Input: [2] the system comprised of the bones and the joints [1]

Output: Skeletal system

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a term for all the reactions that sustain life [1]

Output: Metabolism

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a reaction in which simple compounds are assemsbled into more complex compounds (is most accurately descibed as asbolic reaction. [1]

Output: anabolic reaction

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the breakdown of complex glycogen molecules into simple glucose molecules [1]

Output: catabolic reacion

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a rise in estrogen levels stimulates the production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production [1]

Output: Example of positve feedback

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a given action promotes more of the same. [1]

Output: positive feedback

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a term that means Farther from the midline of the body [1]

Output: lateral

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] while the feet are referred to as the inferior end (Latin inferior: "below"). [1]

Output: inferior

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a term that descibes the position of the hypogastric region of the abdomen with respect to the iliac region [1]

Output: medial

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The term that best describes the position of the elbow with respect to the hand. The term proximal (Latin proximus; nearest) is used to describe where the appendage joins the body, and the term distal (Latin distare; to stand away from) is used for the point furthest from the point of attachment to the body. [1]

Output: Proximal

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A directinal tern that means nearer to the head [1]

Output: Cranial

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts [1]

Output: Transversal Plane or Horizontal Plane

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts [1]

Output: Frontal Plane

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Contains the brain and the spinal cord. [1]

Output: Dorsal Cavity

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Input: [2] A cavity in the body that contains the small intestine, stomach, and liver. [1]

Output: Abdominopelvic Cavity

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This is where the bladder is located [1]

Output: Pelvic Cavity

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the most inferior medial region of the abdomen [1]

Output: Hypogastric Region

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Input: [2] The iliac region of the body is also called the inguninal region [1]

Output: Iliac region

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the number of milliliter in a liter [1]

Output: 1000 (ml)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the basic unit of weight in the metric system [1]

Output: gram

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the volume is US measurments that is closest to a liter [1]

Output: Quart

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is equal to 250 milligrams [1]

Output: 0.25 (ml)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 125 centimeters is equivalent to how many millimeters. [1]

Output: 1250 (ml)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Kilo [1]

Output: The metric prefix that means 1000 is:

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is best defined as (same) [1]

Output: Homeo

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A specialized group of cells [1]

Output: tissue

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The system that takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. [1]

Output: Respitory System

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the skin and associated structures. [1]

Output: Intergentary system

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the system that includes the spinal cord and the brain [1]

Output: Nervous system

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] refers to all of the catabolic and anabolic reactions that go on within the body. [1]

Output: Metabolism

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] fluid within the cells [1]

Output: Intercellular Fluid

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Blood and Lymph are exmaples [1]

Output: Extercellurlar fluid

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a term describing a state of interal balance. [1]

Output: Homeostasis

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A term that means farther from the orgin of a structure [1]

Output: Distal

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A plane that divides the body into left and right parts. [1]

Output: Sagittal Plane

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Input: [2] Is another term for the frontal plane, a cut down the middle of the body, giving you an anterior, or ventral (front) section and a posterior or ventral (back) section. [1]

Output: Coranol Plane

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the muscle separation the thoratic cavity from the abdomial cavity [1]

Output: Diaphram

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The basic unit of volume in the metric system [1]

Output: Liter

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the temperature scale used for scentific measurment. [1]

Output: Celcius c*

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Means Study Of [1]

Output: The suffix -logy

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Metabolism is all life substaining reactions. Catabolism: is the complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds, Anabolism is the building phase of metabolism. [1]

Output: Define Metabolism and explain the differences between the 2 types of reactions involved

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Used in the endrocrine system to maintain proper levels of hormones. Feedback is the main method for maintaining homeostasis, a control system bases on information returning to the source. [1]

Output: Feedback

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] When actions are reversed this is usually the form of negative feedback. Most feedback systems keep the body conditions within a set normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift. Ex. The thermostat in the house. When the house tempature falls, the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn on and increase the temp. when the house temp. reaches an upper limit, the furnance will shut off. [1]

Output: Negative Feedback

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In which a given action promotes more of the same. The process of childbirth illustrates positive feedback. As the contractions of labor begin, the muscles of the uterus are stretched. In postive feedback, activities continue until the stimulus is removed or some outside force interrupts the activity [1]

