hormones are [a spinal reflex]

Output: amino acids

based on the main neurotransmitters used.


Input: A speech with a catchy introduction, a strong ending, and a lackluster body is said to suffer from which of the following? a. Redundancy b. Mid-speech sag c. Selective exposure d. Mid-speech boredom

Output: The correct answer is B. Mid-speech sag occurs when the body of a speech lacks the interest and energy of the beginning and end. A speaker who spends more time focusing on a polished introduction and conclusion rather than a well-organized body may experience mid-speech sag.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following methods involves asking yourself a series of general and subject-specific questions in order to generate speech topics? a. Dictionary of topics b. Search directory c. Tree diagram d. Topoi

Output: The correct answer is D. Topoi, or the system of topics, is based on a rhetoric technique used in ancient Greece and Rome. General questions and questions specific to a subject are asked in order to generate speech topic ideas.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A speech that involves background preparation, idea organization, brief notes, and a conversational delivery would be described as which of the following? a. Extemporaneous b. Memorized c. Manuscript d. Impromptu

Output: The correct answer is A. An extemporaneous speech involves preparation, organization, and notes. Delivery is conversational and flexible and gives the appearance of being effortless.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following terms is used for verbal and nonverbal cues that show what audience members think about a speaker? a. Facial expressions b. Audience feedback c. Contextual evidence d. Audience adaptation

Output: The correct answer is B. Audience feedback is the nonverbal and verbal cues conveyed by audience members regarding a speaker. Surprised looks, nodding heads, and verbal remarks are examples of audience feedback.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following questions should be considered when evaluating the organization of a speech? a. Does the speaker state a goal for the speech? b. Does the speaker persuade the audience? c. Does the speaker show expertise in the topic? d. Does the speaker use clear language?

Output: The correct answer is A. A well-organized speech should have a clearly stated goal. Evaluating the organization of a speech involves determining whether structure, transitions, and main points are clearly established by the speaker.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Organizing the main points of a speech based on an object's structure is referred to as which of the following types of patterns? a. Chronological b. Elimination c. Causal d. Spatial

Output: The correct answer is D. With spatial organization, the speaker organizes major ideas based on their physical location. For example, a speech about the earth's layers might progress from the outer crust to the core or vice versa.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following refers to the act of paying attention to what a speaker says despite distractions? a. Evaluating b. Understanding c. Active listening d. Attending

Output: The correct answer is D. Attending refers to paying attention to a speaker despite distractions. Poor listeners are easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or the activities of others.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which mode of delivery is most suitable when a speaker does not have time to prepare a speech in advance? a. Impromptu b. Memorized c. Manuscript d. Extemporaneous

Output: The correct answer is A. An impromptu speech is the most appropriate for a speaker who has had no time to make preparations. An impromptu speech involves no planning, no preparation, and no practice.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following refers to an audience analysis based on factors such as audience size, time of day, and physical setting? a. Sociological audience analysis b. Psychological audience analysis c. Demographic audience analysis d. Situational audience analysis

Output: The correct answer is D. The situational audience analysis is an important factor when adapting a speech. The size of the audience and the physical location of the speech may require a speaker to adjust the speech's length, language, and visual aids.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following patterns of organization is appropriate for a speaker who needs to grab the attention of the audience at the beginning of a speech? a. Classification structure b. Anticlimactic structure c. Climactic structure d. Pyramidal structure

Output: The correct answer is B. Anticlimactic structure begins with the most intriguing argument in order to capture the attention of the audience. The weakest argument is given last with this organizational pattern.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A speech topic is considered appropriate for an audience when it can be characterized by which of the following? a. Significant and persuasive b. Emotional and informative c. Interesting and relevant d. Narrowed and limited

Output: The correct answer is C. The primary concern for a speaker should be whether a topic is interesting and relevant to the audience. If the speech topic does not interest either the speaker or the audience, the speech will fail. Information provided in the speech should also be worthwhile to listeners.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following would be most appropriate for a speech attempting to persuade listeners that the school day should be lengthened? a. Problem-solution pattern b. Question-answer order c. Motivated sequence d. Temporal pattern

Output: The correct answer is A. The problem-solution order is useful for speeches in which change is advocated. The speech would begin with a statement of the problem — decreased learning time in classroom — and would be followed with a solution to the problem — lengthening the school day.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Narratives, expert testimonies, blood tests, and statistics are examples of which of the following? a. Claims of fact b. Literal analogies c. Supporting materials d. Persuasive arguments

