Input: Usually measured for a given area over a given period of time, usually in units of kJm^-2year^-1

Output: How is gross productivity normally measured and what are the units?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: About 20%. Net productivity

Output: How much of the chemical energy produced by plants is used in respiration? What's the left over called?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: gross productivity - respiratory losses

Output: net productivity =

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: The efficiency of the crop at carrying out photosynthesis. (Improved if all conditions are supplied for PS) The area of ground covered by the leaves of the crop

Output: What are the two main factors which affect net productivity?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: Most of the species in the community are excluded

Output: How is an agricultural ecosystem prevented from reaching its climax community?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: Plough fields, sow crops, remove weeds, suppress pests and diseases etc. The energy comes from food and fossil fuels (from machinery. Energy from fossil fuels requires in an AE is IN ADDITION to solar energy, not instead)

Output: In order to suppress unwanted species from an agricultural ecosystem, additional energy is required. What is this energy used for and where does it come from?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: low

Output: In natural ecosystems productivity is relatively ___

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: Natural

Output: Which type of ecosystem has greater species diversity?


Input: May damage the plant, e.g. high temp may denature the plant's enzymes. Also uneconomical

Output: Why is it bad to increase every factor necessary for PS to very high levels?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: [1] eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compuslive fear of getting fat [2]

Output: Anorexia


Input: [1] An eating disorder in which youg people engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by bing eating followed by deliberate votming [2]

Output: Bulimia


Input: [1] Thinking about thought; a coherent set of ideas about mental activites [2]

Output: Metagcognitive thinking


Input: [1] Adolescents believe that they are the focus of everyone's attention [2]

Output: Imaginary Audience


Input: [1] Certin that others are observing and thinking abou tthem, teenagers develop inflated opinion of their own importance; feeling that they are special and unique [2]

Output: personal fable


Input: [1] Combination of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide rang of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate types: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved [2]

Output: Child-rearing styles


Input: [1] an aspect of self-concept that involves judgment about one's own worth and feelings associated with those judgments [2]

Output: Self esteem


Input: [1] crediting their successes to ability, a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on facing new challenges [2]

Output: Mastery-oriented attributions


Input: [1] Children who attribute their failues to ability, they believe that ability cannot be improved by trying hard [2]

Output: Learned helplessness


Input: [1] sequence of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world. In early adulthood, people typically live on their own, marry, bear and rear children [2]

Output: Family Life cycle


Input: [1] Selecting a mate, the components of love, and culture and the experience of love [2]

Output: Patterns of intimate relationships


Input: [1] end of menstruation cycle [2]

Output: Menopause


Input: [1] Occurd when a cell's genetic program is disrupted leading to uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cell that grows out normal tissues and organs [2]

Output: cancer


Input: [1] a behavior pattern characterized by extreme competiveness, ambition, impatiences, hostility, angry oubursts, and a sense of time pressure [2]

Output: Type A Behavior


Input: [1] Intellectual skills that largely depend on basic information processing skills; ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli speed of analyzing information and capactiy of working memory [2]

Output: Fluid Intelligence


Input: [1] Intellectual skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions- distinguished from fluid intelligence [2]

Output: Crystalized Intelligence


Input: [1] Women and ethnic minorities face a glass ceiling or barrier to advancement up the corporate ladder [2]

Output: Glass ceiling


Input: [1] chronological age in an imperfect predictor of functional or actual competence or performance [2]

Output: functional age


Input: [1] The number of years an individual born in a particular year can expect to live in full health, without disease or injury. [2]

Output: average healthy life expectancy


Input: [1] the number of years a person has lived, used especially in psychometrics as a standard against which certain varaibeles, such as behavior and intelligence are measured [2]

Output: chronological age


Input: [1] Basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own, such as bathing, dressing, getting in and out or bed, or eating [2]

Output: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)


Input: [1] the most common form of dementia, in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behvior; accounts for 60% of all dementia [2]

Output: Alzheimer's Disease


Input: [1] Refers to a set of disorders ocurring almost entirely in old age in which many aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted. 13% of adults over 65, rise increases with age after 80 years old, 50% chance after 85 [2]

Output: Dementia


Input: [1] Automatic form of memory; memory without conscious awareness [2]

Output: Implicit memory


Input: [1] age related delcine in binding information into complexe memories. Researchers call this associative memory or difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information [2]

Output: Associatve Memory


Input: [1] a type of memory that invovles remembering a stimulus that is not present [2]

Output: recall memory


Input: [1] recall of the order in which events occured or how recently they happened [2]

Output: temporal memory


Input: [1] mutual withdrawl between elders and society takes place in anticipation of death. Older people decrease their activity levels and interact less frequently becoming more preoccupied with their inner lives [2]

Output: disengagement theory


Input: [1] under way by 8 or 9- androgens: male hormones [2]

Output: puberty


Input: [1] 5-7 members who are friends and usually resemble one another in family, backgroud, attitudes, and values [2]

Output: cliques


Input: [1] rate increase over lifespan from childhood to old age but jumps sharply in adolescence--third leading cause amongest American youths after auto and homocides [2]

Output: Suicide


Input: [1] Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context [2]

Output: relativistic thinking


Input: [1] when faced with a problems, they start with a hypothesis or predictions about variables that mmight affect outcome, from which they deduce logical, testable inferences. Then they systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real worl [2]

Output: Hypothetico-deductive reasoning


Input: [1] this type of parenting is linked to higher grades among adolescents varying widely in SES [2]

Output: Authoritative parenting style


Input: [1] What cell does shigella enter? Where does it enter the cell? How does it spread? ***TEST [2]

Output: M cell Enter the mucosal epithelial cells from underneath Commandeering the Actin


Input: [1] A child-rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive and psychological control, and low in autonomy granting [2]

Output: Authoritarian parenting style


Input: [1] Over time, proteing fibers that make up a body's connective tissue form bonds or links with one another. When these normally separate fibers cross-link, tissye becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes [2]

Output: Cross-linkage theory of aging


Input: [1] DNA in body cells is gradually damages through spontaneous or externally cause mutations. As these accumulate, cell repair and replacement become less efficient, and abnormal cancerous cells are often produced [2]

Output: Random events theory of aging


Input: [1] naturally occuring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen [2]

Output: Free radicals


Input: [1] special type of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes serving as a "cap" to protect the ends from destruction, shortens. Eventually so little reminds that the cells no longer duplicate at all [2]

Output: telomeres


Input: [1] transition into middle adulthood [2]

Output: midlife crisis


Input: [1] he was the first to recognize identity as the major personality achievement of adolescense and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult [2]

Output: Erikson


Input: [1] Psychological conflict of adolescence- if a young persons earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not math their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges od adulthood [2]

Output: identity v. role confusion


Input: [1] Generativity invovles reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation [2]

Output: Generativity vs. stagnation


Input: [1] involves coming to terms with one's life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements [2]

Output: Ego integrity theory


Input: [1] Around age 11 young people enter the formal operational stage in which they develop the capacity for abstract, sytematic, scientific thinking. Concrete operational children can operate on reality [2]

Output: Piaget


Input: [1] For those who invested heavily in their careers, finding other way to affirm self-worth through family, friendship, and community life [2]

Output: Ego differentiation


Input: [1] surrounding physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers [2]

Output: Body transcendence


Input: [1] as contemporaries die facing the reality of death constrictively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful, and gratifying for younger generations [2]

Output: ego transcendence


Input: [1] Age related changes in memory vary widely across tasks and indidviduals as people us their cognitive capacities to meet requirements of their everyday worlds [2]

Output: Sternberg


Input: [1] Mortality is externally controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bas, those that lead to rewards as good [2]

Output: Theory of moral development: preconventional level


Input: [1] individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. They believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. Stage3- the “good boy- good girl” orientation or the morality of interpersonal cooperation. Stage 4- The social-order-maintaining orientation. [2]

Output: theory of moral development: conventional level


Input: [1] , move beyond unquestioning support for their own society’s rules and laws. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. Stage 5- The social contract orientation. Stage 6- The universal ethical principle orientation. [2]

Output: theory or moral development: postconventional level


Input: [1] denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance [2]

Output: Kubler-ross dying stages


Input: [1] A key concept in Levinson's theory is the underlying design of a person's life, conssiting of relationships with significant others-individuals, groups, and institutions [2]

Output: Levinson: life structures


Input: [1] the middle-aged persons must seek new ways of being young and old. this means giving up certain youthgul qualities, retaining and transforming others, and finding positive meaning in being older [2]

Output: Levinson: young-old


Input: [1] With greater awareness of mortality, the middle-aged person focuses on ways he or she had acted destructively and how others have done the same. Past hurtful acts toward family members, friends, and co-workers are counters by a strong desire to particpiate in activities that advance human welfare [2]

Output: levinson: destruction-creation


Input: [1] the middle-aged person must create a better balance between masculinity and feminine parts of self [2]

Output: Levinson: masculinty-feminity


Input: [1] The middle aged person must forge a better balance between engagement with the external world and separateness; reducing concern for ambition [2]

Output: levinson: engagement-separateness


Input: [1] exploration without having reached commitment [2]

Output: Identity moratorium


Input: [1] commitment in the absence of exploration [2]

Output: identity foreclosure


Input: [1] an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment [2]

Output: identity diffusion


Input: [1] slowing of central nervous system functioning underlies nearly all age-related declines in cognitive performance. This causes decreases in speed of processing, attention, memory, and creativity. [2]

Output: Neurological theories of cognitive changes in


Input: [1] future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming. The temporal dimension of self-concept. [2]

Output: possible selves


Input: [1] A term used to describe middle-aged adults who must care for multiple generations above and below them at the same time. [2]

Output: sandwich generation


Input: Trade v. Environment WTO

Output: Globalization leads to more pollution... WTO can override national environmental laws

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Standards-lowering competition

Output: Externalities are not not counted or legislated against, so as to be more competitive in the International community

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Wealth and Power

Output: Large corps are lessefficient, but are able to lobby and effect policy to allow them to thrive

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Specialization and Welfare

Output: Less choices for how to earn living, and less choice for different products

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Trade and Scale

Output: Environmental dmg might occur in another country, cannot legislate against. Opt for worse environmental production in other countries Combines resources to reduce limiting constraints on scale

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Distribution & Globalization

Output: Capital mobility means that money will flow to absolute advantage, but countries are poorest b.c. they are bad at producing things. Globalization further exacerbates the problem

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: Food Security and International trade

Output: If there is drop in local poor economy country can no longer buy food. LDCs have higher costs of farming, reduces food prices, hurts local economy

Few, very large businesses with low profits, but high share of the markets. Transactions within a Large Corp is not efficient Patents are monopolies


Input: [Neg is] Elements of neg

Output: Duty Breach Cause in fact Proximate cause Damages

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Duty + Neg

Output: Generally one has the duty to act as a reasonable person would under similar circumstances + avoid unreasoanble risk of harm to others

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Breach + Neg

Output: Failure to conform to the reasonable person standard of care in a way that creates an unreasonable risk of harm to others.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Causation + Neg

Output: Must be a causal connection between D's act or omission + P's injuries

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Damages + causation

Output: P has to suffer actual damages.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] P's burden of proof in neg action

Output: preponderance of evidence

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Balancing test to determine whether D violated the reasonable person standard

Output: Courts weigh the burden on D to avoid risk + utility of D's conduct against the probability of + likely GRAVITY of the harm D's conduct may cause

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Reasonable person standard of care & mental attributes

Output: ordinary abilities & intenigence. D does NOT get lowered standard of care if he has mental defects

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Reasonable person standard & knowledge or skills

Output: Standard of care will be raised for people who are experts or professionals--i.e. standard of care for reasonable professionals in similar circumstances.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Reasonable person standard & physical attributes

Output: D's own physical attributes are considered. i.e. if blind held to standard aof care for like blind people in similar circumstances--also held to know about his own physical characteristics, Except: intoxication--drunk is held to standard of care of sober person.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Reasonable person standard & children

Output: Children are held to standard of care of a reasonable child of the same age, intelligence & experiences for most activities--adult activities excepted

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Neg. per se

Output: Statutory standard of care which can establish neg. In order for crim statute to apply in civ case, P has to prove statute was designed to prevent the kind of harm that befell P + P must be a member of the class statute was designed to protect.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Malpractice is

Output: failure of one rendering prof services to exercise the level of skill commonly possessed by minimally qualifed members of the profession in good standing.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Informed consent

Output: Disclosing risks of treatment to pt before consent. Lack of informed consent constitutes prof neg

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] When can D's lack of compliance w/ statute be excused?

Output: 1. D reasonably unaware of particular occasion for compliance w/ statute 2. D reasonably attempted to comply 3. D face emergency 4. Compliance would have been more dangerous than violation.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Does compliance with a criminal statute establish due care?

Output: Not necessarily. Only a minimum. In some situations, due care requires additional precautions.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Duty of care owed to foreseeable Ps. Palsgraf case re: 2 approaches to ? of who are foreseeable Ps.