Output: Postive Feedback

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Internally the body is divided into a few large cavities which contain organs. The two main cavities in are the dorsal carvity and the ventral cavity. [1]

Output: body cavities

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Input: [2] The dorsal cavity has 2 subdivisons, containing the brain and the spinal cavity (canal) enclosing the spinal cord. These two areas form one continuous space. [1]

Output: Dorsal Cavity

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Input: [2] The ventral cavity is much larger than the dorsal cavity. It has 2 Main subdivsions that are separated by the diaphram, the Thoracic cavity and the Abdominalpelvic Cavity. [1]

Output: Ventral Cavity

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Input: [2] is located superior (above) to the diaphram. Its contents include the heart, and the lungs, and the large blood vessels that join the heart. [1]

Output: Thoracic Cavity

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Input: [2] is the space between the lungs, including the organs and vessels contained in that space. [1]

Output: Mediatinum

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Input: [2] Is located inferior (below) the diaphram. This space is divided by 2 subdivided regions. The abdomial cavity and the pelvic cavity. [1]

Output: abdominopelvic Cavity

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Input: [2] This cavity is a subdivision on the abdominpelivic cavity. This cavity contains the stomach, most of the intestines, the liver, gallbladder, the pancreas, and the spleen. [1]

Output: ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This is considered to be an imaginary line cut off across the top of the hip bones. This cavity contains the urinary bladder, the rectum and the internal parts of the repoductive system. [1]

Output: PELVIC CAVITY

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] located just inferior (below) to the breastbone [1]

Output: EPIGASTRIC REGION

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] around the umblicus , commonly called the navel [1]

Output: UMBILICAL REGION

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The most inferior (below) of all the midline regiions [1]

Output: HYPOGASTRIC REGION

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] just inferior (below) to the ribs. [1]

Output: RIGHT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] which are level with the lumbar regions of the spine. [1]

Output: LUMBAR REGION, BOTH RIGHT AND LEFT

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] names for the upper chest of the hipbone and the groin region, respectively. [1]

Output: ILIAC REGION OR INGUNIAL REGIONS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] right upper quandrant, left upper quandrant, right lower quandrant, left lower quandrant. [1]

Output: (RUQ), (LUQ), (RLQ), (LLQ)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the element that is combined in with oxygen in water [1]

Output: Hygrogen

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. [1]

Output: Protons

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a negatively charged particle obriting the nucleus of an atom [1]

Output: Electron

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom [1]

Output: Neutron

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a unit formed by the union of two or more atoms [1]

Output: Molecule

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a mixture in which the components separate unless shaken [1]

Output: suspension

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a substance in which another substance is dissolved [1]

Output: Solvent

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the universal solvent [1]

Output: Water

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a charged atom or group of atoms [1]

Output: Ion

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between elements [1]

Output: Covelent Bond

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a negatively charged Ion [1]

Output: Anion

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Compounds that release ions in solution [1]

Output: Electrolytes

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass [1]

Output: Hydrogen

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is based on its concentration of the element hydrogen [1]

Output: The PH of a solution

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Base [1]

Output: A substance with a PH of 8.5 is

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the science that deals with the composition and properties of matter [1]

Output: chemistry

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Is anything that takes up space, the materials from which all the of the universe is made. [1]

Output: Matter

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] are the substances that make up all matter. The food you eat, the atmosphere, water, everythiing you can see and touch. There are 92 natually occuring elements. Twenty additional elements have been created in the lab. [1]

Output: Elements

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] various gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, liquids,such as mercury used in barometers and other scientfic instrruments. Many solids such as gold, silver, and zinc, diamonds. etc. [1]

Output: Examples of elements

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] are proteins [1]

Output: all Enzymes

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] repels water [1]

Output: hypophobic substance

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] are uses for cancer (radiation) treatment. They are also used for diagnosis. Xrays use radioiotopes, Also, radioisotopes can be taken into the body and used to diagnose tissue abnormalities [1]

Output: Radioisotopes

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 1) contain carbon, 2) form large, complex molecules, and 3) found in living things [1]

Output: Organ Compounds

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] are simple sugars consisting of a single sugar residue. An example is glucose. [1]

