Input: [Hardware Theft] Software Theft

Output: When someone steals software media, intentionally erases programs, illegally copies them, or illegally registers or activates a program.


Input: [Hardware Theft] license agreement

Output: The right to use the software.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Information Theft

Output: Occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Encryption

Output: Process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Decryption

Output: (decipher) Converting encrypted data into readable form.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Encryption Algorithm

Output: Set of steps that can convert readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Encryption Key

Output: Programmed formula that the originator of the data uses to encrypt plaintext and the recipient to decrypt the ciphertext.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Plaintext

Output: Unencrypted, readable data


Input: [Hardware Theft] Cipher text

Output: Encrypted data


Input: [Hardware Theft] Digital Signature

Output: Encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message sender.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Digital Certificate

Output: Is a notice that guarentees a user or a Web site is legitimate.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Certificate Authority

Output: Authorized person or company that issues and verifies digital certificates.


Input: [Hardware Theft] System failure

Output: Prolonged malfunctions of a computer.


Input: [Hardware Theft] surge protector

Output: Special electronic components that provide a stable current flow to the computer and other electronic equipment.


Input: [Hardware Theft] UPS uninterruptible power supply

Output: Device that contains surge protection circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a loss of power.


Input: [Hardware Theft] Backup

Output: Deplicate file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or stolen.


Input: [Hardware Theft] restore

Output: Copying the backed up files to their original location on the computer.


Input: [Hardware Theft] WAP (wireless access point)

Output: Connection to a wireless network.


Input: [Hardware Theft] War Driving

Output: Individuals attempt to detect wireless networks via their notebook or mobile device while driving a vehicle through areas that might have a wireless network.


Input: [Hardware Theft] WPA (wi-fi protected access)

Output: Security standard that improves on older security standards by authenticating network users.


Input: [Hardware Theft] 802.lli or WPA2

Output: Conforms to the government's security standards and uses more sophisticated encryption techniques than WPA.


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What class of compounds can freely pass through the cell membrane?

Output: Nonpolar, hydrophobic

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Peroxisomes

Output: A microbody that contains oxidative enzymes. Catalyzes rxns that produce hydrogen peroxide. Breaks down fats and used in liver to detoxify harmful compounds (alcohol).

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Glyoxysomes

Output: A microbody usually found in fat tissue of germinating seedlings. Used to convert fats to sugars.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are centrioles?

Output: A specialized type of microtubule invovled in spindle organization during cell division. In animal cells (plant cell do not contain centrioles), located in a region called the centrosome.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are microtubules?

Output: A component of the cytoskeleton. Consists of hollow rods composed of polymerized tubulins. Provides framework for organelle movement w/in the cell.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are microfilaments?

Output: Solid rods of actin. Moves materials across the plasma membrane.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is facilitated diffusion?

Output: passive transport. The net movement of particles down the concentration gradient w/ the help of carrier molecules.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Diffusion transports what type of molecules

Output: Small, nonpolar molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and others.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Facilitated transport transports what type of molecules?

Output: Large, nonpolar molecules such as glucose.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Autotrophic organisms store their energy where?

Output: Theyc convert sunlight into bond energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds, chiefly glucose, in the anabolic process of photosynthesis.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The degradative oxidative breakdown of glucose occurs in what 2 steps?

Output: glycolysis cellular respiration

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Glycolysis

Output: Leads to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, production of ATP, and reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Regarding glycolysis, pyruvate is further processed in what two ways?

Output: anaerobic conditions - reduced during fermentation to ethanol or lactic acid. aerobic conditions - oxidized in mitochondria

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Alcohol fermentation

Output: Pyruvate (3C) --> Acetaldhyde (2C) --> ethanol (2C) NAD+ is regenerated when acetaldhyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol, so glycolysis can continue.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Lactic Acid fermentation

Output: Pyruvate (3C) --> Lactic acid (3C)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Cellular respiration, aerobically, can yield how much ATP?

Output: 36-38 ATP/glucose molecule

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 3 stages of cellular respiration (aerobic)

Output: 1. pyruvate decarboxylation 2. citric acid cycle 3. electron transport chain

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] pyruvate decarboxylation

Output: pyruvate formed during glycolysis is transported from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix where it is decarboxylated (loses a CO2 and remaining acetyl group is transferred to CoA forming acetyl CoA)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Citric acid cycle

Output: Also Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) begins when 2C acetyl group from acetyl CoA combines w/ oxalacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C). Through a series of rxns, 2 CO2 are released and oxaloacetate is regenerated for use in another cycle.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Electron transport chain

Output: ATP is produced via oxidative phosphorylation when high energy electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via carrier molecules.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Without oxygen, what happens in the ETC?