Output: Cardoza--D owes duty to Ps w/in zone of danger--MAJ Andrews--D owes duty to anyone who suffers injuries as a result of D's neg. regardless of whether injury to him was foreseeable or not.--MIN

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Andrews/Cardozo views + modern tort law

Output: Modern courts use combination--i.e. require proximate cause (per Andrews) but use Cardoza'a reasoning to conclude proximate cause does not exist if P was outside the scope of foreseeable danger.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Generally there is no affirmative duty to act except

Output: 1. D has created the peril 2. Special relationship 3. D has undertaken to act & P had reliance 4. K

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Types of evidence to prove neg claim

Output: 1. Direct 2. Circumstantial 3. Res ipsa loquitur

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Requirements for res ipsa loquitrus (the thing speaks for itself)

Output: 1. There is no direct evidence of how D behaved 2. Event is the kind that would not normally occur in the absence of neg 3. D was inexclusive control of the instrumentality causing injury. 4. P did not voluntarily contribute to event that caused injury.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Res ipsa loquitor--MIN rule--re: professional colleagues + probability injury caused by one of them

Output: Some court apply res ipsa if P can demonstrate probability that injury was caused by neg of at least one of the Ds and Ds were all professional colleagues rather than strangers. (i.e surgery in which unwanted foreign body left in abdomen)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Causation--2 elements

Output: 1. CAUSATION IN FACT 2. PROXIMATE Causation

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Causation in fact--tests for

Output: 1. "But for" 2. Substantial factors

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] But for cause

Output: Cause w/o which the event would not have occurred. Actual cause, factual cause, cause in fact

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Proximate cause

Output: Cause that is legally sufficient to result in liability--involves policy considerations limiting the scope of liability--determined primarily on the concept of foreseeability of risks and consequenses.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Intervening cause

Output: 1. comes into active operation 2. in producing the results 3. after D's neg 4. from a source independent of D's neg

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Foreseeable intervening causes

Output: those subsequent forces which 1. objectively one should reasonably anticipate OR 2. those which D should reasonably anticipate under the particular circumstances.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Superseding intervening cause

Output: An intervening cause strong enough to relieve the wrongdoer of liability--comes in after D's neg act which cancels D's liability by breaking the chain of causation from D's act to P's injury--considered not "w/in the risk" created by D's original act.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Concurrent cause

Output: 1 of 2 or more causes that create a condition simultaneous that no single cause could have brought about

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What one factor generally determines whether an interventing cause should be considered superseding--thus relieving original tortfeasor of liability?

Output: Foreseeability

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Frequest examples of superseding intervening causes

Output: Criminal acts or intentional torts of 3rd parties, extraordinarily neg conduct, Acts of God

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Is D's liabile for injury to rescurer?

Output: Yes Neg Ds are liable for intervening acts as long as these acts are reasonably foreseeable. Rescuers are reasonably foreseeable. This encompasses injuries to rescuers even when rescue turns out to be unnecessicary or neg.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Are neg D's liable for interventing acts whcih cause prop damage

Output: MAJ-yes. MIN few courts have maintaned defense of prop is inadequate reason to risk serious personal injury

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Is neg by MD treating injured patient foreseeable?

Output: yes

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] In neg actions, actual damages must be proven. Types of damages recoverable

Output: General & special, not nominal, not punitive

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] General damages cover

Output: non economic losses such as pain & suffering (both past + future)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] special damages are

Output: economic losses P suffers--e.g. medical bills, lost pay (both past + future)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Major defenses to neg

Output: Contributory neg Comparative neg Assumption of the risk

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] 2 elements of assumption of the risk

Output: 1. Ind must know + appreciate the risk (subjective--but generally knowlege of obvious risks will be assumed) 2. He must freely + vol. assume it

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Must assumption of the risk be express

Output: no can be implied by conduct

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Standard of conduct required in an emergency

Output: that of a reasonable person under the circumstances. Courts take into consideration the fact of an emergency.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Contributory neg.

Output: 1. P's conduct 2. which falls below the standard of care 3. for his own protection 4. + is a cause (but for or substantial factor) of P's harm

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Effect of success of comparative neg defense

Output: complete bar to recovery

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Comparative neg

Output: doctrine which rejects the all or nothing approach of contributory neg. and divides liability between the P + D in proportion to their fault.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] 2 tyopes of comparative neg

Output: Pure Modified

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Pure comparative neg

Output: P can recover damages from D no matter to what extent his own neg contributed to his injuries (MIN of comparative neg states follow)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Modified comparative neg

Output: P can only recover damages if his own fault caused less than a set fraction of his own ijuries. Most states following comparactive neg hav a 50% rule. I.e. is P surpases 51%, he is not entitled to recover,

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Doctrine of last clear chance

Output: used in contributory neg jurisdictions. It is a defense P could raise if D had the last clear opportunity to avoid the accident

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] When statute enacted to protect a particular class of Ps from their own neg, will contributory neg be recognized as a defense

Output: No--examples child labor law, workplace safety statutes, etc.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Doctrine of avoidable consequences or mitigation of damages doctrine

Output: D is not liable for damages that P could have reasonably avoided. Comes into play after D's neg. Principal requiring P after injury or breach of K to use ordinary care to alleviate effects or breach or injury.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Can person use self defense in response to another's neg? (i.e. not just in response to another intentional tort)

Output: Yes person can be entitled to use self defense in response to another neg--not just in response to another's int tort. Must show he had a reaonable belief that a harmful or offensive contact or confinement was imminent.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Land owners + occupiers liability depends on what 3 categories of danger?

Output: 1. activities on the land 2. artificial conditions 3. Natural conditions

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Land owners' + occupiers' standard of care depends on what 3 categories of P who claim injury?

Output: 1. Invitees 2. Licensees 3. Trespassers

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Invitees are

Output: Person who enters onto D's land at D's express or implied invitation for a purpose relationg to D's interests or activites. Invitees are either business or public.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Business invitee

Output: enters for purpose related to D's business activities or interests. Customers + persons accompanying them, delivery personson, job applicants.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Public invitee

Output: member of public who enters onto D's land for a purpose as to which the land is held open to the public. e.g. churches, airports.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Duty of land owners occupiers to invitees

Output: D has duty of reasonable care to prevent injuries due to activities on the land. D has duty to reaonably inspect and discover dangerous natural + artifical conditions, to warn invitees of danger + to make safe.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Licensee is

Output: person who enters onto land w/ D's express or implied permission + who does not enter for a purpose benefitting D or D's activities. Eg, visiting relative, social guests.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Duty of land owners occupiers to licensees

Output: Duty to exercise reasonable care to protect licensees from injury from activities on land. Duty to exercise reasonable care to warn of any artificial or natural conditions of which landowner is aware, which present an unreasonable danger and of which the P/licensee is unaware + unlikely to discover. No duty to inspect for such dangerous conditions

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Classification of firefighters + police

Output: usually licensees --so land owner has no duty to inspect for defects nor to repair known defects. Only duty is to warn of known dangerous conditions (if there is time)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Trespasser

Output: One who enters land w/o land owner occupier's permission.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] 4 categories of trespassers

Output: 1. unknown 2. known 3. children

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Landowner occupier's duty to unknown trespassers

Output: No duty

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Landowner occupier's duty to known trespassers

Output: Reasonable care to protect known trespasser from injuries due to activities on the land. D must exercise reasonable care to warn a known trespasser of hidden danger of which D is aware + known trespasser is unaware. D has not duty to prioect a known trespasser from injury deriving from obvious natural conditions on his land.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Attractive nuisance Doctrine + child trespssers--5 factors