Output: Monosaccharides

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Consists of two simple surgars, and example would be maltose [1]

Output: Disaccharides

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Consists of many simple sugars linked together. Examples are starch and glycogen. [1]

Output: Polysaccharides

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] They are often inactivated by extreme heat. [1]

Output: Enzymes are proteins

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mono means one, saccahar/o means sugar, and -ase signifies an enzyme. Monosacharidase would thus be an enzme that acts on simple sugars. [1]

Output: Mono=, sacchar/o=, and -ase=

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the metric unit used to for microscopic measurements [1]

Output: MICROMETER

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the miscrosope with the highest mignifaication [1]

Output: TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the plasma membrane best decribed. [1]

Output: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the major lipids in the plasma membrane [1]

Output: PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a membrane protein that changes shape to move substances across the plasma membrane [1]

Output: TRANSPORTER

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a membrane protein that attaches cells to other cells. [1]

Output: LINKER

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] an organelle that produces energy for the cell [1]

Output: MITOCHONDRION

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] small bodies involved in the manufacturing of proteins. [1]

Output: NUCEOLI

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] divide [1]

Output: IF A CELL LACKED CENTRIOLES, IT WOULD NOT BE ABLE TOO:

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A particular cell type specializies in breaking down harmful by products of metabolism, this cell would contain very high levels of? [1]

Output: Peroxisome

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle that is found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants," because they generate most of the cell's supply of ATP, used as a source of chemical energy. [1]

Output: Mitochondria

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a nitogen base, a sugar unit and a phosphate unit. [1]

Output: NUCLEOTIDE CONTAINS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a small body in the nucleus, composed of RNA, DNA and protein, their function is to make Ribosomes. [1]

Output: NUCLEOLUS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the outer layer of the cell composed mainly of lipids and proteins, their function is to enclose the cell contents, regulate what enters and leaves the cell, pariticpate in many activities, such as growth, repuduction, and interactions between cells. [1]

Output: PLASMA MEMBRANE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane, their function is to site of many cellular activities, consists of cytosol and organelles. [1]

Output: CYTOPLASM

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] large, dark staining organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins, they contain the chromosomes, the hereditary units that direct ALL cellular activities. [1]

Output: NUCLEUS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] small membrane bound bubbles in the cytoplasm, they store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk. [1]

Output: VESICLES

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Input: [2] droplets of fluid that are taken in by the cell. [1]

Output: PINOCYTOSIS (CELL DRINKING)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] first part of the cell division, the phase in mitosis during which the chromosomes are condense (visble). [1]

Output: PROPHASE (MITOSIS)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] third order in the stage of mitosis. The phase of mitosis when the chomosomes pull apart, separate, and go in different directions. [1]

Output: ANAPHASE (MITOSIS)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the constant movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration. [1]

Output: DIFFUSION

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Input: [2] a process moves a substance that can freely pass throught the plasma membrane [1]

Output: SIMPLE DIFFUSION

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Input: [2] Isonic - has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell, (0.9% salt (normal saline) 5% dextrose (glucose), There is no effect on the cell, the cell is in equilibrium with its enviroment. Hypotonic - has a lower conventration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell, (less than 0.9% salt, or 5% dextrose) The effect on the cell would be, the cell takes in the water, swells, and may burst; red blood cells undergoes hemolysis. Hypertonic - Has a higher concentration of the dissolved substances than in the fluid of the cell (higher than 0.9% salt, or 5% dextrose), the cell will lose water and shrink, cell undergoes crenation. [1]

Output: THE EFFECT OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS, WATER MOVES THROUGH A RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE IN SOLUTIONS WITH 3 DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] eating a high fat diet. [1]

Output: A RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a cell population that reproduces excessively and migrates [1]

Output: NAME A CELL POPULATION THAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED A CANCER?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] To Drink [1]

Output: PINO-

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a body within [1]

Output: DEFINITION OF THE WORD ENDOSOME?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. More than half of all proteins interact with membranes. Membrane proteins can be classified into two groups, based on the strength of their association with the membrane. [1]

Output: MEMBRANE PROTEIN

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Channels - Pores in the membrane that allow passage of specific substances, such as ions. [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Transporters - Shuttle substances, such as glucose, across the membrane [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Receptors - allow for the attachment of substances, such as hormones, to the membrane [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Enzymes - participate in reactions at the surface of the membrane [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Linkers - Give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cell Identity Markers - Proteins unique to a persons cells; important in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to another. [1]

Output: NAME A MEMBRANE PROTEIN AND ITS FUNCTION IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Both simple and facilitated diffusion move a substance down its concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses transporters, simple diffusion does not. Facilitated diffusion moves substances at a faster rate than simple diffusion. [1]

Output: COMPARE AND CONTRAST SIMPLE DIFFUSION AND FACILITATED DIFFUSION. LIST ONE SIMILARITY AND ONE DIFFERENCE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bone [1]

Output: ANOTHER NAME FOR OSSEOUS TISSUE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Epithelial cells [1]

Output: Columnar, squamous, cuboidal (square), Transitional epithelium, stratified, pseudostratified, simple epithelial, Simple squamous epithelium, stratifed squamous epithelial.

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a term that decribes long, narrow epithelial cells [1]

Output: COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A term for flat, irregular epithelial cells. [1]

Output: SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A sticky protective fluid secreted by some epithelial cells. [1]

Output: MUCUS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons [1]

Output: MYELIN

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The study of tissue. [1]

Output: HISTOLOGY

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of connective tissue that stores fat [1]

Output: ADIPOSE TISSUE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A flexible white protein that makes up many of the fibers in connective tissue [1]

Output: COLLAGEN

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Are thin sheets of tissue. Their properties vary: some are fragile, others tough, some are transparent, other opaque (they cannot be seen though). They may cover a surface, may serve as a dividing partition, may line a hollow organ or body cavity, or may anchor an organ. They may contain cells that secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs, such as the heart and lung, and the movement of joints. [1]

Output: MEMBRANES

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] It lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers organs of the abdomen, and forms supporting and protective structures within the abdomen. [1]

Output: PERITONEUM (LARGEST SEROUS MEMBRANE)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] line the closed ventral body cavities and do not connect with the outside body. They secrete a thin, watery lubricant known as serous fluid, that allows organs to move with a minimum friction. [1]

Output: SEROUS MEMBRANE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A gland is an organ specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body. The gland manufactures these secretions from materials removed from the blood. Glands are divided into 2 categories, based on how they release their secretions. [1]

Output: GLANDS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a connective tissue membrane that covers and protects skeletal muscles [1]

Output: DEEP FASIA

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] are thin connective tissue membranes that line the joint cavities. They secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the ends of the bones, thus permitting free movement of the joints. Synovial membranes also line small cushioning sacs near the joints called BURSAE. [1]

Output: SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a layer of dense connective tissue around an organ such as the liver or kidney. [1]

Output: CAPSULES

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a cord of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone. [1]

Output: TENDONS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the membrane around cartliage. [1]

Output: PERICHONDRIUM

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A tumor that speads to other tissues. The general term for any type of malignant tumor is CANCER. [1]

Output: MALIGNANT TUMOR

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the process of tumor cell spread. [1]

Output: METASTASIS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a benign tumor in the adipose tissue. [1]

Output: LIPOMA TUMOR

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the medical process of classifying a tumor based on its size and extent of invasion. [1]

Output: STAGING

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is commonly used for staging. These letters stand for primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). TNM system. [1]

Output: THE TMN SYSTEM

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is the use of X-rays to produce a cross section picture of the body parts, such as the brain. [1]

Output: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The cancer treatment method that uses substances to stimulate the immune system. [1]

Output: IMMUNOOTHERAPY

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] False [1]

Output: THE PREFIX PSEUDO MEANS?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inflammation [1]

Output: THE SUFFIX -ITIS MEANS?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cartliage [1]

Output: OSTEOCYTES ARE TO THE BONE AS CHONDROCYTES ARE TO?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Simple Columnar Epithelium [1]

Output: A SINGLE LAYER OF CLOSELY PACKED CELLS THAT ARE LONG AND NARROW IN STRUCTURE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Skeletal [1]

Output: A MUSCLE TYPE THAT IS UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The support cells of the nervous system.Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia (greek for "glue"), are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1. [1]

Output: NEUROGLIA

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Input: [2] are fibers of a Neuron [1]

Output: AXONS AND DENDRITES

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Input: [2] Tissue wastind due to a decrease in cell number. [1]

Output: ATROPHY

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Input: [2] The fibers that conduct a nerve impulse towards a Neuron cell body. [1]

Output: DENDRITES

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Input: [2] Are all what connective tissues would contain. [1]

Output: FIBROBLAST, COLLAGEN, AND MATRIX

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] most connective tissue contain some fibers, but this type is densely packed with them. Cells called (fibroblast) produce the fibers in connective tissue. Ex. of structures composed of fibrous connective tissue are ligaments, tendons, and capsules (coverings) around certain organs. [1]

Output: FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] MENINGES [1]

Output: are several laers of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hormones [1]

Output: THE ENDOCHRINE GLANDS SECRETE

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Input: [2] Ligament [1]

Output: A BAND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTING 2 BONES IS CALLED?

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Input: [2] The stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and the urinary bladder, together these organs are known as Visera. So smooth muscle is sometimes referred to as Visceral Muscle. [1]

Output: VISCERA MUSCLE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] THE SKIN IS ALSO CALLED THE? [1]

Output: Cutaneous Membrane

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Input: [2] Is tissue that can stretch to accomplish its function. Ex, as in the bladder, when the bladder is empty, the epithelium goes back to its regular shape. [1]

Output: TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Areolar connective tissue (or loose connective tissue) is the most widely distributed connective tissue type in vertebrates. [1]

Output: AREOLAR, A TERM REFERRING TO LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

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Input: [2] They are apart of the Serous membrane, The lungs are surrounded by two membranes, the pleurae. The outer pleura is attached to the chest wall and is known as the parietal pleura; the inner one is attached to the lung and other visceral tissues and is known as the visceral pleura. In between the two is an actual thin space known as the pleural cavity or pleural space. [1]

Output: PLURAE ARE EXAMPLES OF WHICH TYPE OF MEMBRANE?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Inflammation of the serous membrane within the abdominal cavity. [1]

Output: PERITONITIS

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Input: [2] Pericardium, or Serous Pericardium. [1]

Output: THE TISSUE ENCLOSING THE HEART, PART OF A SAC THAT ENCLOSES THE HEART, WHICH IS LOCATED IN THE CHEST BETWEEN THE LUNGS.

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Benign Lipoma [1]

Output: A LUMP IN YOUR ARM THAT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THE LUMP HAS NOT SPREAD AND IS DERIVED FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE, WOULD BEST BE DESCRIBED AS?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A Tumor [1]

Output: A NEOPLASM IS ALSO CALLED?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This type of cancer originates in the epithelium and is by far the most common form of cancer. Usual sites of Carcinoma are skin, mouth, breast, stomach, colon, prostate, and uterus. Carcinomas are usually spread by the lymphatic system. [1]

Output: CARCINOMA TUMOR

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Input: [2] These are cancers of the connective tissue of all kinds and hence may be found anywhere in the body. Their cells are usually spread by the blood system, and they often form secondary growths in the lungs. [1]

Output: SARCOMA TUMOR

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is a tumor that arises from a nerve. [1]

Output: NEUROMA

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Input: [2] Usually a tumor of the nervous system originates in the support (neuroglial) tissue of the brain and spinal cord. [1]

Output: GLIOMA

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Input: [2] A Malignant neoplasm of lymphatic tissue. [1]

Output: LYMPHOMA

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Input: [2] cancer of white blood cells. [1]

Output: LEUKEMIA

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Input: [2] Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Neuroma, Glioma, Lymphoma, Leukemia. [1]

Output: NAMES OF MALIGNANT TUMORS

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the removal of living tissue from microscopic examination. [1]

Output: BIOPSY

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Input: [2] are used in chemotherapy. [1]

Output: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

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Input: [2] New [1]

Output: THE PREFIX NEO- MEANS?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Inflammation of the membrane around the heart. [1]

Output: PERICARDITIS MEANS? BASED ON YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF WORD PARTS.

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The study of how disease affects the body function. [1]

Output: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a disease that is relatively severe but of a short duration [1]

Output: ACUTE

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Input: [2] A disease that is prevelant throughout the entire world. [1]

Output: PREMENT

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Input: [2] The pertentage of the population that dies from a given disease within a period of time. [1]

Output: MORTALITY RATE

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Input: [2] A disease without a known cause. [1]

Output: IDIOPATHIC

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Input: [2] A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease. [1]

Output: PROGNOSIS

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Input: [2] To treat a patient, a physician must first make a diagnosis. That is reach a conclusion as to the nature of the illness. [1]

Output: DIAGNOSIS

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Input: [2] Conditions of the disease noted by the patient. [1]

Output: SYMPTOMS

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Input: [2] The range of a disease according to geography or particular populations. [1]

Output: ENDEMIC

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Input: [2] An infection that takes hold because the hose has been compromised (weakened) by disease. [1]

Output: OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The field that stresses manipulation to correct misalignment for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. [1]

Output: CHIROPRACTIC

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Input: [2] An insect or animal that transmits a disease calling organism from one host to another. [1]

Output: VECTOR

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Is a group that included yeasts and mold, they are examples of a type of microorganism. Mycology is the study of fungi. [1]

Output: FUNGI

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Input: [2] Any organism that lives in or on a host at the hosts expense. This is an infectious disease commonly called microbe, or germ. [1]

Output: PARASITE

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Input: [2] Spherical bacteria arranged in a chain. [1]

Output: STREPTOCOCCI (BACTERIA) THE SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT.

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] These cells are straight, slender rods, although some are cigar shaped, with tapered ends. All endospore forming bacteria are Bacilli. Typical disease caused by Bacilli include tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typoid fever and legionnaires disease. [1]

Output: BACILLI (BACTERIA)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Are long wavelike cells, resembling corkscrews. They cause Asiatic Cholera (is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1] Transmission to humans is by ingesting contaminated water or food). [1]

Output: SPIRILLA (BATERIA)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Unlike these other organisms, however, viruses are not susceptable to antibacterial agents (antibiotics), and must be treated with antiviral agents. [1]

Output: VIRUS (TREATMENT)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Viruses are names according to wher they were isolated (Hanta, Ebola, West Nile), The sympoms they cause (Yellow fever virus, which causes Jaundice, Hepatitis virus, which causes inflammation of the liver), The host (Chickenpox, Human Immunodeficiency virus, swine influenza), or the Vector that carries them (Colorado Tick Fever). [1]

Output: VIRUS (NAMES)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Although Protozoa are also single cell organisms, they are much larger than bacteria. They are found all over the world, in soil and in almost any body of water from moist grass to mud puddles of the sea. There are 4 main division of Protozoa: Amebas, Cilates, Flagellates, and Sporozoa. [1]

Output: PROTOZOA (THE ONLY GROUP OF MICROBES THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS ANIMAL LIKE)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Some Flatworms resemble long ribbons, whereas others have a shape of a leaf. [1]

Output: FLATWORMS

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Input: [2] May grow in the intestinal tract to a length of 1.5 meters (5 to 50 feet). They are spead by infected, improperly cooked meats, including beef, pork, and fish. Flatworms reproductive system is highly developed, so each worm produces an enormous number of eggs, which may then contaminate food, water, and soil. [1]

Output: TAPEWORMS (ALSO KNOWN AS FLUKES)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Poisioning due to pathogens. [1]

Output: SEPSIS

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Input: [2] A condition in which no pathogens are present. [1]

Output: ASEPSIS

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Input: [2] Procedures that are designed to kill, remove, or prevent growth of microbes. [1]

Output: ASEPTIC METHODS

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Input: [2] To sterilize an object means to kill every living microorganism on it. The time and temp. required to ensure the destruction of all spore forming organisms in sterilization are much greater than those required to kill most pathogens. [1]

Output: STERILIZATION (AUTOCLAVE)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Refers to any measure that kills all pathogens (except spores) but does not necessarily kill all harmless microbes. Disinfection agents used, chlorine bleach, ammonia, and phenol. [1]

Output: DISINFECTION (2 OTHER TERMS FOR BACTERIA KILLING AGENTS) 1) BACTERICIDE 2) GERMICIDE

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This term refers to any process in which pathogens are not necessarily killed bu are prevented from multiplying, a state called (BACTERIOSTASIS). