Input: aspirin antianginal aceinhibitior beta blocker blood pressure cigarette smoking cholesterol diet diabetes education exercise flu vaccination

Output: When singing the ABCs of chronic stable angina treatment, what is next after aspirin?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: it is a vasodilation It decreases both afterload and preload

Output: Why do we give patients nitro?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: isosorbide dinitrate...it is an oral agent, standing order

Output: Other than all the Nitros under nitrates, what is the one that is not a "nitro".

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: Antiplatelet Antianginal Beta Blocker Calcium channel

Output: Diferent than treating an stable angina, what are the ABCs of CAD tx?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: amlodipine (Norvasc) nifedipine (Procardia) diltiazem (Cardizem) nicardipine (Cardene)

Output: What are some calcium channel blockers?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: Aspirin, plavix or ticlid

Output: A new diagnosis of CAD/Angina would have what type of treatment?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: pain with activity

Output: Why might a angina patent have activity intolerance?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: oxygen morphine 1-2mg nitroglycerine drip aspirin 162mg CK-MB q8x3 Troponin Myoglobin EKG

Output: What are the treatments of an acute MI?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: low molecular weight protein that is 99-100% sensitive for MI. Serum concentrations rise 30-60 minutes after MI, but are rapidly cleared from body. Best if done within 12 hours of MI.

Output: What is myoglobin?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: greater than 35

Output: Where do you want your HDL to be?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Output: Where do you want your LDL to be?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: less than 150

Output: Where do you want triglycerides to be?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: Fasting needed for 12 hours before. No alcohol for 24 hours

Output: Nursing requirements for checking lipids.

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: chest x-ray

Output: I am a test that illustrates contours, placement and chambers of the heart.

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: visualizes structures in and around the heart by inserting transducer attached to an endoscope in the esophagus Transesophageal Echocardiography

Output: What is a TEE?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: -consent -iodine? -NPO for 6-8 hrs? -assess use of aspirin or NSAIDS -discontinue oral anticoagulants -IV started to KVO -Establish baseline peripheral pulses -Mark pulse sites with marker -Take baseline VS -administer sedative -ECG monitoring

Output: List additional nursing requirements prior to cardiac cath.

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: removing plaque from the identified lesion by shaving plaque off vessel walls using rotary cutting device

Output: What is atherectomy?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: 1/150gr SL x 3 at five minute intervals

Output: What is dose for nitro?

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: atenolol metoprolol propranolol

Output: List the beta blockers

NUR135 Cardiac-CAD Flashcards - Cram.com

What type of disorder is Arteriosclerosis?


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. What is a construal?

Output: i. Our construals stem from two basic human motives ii. Self esteem-> the need to feel good about ourselves iii. Social cognition-> the need to be accurate about the social world iv. We rely on our construals which are motivated by these motives in conjunction. We want to be accurate with a "I'm a good person" spin. Very personal. v. Possible motives vi. Belonging: the need o feel as though we fit in and are accepted. vii. Control: the need to feel a sense of influence over our lives and environments. viii. Biology: can also motivate us (hunger, thirst, etc.)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] c. The Fundamental Attribution Error

Output: i. The Fundamental Attribution Error= our tendency ii. Tend to think that a person's behavior is based on their personality than the social situation iii. First, we overestimate how much people's behavior is based on personality iv. AND UNDERESTIMATE how much people's behavior is based on the situation v. We do this to others, not ourselves

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Schemas, what they are, what they affect

Output: i. Schemas= mental models people use to organize their knowledge ii. One common type of automatic thinking 1. Influence information people a. Notice b. Think about c. Remember iii. We are more likely to remember things when they are in keeping with our schemas iv. Schemas are functional and beneficial 1. Help us interpret ambiguous situations v. Schemas that are applied to a situation can affect construals 1. May be several possible schemas for any given situation 2. Schemas influenced by accessibility 3. Accessibility- extent to which a schema is at the forefront of our minds (two types)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Output: 1. Forming an expectancy 1. Category based (stereotypes) 2. Personal experiences, first impressions 3. Implicit personality theories a. Ideas about what types of traits often emerge together 2. Behavioral confirmation 1. Expectations guide our behaviors toward the target 2. Target responds to our behaviors Perceptual confirmation 1. We see what we expect to see a. "I wouldn't have believed it if I hadn't seen it" b. In reality this isn't how it works c. We should really say: "I wouldn't have seen it if I hadn't believed it" o Bloomer study 1968 • All children given a bogus test at the beginning of the year • Told teachers that 20% of the kids were "bloomers" (randomly chosen) • Measured on IQ tests at the end of the year • Results- bloomers improved more than non-bloomers • Teachers asked to indicate how much they liked each of their students • Those who match expectations liked the most

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] Heuristics

Output: d. : Rely on mental shortcuts when making decisions i. Often very useful, can lead to errors in judgment ii. Increases cognitive efficiency iii. Schemas also increase cognitive efficiency, however, heuristics minimizes the actual controlled thinking so we can make a split-second decision

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] e. Availability heuristic

Output: • People make decisions based on how easily they can bring something to mind • Example: more likely to die in a car accident or stroke? Stroke • ING, N? • Schwartz et a. (1991) • People asked to think of either 6 times there were assertive or 12 times, then rate assertiveness • Easier to come up with 6, those people rather themselves more assertive • Things that are "available" in our minds are considered more common o Vivid things (e.g. plane crashes) are more available o Things that are more publicized are most available o MAY NOT BE MORE COMMON

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] • Representativeness heuristic:

Output: o People make decisions based on how similar something is to typical case o Often ignore base rate information: how common something is in the environment or population • Errors based on representativeness o Ignoring base rate information and simply matching to stereotypes about people of schemas • Gambler's fallacy: belief that once chance event is affected by previous events o Think we're more likely to get heads on a coin flips after o TTTTTTTTTTTTTT (more likely H) THTHTHTHHHTT (50/50) o Always 50/50! • Illusion of control: belief that we can control events determined by chance o Throw dice softly for low numbers, hard for high numbers • Magical thinking: making decisions that do not hold up to rational scrutiny o Afraid to eat chocolate shaped like spiders

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Implicit personality theories

Output: i. Implicit personality theory ii. A type of schema, but helps us explain behavior iii. Fill in the blanks by grouping personality traits together iv. If you think someone is kind then you'll probably think they're generous. v. Nerds: smart, socially awkward, likes computers

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Internal vs. external attributions

Output: c. Attribution theory i. How we explain other people's behavior ii. Make two types of attributions iii. Internal: it is something about the person whose behavior we are explaining iv. Why did Susie stomp on my foot? Because she's mean. v. External: it is something about other people or the situation vi. Why did Susie stomp on my foot? Because we were standing on a crowded train. It was an accident. Why did Joe kick Fido (dog)? • Consensus: do other people also kick Fido? o Yes=high consensus, No=low consensus • Distinctiveness: does Joe kick other dogs? o Yes=low distinctiveness, No=high distinctiveness • Consistency: does Joe always kick Fido? o Yes=high consistency, No=low consistency • Internal attribution- it's something about Joe! o Low consensus (no one else kicks Fido) o Low distinctiveness (Joe kicks all dogs) o High consistency (Joe always kicks Fido) • External attribution- it's something about Fido! o High consensus- everyone kicks Fido o High distinctiveness- Joe kicks only Fido o High consistency- Joe always kicks Fido • Low consistency o Unique occurrence is difficult to classify o External attribution made to the particular circumstances