Output: The ETC becomes backlogged w/ electrons. therefore NAD+ can't be regenerated and glycolysis can't continue, unless lactic acid fermentation occurs.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The electron carriers of the ETC are categorized into what 3 protein complexes?

Output: NADH dehydrogenase b-c1 complex cytochrome oxidase

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] In the ETC, one NADH molecule can produce _____ ATP, whereas one FADH2 molecule can produce _______ ATP.

Output: NADH can produce 3 ATP FADH2 can produce 2 ATP (FADH2 bypasses the NADH dehydrogenase complex, so only 2 energy drops occur = 2 ATP)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Output: As hydrogen ions pass through the ATP synthetases, the energy released allows for ADP to be phosphorylated to ATP. The coupling of the oxidation of NADH w/ the phosphorylation of ADP is oxidative phosphorylation

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How much energy can be derived from substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)

Output: The degredation of 1 glu. molecule yields a net of 2 ATP from glycolysis and 1 ATP for each turn of TCA cycle. So, a total of 4 ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How much energy can be derived from oxidative phosphorylation?

Output: 32 ATP

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How is fat used as an energy source?

Output: When needed, fats are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol and carried to tissues for oxidation.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] When fats are needed as an energy source, they are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol is then converted to what glycolytic intermediate?

Output: PGAL

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Eukaryotic cells which contain the diploid (2N) number of chromosomes?

Output: Somatic, or autosomal cells

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 4 stages of the cell cycle

Output: G1, S, G2, M

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Stage of the cell cycle between cell divisions?

Output: Interphase (G1, S, G2)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] G1 stage

Output: Presynthetic gap phase. Cell doubles in size and new organelles are produced. A cell that proceeds through G1 passes a restriction point and is committed to divide. Some cells never pass the restriction point and enter a nondividing phase called G0.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Restriction point of cell cycle

Output: When a cell proceeds through G1, it passes this restriction point and is committed to divide. If not, enters the nondividing phase G0 (skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] S stage

Output: Synthesis phase Each chromosome is replicated. After replication, chromosomes consists of 2 sister chromatids held together at the centromere. After DNA replication, cell still contains diploid (2N) number of chromosomes, so cells entering G2 have twice as much DNA as cells in G1.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] G2 phase

Output: Postsynthetic gap phase Cell continues to grow in size and assembly of new oraganelles and cell structures continues.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 4 stages of mitosis

Output: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Binary fission

Output: Method of asexual reproduction in which the circular chromosome replicates and a new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward dividing the cell in to.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Parthenogenesis

Output: Method of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult organism. Most species of bees and ants All cells of new organism are haploid.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Mitosis is composed of one division resulting in 2 diploid cells. Meiosis comprises _____ divisions resulting in what cells?

Output: 2 divisions resulting in 4 haploid gametes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Each meiotic division consists of what 4 stages?

Output: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Same 4 stages as mitosis

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Chromosomes that code for the same trait?

Output: Homologous chromosomes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Crossing over

Output: Occurs when chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Chiasmata

Output: The point where chromosomes are joined after crossing over has occurred.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Disjunction

Output: Process when homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Occurs in anaphase 1

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Gonads

Output: Reproductive organs

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Sperm being produced in the seminiferous tubules are nourished by what cells?

Output: Sertoli cells

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Trace the pathway of sperm

Output: Seminiferous tubules Epididymus Vas Deferens Ejaculatory duct (Nothing) Urethra Penis SEVEN UP

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of the epididymis?

Output: In the epididymis, sperm acquire motility, mature, and are stored until ejaculation

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Seminal fluid is produced by what 3 glands?

Output: Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Trace the path of spermatogenesis

Output: Spermatogonia (2N) -> Primary spermatocytes (2N) -> meiosis 1 -> Secondary spermatocytes -> meiosis 2 -> Spermatids (N) -> Spermatozoa (N)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Follicle cells produce what hormone?

Output: Estrogen

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The production of female gametes is known as what?

Output: Oogenesis

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Oogenesis occurs where?

Output: The ovarian follicles

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Inner layer of an oocyte cell

Output: Zona pellucida

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Outer layer of an oocyte cell

Output: Corona radiata

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] acrosomal process

Output: Tubelike process sperm form to penetrate the cell membrane of the ovum, fusing the sperm and ovum.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Cortical reaction

Output: Triggered by the acrosomal process in the ovum, causes calcium ions to be released into the cytoplasm.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Results when a single zygote splits into 2 embryos.

Output: Monozygotic, or identical twins

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Results when 2 ova are released in 1 ovarian cycle and are fertilized by 2 sperm

Output: Dizygotic, or fraternal twins

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Chondrocytes

Output: Secrete chondrin, the elastic matrix of cartilage.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Houses mature bone cells (osteocytes)?

Output: Lacunae

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Osteoblasts function?

Output: Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Osteoclasts function?

Output: Break down bone, or bone resorption.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Bone formation occurs by what 2 processes?

Output: Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Movable joints are supported and strengthened by what?

Output: Ligaments

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Encloses the joint cavity (articular cavity)

Output: Synovial capsule

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Skeletal muscle is innervated by what division of the nervous system?

Output: Somatic nervous system

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Contractile unit of skeletal muscle

Output: Sarcomeres Myofibirls are further divided into sarcomeres.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the modified endoplasmic reticulum the encloses a myofibril?

Output: Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Output: Stores calcium ions

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are red fibers?

Output: Skeletal muscle fibers that have a high myoglobin content and many mitochondria. Capable of sustained and vigorous activity. Referred to as "slow-twitch fibers"

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are white fibers?

Output: Skeletal muscle fibers that are anaerobic, so less myoglobin and mitochondria than red fibers. Have a greater rate of contraction than red fibers, but tire easily. Referred to as "fast-twitch fibers"

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is a neuromuscular junction?

Output: The link between the nerve terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. Space between the two is the synapse, or synaptic cleft.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Output: Action potential is conducted along sarcolemma and T system to interior of muscle fiber. Causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into sarcoplasm Calcium binds to troponin causing tropomyosin strands to shift, exposing myosin binding sites on actin filaments.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] When the muscle contracts, which bands are eliminated?

Output: The H and I bands

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What causes rigor mortis

Output: Lack of ATP to relax the muscle.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How does muscle relaxation occur?

Output: When sarcolemmic receptors are no longer stimulated, calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. New ATP binds to myosin head, resulting in dissociation of the myosin from the thin filament.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of tropomyosin?

Output: Protects actin's binding sites from advances of the myosin head. In the presence of calcium, troponin moves tropomyosin away, allowing myosin to bind actin the contraction to begin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is meant by the all or none response?

Output: Only a stimulus above a minimal value, the threshold value, can elicit contraction. Individual muscle fibers exhibit an all or none response, but whole muscle does not.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is a simple twitch?

Output: The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stimulus. Consists of a laten period, contraction period, and relaxation period.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the absolute refactory period?

Output: A brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to stimulus. Followed by the relative refractory period.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the relative refractory period.

Output: Following the absolute refractory period, a period during which a greater than normal stimulus is needed to elicit a response.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is meant by myogenic activity?

Output: A property of smooth muscle in which the muscle can reflexively contract without nervous stimulation.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of creatine phosphate?

Output: During rest, creatine phosphate is produced when a high energy phosphate is transferred from ATP to creatine. During exercise, ATP is resynthesized from creatine phosphate and ADP

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] This molecule can act as an oxygen reserve during strenuous exercise.

Output: Myoglobin

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is myoglobin

Output: A hemoglobin-like protein in muscle tissue. Has a high oxygen affinity and binds oxygen in the bloodstream. During strenuous activity, myoglobin releases its oxygen.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] This tissue binds epithelium to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.

Output: Loose connective tissue

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Two major cell types in loose connective tissue.

Output: Fibroblasts - secretes components of extracellular fibers. Macrophages - Engulf bacteria and dead cells via phagocytosis.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Dense connective tissue has a high proportion of what type of fibers?

Output: Collagenous fibers

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Tendons are formed by what type of tissue?

Output: Dense connective tissue

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Ligaments are formed by what type of tissue

Output: Dense connective tissue

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Function of tendons?

Output: Attach muscle to bone

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Function of ligaments?

Output: Attach bones to joints

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Specialized ring of muscle in the lower esophagus that prevents regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Output: Cardiac sphincter

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Gastric glands in the stomach are composed of what three types of cells?

Output: Chief cells Parietal cells Mucous cells

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of chief cells in gastric glands?

Output: Secrete pepsinogen and intrinsic factor, which plays a role in absorbing vitamin B12.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What do parietal cells secrete?

Output: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) which kills bacteria, dissolves the "glue" holding food tissues together, and facilitates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of gastrin?

Output: Secreted by the pyloric glands in the stomach, this hormone stimulates the gastric glands to produce more HCl and stimulates muscular contractions of the stomach, churning food.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?

Output: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Digestive processes are stimulated and inhibited by what divisions of the nervous system?

Output: Stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The majority of nutrient absorbtion occurs where?

Output: In the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Ventilation (breathing) is regulated by neurons located where?

Output: In the medulla oblongata

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is vital capacity in reference to respiration?

Output: The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled and exhaled from the lungs.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is tidal volume in reference to respiration?

Output: The amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is residual volume in reference to respiration?

Output: The amount of air that always remains in the lungs, preventing the alveoli from collapsing.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is total lung capacity?

Output: The vital capacity plus the residual volume.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The right side of the heart pumps ______ blood into the lungs via the ___________?

Output: Deoxygenated Pulmonary arteries

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the 3 portal systems of systemic circulation?

Output: Hepatic portal system Kidneys Hypophyseal portal system in the brain.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Trace the path of blood beginning with the superior and inferior vena cavae.

Output: Superior/inferior vena cavae Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Oxygenated blood is supplied to the heart by what?

Output: Coronary arteries

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What prevents the backflow of blood into the atria?

Output: Atrioventricular valves

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is cardiac output?

Output: The total volume of the blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. Cardiac Output = heart rate x stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle per contraction).

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Trace the path of electrical impulses in the heart.

Output: SA node AV node (conducts slowly, allowing atrial contraction and ventricles to fill with blood.) Impulse then carried by bundle of His (AV bundle) through the Purkinje fibers in the walls of both ventricles

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The parasympathetic nervous system innervated the heart via what nerve? What effect does this branch of the nervous system have on the heart?

Output: Vagus nerve. Decreases heart rate

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart via what? What effect does this branch of the nervous system have on the heart?

Output: Cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. Increases heart rate.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Hormonal control of the heart?

Output: The adrenal medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine secretion, which increases heart rate.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How do erythrocytes obtain energy?

Output: The lack mitochondria, therefore they are anaerobic and obtain ATP via glycolysis alone.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 3 types of leukocytes?

Output: Granular leukocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Granular leukocytes

Output: Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What leukocyte is involved in specific immune responses?

Output: Lymphocytes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 2 types of lymphocytes?

Output: B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 2 major groups of red blood cell antigens?

Output: ABO group Rh factor

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Type A blood produces _______ antibodies, whereas type B blood produces _________ antibodies.

Output: anti-B anti-A

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Why is type O blood the universal donor?

Output: It posses no surface antigens, so it will not elicit an immune response from the recipient. Produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Why is AB blood considered the universal recipient?

Output: It produces neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Why is Rh factor important during pregnancy?

Output: An Rh- woman can be sensitized by Rh+ fetal red blood cells if they enter maternal circulation during birth. If a future Rh+ fetus is carried by the woman, and anti-Rh antibodies she produced in the first pregnancy can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBC's, resulting in severe anemia for the fetus, or erthroblastosis fetalis.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the Bohr effect?

Output: The allosteric relationship among the concentrations of CO2, H+, and O2. Increasing concentrations of H+ (decrease in pH) and CO2 (increase in bicarbonate) in the blood decreases hemoglobins O2 affinity. Thus, high concentrations of H+ and CO2 in active tissue, such as muscle, enhances the release of O2 in this tissue.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Most carbon dioxide in blood is in what form.

Output: Dissolved in plasma as HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Carbon dioxide diffues from tissue into erthrocytes, where it combines with water to form what?

Output: Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What does carbonic anhydrase do?

Output: Catalyzes both the formation and dissociation of carbonic acid.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The exchange of materials is greatly influenced by what two types of pressure.

Output: Hydrostatic pressure Osmotic pressure

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Describe how hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure influence the exchange of nutrients and wastes.

Output: Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of vessels (hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end of capillaries is greater than surrounding tissue, or interstitial fluid). Osmotic pressure pulls fluid back into vessels (blood has a higher solute concentration than tissue fluid near the venous end of a capillary). Hydrostatic pressure is dependent on blood pressure driven by the heart. Osmotic pressure is dependent on solute concentration.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What protein is responsible for osmotic pressure?

Output: Albumin

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is thromboplastin?

Output: A clotting factor released by both platelets and damaged tissue. Along w/ its cofactors calcium and vitamin K, converts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form, thrombin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Summarize the clotting process.

Output: Platelets and damaged tissue release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin coverts inactive prothrombin to active thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which coats the damaged area and traps blood cells forming a clot.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the 2 specific defense mechanisms of the immune system?

Output: Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is humoral immunity?

Output: Produces antibodies following exposure to antigens.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are antibodies?

Output: Complex proteins that recognize and bind specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What lymphocyte is involved in the humoral immune response?

Output: B lymphocytes

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How do B lymphocytes, or B cells function?

Output: When exposed to a specific antigen, B lymphocytes specific for that antigen proliferate. Some become memory cells and others become plasma (effector) cells, This is known as the primary response.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the primary and secondary immune response?

Output: Memory cells and plasma (effector) cells originate from B cells. This is the primary response. Plasma cells produce and release antibodies. Memory cells "remember" the antigen and are long lived in the bloodstream. Upons future exposure, memory cells elicit a more immediate response to the same antigen. This is the secondary response.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is active immunity?