Output: 1. D landowner knew or should have known of the unreasonably dangerous artificial condition 2. foreseeable that child would trepass 3. foreseeable that condition on land could cause serious injury 4. that children too young to appreciate the risk of danger + 5. the risk of injury outweighs the cost of making the condition safe.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] General rule re: duty of lessors of land

Output: Not liable to lessee or others on land for physical harm caused by dangerous (artificial or natural) conditions on the land

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Exceptions to general rule that lessor not laible

Output: 1. situations where lessor Ks to repair 2. undisclosed dangerous conditions known to lessor 3. land leased fro purposes involving admission of the public 4. parts of land retained in the lessor's control which lessee is entitled to use 5. where lessor makes neg repairs

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Duty of lessee as possessor of property re: licenses

Output: Duty to exercise reasonable care to warn licensees about dangers known to the lessee.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Vicarious liability

Output: Makes one liable for another's wrongful conduct due to a special relationship between them.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Exceptions to general rule that lessors do not have liability for harm caused to others on the land (5)

Output: 1. when lessor Ks to repair 2. for an undisclosed dangerous condition known to lessor 3. when land leased for ad,mission of general public 4. when part of land retained + lessee is entitled to use 5. when lessor makes neg repairs

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Doctrine of respondeant superior

Output: Employers are liable for tortious acts of employees when conduct occurs within the scope of employment. As long as employee's action has some flavor of buisness to it, it will likely be w/in the scope. When actions go outside of scope, called a frolic. When employee merely communting, not w/in scope.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Neg entrustment

Output: D lent something (typically a car) to someone D should have known was likely to use the loaned object to harm others.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Do instructions insulate the principal from vicarious liability?

Output: No careful instructions do not insulate principal from vicarious liability when employees violates them but will often be evidence (but non dispositve) that employee was acting outside scope of employment

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Joint Venture--4 elements

Output: 1. Express or implied agreement among members of a group 2. common purpose 3. common pecuniary interest 4. equal rights of decision & control among the members

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Joint venturers + vicarious liablity

Output: Liable for torts committed within the scope of the venture.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Is vicarious liability limited to neg?

Output: No if any intentional tort occurs w/in scope of employment, the empoyer will be liable

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] When are employers vicarious liable for acts of independent contractors?

Output: 1. ultra hazardous activities (i.e. blasting, using vicious animals) 2. non delagable duty due to public policy considerations 3. illegal activities

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Examples of non-delagable duties

Output: Duty of railroad to fence tracks, duty of car owner to maintain car, usually work performed in a public area where special precautions are needed.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Is flying an airplane considered an ultrahazardous activity?

Output: Historically & 1st rstmt yes. 2nd rstmt reversed. Flying a plane not so common not considered ultrahazardous so strict liabilty not imposed.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What is a dram shop act?

Output: Statute that imposes civil liability on a liquor vendor for torts caused by a purcaser's drunkenness. CL--no. Mod--MIN

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Imputed contriibutory neg

Output: bars P from recovery due to someone else's neg. usually personal injury, not apply to property damage

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] 3 principal situations in which imputed contributory neg applies

Output: principal-agent, joint venture, suit based on injury to someone else. (e.g. wrongful death or loss of consortium)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What is an automobile guest statute?

Output: mandates that non-paying passengers cannot sue the driver of a vehicle unless their injuries resulted from conduct more serious than mere neg. (i.e. gross neg or recklessness)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Family purpose doctrine

Output: car owner is liable for the neg of a family member driving the car as long as the family member is driving with the owner's express or implied permission.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What is immunity?

Output: insulates D from liability due to his status, position or relationship to P. modern trend is to limit or abolish.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Types of immunities which are largely abolished today (i.e. so you can sue each other)

Output: spousal immunity parent child charitable (i.e. charitable hospitals.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Governmental immunity

Output: depends on whether fed, state, local

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Fed governmental immunity

Output: greatly diminished by Federal Torts Claims Act which allows neg claims against fed gov. as well as most intentional tort claims based on actions by fed investigative or law enforcement officers.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] State governmental immunity

Output: largely limited

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] State officials' immunity

Output: States split--some distinguish between discretionary (decision making) + ministerial (following orders) + retain immunity for discretionary functions carried out honestly + in good faith.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What is contribution in tort liability?

Output: sharing of payment for joint liabiity. applies where there are joint tortfeasors, each responsible for an indivisible portion of damages for neg. A d who has paid more than his pro rata share can seek a parital reimbursement or contribution fromt he other joint torfeasors, such that they each bear a fair share of the burden. In most states, rule of contribution does not apply to intentional torts.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Indemnity

Output: Duty to pay for loss suffered because of a 3rd party's act. Shifts burden away from a secondary tortfeasor who has had a judgment against him and onto the primary tortfeasor.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Active/passive neg doc

Output: Some states--a joint tortfeasor who is "passively neg" (i.e parking in a no parking zone + thereby blocking view) can be fully reimbursed through indemnification by the one who was actively neg (driver who hit ped)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Wrongful death statutes

Output: compensate defined people (usually close family memebers) for the loss sustained as a result of tortiously caused death. Recovery allowed for lost economic support, companionship, sexual intercourse, etc.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] survivlal statutes

Output: lets decedent's estate sue (or be sued) for same harms that the decdent could have sued for (or been sued for) had he lived.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] What causes of action are states unlikely to allow in survival actions?

Output: those which involve intangible personal interests--defamation, malicious prosecution, invasions of privacy

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Negligent misrepresentation

Output: misrepresentation is based on information a reasonable person would have knwon was unreliable.--e.g. lawyers, accountants, other professionals have duty of due care to see that the information on which they based their opinions is reliable.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Motion for summary judgment will be granted in neg case when

Output: pleadings show no genuine issue of material fact exists

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [Neg is] Motion for directed verdicted will be granted in neg case

Output: after evidence presented & viewed in light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no reason to send the case to the jury.

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com

conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. Act or omission


Input: [2] increase in size, number, complexity must always maintain functional equilibrium [1]

Output: Growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] involves differentiation & specialization = loss of potential [1]

Output: Development

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts, which deposit bone matrix within CT No cartilage intermediate Includes: flat bones of the cranial vault Mx and Md bones of the jaws [1]

Output: Intramembranous Ossification

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] occurs by formation of a cartilaginous model that is gradually replaced by bone Includes: long bones base of the skull Mandibular condyles [1]

Output: endochondral ossification

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Apposition [1]

Output: How does bone grow at the periosteal surface?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a group is examined over a long period of time to obtain data for studying growth rates & variability Advantage: small sample size comparison standards can observe variability Disadvantage: Long duration [1]

Output: Longitudinal studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] small sample size can derive comparison standards can observe variability among individuals [1]

Output: What are the advantages to a longitudinal studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Long duration [1]

Output: What are the disadvantages to a longitudinal studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Large # of people of different ages are examined on one occasion to obtain info about growth at a particular age Advantage: Short duration Disadvantage: Only can estimate average growth rates Cannot study individual variation [1]

Output: Cross Sectional Studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Short duration [1]

Output: What are the advantages to a cross sectional studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Can only estimate the average growth rates Cannot study individual variation [1]

Output: What are the disadvantages to a cross sectional studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A hybrid combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Get the both of both by obtaining subjects in different age groups for a shorter period of time Allows you to look at variability because you are not estimating averages [1]

Output: Mixed longitudinal studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] involve measuring skulls of living people to study growth patterns Can be either cross sectional or longitudinal [1]

Output: Anthropometry

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] advantage = allows direct measurement of skeletal dimensions disadvantage = produces a 2D representation of the 3D structure Can be either cross sectional or longitudinal [1]

Output: cephalometric radiology

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] plots size as a function of age how big you were at what age Can be derived from cross section and longitudinal studies [1]

Output: distance curve / cumulative curve

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] plots amount of growth as a function of time how fast you grew within a certain time frame Easier to see phases like pubertal growth, peak velocities Derived from longitudinal studies only [1]

Output: velocity curve / incremental curve

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Velocity curves [1]

Output: Which graphic interpretation can only be derived from longitudinal studies?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] uses dyes to stain mineralized tissues lines of incremental growth can be observed later Ex: alizarin red stains for appositional growth of bone tetracycline stains - can determine at what age the tetracycline was given [1]

Output: Vital staining

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] label any metabolite that becomes incorporated into tissues detects areas of rapid growth [1]

Output: radioactive tracers

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] strictly to study growth in humans metal pins are implanted in bones provide a reference point so that you can determine the relative positions of one bone to another [1]

Output: implant radiology

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] structures located closer to the head grow less and finish growth first [1]

Output: cephalocaudal gradient of growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] neural growth stops at 6-7 yrs genital growth begins at puberty age general body growth shows a sigmoidal curve, slow during childhood, accelerated at puberty lymphoid tissues grow rapidly in childhood and then begins to involute at puberty md growth follows more similarly to body growth than the mx [1]

Output: Scammon’s Growth Curves

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] general body growth shows a sigmoidal curve, slow during childhood, accelerated at puberty [1]

Output: What is the general body growth curve according to Scammon

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] md growth follows more similarly to body growth than the mx [1]

Output: What is mandibular growth curve according to Scammon

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] You have to compare standards of growth derived from longitudinal studies Compare child to his peers on standard growth chart Compare height, weight, skeletal, dental development [1]

Output: How do you find out if a person is at the extreme end of the normal variation?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] measurement that falls within one standard deviation around the mean (68%) normal range of one standard deviation falls bt the 16th and 84th percentile [1]

Output: Normal height growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] begins earlier in female lasts about 2 – 2.5 yrs in both males and females [1]

Output: adolescent growth spurt

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] always comes after the peak velocity of the growth [1]

Output: Menarche

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Weight [1]

Output: Which has more variation, weight or height?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] average age in girls is 12 and boys is 14 peak velocity for weight spurts lags behind peak velocity of height by about 3 months [1]

Output: adolescent weight spurt

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] peak velocity for weight spurts lags behind peak velocity of height by about 3 months [1]

Output: Which peak velocity lags?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Timing same events happen at different times in diff people late bloomers grow slower, but longer, and their growth usually surpasses the early bloomers [1]

Output: What are most variations in growth attributed to?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] not a good indicator of growth status because of timing and variability measure age biologically by studying developmental markers instead [1]

Output: Chronologic age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] measure age biologically by studying developmental markers [1]

Output: What is the best way to indicate growth status

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] girls’ growth curves are very similar to e/o [1]

Output: What do girls growth curves look like after menarche

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] based on height compared to his peers useful from late infancy to early adulthood [1]

Output: morphologic age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] development of secondary sex characteristics only for adolescent growth ask the age of menarchy and the peak velocity occurred right before it menarchy is the key marker for sexual age [1]

Output: sexual age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] menarchy [1]

Output: What is the key marker for sexual age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] assess the development of cervical vertebra or wrist bones peak growth of the mandible occurs bt CVMS 2 and 3 [1]

Output: skeletal age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Can use eruption age and crown calcification to root completion [1]

Output: dental age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] where the control of bone growth is Sutural - genetics control growth Primary Cartilage - cartilage controls growth Functional Matrix - growth due to functional needs [1]

Output: What is the major difference b/t the growth theories?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] genetics is what controls osteogenesis sutures are the dominant commanding structures that directs growth pressure created by formation of new bone at sutures tends to push bones apart, and bone would form in between those pushed apart spaces. **these sutures are both sites of growth AND centers of growth [1]

Output: Sutural Growth Theory

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] where the growth occurs Ex: condyles and sutures [1]

Output: Site of growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] location at which independent growth occurs under its own genetic control a growth initiator that pushes apart Ex: craniofacial synchondroses [1]

Output: Center of growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cartilage is what does the growth while bone merely replaces it condyles is what controls the growth of the mandible Growth of the Nasal Complex results in the maxillae growing down and forward [1]

Output: Primary Cartilage Theory

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] sutures fail to grow after being transplanted to other location when sutures are pushed or pulled, they are reacting rather than acting independently theory about sutures being control centers of growth is FALSE. [1]

Output: Experimental evidence against sutures being growth centers

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mandibular condyle will grow very little or none at all when transplanted theory about the condyles being control centers of growth is FALSE. [1]

Output: Experimental evidence against condyles being growth centers

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] no If the mandibular condyle fractures, there is 75% chance that normal growth will NOT be affected [1]

Output: Is the mandibular condyle a center of growth?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] yes removal of it, or damage to it will always affect growth of the maxillae causing under-development (Class-III occlusion) [1]

Output: Is the nasal septum a center of growth?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Function dictates growth of the craniofacial complex growth is mediated by the soft tissues/functional matrix that embeds the hard tissues growth is mediated by the soft tissues Proof: Growth of the cranial vault is a direct response to the growth of the brain. 25% of condylar fractures results in deficient growth of the mandible. Thumb-sucking can cause changes in the oral structures causing open bite and narrowed palatal vault [1]

Output: Functional Matrix Theory

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] it’s multi-factorial involving intrinsic factors, epigenic factors, and environmental factors [1]

Output: Which theory is the most accurate?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] side w/ the applied pressure gets resorbed side w/o the pressure gets deposition [1]

Output: endosteal and periosteal deposition & resorption

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] endosteal and periosteal deposition & resorption side w/ the applied pressure gets resorbed side w/o the pressure gets deposition [1]

Output: Which growth mechanism is the principle used in the movement of teeth in orthodontics

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mesial side w/ pressure absorbs bone Distal side w/out pressure deposits bone [1]

Output: If ortho wire pulls a tooth mesially, which side resorbs bone?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cortical plate will increase in thickness when bone is deposited and decrease in thickness when bone is resorbed imbalance of deposition & resorption causes the cortical bone to shift [1]

Output: cortical drift

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] imbalance of deposition & resorption [1]

Output: What causes the cortical bone to shift?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apposition and resorption processes that cause shifts in the relative bone position (cortical drift) [1]

Output: relocation

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adjust the size & shape of the area to the new relationship, to the new physiological loading [1]

Output: remodeling

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] separate movement of the whole bone by some physical force that carries it away from contacts with other bones Primary and Secondary Displacement [1]

Output: displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] growth of a structure is affected by that same structure’s own growth & enlargement takes place in the opposite direction of the vector of bone growth Ex: maxilla moves down & forward due to its own Nasal Complex growing up and back [1]

Output: primary displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Primary displacement [1]

Output: What kind of displacement is occurring when the maxilla moves down and forward due to the Maxilla's Nasal Complex growth up and backwards?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] growth of a structure is affected by the growth of other bones surrounding it can be additive (deposition) or subtractive (resoprtion) Example = displacement of Nasomaxillary Complex is caused by growth of the middle cranial fossa [1]

Output: secondary displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] secondary displacement [1]

Output: What kind of displacement is occurring there is displacement of Nasomaxillary Complex caused by growth of the middle cranial fossa?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inner surface of the V [1]

Output: Where is bone deposited?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] outer surface of the V [1]

Output: Where is bone resorbed?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] V will eventually enlarge and move away from its apex due to deposition in the inner surface and resorbtion on the outer surface of the V [1]

Output: V-principle

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bone is deposited on the lingual surfaces [1]

Output: Where is bone deposited in the mandible?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] resorbed on the buccal surfaces [1]

Output: Where is bone resorbed in the mandible?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Primary displacement causes anterior displacement of the chin down & forward [1]

Output: What does growth of the condyles cause?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Secondary displacement causes anterior displacement of the chin down & forward [1]

Output: What does growth of the cranal base cause?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Primary displacement of condyles Secondary displacement of cranial base [1]

Output: How does the chin move down & forward?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anterior surface of Bony chin [1]

Output: Where is the least amount of change occuring in mandibular growth?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Oral cavity side [1]

Output: Where is there deposition in the Maxilla?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] On the nasal side [1]

Output: Where is there resorption in the Maxilla?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Primary displacement of nasal complex Secondary displacement of cranial base [1]

Output: What causes the Maxilla to move down and forward?

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Growth [2]

Output: increase in size, number, complexity must always maintain functional equilibrium

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Development [2]

Output: involves differentiation & specialization = loss of potential

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Intramembranous Ossification [2]

Output: mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts, which deposit bone matrix within CT No cartilage intermediate Includes: flat bones of the cranial vault Mx and Md bones of the jaws

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] endochondral ossification [2]

Output: occurs by formation of a cartilaginous model that is gradually replaced by bone Includes: long bones base of the skull Mandibular condyles

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] How does bone grow at the periosteal surface? [2]

Output: Apposition

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Longitudinal studies [2]

Output: a group is examined over a long period of time to obtain data for studying growth rates & variability Advantage: small sample size comparison standards can observe variability Disadvantage: Long duration

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are the advantages to a longitudinal studies [2]

Output: small sample size can derive comparison standards can observe variability among individuals

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are the disadvantages to a longitudinal studies [2]

Output: Long duration

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cross Sectional Studies [2]

Output: Large # of people of different ages are examined on one occasion to obtain info about growth at a particular age Advantage: Short duration Disadvantage: Only can estimate average growth rates Cannot study individual variation

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are the advantages to a cross sectional studies [2]

Output: Short duration

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are the disadvantages to a cross sectional studies [2]

Output: Can only estimate the average growth rates Cannot study individual variation

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Mixed longitudinal studies [2]

Output: A hybrid combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Get the both of both by obtaining subjects in different age groups for a shorter period of time Allows you to look at variability because you are not estimating averages

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Anthropometry [2]

Output: involve measuring skulls of living people to study growth patterns Can be either cross sectional or longitudinal

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] cephalometric radiology [2]

Output: advantage = allows direct measurement of skeletal dimensions disadvantage = produces a 2D representation of the 3D structure Can be either cross sectional or longitudinal

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] distance curve / cumulative curve [2]

Output: plots size as a function of age how big you were at what age Can be derived from cross section and longitudinal studies

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] velocity curve / incremental curve [2]

Output: plots amount of growth as a function of time how fast you grew within a certain time frame Easier to see phases like pubertal growth, peak velocities Derived from longitudinal studies only

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Which graphic interpretation can only be derived from longitudinal studies? [2]

Output: Velocity curves

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Vital staining [2]

Output: uses dyes to stain mineralized tissues lines of incremental growth can be observed later Ex: alizarin red stains for appositional growth of bone tetracycline stains - can determine at what age the tetracycline was given

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] radioactive tracers [2]

Output: label any metabolite that becomes incorporated into tissues detects areas of rapid growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] implant radiology [2]

Output: strictly to study growth in humans metal pins are implanted in bones provide a reference point so that you can determine the relative positions of one bone to another

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] cephalocaudal gradient of growth [2]

Output: structures located closer to the head grow less and finish growth first

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Scammon’s Growth Curves [2]

Output: neural growth stops at 6-7 yrs genital growth begins at puberty age general body growth shows a sigmoidal curve, slow during childhood, accelerated at puberty lymphoid tissues grow rapidly in childhood and then begins to involute at puberty md growth follows more similarly to body growth than the mx

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the general body growth curve according to Scammon [2]

Output: general body growth shows a sigmoidal curve, slow during childhood, accelerated at puberty

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is mandibular growth curve according to Scammon [2]

Output: md growth follows more similarly to body growth than the mx

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] How do you find out if a person is at the extreme end of the normal variation? [2]

Output: You have to compare standards of growth derived from longitudinal studies Compare child to his peers on standard growth chart Compare height, weight, skeletal, dental development

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Normal height growth [2]

Output: measurement that falls within one standard deviation around the mean (68%) normal range of one standard deviation falls bt the 16th and 84th percentile

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] adolescent growth spurt [2]

Output: begins earlier in female lasts about 2 – 2.5 yrs in both males and females

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Menarche [2]

Output: always comes after the peak velocity of the growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Which has more variation, weight or height? [2]

Output: Weight

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] adolescent weight spurt [2]

Output: average age in girls is 12 and boys is 14 peak velocity for weight spurts lags behind peak velocity of height by about 3 months

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Which peak velocity lags? [2]

Output: peak velocity for weight spurts lags behind peak velocity of height by about 3 months

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are most variations in growth attributed to? [2]

Output: Timing same events happen at different times in diff people late bloomers grow slower, but longer, and their growth usually surpasses the early bloomers

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Chronologic age [2]

Output: not a good indicator of growth status because of timing and variability measure age biologically by studying developmental markers instead

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the best way to indicate growth status [2]

Output: measure age biologically by studying developmental markers

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What do girls growth curves look like after menarche [2]

Output: girls’ growth curves are very similar to e/o

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] morphologic age [2]

Output: based on height compared to his peers useful from late infancy to early adulthood

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sexual age [2]

Output: development of secondary sex characteristics only for adolescent growth ask the age of menarchy and the peak velocity occurred right before it menarchy is the key marker for sexual age