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] d. Self-serving attributions

Output: i. FAE and the Self ii. Much less likely to make the FAE for our own behaviors iii. Instead, we make self-serving attributions: explanations for our behaviors that make us look good iv. My failures are due to external, situation factors (outside) v. My success are due to internal, dispositional factors (inside)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Cultural and gender differences in conceptions of the self

Output: • Cultural difference in self-concept o Western cultures= independent view of the self • Define self via own thoughts, feelings, actions o Eastern cultures= interdependent view of the self • Define self via relationships with others and others' (or group's) thoughts, feelings, actions i.e. a member of my family, part of this group o Generalized differences, much within culture variability • Gender difference in self-concept (specific to Western culture) o Women= tend to be more focused on relationships • Relationships with others important to idea of self o Men= more focused on group memberships • Membership in groups important to idea of self o Much within gender variability

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] ii. Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

Output: c. Intrinsic motivation= desire to do a behavior because we like it, find it interesting etc. d. Extrinsic motivation= desire to do a behavior because of external rewards or pressures e. Adding extrinsic motivation for something that was intrinsically motived can be negative-> over-justification effect f. If people view behavior as extrinsically motivated g. Then underestimate intrinsic motivation as a cause of behavior

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] h. Knowing the self through social comparison

Output: i. Social comparison j. Evaluating the self (opinions, abilities, etc.) by comparing to others k. When do we compare? i. No objective standard ii. Uncertainty l. To whom do we compare? i. Initially, to anyone around ii. Given time, look for appropriate comparison m. Upward social comparison i. Serves a motivational function n. Downward social comparison i. Serves a self-esteem maintenance function

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Cognitive dissonance theory

Output: o Original definition: a drive or feeling of discomfort, caused by holding two or more inconsistent cognitions o We went to be cognitively consistent. We want our thoughts to match and make sense when bringing it together with everything else o If our thoughts, or cognitions, don't match, then we are motivated to remove the discomfort

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] • Aronson's revision to dissonance

Output: o Dissonance caused by performing an action that is discrepant from one's (typically positive) self-concept o Example: it is important to live a healthy lifestyle. You put this thought with the behavior of smoking. Smoking is in contrast with that lifestyle. Creates discomfort so make a change. o Three ways of doing this (reducing discomfort) • Change your behavior  Bring your behavior in line with your thoughts i.e. stop smoking • Change your cognitions  Bring your cognitions in line with your behaviors i.e. important to live a healthy lifestyle, but since I smoke light cigarettes that's ok • Add new cognition  Think of new things that support your behavior i.e. healthy lifestyle, smoker, the reality is that my life will be shorter but I'm ok with that (I don't want to live to be old)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Choice justification (post-decisional dissonance)

Output: c. Dissonance occurs after an important decision between two similar things d. i.e. rate products on scale (toaster oven and coffee maker) e. Women rated the items functionally identical (both save time etc.) f. Now, as a gift, choose an appliance g. After choosing, rerate appliances h. The women rated the appliance they chose better i. Reduce dissonance by enhancing what you chose and devaluing what you didn't choose j. Happens POST-decision

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Justification of effort (external and internal justification)

Output: l. Increasing the liking for something you have worked hard to get i. People must feel like they had a choice over their behavior ii. i.e. female college students getting into a discussion group. The women who worked harder to get into the group said they liked it better than the other group (boring though)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iii. Insufficient justification

Output: m. Insufficient justification (Festinger & Carlsmith) 1959 n. Threats to self-esteem o. Illusion of choice p. Low external justification= high dissonance q. High external justification= low dissonance

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Insufficient punishment

Output: r. Insufficient punishment (Aronson & Carlsmith) s. Mild threat of punishment= high dissonance t. Severe threat of punishment= low dissonance u. Researchers went into 1st 2nd grade classroom v. Brought in new toys, rated the toys w. Then the research said either: i. Mild, leave the room, don't play with the toys or I'll be sad ii. Severe, leave the room, don't play with the toys or I'll take them away forever iii. Rerate toys, sad=lower, severe=higher x. If we're given a large reward or severe punishment, it leads to external justification for whatever it is we're doing i. Leads to external justification ii. Leads to LOW dissonance iii. Leads to temporary change in attitude of behavior y. Small reward or mild punishment i. Leads to internal justification ii. HIGH dissonance iii. Long-lasting change in attitude or behavior

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] z. Reducing cognitive dissonance

Output: aa. Reducing relationship dissonance bb. Focus on other person by reducing closeness cc. Focus on activity by making it less central to your self-esteem dd. Focus on own behavior by outperforming the other person

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Cognitive, behavioral, an affective attitudes

Output: • Cognitive (beliefs)  Beliefs about the properties of the "attitude object" (anything we're dealing with, animal, person, couch)  Function as object appraisal  Thing that helps me= good  Things that hurts me= bad • Affective (emotion)  Feelings and values associated with the "attitude object"  Affectively based attitudes function as "value-expressive"  Thing that makes me happy/is cool= good  Thing that makes me sad/is gross= bad  Can be the result of sensory reaction or conditioning  Classical conditioning: neutral object paired with something that evokes a response  Eventually, neutral object takes on the same emotional response (drool)  i.e. loves popcorn, doesn't like movies, but gets same feeling after pairing popcorn with movie  Operant conditioning  Reinforcement and punishment are used to increase or decrease behavior  Made a cake once, best cake EVAR, make it more frequently o Behavioral  Observe our behavior toward the "attitude object"  Behaviorally based attitudes emerge when attitude is weak or ambiguous  We have no (or minimal) cognitive or affective attitude  No external reason for our behavior  See self-perception theory (ch5)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] • How do we change attitude?

Output: o Behaviorally: cognitive dissonance o Affectively:  Peripheral route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model  Fear arousing communications  i.e. best way to put baby to sleep, have scary posters of improperly placed babies o Cognitively:  Central route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model  Yale Attitude Change Approach

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] • Elaboration Likelihood Model

Output: o Central route: good for cognitive attitudes  Paying attention to arguments leads to elaborating on the persuasive message  Need ability and motivation to listen carefully  i.e. vacuum breaks, see a commercial for a vacuum, go out and buy a new vacuum o Peripheral route- good for affective attitudes  People who do not have ability or motivation to pay attention do not elaborate  Pay more attention to peripheral cues  i.e. vacuum breaks but 4 year old crying in the room, might not pay attention to the vacuum being sold but who is selling it, the music, etc. • Length of attitude change varies o LONG lasting change if  Central route of ELM was used  Listener had ability and motivation to pay attention o SHORT term change if  Peripheral route of ELM was used  Listener did not have ability and was not motivated to pay attention • Dual process model: the person and the situation jointly determine ELM route o The person  Individual differences (need for cognition, to think before acting, more likely to take central route) o The situation  Time pressures, resources  If you re given 5 minutes vs. as much time as you need, you'll behave very differently

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] • Yale Attitude Change Approach

Output: o Who says what to whom  Who: the source of the communication  Who is providing the message  Expertise: experts persuade better than non-experts  Attractiveness: attractive people persuade more than unattractive people  What: the nature of the communication  What type of information are we given  A 2 sided argument more persuasive (give appearance of "fairness")  Inoculation theory • Expose audience to small dose of arguments against your position and then refute them • Increase immunity to later persuasive attempts

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Subliminal versus regular advertising