Output: The correct answer is C. Supporting materials substantiate arguments presented in speeches. Supporting materials include examples, narratives, tests, and expert testimonies.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution relates to freedom of speech? a. First Amendment b. Second Amendment c. Fifth Amendment d. Sixth Amendment

Output: The correct answer is A. The First Amendment of the Constitution prohibits Congress from making laws that infringe upon an individual's freedom of speech. The First Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: The process of evaluating and judging the positive and negative aspects of a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Appeals b. Criticism c. Assimilation d. Social exchange

Output: The correct answer is B. Criticism involves evaluating the positive and negative elements of a speech. Criticism can provide useful information to a speaker about the strengths and weaknesses of a speech.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following is a disadvantage of memorizing an oral presentation? a. Lack of clarity and credibility b. Difficult to recover from mistakes c. Minimal eye contact with audience d. Hard to incorporate bodily movements

Output: The correct answer is B. A speaker who makes a mistake during a memorized speech may find it difficult to recover. Forgetting a line requires the speaker to search for the missing information and break the flow of the speech.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: When all points on an outline use the same grammatical structure, the outline is adhering to which of the following principles? a. Principle of division b. Principle of subordination c. Principle of structure d. Principle of parallelism

Output: The correct answer is D. The principle of parallelism suggests that every point on an outline be structured in the same grammatical fashion. For example, an outline that uses sentences should consistently use sentences, rather than a mixture of sentences, fragments, and brief phrases.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: The fallacy of attacking a person instead of a disputed issue is referred to as which of the following? a. Ad hominem b. Red herring c. Bandwagon d. Slippery slope

Output: The correct answer is A. Ad hominem is Latin for "against the man." In this error of reasoning, an individual is personally attacked instead of the real issue that is in dispute.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following is often used to allow audience members to consider a concept during a speech? a. Silent pauses b. Vocal variety c. Inflections d. Vocalized pauses

Output: The correct answer is A. Public speakers often use a brief, silent pause for effect. A silent pause allows listeners time to consider a point or a question raised by the speaker.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following will most likely be achieved in a speech by avoiding redundancies and unnecessary words? a. Appropriateness b. Impersonal style c. Formality d. Clarity

Output: The correct answer is D. Clarity can occur if a speaker is economical and does not waste words. Redundancies and meaningless words add clutter to a speech and should be avoided.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: The actions that a speaker takes after analyzing an audience are referred to by which of the following terms? a. Formation of attitudes b. Audience adaptation c. Methods of presentation d. Audience modification

Output: The correct answer is B. After analyzing an audience's demographic and psychological characteristics, a speaker will make adaptations to a speech. Public speakers may need to modify a speech to make it more effective for an audience.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following should be carefully written because it is the basis for a well-organized speech? a. Section transitions b. Internal transitions c. Specific speech goal d. Rhetorical questions

Output: The correct answer is C. The specific speech goal should be well crafted because it guides the direction of the speech. The specific speech goal follows up on the general goal of the speech.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A speech about Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps that is divided into his three most successful events — freestyle, butterfly, and relay — would be best organized according to which of the following patterns? a. Problem-solution b. Spatial c. Cause-effect d. Topical

Output: The correct answer is D. The three categories are subtopics about Michael Phelps' career, so topical order is the most appropriate organizational pattern. With topical order, each section is equal and balanced.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A discrepancy between the truth and information given by a speaker that leads to public skepticism is referred to as which of the following? a. Rhetorical communication b. Ethical obligations c. Credibility gap d. Disparity

Output: The correct answer is C. A credibility gap occurs when a speaker attempts to manipulate the truth. The term is most often used to describe the gap between what politicians say about a situation and the actual reality of the situation.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following is a primary reason for narrowing a speech topic? a. Develop a general purpose b. Improve research efficiency c. Grab the attention of listeners d. Increase interest of the audience

Output: The correct answer is B. A broad topic requires the speaker to go through more research material than necessary. A narrow topic helps the speaker focus on specific information and increases efficiency.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following may be affected by vocalized pauses during a public speech? a. Dramatic effect b. Speaker credibility c. Audience adaptation d. Speech organization

Output: The correct answer is B. Vocalized pauses may negatively affect a speaker's credibility with the audience. Saying "you know," "uh," or "er" during a speech may cause listeners to doubt the competence of the speaker.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Unethical speakers who overstate the importance of an issue are using which of the following? a. Hyperbole b. Euphemism c. Persuasive language d. Nonparallel language

Output: The correct answer is A. Hyperbole is another term for exaggeration or overstatement. Persuasive speakers are often tempted to overstate the importance of an issue, which can be unethical.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A speaker who provides a four-sentence example about Rick Swenson, the five-time winner of the Iditarod Dog Race, is using which of the following? a. Brief, actual example b. Extended, actual example c. Brief, hypothetical example d. Extended, hypothetical example

Output: The correct answer is B. The example is based on fact, so it is an actual example. Brief examples are one or two sentences, while extended examples are typically at least three sentences.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: According to Alan Monroe's motivated sequence pattern, which of the following is the third step of the sequence? a. Satisfaction b. Attention c. Visualization d. Action

Output: The correct answer is A. The third stage of the motivated sequence pattern is satisfaction. At this stage, the speaker shows how a need can be satisfied by the proposal presented in the speech.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: By tailoring a speech to a specific audience, a speaker will most likely increase which of the following? a. Knowledge of the message b. Ethical responsibility c. Credibility of the message d. Audience participation

Output: The correct answer is C. Customizing a message to an audience enables a speaker to gain credibility with the audience. The audience may view the speaker as knowledgeable because he or she is presenting information that is relevant to their own lives.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: A speech thesis should be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. Be clear and exact b. Be neutral and broad c. Be limited to one concept d. Be stated as a declarative sentence

Output: The correct answer is B. A speech thesis should be specific, narrow, and stated as a declarative sentence. A speech thesis is useful in focusing the audience's attention and in generating main points.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following best describes the Toulmin model? a. A system for analyzing and sorting data b. A method for organizing an argument c. A system for analyzing arguments d. A method for organizing a speech

Output: The correct answer is C. Stephen Toulmin was a philosopher who created a method for analyzing arguments. The three primary parts of the Toulmin method are the claim, evidence, and warrant.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following purposes would most likely categorize topics such as "What are the effects of drug laws?" and "What impact does exercise have on life expectancy?" a. Persuasive speech b. Informative speech c. Entertaining speech d. Special occasion speech

Output: The correct answer is B. An informative speech attempts to elevate an audience's knowledge about a specific topic. The speaker does not try to persuade the audience to make changes in their beliefs or attitudes.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: When using testimony in a speech, which of the following characteristics of an expert is most important to establish with the audience? a. Competency b. Popularity c. Rationality d. Success

Output: The correct answer is A. Expert testimony in a speech has no value if the audience does not find the individual credible. It is important to describe the expert's background and knowledge to show the audience that the expert's opinions and statements are valid.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following best explains why the meaning of a message cannot be the same for the speaker and the listener? a. Varied methods of attending b. Each has a different frame of reference c. Varied critical thinking abilities d. Each has a different communication channel

Output: The correct answer is B. Frame of reference refers to the sum of an individual's attitudes, values, experience, and knowledge. Since no two people have the same frame of reference, they will never extract the same meaning from a message.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following would be most suitable for a speaker with a Southern drawl who is addressing an audience of New Yorkers? a. Hide the accent during the speech b. Slow down the speech rate c. Increase the speech volume d. Answer questions during the speech

Output: The correct answer is B. It would be appropriate for the speaker to speak more slowly and distinctly. Speaking more slowly, especially at the beginning of the speech, would help listeners adjust to the speaker's unfamiliar accent.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Adding age or race designations to a description of a person is referred to as which of the following? a. Generalizing b. Sequencing c. Cluttering d. Marking

Output: The correct answer is D. Marking refers to adding sex, age, or race designations to descriptions. "Mr. Smith is an excellent Latino engineer" is an example of marking.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following demographic elements has the greatest effect on political interest and participation in community affairs? a. Education b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Occupation

Output: The correct answer is A. The amount of education possessed by individuals typically influences their level of interest in politics and community affairs. Education also affects background knowledge about current affairs, world events, and political systems.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: Which of the following would most likely help establish a speaker-audience-topic relationship? a. Identify the goal of the speech b. Compliment the audience c. State the importance of the topic d. Ask the audience questions

Output: The correct answer is B. A connection needs to be established between the speaker, audience, and topic in order for the speech to go well. A sincere compliment about the location or the culture of the audience gets the attention of listeners and draws them into the speech.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.


Input: When organizing the body of a speech, a writer should do which of the following? a. Select two, three, or four main points b. Structure the points in a topical pattern c. Phrase main points in the form of a question d. Include all points developed during brainstorming

Output: The correct answer is A. Two to four main points helps create a focused speech. Too many main points in a speech may leave listeners confused about the information given.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.