Output: The production of antibodies during an immune response. Can be conferred by vaccination. Can requrie weeks to build up.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is passive immunity?

Output: The transfer of antibodies produced by another organism. Acquired immediately, but short lived.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is an example of passive immunity?

Output: During pregnancy, some maternal antibodies cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation, conferring passive immunity to the fetus.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?

Output: T lymphocytes, or T cells.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the different types and functions of T cells?

Output: Cytotoxic T cells - destroy antigens directly. Helper T cells - activate other B and T cells, as well as macrophages through the secretion of lymphokines. Suppressor T cells - regulate other B and T cells to decrease their activity against antigens.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are interferons?

Output: Proteins produced by cells under viral attack. Inteferons diffuse to other cells, helping prevent the spread of the virus.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the primary homeostatic organs in mammals?

Output: Kidneys Liver Large intestine Skin

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of the kidneys?

Output: Regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood through the formation and excretion of urine.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 3 regions of the kidney?

Output: Cortex Medulla Pelvis

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] 2 hormones that regulate water reabsorption:

Output: Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is aldosterone and how does it function in the regulation of water reabsorption?

Output: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ from the collecting duct and secretion of K+. Reabsorption of Na+ increases water reabsorption, leading to a rise in blood volume and blood pressure. Secretion is regulated by renin-angiotensin system.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Output: Also known as vasopressin, formed in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Causes increased water reabsorption. Acts directly on the collecting duct, increasing its permeability to water. High solute levels in blood increases ADH secretion.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How do ADH and aldosterone differ?

Output: They both increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, but have different mechanisms. ADH acts directly on the collecting duct. Aldosterone indirectly increases water reabsorption by increasing sodium reabsorption from the collecting duct.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How does the liver regulate blood glucose levels?

Output: Glucose and other monosaccharides absorbed during digestion are delivered to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Glucose rich blood is processed by the liver, which converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage. If blood has low glucose level, the liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How does the liver process nitrogenous wastes?

Output: Excess amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein. Amino acids undergo deamination, in which amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted into ammonia. Liver combines ammonia with CO2 forming urea, which is excreted by the kidneys.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the 5 cellular layers of the epidermis in ascending order?

Output: Stratum basalis, or stratum germinativum Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The dermis can be subdivided into what 2 layers?

Output: Papillary layer - loose connective tissue Reticular layer - dense connective tissue

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are tropic hormones?

Output: Hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What regulates secretions of the anterior pituitary?

Output: Hypothalamic secretions called releasing/inhibiting hormones or factors.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Output: FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH Think FLAT PiG

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the functions of GH?

Output: Promotes bone and muscle growth, inhibits the uptake of glucose by certain cells, and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acid, thus conserving glucose. GH secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamic-releasing hormone GHRH and inhibited by somatostatin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] GH secretion is stimulated by what hormone. What inhibits GH secretion?

Output: Stimulated by the hypothalamic-releasing hormone GHRH. Inhibited by somatostatin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Output: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids. Regulated by the releasing hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF).

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of TSH?

Output: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to absorb iodine and then synthesize and release thyroid hormone. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Output: In females, LH stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. In males, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone. LH is regulated by estrogen, progesterone., and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of FSH?

Output: In females, FSH causes maturation of ovarian follicles. In males, FSH stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production. FSH is regulated by estrogen and by GnRH.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Describe the posterior pituitary gland

Output: Does not synthesize hormones, but stores and releases the hormones oxytocin and ADH, which are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Hormone secretion is stimulated by AP's descending from the hypothalamus.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of the hormone oxytocin?

Output: Increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions during labor. Stimulates milk secretion in the mammary glands.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of ADH?

Output: Also vasopressin, ADH increases the permeablility of the nephron's collecting duct to water, thereby promoting water reabsorbtion and increasing blood volume. Secreted when plasma osmolarity increases, or when blood volume decreases.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What hormones does the thyroid gland produce and secrete?

Output: The thyroid gland produces and secretes thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the functions of the thyroid hormones?

Output: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are derived from the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine. Thyroid hormones are necessary for growth and neurological development in children. Increase rate of cellular respiration and the rate of protein and fatty acid synthesis and degradation in many tissues.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is hypothyroidism?

Output: Inflammation of the thyroid or iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism, in which thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not at all. In children it is called cretinism

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of calcitonin?

Output: Decreases plasma Ca++ concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca++ from bone. Secretion is regulated by plasma Ca++ levels. "Think calcitonin tones down Ca++"

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of PTH?

Output: Increases Ca++ concentration in blood by stimulating Ca++ release from bone and decreasing Ca++ excretion in the kidneys. Converts vitamin D into its active form, which stimulates intestinal calcium absorption.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] The adrenal glands consists of what sections?

Output: Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Output: The steroid hormones, or corticosteroids which are derived from cholesterol Includes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

Output: Secreted by the adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids such as cortisol and cortisone are involved in glucose regulation and protein metabolism. Raise blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis. Also reduce the body's immunological and inflammatory responses. Regulated by a negative feedback mechanism.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the functions of mineralocorticoids?

Output: Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone, regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and consequently, the total extracellular water volume. Aldosterone causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron resulting in a rise in blood volume and b/p. Aldosterone stimulates secretion of potassium ion and hydrogen ion into the nephron and their subsequent excretion in the urine.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] How is aldosterone secretion regulated?

Output: Regulated by the renin-angiotensis system. When blood volume falls, the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney produce renin, an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which helps restore blood volume by increasing sodium reabsorption at the kidney leading to an increase in water reabsorption.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce.

Output: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. "MEN"

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of epinephrine/norepinephrine?

Output: Epinephrine increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue causing a rise in blood glucose levels and an increase in the basal metabolic rate.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the islets of Langerhans?

Output: Small glandular structures in the pancreas composed of alpha, beta, and delta cells. Alpha cells produce glucagon. Beta cells produce insulin. Delta cells produce somatostatin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of glucagon?

Output: Produced and secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, glucagon stimulates protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose, and gluconeogenesis, all of which increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon is antagonistic to insulin.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of insulin?

Output: Insulin is a protein hormone secreted in response to a high blood glucose concentration. Stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and the storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels. Stimulates the synthesis of fats from glucose and the uptake of amino acids. Secretion is regulated by blood glucose levels.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What can cause DM?

Output: Underproduction of insulin or insensitivity to insulin can lead to DM.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of somatostatin?

Output: Produced and secreted by delta cells in the pancreas, somatostatin decreases both insulin and glucagon secretion Regulated by CCK and GH levels. Somatostatin is always inhibitory!!

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What is the function of progesterone?

Output: Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrial walls in preparation for implantation.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Output: Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Menstruation

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [What is a plasmid?] Describe what happens during the menstrual cycle

Output: Follicles mature during the follicular phase via the actions of FSH and LH. LH surge at midcycle triggers ovulation. Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation and also to inhibit GnRH which in turn inhibits LH and FSH. If fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum atrophies, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, menses occurs, and LH and FSH levels begin to rise again.

Small rings of DNA sometimes present in bacteria that replicate independently of the main chromosome. Contains genes that allow prokaryotes to survive adverse conditions (antibiotic resistance).


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Erick the Red

Output: ___________ _________ ________ sailed west to the island of Iceland.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Greenland

Output: In 982 Erick the Red came to ____________ which was very cold.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Leif Erisson 1000

Output: Erick the Red's son _________ _________ traveled west in the years _____________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] North America

Output: Leif and his crew were proably the first European to set foot in _____________ ___________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] North Finland

Output: They Settled on Newfoundland on the east coast of Canada. They called it ____________ and stayed there until about 1015.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Conflict

Output: They left because of ___________ with the American Indains who lived there.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Saga's

Output: We learned about the adventures of the Vikings through _________

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Renaissance Italy

Output: In about 1350 a new aged called the ______________ begain in ____________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] 250

Output: The renaissance lased about __________ years.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] arts The world

Output: The renaissance marked a new beginning in _________ and sciences and a desire to learn more about __________ ________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Greeks Romans

Output: With earlth earned from trade, Itlaians studies the learning of ancient European cultures, Like the _______ and the __________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Chinese Arabs

Output: They also sudeid other like the _________________ and the _____________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Johann Gutenberg printing press

Output: In about 1450 a German named ___________ __________________ invented a ____________ _________ which made it possible to print large numbers of books quickly.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] ideas ship

Output: Beacuse books were more available new ________ could spread. Other advance came in __________ design and ____ building.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] 1400's Asia Spices

Output: By the early __________ Euorpean demand for goods from ____________ especially _________ was stronger.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Portugal Prince Henry Map makers Ship Design sea Captians experts

Output: In the 1420's _____________ took the lead. ___________ _________ gatered the most experience ________ __________ ________ _________ ____________ __________ and other __________ from many countris

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] naviagation Prince Henry of the Navigation

Output: They improved methods of _____________. He became known as ______________________________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Africa

Output: He began sneding Protuguese ships south along the Atlantic coast of ______________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] African Shore

Output: Protuguese ships began bringing home gold an profiting from the ______________ _______________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Bartolomeu Dais

Output: In 1488 a Portuguese explorere named ___________- ________________ sailed withing 500 miles of Africa's southern tip.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Indian Ocean

Output: Storm winds blew them around the southern tip to the ___________ _______________.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Storms Cape of Good Hope

Output: Dias called the tip of Africa the Cape of ________________. But the king of Portugal renamed it _____________ __________ __ ________

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [Vikings Scandinava Europe] Vaquez De Gama

Output: In 1497 Portugues sailr __________________ sialed around the Cape of Good Hope and reaced India in 1498.

Social Studies Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ___________ were skilled Sailors from _________________ which is in northern ___________.


Input: [1] Anything that has mass and occupies space [2]

Output: Matter

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes [2]

Output: Chemtistry

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties [2]

Output: Substance

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance [2]

Output: Physical property

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance [2]

Output: Chemical property

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means [2]

Output: Element

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the basic particle from which al elemetns are made [2]

Output: Atom

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the force that holds two atoms together [2]

Output: Chemical Bond

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a particle made of two or more atoms bonded together [2]

Output: Molecule

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined [2]

Output: Compound

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a formula that gives the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms [2]

Output: Chemical formula

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Two or more substances that are mixed together but does not chemically combine [2]

Output: Mixture

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture [2]

Output: Heterogeneous Mixture

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture [2]

Output: Homogeneous Mixture

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] An example of homogeneous mixture; forms when substances dissolve [2]

Output: Solution

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A measure of hte force of gravity on an object [2]

Output: Weight

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a measure of how much matter in an object [2]

Output: Mass

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The system of units used by scientists to measure the propities of matter [2]

Output: International System of Units

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The amount of space that matter occupies [2]

Output: Volume

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The measurement of how much mass of a substance is containted in a given volume [2]

Output: Density

Holt Science and Technology; Chemical Building Blocks; Chapter 1; Section 1 and 2; Vocab Words Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the function of leukocyte [cardiac cycle]

Output: defends the body against disease


Input: what is a function of mucus in respiratory tract [cardiac cycle]

Output: traps micro-organisms, dusts and other foreign particles


Input: Which of following carries blood toward the heart? [cardiac cycle]

Output: veins


Input: What increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine? [cardiac cycle]

Output: villi


Input: Longitudinal folds in the wall of the stomach that allows the stomach to expand? [cardiac cycle]

Output: rugae


Input: Name the characteristics of the right lung? [cardiac cycle]

Output: shorter, broader, greater volume, 3 lobes


Input: What is the appendix attached to? [cardiac cycle]

Output: cecum


Input: What are the characteristics of erythrocytes? [cardiac cycle]

Output: biconcave disk shape, produced in red bone marrow lack a nucleus


Input: Superior vena cava returns blood from the heart from where [cardiac cycle]

Output: Head, Neck and Upper Extremities


Input: Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Right Atrium


Input: What aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 from the digestive tract? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Intrinsic Factor


Input: What causes the lubb heart sound? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Closing of the Atrioventricular Valves


Input: Which of the following make up the lower respiratory tract? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Trachea, Bronchial tube, Lungs


Input: What are the names of the two arteries of the aorta and supplies the heart with nutrients [cardiac cycle]

Output: Coronary Arteries


Input: What is the name of the stem cell from which the blood cells develop? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Hemocytoblast


Input: The respiratory center is located where? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Pons & Medulla Oblangata


Input: What are hepatocytes? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Liver Cells


Input: What prevents food and water from entering the trachea? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Epiglottis


Input: What is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Intrinsic Factor


Input: What is necessary for red blood cell production? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Iron, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid


Input: What is the function of the gallbladder? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Stores bile


Input: Name the plasma proteins? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen


Input: What is lifespan of red blood cell? [cardiac cycle]

Output: 120 days


Input: What are characteristics of myocardium? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Forms the bulk of the heart wall, provides the force needed to eject blood from the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue


Input: What are the functions of the tongue? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Secretes digestive enzymes


Input: Microscopic arteries are known as what? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Arterioles


Input: What propels mucus toward the pharynx? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Cilia


Input: What is a double layered serous membrane that encloses the lung? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Pleura


Input: What directs food away from the nasal cavity and into the oropharynx during swallowing? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Soft palate and Uvula


Input: What is the pointed end of the heart called? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Apex


Input: What is the color of oxyhemoglobin? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Bright Red


Input: What happens when there’s an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood? [cardiac cycle]

Output: The Receptors stimulates the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing


Input: The taking in of food is known as what? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Ingestion


Input: What is the first part of the small intestine called? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Duodenum


Input: What antibodies are present if the patient has A positive blood? [cardiac cycle]

Output: B


Input: What are the functions of saliva? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Cleanses the teeth, moistens and lubricates the food


Input: Which salivary glands are located in each side of the head in front of the ears? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Parotid glands


Input: What is the term of stoppage of bleeding? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Hemostasis


Input: What is the process of taking in air in the lungs? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Inhalation or Inspiration


Input: What is the name of a semifluid that results when the food is broken down in the stomach? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Chyme


Input: What lines the paranasal sinuses? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Mucosa


Input: What are the characteristics of SA Nodes? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Initiates impulses without neural stimulation known as pacemaker of the heart, located in the right Atrium


Input: What connects the tongue anteriorly to the floor of the mouth? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Frenulum Linguae


Input: Why is the heart delayed at the AV Node? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Gives the atria time to finish contracting


Input: What does the blood transport? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Carries Oxygen & nutrients to cells, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Wastes, carries hormones from endocrine glands, regulates body temperature


Input: What is another name for the thyroid cartilage? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Adams Apple


Input: Which of the following makes up the digestive tract? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach and Intestines


Input: The exchange of the gas between the blood and tissues cells is known as what? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Internal Respiration


Input: What are examples of non-respiratory movements? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Sneezing, Laughing, Crying, Hiccupping, Yawning, Sighing and Coughing


Input: What is a partition that separates the right and left atria? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Interatrial Septum


Input: What emulsifies the fat into fat droplets? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Bile salts


Input: Describe the location of the heart? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Posterior to the sternum, anterior to the vertebral column, rests on diaphragm, located in the Thoracic Cavity between the two lungs


Input: Name the condition that is caused by a lack of Vitamin B 12? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Pernicious Anemia


Input: Name the smallest division of the bronchial tree? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Bronchioles


Input: Name the term for the rhythmic waves of contraction that propel food particles in the digestive tract? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Peristalsis


Input: What is the function of erythropoietin? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Stimulates erythrocyte production


Input: Which of the following acts between the stomach and small intestine? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Pyloric Sphincter


Input: What receives air, food and water from the oral cavity? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Oropharynx


Input: What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Tricuspid Valve


Input: What makes up the vocal cords? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Two pairs of ligaments


Input: Food is broken down into smaller particles through the mixing action of the stomach through a process known as? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Mechanical Digestion


Input: What antigens are present with an individual with AB negative? [cardiac cycle]

Output: A & B Antigens


Input: Which of the following is supported by 15 to 20 C shape pieces of hyaline cartilage? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Trachea


Input: Name the pathway that the impulse takes through the ventricles? [cardiac cycle]

Output: AV bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibrils


Input: What consists of folds of skeletal muscles covered by a thin transparent epithelium? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Lips


Input: What makes up the buffy coat in the blood? [cardiac cycle]

Output: White Blood Cells & Platelets


Input: The Eustachian tube opens into where? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Nasal Pharynx


Input: What is the name of valve located in the right ventricle at the base of the pulmonary trunk? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Pulmonary SL Valve


Input: What are the characteristics of the diaphragm? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity


Input: What is the function of the large intestine? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Absorption of water


Input: What is the name of the S shape part of the colon? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Sigmoid colon


Input: What is the name of the valve located between the small and large intestine? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Ileocecal Valve


Input: What percentage of blood makes up plasma? [cardiac cycle]

Output: 55%


Input: Another name for thrombocytes? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Platelets


Input: How long does it take for the stomach to empty after meals? [cardiac cycle]

Output: 4 -6 Hours


Input: All of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Salivary glands, Tongue and Pancreas


Input: How much blood does a man hold? [cardiac cycle]

Output: 5-6 Liters


Input: Which of the following provides a passage way for food between the pharynx and stomach? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Esophagus


Input: What is another name of the digestive tract? [cardiac cycle]

Output: Alimentary canal or Gastrointestinal Tract


Input: ___________pressure is another term for pulmonic pressure [Intrapleural]

Output: Alveolar

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: __________capacity is the combination of inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume. [Intrapleural]

Output: Functional residual capacity

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Adducting the vocal folds during expiration causes an immediate (increase/decrease) in subglottal pressure. [Intrapleural]

Output: increase

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ________pressure represents the pressure within the individual alveolus. [Intrapleural]

Output: Alveolar

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Vital capacity, on average, is [Intrapleural]

Output: 4,000 cc

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What characteristic of cartilage makes it appropriate and beneficial for use in the respiratory passageway? [Intrapleural]

Output: it's elastic

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The volume of air that can be exhaled following tidal expiration is termed [Intrapleural]

Output: expiratory reserve volume

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Functional residual capacity is approximately [Intrapleural]

Output: 2,100cc

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ____ cc of air for the average adult male. [Intrapleural]

Output: 600

Respiration - Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com