Output: d. Can change behavior or attitude in highly controlled conditions and for a short period of time e. Bargh & Pietromonaco (1982): participants interpreted an ambiguous paragraph based on words that had been subliminally flashed f. Reckless, adventurous g. People primed with reckless thought paragraph was more reckless and vice verse h. Week later rated it equally i. Murphy & Zajonc (1993): asked people to rate Chinese ideograph j. Liked it most when flashed a happy face, least when flashed an angry face k. Flashing the face mattered l. Only lasts for 5 minutes m. People think: i. Regular ads do NOT affect them ii. Subliminal ads DO affect them n. The reality: i. Regular ads DO affect people ii. Subliminal ads do NOT affect people

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Conformity

Output: ii. Changing behavior based on the real or imagined presence of others iii. We can conform in a variety of situations

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] ii. Informational social influence (ISI)

Output: 1. Conformity via using others as a source of information 2. Their behavior, their knowledge, etc. 3. i.e. see what others are using to eat their salad (which fork) 4. Two important components: a. Public compliance b. We do it c. Private acceptance 5. We believe it c. Early studies used the autokinetic effect i. Groups of three estimates the movement of a light ii. Estimates eventually converged iii. Ex: Please estimate out loud how much that light is moving? iv. Over a series of trails, estimated with others, converged v. Rohrer vi. Replication of autokinetic effect vii. 1 year delay viii. By themselves they estimated the same answer!! d. ISI Conformity more likely when i. Ambiguous ii. Crisis iii. Experts iv. Situation is ambiguous v. Most important criteria vi. Situation is a crisis vii. Limited time to act viii. Others are experts ix. Assume they have "correct" knowledge or information

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] e. Normative social influence (NSI)

Output: i. Conformity to be liked and accepted by others ii. i.e. fashion (want to dress fashionably, fit in) iii. Aspects of NSI 1. Public compliance (we do it) 2. NOT private acceptance (we do NOT believe it) iv. NSI More likely when 1. No allies 2. Allies make it easier to resist conformity 3. Only 6% conformed at east once when there was an ally in the Asch study 4. Collectivistic culture or beliefs 5. Conformity more likely when it is valued v. Asch (1956) 1. Which of the three lines on the right is the same length as the line of the left? 2. Pretty obvious 3. 1 participant, 5 confederates 4. Most of the time give the right answer, but sometimes give the most obviously wrong answer 5. 76% of people conformed at least 1 time 6. Replicated nearly 50 years later 7. Why did they conform a. Public compliance without private acceptance b. With private reporting, no conformity

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] g. Social Norm

Output: h. Implicit or explicit rules in a group for acceptable behaviors, values, or beliefs of group members i. Implicit: don't have a conversation with someone only 1 inch away form their face. j. Explicit: no elbows on the table

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] k. Injunctive norm

Output: l. Perceptions about what behaviors are approved of or disapproved of by others m. i.e. speed limited

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] n. Descriptive norms

Output: o. Perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations p. i.e. speed limit 60, driving 70

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Social facilitation

Output: i. Physiological arousal ii. From the presence of other people iii. Knowledge that you are being evaluated iv. Bikers go faster when other bikers around and vice versa v. People perform vi. Better on simple tasks vii. Worse on complex tasks viii. Learned tasks can become simple ix. Michaels et al. 1982 1. 4 students observed novice or experienced pool players 2. Pool= hard for novices 3. Pool= simple for experienced players 4. They were either watched or unwatched 5. Novices missed more when being watched. 6. Experts did better when being watched.

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Social loafing

Output: i. Relaxation from ii. The presence of other people iii. Knowledge you are not individually observed iv. People do 1. Worse on simple tasks 2. Better on complex tasks v. When you have a group who is being evaluated as a group, you utilize other people's strengths (or you're just lazy and don't contribute i.e. social loafing)

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] c. Deindividuation and its effects

Output: i. Deindividuation ii. Loosening of normal constraints of behavior due to anonymity. iii. People feel less accountable iv. Become more obedient to group norms v. Increases impulsive and deviant acts vi. Accounts for mob behavior, if you're in a group of 20,000, how are you going to be held accountable? vii. Extreme form of social loafing viii. i.e. Halloween costume, KKK costume

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Propinquity and mere exposure

Output: The more we see/interact with others, the more we are to like them Familiarity leads to liking Mere exposure->familiarity->liking Cross et al. (1967) 3 groups of baby rats 1 group- exposed to Mozart 2 group- exposed to Shoenberg 3 group- no music Then trained to press levers. 3 levers->Moazart, Shoenberg, or no music. How often are these rats going to press the levers? Group 1- 80% M, 20% S Group 2- 80% S, 20%M Group 3- 50% S, 50% M

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] ii. Similarity vs. Dissimilarity and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

Output: Need for uniqueness, similarity only helps up to about 80% Optimal distinctiveness theory: we simultaneously want to belong and want to be distinct.

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iii. Reciprocal liking

Output: When we think someone likes us we will probably like them more Can overcome dissimilarity or lack of propinquity Additionally, if we think someone likes us we will behave in a more likeable way toward them This can lead to them liking us more Creates a self-fulfilling prophecy

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iv. Physical attractiveness

Output: Females: small nose/chin, high eyebrows, narrow cheeks. Men: large chin and define jaw Western cultures Both: large eyes, prominent cheek bones General cross-cultural agreement Babyface: large forehead, features low on the face, large round eyes, small nose, round cheeks Averageness is also attractive Likely due to familiarity The more faces we average together the more attractive we think they are Faceresearch.org

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] Beauty leads to liking

Output: Dion (1972) Attractiveness matters, especially with a severe act Two pictures: attractive or unattractive kid Read a scenario of a kid throwing a snow ball at a kid's leg or threw at head and caused a gash. Snow ball- attractiveness didn't matter Severe act- attractive: forgave him, unattractive: called police Clifford & Walster (1973) Cute kids thought to have bright future Transcripts of kid talking. Same for unattractive and attractive. Landy & Sigall (1974) Attractive woman received a better grade for a bad essay Look at essay, picture of attractive or unattractive Good essay didn't matter Bad essay attractive got better grade than unattractive

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] "What is beautiful is good" stereotype

Output: Attractive people thought to possess positive traits In US: more socialable, outgoing, sexual, assertive, happy "Good stereotype are culturally based What is valued is associated with attractive people Attractiveness and socialbility are positively correlated Not CAUSAL, could be self-fulfilling prophecy Synder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977) Male participants have a 10 minute "getting to know you" phone conversation with a female Female participants Always used the same picture (never matched woman) Given a positive or negative expectation based on a fake picture "You are having a conversation with this woman" Recorded Brought in naive observer and just heard what the woman said. Didn't see the picture. They were asked to rate the woman on conversational skills (warm? Engaging?) Female conversationalists were rated more socially skilled when men given an attractive picture. Given an expectation, behave based on expectation, female responds to behavior, self-fulfilling prophesy

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] Liking leads to beauty

Output: Attractiveness gives an advantage, but there is room for change Nisbett & Wilson (1977) Participants watched videos of TA All videos showed the same person Half of video as showed him mean, half showed him nice Rated the attractiveness of TA in the video Physical part is identical, the only thing that changed was his behavior % saying TA is attractive Nice: 70% Mean: 36%

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Social Exchange Theory

Output: Relationship satisfaction is based on Rewards received in relationship i.e. food, safety Costs incurred in relationship i.e. paying for everything, frustration Comparisons made Relationship to expectations Relationship to other possible relationships

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Theories on why people help others i. Evolutionary theory

Output: Kin selection Help our closest relatives Our genes survive First research looked at bees, bees that were genetic relatives of the hive were allowed in, other bees not allowed Norm of reciprocity "I'll help you, you help me" Developed understanding with others Increased survival But it cannot be tested

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Theories on why people help others. Social exchange theory

Output: Help to maximize our benefits and minimize our costs Helping rewards us Increased likelihood of reciprocal helping Relieve distress of the witness We gain social approval and self-worth If costs>rewards we will not help Argues altruism does not exist

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iii. Empathy-Altruism

Output: If we feel empathy, we will help regardless of costs to us If we do NOT feel empathy, Social Exchange concerns comes into play Prosocial behavior- any act performed benefitting another person Altruism- a desire to help another person even if there is a personal cost involved An act without self-interest, costs are greater than rewards

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Effects of mood on helping behavior

Output: Positive mood increases helping because Positive mood makes us interpret events in a sympathetic way (look on the bright side) Helping prolongs the positive mood state Positive mood increases self-attention- which heightens our adherence to seeing ourselves as altruistic. Feel good, do good Negative mood increases helping because Guilt increases helping (people think good deeds cancel out bad deeds) Negative state relief hypothesis People help in order to alleviate their own sadness or distress Feel bad do good Students asked to commit 5 acts of kindness per week for 6 weeks Visit n elderly relative Write a thank you letter to a former teacher Students who did kindness behaviors reported greater happiness than control group Practical lesson: if you are feeling down, help somebody!

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Hostile aggression

Output: ii. Comes from feelings of anger Aimed at inflicting pain Aggression is the end behavior Immediate conditions that lead to aggressive acts Threats to self-esteem, status, or respective particularly in public General increases in stimuli Long term conditions that lead o aggressive acts Repeated threats to self-worth or status

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iii. Instrumental aggression

Output: iv. Aggression to reach a goal Aggression is a means to an end Immediate conditions Opportunities for gain with high reward and low perceived risk Long term conditions Poverty or other challenging economic factors Perception of crime as a way to get resources/respect Norms that show aggression a way to resources

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Frustration-aggression hypothesis (when frustration lead to aggression, relative deprivation)

Output: Frustration-Aggression Theory Perception of being prevented from a goal (i.e. frustration) will lead to more aggression Frustration will NOT lead to aggression if: Aggression does not work in the situation Frustration is Understandable Legitimate Unintentional Frustration INCREASES aggression when The goal is closer Frustration is unexpected Experience relative deprivation The perception that your or your group have less than you deserve

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] ii. Aggressive cues

Output: Stimuli that leads to increases and arousal and anger Unpleasant heat Painful cold Stressful noises Crowding Bad odor

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] iii. Social learning theory

Output: We learn aggression (any social behavior) via observation and imitation Bandura's bobo dolls Classic study: Children watched an adult play with a bobo-doll violently or non-violently Children watching violent video played more violently with same doll and made up new violent acts

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] a. Distinction between stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

Output: A is for Prejudice (affect) A hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people Influences emotional response to group members Technically, prejudice can be positive, too B is for discriminate (behavior) Overt behavior directed toward a person because of presumed or actual group membership Can stem from stereotypes or prejudice Implies power over another person's outcomes C is for stereotypes (cognitive) A generalization about a group of people Apply identical characteristics to all members of the group, regardless of actual variation Deny individual of group

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] i. Modern racism & Ambivalent sexism

Output: Modern-isms Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudicial attitudes More subtle and ambiguous Studied with reaction time measures or surveys that ask subtle questions Automatic prejudice: quick, uncontrollable response to someone based on group membership Influences behaviors we do not monitor and cannot control Controlled prejudice: conscious beliefs, how people want to feel Influences behaviors we can monitor and control Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986): measures more subtle prejudice attitudes Scores are higher than on measures of old-fashioned racism They have a large range Ambivalent Sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996): sexism is made up of two parts Hostile sexism: negative->women are inferior Benevolent sexism: positive->women are weaker

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [a. What is social psychology?] b. Prejudice reduction i. Contact hypothesis

Output: Use logic? Does not work Prejudice is usually an affective attitude, cannot be changed through cognitive processes Provide counter stereotypic examples? Only works if there are MANY examples Must show that the stereotype is generally untrue Practice making non-prejudiced response? Can work if people are aware of own attitudes/want to change Self-esteem approach? Use principles of cognitive dissonance, but hard to do on a very large scale Social cognition approach? Prevent categorization Difficult because some minority groups want to emphasize group membership and/or are proud of group Emphasize shared group memberships

the scientific study of the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What does attract mean?

Output: It means to PULL TOWARD (a magnet attracts iron and/or steel; the north end of a magnet attracts the south end of another magnet)

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is camouflage?

Output: It is an adaptation in which an animal protects itself against predators by blending in with the environment.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What are centimeters?

Output: They are a unit of length metric measurement; 1/100 of a meter; cm

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a characteristic?

Output: It is a special quality or appearnce that makes an individual or group different from others.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is condensation?

Output: It is the changing of a gas into a liquid.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a conductor?

Output: It is a material that lets electric charges or other forms of energy flow through it.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a consumer?

Output: It is any animal that eats plants (producers) or eats other animals.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is erosion?

Output: Erosion is the picking up and carrying away of pieces of rock.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a food web?

Output: A food web is overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a fossil?

Output: A fossil is any remains or imprint of living things from the past.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a lever?

Output: A lever is a simple machine when a bar is used to pry or lift a object.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is friction?

Output: Friction is the force that resists motion between objects in contact with one another.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is precipitation?

Output: Precipitation is any form of wather that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground. (rain, snow, sleet,hail)

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is an orbit?

Output: An orbit is the PATH of a planet traveling around a star.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a producer?

Output: A producer is any plant that produce oxygen and food that animals need.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a predator?

Output: A predator is an animal that hunts other animals for food.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What does repel mean?

Output: Repel means to PUSH AWAY (the south end of a magnet repels the south end of another magnet)

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What are sieves?

Output: Sieves are instruments used to separate larger materials from smaller materials.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a star?

Output: A star is a ball of hot burning gases that gives off heat and light energy.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What is a solution?

Output: A solution is a mixture of substances that are blended so completely that the mixture looks the same everywhere.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What does rotate mean?

Output: Rotate means to make a complete SPIN on an axis, causing one day on a planet.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: [What is an adaptation?] What are roots?

Output: Roots are usually underground and are parts of a plat that absorbs and stores water and minerals and holds the plant in place.

MEAP Science Vocabulary Review Flashcards - Cram.com

A characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment.


Input: NONHUMAN, animal-based language system which implements the call system to convey meaning. (limited number of sounds taht are produced in response to specific stimuli) Characteristics on next slide... [Open Communication System]

Output: Closed Communication System. Characteristics: calls cannot be combined to produce new sounds. Calls are reflexive in that they are automatic responses to specific stimuli

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Are some languages superior to others? [Open Communication System]

Output: NO! ALL world languages are capable of conveying meaning in an equal manner although some cultures tend to stress different areas of linguistic focus.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Minimal linguistic form (usually a word) with meaning; the smallest part of an utterance that has a definite meaning [Open Communication System]

Output: morpheme

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Smallest sound contrast that serves to distinguish meaning; units of sound that lack meaning in themselves; they are the smallest sound contrasts that distinguish meaning [Open Communication System]

Output: phoneme

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Displacement [Open Communication System]

Output: capacity to convey information about a thing that is not acpresent; the ability to send or receive a message without direct sensory conditions or events to which the message refers

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How many spoken languages are there in the world today? [Open Communication System]

Output: Between 5-6,000 spoken world languages

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How do we distinguish between two languages [Open Communication System]

Output: Mutual Comprehensibility and historical linguistics

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mutual Comprehensibility [Open Communication System]

Output: Whether or not people can understand eachother. If they can, they speak the same language. If not the speak different languages.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Historical Linguistics [Open Communication System]

Output: Branch of anthropological linguistics which attempts to find out how languages are related and how they came to merge together/break apart from one another

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Do the number of sounds used by a particular language influence its ability to convey complex thoughts? [Open Communication System]

Output: NO! ALL world languages are equally able to convey complex thoughts. The number of phonemes found in a language does not bear any impact on that language's ability to convey complex thoughts

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [Open Communication System]

Output: Different languages impact the way you think, perceive, and experience reality and time in the world around you.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which came first, pastoralism or farming? [Open Communication System]

Output: Pastoralism and farming emerged and spread TOGETHER in the Old world as INTERRELATED parts of a pattern of increasing human intervention in nature.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why did our foraging forebears give up their way of life and settle down as farmers? [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. Farming creates a high energy system with food SURPLUS 2. Allows for the existence of a larger population (increases the carrying capacity from 1/3) 3. Allows for populations to live CLOSER to eachother

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Negatives of farming [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. Rise of formal government 2. Lack of self-governing yourself 3. Longer work hours 4. less varied diets 5. increase of infections 6. environmental damage

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why did human populations increase after people setteled down as farmers? [Open Communication System]

Output: Farming allowed for a greater surplise of food to be produced, allowing for population size to expand and the carrying capacity of society to thusly be increased.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What mechanisms kept a check on population growth before farming? [Open Communication System]

Output: Prolonged lactation: women continued to breastfedd children up to 4 years after birth to avoid consequent pregnancy to avoid population inrease

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Horticulture(slash-burn farming) [Open Communication System]

Output: Not based on intensive use of resources, land, labor or capital. Requires lots of fallow land. Land is cleared by cutting down the forest, allowing it to dry and then burning it so that it may later be used for farming purposed. The ash from the fires provides pesticide-free fertilizer for growing crops

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Intensive agriculture [Open Communication System]

Output: modern form of cultivation that IS based on intensive use of resrouces, land, labor, and capital. Land is used INTENSELY and EXTENSIVELY through the use of animal labo and irrigation.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Consequences of intensive agriculture [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. destruction of finite natural environment 2. political subordination 3. differntail access to strategic rerouces 4. increaseing rates of infection/disease 5. longer working hours 6. less varied diets 7. Higher surplus causes the surplus going to STATE as a form of tax. Used to support people who are not direct producers.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Intensification [Open Communication System]

Output: Increase in labor output to produce greater yields without expanding the amount of land used

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where is pastoralism found [Open Communication System]

Output: Found in arid areas of the OLD world (North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, Europe, and Asia) where agricultural production is not possible. Pastoralists use animals to convert useless vegetation into things they can use (blood, meat, milik, yogurt, butter, cheese)

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of pastoralism in which the ENTIRE group and animal herd moves together YEARLY. Must trade with farmers for food. Ex: bassiri of Iran [Open Communication System]

Output: Nomadic Pastoralism

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of pastoralism in which animal husbandry AND farming are present and only PART of the group moves with the herd while the rest remain at the village to raise the crops [Open Communication System]

Output: Transhumant pastoralism

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What animals did Old world Pastoralists rely upon? [Open Communication System]

Output: Cattle and sheep. New world relied on llamas and alpacas

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3 benefits of herding [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. allows use of grasslands, savannas, tundra, where plants are indigesti ble by people. 2. Subsistence risk reduciton: animals serve as a trade leverage (insurance) to buy crops elseware in times of drought 3. mobility: livestock can be moved ot areas of fresh pastures, sources of water, away from aggressive neigbors, and out of reach of tax hungry governments who want to have nomads settle down

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3 limitations of herding [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. environmental constraints: cannot raise livestock in tropical forests that lack forage. 2. Livestock disease 3. In areas where cultivation can be carried out, agriculture is MORE PRODUCTIVE than pastoralism per unit of land.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ten-percent rule [Open Communication System]

Output: As you go up the food chain, only 10% of energy from the pervious level is avaiable for energy in the next.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of arrangement found in hunter-gatherer bands in which society members are related to one another through marriage or circumstance and are treated as stand-in-kin (family) although they may be from neighboring Hunter-gatherer bands and not of direct blood relation [Open Communication System]

Output: Fictive kinship

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Set of institutionalized activities which combine natural resources, human labor, and technology to acquire, produce and distribute materal goods and specialized services in a STRUCTURED and REPETITIVE fashion [Open Communication System]

Output: Economy

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Reciprocity [Open Communication System]

Output: type of exchange eocnomy found in hunter-gathering socities and other pre-agricultural societies in which goods are exchanged on an informal basis without keeping track of what is given to whom and/or who oews what to whom.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In what sort of relationships is reciprocity embedded [Open Communication System]

Output: Found in hunter-gatherer bands and is imbedded within the context of family/kinship based relationships. All members are considered part of an egalitarian society so all goods consumed and resources used are considered to be equal property of all in the community

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Trade-parternships [Open Communication System]

Output: Non-kin based trading system: members of different bands or villages regard eachother as metaphorical kin with whom they trade exclusively

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Silent Trade [Open Communication System]

Output: Hunter-gatherer/pre-agricultural societies: want to buy something illegal which is banned but you need to know you won't get in trouble. Leave stuff in a spot and the other group takes goods. No face-to-face communication

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Kula and its economic and social functions [Open Communication System]

Output: The Kula (Trade partnership) : Trobriand Islanders exchange shell neckalces in a circular fashion. Value of necklace based on time in circulation and previous ownership.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Redistribution [Open Communication System]

Output: accumulate of large amounts of labor products produced by different individuals in a central place, where they are sorted and counted and then given away to producers and non-producers alike.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Two types of redistribution: [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. Egalitarian redistribution: redistributor lacks the power to coerce followers into intensifying production and must depend on goodwill. 2. stratified redistribution: redistributor has the power to coerce and workers depend on his good will. Based on POLITICAL CONTROL. Invovles a class of RULERS who have the POWER to compel others to do their bidding.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does redistribution generate prestige? [Open Communication System]

Output: Allows certain populations access to large sums of money and resources while simultaneously denying others access to that same material wealth.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does redistribution reflect adjustment to particular technological and ecological factors [Open Communication System]

Output: it allows for the control of power in society. Government decides which groups will thrive and which will plunder.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: System of economic exchange in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods and services WITHOUT using a medium of exchange such as money. [Open Communication System]

Output: Barter Market

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the Barter Market limited [Open Communication System]

Output: almost all modern societies today use currency to exchange goods/services and those that still partake in a barter market economy often are not modern, market type economies.

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Characteristics of price markets [Open Communication System]

Output: 1. Large populations 2. Informal transactions 3. currency driven (all transactions for goods/services are quantifiable)

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How does one gain prestige in 21st century U.S [Open Communication System]

Output: Attaining a high level of value in the market economy

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Term for production and exchange because economic relationships entail power relations enforced by sales coercive arm [Open Communication System]

Output: Political economy

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Price-market exchange [Open Communication System]

Output: market where goods are bought and sold with money, distributed, minted and printed by the state

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does it mean when we say that capitalism is a kind of economy where money can buy anything? [Open Communication System]

Output: All goods and services are quantified into a dollars and cents amount whihc places a certain level of monetary value on everything that is able to be consumed

ATH 175 Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A - airway obstruction A - compromised airway reflexes(decreased GCS) B - inadequate oxygenation C - severe systemic hypoperfusion (sepsis) D - need for profound sedation (seizures, psychiatric) E - expected deterioration (burn, penetrating neck trauma), movement to less monitored area (transport)

Output: What are reasons to intubate?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -Traditionally been used -Gag is absent in 12-25% of people -there is no evidence that its presence or absence corresponds to airway protective reflexes

Output: Discuss the use of the gag reflex to test a patient's ability to protect their airway

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -evaluate the patient's ability to phonate -assess level of conciousness -assess the patient's ability to handle his or her secretions (pooling of secretions in the oropharynx, ability to swallow spontaneously or on command)

Output: Outline the recommended approach to evaluating a patient's ability to protect their airway

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: ABG results are rarely helpful, may cause delay in the deteriorating patient and may be misleading

Output: What are the value of ABG results in the decision to intubate

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -TCA OD -significant multiple trauma (anticipated deterioration, loss of ability to protect airway, need for invasive and painful procedures, need for studies outside the ED) -penetrating neck trauma (with any evidence of vascular or direct airway injury)

Output: List conditions where there is a moderate to high likelihood of predictable deterioration requiring airway intervention

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Difficult intubation Difficult BMV Difficult ventilation using extraglottic device (EGD) Difficult cricothyroidotomy

Output: What are 4 crucial domains to evaluate pre-intubation

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: LEMON Look Externally Evaluate (3-3-2) Mallampati Obstruction/Obesity Neck Mobility

Output: How do you assess for difficult direct laryngoscopy?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: MOANS Mask Seal Obstruction/Obesity Aged (>55 increases risk) No teeth Stiffness (to ventilation) (asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema, term pregnancy)

Output: How do you evaluate a patient for difficult BMV?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: RODS R- restricted mouth opening O - Obstruction or obesity D - Distorted Anatomy S - Stiffness (resistance to ventilation)

Output: How do you evaluated a patient for placement of an extraglottic device?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: SHORT S-surgery H-hematoma O-obesity R - radiation T - tumore

Output: What are features that predict difficult cricothyrotomy

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: It is a system that grades laryngoscopy according to the extent to which laryngeal and glottic structures can be seen. Grade I - the entire glottic aperture is seen Grade 2 = only a portion of the glottis is seen (arytenoid cartilages alone or arytenoid plus a portion of the glottis Grade 3 - laryngoscopy visualizes only the epiglottis Grade 4 - not even the epiglottis is visualized

Output: Describe the Cormack and Lehane grading system.

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Chest auscultation Gastric auscultation Bag resistance Exhaled volume Condensation within the ETT Chest Radiography

Output: What are traditional methods for ensuring correct placement of an ETT?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -six manual ventilations -avoids false positives as it allows for the washout of CO2 related to BMV before intubation or ingestion of carbonated beverages

Output: How many ventilations are required to assess end-tidal Co2? and why?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Caution is required for patients in cardiopulmonary arrest. Insufficient gas exchange may hamper CO2 detection in the exhaled air, even when the tube is correctly placed within the trachea. This situation may arise in 25-40% of intubated cardiac arrest patients.

Output: Describe the pitfall of colourimetric ETCO2

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: A patient in cardiopulmonary arrest or a state near to arrest and is predicted to be unresponsive to direct laryngoscopy.

Output: What defines a 'crash airway'?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: immediate intubation without use of drugs, supplemented with a single dose of succinylcholine if the attempt to intubate fails and the patient is felt not to be sufficiently relaxed

Output: What is the 'crash airway' technique?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: If the patient represents a difficult intubation as determined by the LEMON, MOANS and RODS evaluation.

Output: Under what circumstances should the difficult airway algorithm be used?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: If the clinician cannot maintain oxygen saturation with BMV, despite optimal use of a two-person, two-handed technique with an oral airway in place. OR If three attempts at direct laryngoscopy have been unsuccessful (defined as attempts by an experienced clinician, using best possible patient positioning and technique. OR If a clinician ascertains after even a single attempt at laryngoscopy that intubation is impossible.

Output: What is the definition of a failed airway?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: the clinician should believe that -intubation is likely to be successful (or a double setup is in place to handle the can't intubate can't ventilate) --oxygenation via BMV or EGD is likely to be successful if a first intubation attempt does not succeed.

Output: What are the criteria for administering neuromuscular blockade to a patient?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Cricothyrotomy

Output: If adequate oxygenation cannot be maintained in the failed airway what is the rescue technique?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Virtually simultaneous administration of a potent sedative (induction) agent and an NMBA (neuromuscular blocking agent) usually succinylcholine for the purpose of endotracheal intubation.

Output: Define RSI

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Preparation Preoxygenation - 3minutes of 100% O2 gives 8 minutes of apnea in healthy adults before SaO2 <90% / or 8 vital capacity breaths Pretreatment Paralysis with induction - assess paralysis by moving mandible Positioning Placement of the tube Postintubation management

Output: What are the 7 P's of RSI

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: epistaxis delayed/incorrect tube placement long term complications (sinusitis, turbinate destruction, laryngeal perforation)

Output: What are the complications of blind nasotracheal intubation?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Rapid Sequence Intubation Blind Nasotracheal Intubation Awake Oral Intubation Oral Intubation without pharmacologc agents

Output: What are the 4 methods of intubation

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: a technique in which sedative and topical anesthesia agents are administered to permit management of a difficult airway. AFter the patients is sedated and anesthetized gentle direct, video or fiberoptic laryngoscopy is performed to determine whether the glottis is visible and intubation possible. The patient may be intubated at this time or may show that RSI is possible and safe.

Output: Define awake oral intubation

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -cardiovascular (in particular bradycardia) -fasciculations -hyperkalemia (burns >10%BSA, crush, denervation (stroke, spinal cord), neuromuscular disease, intraabdominal sepsis) (only >5days after the inciting injury) -increased IOP (not proven) -masseter spasm -malignant hyperthermia (hyperthermia and rhabdo) -requires refrigeration

Output: What are the problems with succinylcholine?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: 1) what will constitute a breath (delivered tidal volume or delivered airway pressure) (cycle) 2) to what extent will the patient be allowed to participate in breathing (mode) 3) how will the support be delivered (method)

Output: What 3 questions must be answered once the need for ventilatory support has been identified?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: 1) controlled mechanical ventilation 2) assist/control ventilation 3) synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation

Output: What are the commonly available modes of positive-pressure ventilation?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: the ventilator delivers breaths at a preset rate, regardless of any ventilatory effort made by the patient. Only appropriate for the apneic, pharmacologically paralyzed patient

Output: Describe CMV

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: This mode continuously monitors the ventilator circuit for either negative pressure or air flow deflections and responds with a full breath, in the absence of any such patient effort the device automatically cycles at a preset minimum

Output: Describe Assist Control

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Input: -poor tolerance in awake patients -worsening of intrathoracic air trapping in patients with COPD

Output: What are disadvantages of A/C ventilation

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: delivery of a mandatory breath is synchronized as much as possible with a patient's spontaneous respirations.

Output: Describe SIMV

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Input: PEEP refers to pressure applied during invasive mechanical ventilation whereas CPAP is the application of positive pressure during spontaneous breathing. The terms are occasionally used interchageably.

Output: What is the difference between PEEP and CPAP?

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Input: increase functional residual capacity (FRC) by maintaining patency of injured or flooded alveoli that would otherwise collapse at the end of exhilation.

Output: What is the purpose of PEEP or CPAP

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: decreased cardiac output

Output: What is a potential adverse effect of PEEP?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: It decreases the work of breathing

Output: What is the purpose of pressure support ventilation (PSV)

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: CPAP provides constant pressure throughout the respiratory cycle. BiPap alternates between higher pressure during inspiration (IPAP) and lower pressure during expiration (EPAP)

Output: Describe CPAP and BiPAP

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Input: Patients with readily reversible causes where fatigue is a significant factor (COPD and cardiogenic pulmonary edema)

Output: Which patients in the ED are more likely to respond to NPPV.

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Input: Younger age unimpaired conciousness less severe acidemia prompt response (in less than 2 hours)

Output: What predicts the success of NPPV in COPD?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Severely impaired level of conciousness cardiac arrest acute MI inability to protect airway apnea copious secretions uncontrolled vomiting upper airway obstruction facial trauma

Output: What are contraindications to NPPV? (9)

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: IPAP - 8cm EPAP - 3 cm 3-5L/min supplemental O2 Spontaneous mode

Output: What are the recommended initial settings for BiPAP ventilators

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Input: hypoxemia - increase EPAP in 2-cm increments (IPAP maintained a a fixed interval higher) hypercapnia - increase IPAP in 2 cm increments with EPAP being increased in 1:2.5cm ratio to IPAP

Output: What parameters in BiPAP should be changed in the event of hypoxemia? hypercapnia

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: A/C - for a breathing patient with inadequate ventilatory effort TV - 6-8mL/kg, RR 12-14 breaths/min, FiO2 1.0 (to be titrated to maintain oxygen saturation of 90%) Also consider PEEP of 2.5-5cm H20 (pressure-cycled ventilator - usually 25-40 cmH20)

Output: What are reasonable initial ventilator settings in the ED?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: PIP - peak inspiratory pressure reflects lung compliance and airway resistance Expiratory volume - allows estimation of the effectiveness of spontaneous respiratory efforts, and effectiveness of ventilation

Output: What are 2 important ventilator readouts and why?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Increased intrathoracic pressure -decreased venous return -increased ventilation/perfusion ratio -air trapping and iPEEP -barotrauma Nosocomial infections (lungs and sinuses) Respiratory alkalosis Agitation and increased respiratory distress Increased work of breathing (asynchrony or improperly set triggers)

Output: What are potential adverse effects of Positive-pressure ventilation?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Check tube placement Check tube patency R/o pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and bronchospasm r/o PE -ensure no abdominal distention and pass NG tube Ensure no dynamic hyperinflation or ventilator malfunction DOPE Displaced tube Obstructed tube (kink mucus plug) Tension pneumothorax Equipment Failure

Output: How do you approach acute difficulty with oxygenation/ventilation or high airway pressures?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Often occurs in patients with obstructive lung disease where expiratory flow rate is slowe than usual. Often respiratory rate is set too high and breath stacking results. Patients improve by being taken off the ventilator, when replaced on the ventilator decrease the respiratory rate or modify the inspiratory/expiratory ratio to allow the patient more time to exhale

Output: What is intrinsic PEEP and how do you manage it

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -correct acidosis gradually and allow target values to reflect patient's baseline function rather than normal values -low rate -increased I/E ratio to 1:3 or 1:4 -keep TV low -allow high inspiratory flow rates -employ the use of PEEP

Output: What fine tuning adjustments are required for mechanical ventilation in COPD patients?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -small TV (5-8mL/kg) -low resp rate (8-10 breaths/min) -permissive hypercapnia -occasional external chest compression to assist in exhalation

Output: What fine tuning adjustments are required for mechanical ventilation in patients with status asthmaticus?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -keep PEEP (strategically lower FiO2 with PEEP) and FiO2 as low as possible -small TV (6-8cc/kg ideal body weight) and fast rates (20-25 breaths/min) -plateau pressures <30cm H20

Output: What fine tuning adjustments are required for mechanical ventilation in acute lung injury patients?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Cardiogenic shock limits the use of PEEP which is ordinarily a primary mode of therapy for pulmonary edema. -use only sufficient PEEP to allow titration of the inspired oxygen concentration

Output: What fine tuning adjustments are required for mechanical ventilation with pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock patients?

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Input: PPV may exacebate hypotension in hypovolemic shock. Ventilate with 100% oxygen with near TV and rate to produce near physiologic PaCO2 and avoid PEEP until circulating volume is restored.

Output: What fine tuning adjustments are required for mechanical ventilation in hypovolemic shock patients?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: preservation of speech, swallowing and physiologic airway defence reduced risk of airway injury reduced risk of nosocomial infection decreased length of stay in ICU reduced need for admission to ICU

Output: What are the advantages of NPPV over ETT?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -adequate ventilatory drive and oxygen must be confirmed -resp rate less than 30breaths/min -PEEP <5cm H20 -PaO2 >60mmHg -FiO2 <60%

Output: What parameters are required in order to extubate a patient in the ED?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Myasthenia gravis increases the sensitivity to non-depolarizing agents therefore a smaller dose may be considered. (0.5mg/kg rocuronium) Succinylcholine is not contraindicated in MG because there is no upregulation of receptors (which cause the increased potassium response). In fact MG patients are more resistant to sux and need to get 2.0mg/kg - a prolonged paralysis may occur. Myasthenia gravis decreases the sensitivity to depolorizing agents therefore a larger dose should be used.

Output: Discuss the use of paralytics in myasthenia gravis

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -optimum intubating conditions -minimizing risk of aspiration -counteracting the physiologic responses to intubation

Output: What is the purpose of RSI?

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Input: -use a larger mask (should approximate the bridge of the nose, the two malar eminences and the mandibular alveolar ridge -add or remove air from the mask seal -effect jaw thrust -use oral airway and two nasal airways -detach the bag and apply the mask from the nose down to chin -use webspace at 45 degrees to push mask down (one-person) -use two person technique with four fingers down position -do not impinge soft tissues of the neck -apply gel to beard -place unfolded 4x4s inside mouth on buccal pouches -gather cheeks , hold inside mask body

Output: What are maneuvers that facilitate effective BVM ventilation?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -if unresponsive/near death ->crash airway -if difficult airway predicted -> difficult airway -otherwise RSI *if unsuccessful, BVM *if can not BVM ->failed airway *repeat twice, making modifications in technique *if unsuccessful after three attemps ->failed airway

Output: Summarize the main Walls airway management algorithm?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -medical 1% -trauma 3%

Output: What are intubation failure rate in the ED for medical and trauma cases?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: 1 in 5000 to 1 in 20,000

Output: What is the rate of failure to intubate and failure of BMV in elective anesthesia practice

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: BVM, then attempt oral intubation without RSI If unsuccessful, paralyze and repeat If at any point BVM not possible ->failed airway If 3 attempts unsuccessful ->failed airway

Output: What is the crash airway algorithm?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -call for assistance if failure to maintain oxygenation->cricothyrotomy if no failure to maintain oxygentation can choose other method -> fiberoptic, video, extraglottic device, lighted stylet, cric A difficult airway is predicted, and the goal is cuffed ETT in trachea. A failed airway is unpredicted and the goal is adequate ventilation and oxygenation.

Output: What is the failed airway algorithm?

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: -call for assistance if failure to maintain oxygenation ->failed airway awake direct laryngoscopy, fiberoptic laryngoscopy, or video laryngoscopy ->if unsuccessful then intubating LMA, FO, VL, BNTI, Cric, lighted stylet.

Output: Summarize the difficult airway algorithm

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Input: -repositioning -chin lift -jaw thrust -oral/nasal airway

Output: What are preliminary airway opening measures?

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Input: lidocaine (1.5kmg/kg IV) - mitigate bronchospasm or ICP increase in response to airway manipulation Albuterol - 2.5mg nebulizer to mitigate bronchospasm Fentanyl - 3micrograms/kg to mitigate sympathetic discharge in cardiovascular disease or rise in ICP Should be given 3 minutes before induction and patalysis.

Output: Describe RSI pretreatment options (drugs,dosages and indications)

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Input: -excessive bradycardia may be seen with Sux in children younger than 1 year old - some choose to give atropine 0.02mg/kg during pretreatment but it is unknown if this prevents any adverse outcome -the dose of sux is 2mg/kg

Output: What are 2 important differences in RSI of children?

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Input: Initiation of emergency oxygenation for a pediatric patient who is apneic and in whom intubation and BMV are impossible

Output: What is the primary indication for transtracheal ventilation in the ED

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Oral or nasal intubation is impossible or fails and when BMV cannot maintain adequate oxygen saturation

Output: What are the indications for cricothyrotomy?

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Input: distorted neck anatomy preexisting infection coagulopathy (these are 'relative' contraindications as the establishment of an airway takes precendent

Output: What are contraindications for cricothyrotomy

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Input: Immobilize larynx Place 12-16 gauge angiocath through membrane Advance catheter Connect to jet ventilation (30-50psi in adults) Connect to adaptor on 3.0 ETT and bag, esp if <5years of age

Output: Describe the technique to establish transtracheal jet ventilation

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Input: -obese arms -uncooperative, moving patients -patients with very high and very low BP Even with these limitations, automatic devices are more accurate and reliable than manual auscultation in patients with very high or very low BP.

Output: What are the limitations of cuff-type noninvasive BP monitoring?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?


Input: Intraarterial catheter transduced to an electronic display

Output: What is the most accurate method of measuring BP

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

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Input: 1. exceedingly high (>250mmHg) or low pressures (<80mmHg) 2. Patients requiring continuous BP monitoring (ie sodium nitroprusside etc.) 3. Impending shock states (best chance to insert catheter is in the ED while the pulse is still palpable) 4. patients with anatomic abnormalities (no suitable limb, morbidly obese) 5. Conditions where frequent arterial sampling is required.

Output: List situations in which invasive BP monitoring may be required (5)

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Input: -alterations in perfusion and severe vasoconstriction (shock, hypothermia) -excessive movement -interference with transfer through the nail bed (synthetic nails or nail polish) -alterations in hemoglobin

Output: In which situations can the pulse oximetry reading be limited?

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Input: Through transmission oximetry which is based on differences in the optical transmission absorption of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin at red and infrared spectrums of light.

Output: How does a pulse oximeter work?

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Input: The pulse oximeter senses COHb as through it were mostly oxyhemoglobin and provides a falsely high reading.

Output: How does carboxyhemoglobin affect pulse oximetry readings?

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Input: MetHab produces a large pulsatile absorbance signal at red and IR wavelengths forcing the ratio towards unity and showing a SpO2 of 85% (which may be higher or lower than the true level)

Output: How does methemoglobin affect pulse oximetry readings?

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Input: Capnography is the graphic record represented as a waveform. Capnometry is the quantitative measurement of ETCO2, displated as a number.

Output: What is the difference between capnography and capnometry?

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Input: purple (<4mmHg Co2) tan (4-15mmHg Co2) yellow (>20mmHg Co2)

Output: What are the 3 levels of response of the colorimetric CO2 detectors?

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Input: Mainstream devices measure Co2 directly from the airway with the sensor attached directly to the ETT. Sidestream devices aspirate a sample of gas through tubing into a sensor locate inside the monitor - they can be used for intubated and nonintubated patients.

Output: What is the difference between a mainstream and sidestream CO2 detectors?

Fundamental Clinical Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

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Input: -confirmation of ETT placement -continuous monitoring of tube position in trachea during transport -qualitative and quantitative assessment of cardiac output -gauge effectiveness of CPR during cardiac arrest -determine prognosis in CPR and trauma -maintain appropriate ETCo2 levels in patients with increased ICP -estimate alveolar CO2 in patients with normal lung function -aid in the detection and diagnosis of PE -assess response to treatment in patients with ARDS -determine adequacy of ventilation in patients with altered mental status -assess ventilatory status of an actively seizing patient -help detect metabolic acidosis

Output: What are uses of capnographys in the ED? (11)

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Input: -No patient with a mean ETCO2 less than 10mmHg after 20minutes of CPR survived -ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation) is heralded by an almost immediate increase in ETCO2 from baseline

Output: What is the prognostic value of ETCO2 in CPR

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Input: It can differentiate between actively seizing patients with 1)apnea (flatline waveform, no ETCO2 reading) 2) ineffective ventilation (small capnograms, low ETCO2) 3) effective ventilation (normal capnogram, normal ETCO2

Output: What is the utility of capnography in actively seizing patients?

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Input: Pregnant patients with a viable fetus should undergo fetal monitoring for 2-6 hours after an injury characterized with any degree of abdominal jarring.

Output: What is the ACOG recommendation for monitoring of pregnant patients with trauma?

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Input: -persistent fetal tachycardia -bradycardia -loss of baseline variability -decelerations following contractions -uterine hyperactivity

Output: Which findings on fetal monitoring require urgent obstetrical consultation?

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Input: It is a monitor that analyses and processes a patient's electroencephalogram during sedation to produce a single number - the bispectral index Ranges form 0-100 (0 is EEG silence and 100 is a fully awake adult)

Output: What is the Bispectral index

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Input: Hematologic Neurologic Vasogenic Cardiogenic

Output: What are 4 broad categories of shock?

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Input: The amount of strong base that would have to be added to a litre of blood to normalize the pH A normal base deficit is more positive than -2mEq/L

Output: What is the definition of base deficit?

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Input: -indwelling catheters serve as excellent portals of entry into the vascular space for staph aureus and coag-negative staph -the frequency of community acquired infections caused by antiobiotic resistant gram positive organisms has greatly increased in recent years.

Output: Why will gram positive sepsis continue to increase in prevalence?

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Input: 2 or more SIRS criteria suspected infection

Output: Define sepsis

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Input: -Temperature >38 or <36 degrees Celsius -HR >90bpm -RR>20breaths/min or PaCO2<32mmHg -white blood cell count >12000/mm3, <4000/mm3 or >10%band neutrophilia

Output: What are the SIRS criteria

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What are the three essential criteria upon which to base your decision to intubate?