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the key marker for sexual age [2]

Output: menarchy

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] skeletal age [2]

Output: assess the development of cervical vertebra or wrist bones peak growth of the mandible occurs bt CVMS 2 and 3

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dental age [2]

Output: Can use eruption age and crown calcification to root completion

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the major difference b/t the growth theories? [2]

Output: where the control of bone growth is Sutural - genetics control growth Primary Cartilage - cartilage controls growth Functional Matrix - growth due to functional needs

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sutural Growth Theory [2]

Output: genetics is what controls osteogenesis sutures are the dominant commanding structures that directs growth pressure created by formation of new bone at sutures tends to push bones apart, and bone would form in between those pushed apart spaces. **these sutures are both sites of growth AND centers of growth

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Site of growth [2]

Output: where the growth occurs Ex: condyles and sutures

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Center of growth [2]

Output: location at which independent growth occurs under its own genetic control a growth initiator that pushes apart Ex: craniofacial synchondroses

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Primary Cartilage Theory [2]

Output: cartilage is what does the growth while bone merely replaces it condyles is what controls the growth of the mandible Growth of the Nasal Complex results in the maxillae growing down and forward

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Experimental evidence against sutures being growth centers [2]

Output: sutures fail to grow after being transplanted to other location when sutures are pushed or pulled, they are reacting rather than acting independently theory about sutures being control centers of growth is FALSE.

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Experimental evidence against condyles being growth centers [2]

Output: mandibular condyle will grow very little or none at all when transplanted theory about the condyles being control centers of growth is FALSE.

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Is the mandibular condyle a center of growth? [2]

Output: no If the mandibular condyle fractures, there is 75% chance that normal growth will NOT be affected

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Is the nasal septum a center of growth? [2]

Output: yes removal of it, or damage to it will always affect growth of the maxillae causing under-development (Class-III occlusion)

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Functional Matrix Theory [2]

Output: Function dictates growth of the craniofacial complex growth is mediated by the soft tissues/functional matrix that embeds the hard tissues growth is mediated by the soft tissues Proof: Growth of the cranial vault is a direct response to the growth of the brain. 25% of condylar fractures results in deficient growth of the mandible. Thumb-sucking can cause changes in the oral structures causing open bite and narrowed palatal vault

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Which theory is the most accurate? [2]

Output: it’s multi-factorial involving intrinsic factors, epigenic factors, and environmental factors

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] endosteal and periosteal deposition & resorption [2]

Output: side w/ the applied pressure gets resorbed side w/o the pressure gets deposition

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Which growth mechanism is the principle used in the movement of teeth in orthodontics [2]

Output: endosteal and periosteal deposition & resorption side w/ the applied pressure gets resorbed side w/o the pressure gets deposition

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] If ortho wire pulls a tooth mesially, which side resorbs bone? [2]

Output: Mesial side w/ pressure absorbs bone Distal side w/out pressure deposits bone

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] cortical drift [2]

Output: cortical plate will increase in thickness when bone is deposited and decrease in thickness when bone is resorbed imbalance of deposition & resorption causes the cortical bone to shift

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What causes the cortical bone to shift? [2]

Output: imbalance of deposition & resorption

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] relocation [2]

Output: apposition and resorption processes that cause shifts in the relative bone position (cortical drift)

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] remodeling [2]

Output: adjust the size & shape of the area to the new relationship, to the new physiological loading

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] displacement [2]

Output: separate movement of the whole bone by some physical force that carries it away from contacts with other bones Primary and Secondary Displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] primary displacement [2]

Output: growth of a structure is affected by that same structure’s own growth & enlargement takes place in the opposite direction of the vector of bone growth Ex: maxilla moves down & forward due to its own Nasal Complex growing up and back

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What kind of displacement is occurring when the maxilla moves down and forward due to the Maxilla's Nasal Complex growth up and backwards? [2]

Output: Primary displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] secondary displacement [2]

Output: growth of a structure is affected by the growth of other bones surrounding it can be additive (deposition) or subtractive (resoprtion) Example = displacement of Nasomaxillary Complex is caused by growth of the middle cranial fossa

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What kind of displacement is occurring there is displacement of Nasomaxillary Complex caused by growth of the middle cranial fossa? [2]

Output: secondary displacement

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is bone deposited? [2]

Output: inner surface of the V

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is bone resorbed? [2]

Output: outer surface of the V

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] V-principle [2]

Output: V will eventually enlarge and move away from its apex due to deposition in the inner surface and resorbtion on the outer surface of the V

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is bone deposited in the mandible? [2]

Output: bone is deposited on the lingual surfaces

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is bone resorbed in the mandible? [2]

Output: resorbed on the buccal surfaces

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does growth of the condyles cause? [2]

Output: Primary displacement causes anterior displacement of the chin down & forward

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does growth of the cranal base cause? [2]

Output: Secondary displacement causes anterior displacement of the chin down & forward

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] How does the chin move down & forward? [2]

Output: Primary displacement of condyles Secondary displacement of cranial base

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is the least amount of change occuring in mandibular growth? [2]

Output: Anterior surface of Bony chin

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is there deposition in the Maxilla? [2]

Output: Oral cavity side

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Where is there resorption in the Maxilla? [2]

Output: On the nasal side

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What causes the Maxilla to move down and forward? [2]

Output: Primary displacement of nasal complex Secondary displacement of cranial base

Cranio - 08 - Growth Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Questionnaires that regularly ask employees their opinions about the company, management, and work life. [Ethics]

Output: Opinion surveys


Input: Procedure that corrects or punishes a subordinate for violating a rule or procedure. [Ethics]

Output: Discipline


Input: Employer programs aimed at ensuring that all employees are treated fairly, generally by providing formalized, well-documented, and highly publicized vehicles through which employees can appeal any eligible issues. [Ethics]

Output: Guaranteed fair treatment


Input: Involuntary termination of an employee’s employment with the firm. [Ethics]

Output: Dismissal


Input: Idea, based in law, that the employment relationship can be terminated at will by either the employer or the employee for any reason. [Ethics]

Output: Terminate at will


Input: Willful disregard or disobedience of the boss’ authority or legitimate orders. [Ethics]

Output: Insubordination


Input: Employee dismissal that does not comply with the law or does not comply with the contractual arrangement stated or implied by the firm via its employment application forms, employee manuals, or other promises. [Ethics]

Output: Wrongful discharge


Input: Interview in which an employee is informed of the fact that he or she has been dismissed. [Ethics]

Output: Termination interview


Input: A systematic process by which a terminated person is trained and counseled in the techniques of self-appraisal and securing a new position. [Ethics]

Output: Outplacement counseling


Input: Interviews conducted by the employer immediately prior to the employee leaving the firm with the aim of better understanding what the employee thinks about the company. [Ethics]

Output: Exit interviews


Input: Situation in which employees are told there is no work for them but that management intends to recall them when work is again available. [Ethics]

Output: Layoff


Input: Refers to the process of reducing, usually dramatically, the number of people employed by the firm. [Ethics]

Output: Downsizing


Input: [1] high [3] igh always says long i [2]

Output: high


Input: [1] every [3] y stand for e here [2]

Output: every


Input: [1] near [3] ear says ear as in the thing on the side of your head [2]

Output: near


Input: [1] add [3] if you have $1 and you get $1 you add them together you have $2 [2]

Output: add


Input: [1] food [3] you eat this [2]

Output: food


Input: [1] between [3] be tween. e and ee are both long e [2]

Output: between


Input: [1] own [3] long o silent w [2]

Output: own


Input: [1] below [3] be low not above [2]

Output: below


Input: [1] country [3] USA is your country [2]

Output: country


Input: [1] plant [3] ant with pl [2]

Output: plant


Input: [1] last [2]

Output: last


Input: [1] school [2]

Output: school


Input: [1] father [2]

Output: father


Input: [1] keep [3] long e [2]

Output: keep


Input: [1] tree [3] long e [2]

Output: tree


Input: [1] never [2]

Output: never


Input: [1] start [3] not end [2]

Output: start


Input: [1] city [3] you live in oklahoma city [2]

Output: city


Input: [1] earth [2]

Output: earth


Input: [1] eyes [3] you look with these [2]

Output: eyes


Input: [1] light [3] igh is long i [2]

Output: light


Input: [1] thought [3] I have a thought [2]

Output: thought


Input: [1] head [3] on your neck [2]

Output: head


Input: [1] under [3] un der [2]

Output: under


Input: [1] story [3] cinderella is a story [2]

Output: story


Input: [1] saw [2]

Output: saw


Input: [1] left [3] not right [2]

Output: left


Input: [1] don't [3] do not [2]

Output: don't


Input: [1] few [3] ew says? [2]

Output: few


Input: [1] while [3] long i short e [2]

Output: while


Input: [1] along [3] a long [2]

Output: along


Input: [1] might [3] igh is long i [2]

Output: might


Input: [1] close [3] long o silent e [2]

Output: close


Input: [1] something [3] some thing [2]

Output: something


Input: [1] seem [3] long ee [2]

Output: seem


Input: [1] next [2]

Output: next


Input: [1] hard [3] ar says? [2]

Output: hard


Input: [1] open [3] long o [2]

Output: open


Input: [1] example [2]

Output: example


Input: [1] begin [2]

Output: begin


Input: [1] life [3] long i silent e [2]

Output: life


Input: [1] always [3] al ways [2]

Output: always


Input: [1] those [3] long o silent e [2]

Output: those


Input: [1] both [3] long o [2]

Output: both


Input: [1] paper [3] long a [2]

Output: paper


Input: [1] together [2]

Output: together


Input: [1] got [2]

Output: got


Input: [1] group [3] ou says uhh here [2]

Output: group


Input: [1] often [2]

Output: often


Input: [1] run [2]

Output: run


Input: [1] important [2]

Output: important


Input: [1] until [3] un til [2]

Output: until


Input: [1] children [2]

Output: children


Input: [1] side [3] long i silent e [2]

Output: side


Input: [1] feet [3] ee is long e [2]

Output: feet


Input: [1] car [2]

Output: car


Input: [1] mile [3] long i silent e [2]

Output: mile


Input: [1] night [3] igh is long i [2]

Output: night


Input: [1] walk [2]

Output: walk


Input: [1] white [3] silent h long i silent e [2]

Output: white


Input: [1] sea [3] long e silent a [2]

Output: sea


Input: [1] began [3] be gan [2]

Output: began


Input: [1] grow [3] long o silent w [2]

Output: grow


Input: [1] took [2]

Output: took


Input: [1] river [2]

Output: river


Input: [1] four [3] 4 [2]

Output: four


Input: [1] carry [3] y stands for e here [2]

Output: carry


Input: [1] state [3] long a silent e [2]

Output: state


Input: [1] once [2]

Output: once


Input: [1] book [2]

Output: book


Input: [1] hear [3] ear says ear like the one on the side of your head [2]

Output: hear


Input: [1] stop [2]

Output: stop


Input: [1] without [3] with out [2]

Output: without


Input: [1] second [3] not the first but the second [2]

Output: second


Input: [1] late [3] long a silent e [2]

Output: late


Input: [1] miss [3] my name is miss placed [2]

Output: miss


Input: [1] idea [3] long i and ea makes the short i sound [2]

Output: idea


Input: [1] enough [3] long e silent o short u and gh makes the f sound [2]

Output: enough


Input: [1] eat [3] long e silent a [2]

Output: eat


Input: [1] face [3] long a silent e [2]

Output: face


Input: [1] watch [2]

Output: watch


Input: [1] far [3] ar says [2]

Output: far


Input: [1] Indian [3] you are 1/4 Indian [2]

Output: Indian


Input: [1] real [3] ea says the short i sound here [2]

Output: real


Input: [1] almost [3] al most [2]

Output: almost


Input: [1] let [2]

Output: let


Input: [1] above [3] long a [2]

Output: above


Input: [1] girl [3] you are a girl [2]

Output: girl


Input: [1] sometimes [3] some time s [2]

Output: sometimes


Input: [1] mountains [2]

Output: mountains


Input: [1] cut [2]

Output: cut


Input: [1] young [2]

Output: young


Input: [1] talk [2]

Output: talk


Input: [1] soon [2]

Output: soon


Input: [1] list [2]

Output: list


Input: [1] song [2]

Output: song


Input: [1] being [3] be ing [2]

Output: being


Input: [1] leave [2]

Output: leave


Input: [1] family [2]

Output: family


Input: [1] it's [3] it is [2]

Output: it's


Input: [absorption costing] allocation base

Output: a measure of activity such as direct labor-hours or machine hours that is used to assign costs to cost objects

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] bill of materials

Output: a document that shows the quantity of each type of direct materials required to make a product

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] cost driver

Output: a factor, such as machine-hours, beds occupied, computer time, or flight-hours, that causes overhead costs

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] job cost sheet

Output: a form prepared for a job that records the materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead costs charged to that job

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] job-order costing system

Output: a costing system used in situations where many different products, jobs, or services are produced each period

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] materials requisition form

Output: a detailed source document that specifies the type and quantity of materials to be drawn from the storeroom and that identifies the job that will be charged for the cost of those materials.

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] multiple predetermined overhead rates

Output: a costing system with multiple overhead cost pools with a different predetermined overhead rate for each cost pool, rather than a single predetermined overhead rate for the entire company. each production department is often treated as a separate overhead cost pool.

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] normal cost system

Output: a costing system in which overhead costs are applied to a job by multiplying a predetermined overhead rate by the actual amount of the allocation base incurred by the job.

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product


Input: [absorption costing] overapplied overhead

Output: a credit balance in the manufacturing overhead account that occurs when the amount of overhead cost applied to work in process exceeds the amount of overhead cost actually incurred during a period.

Accounting Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com

a costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product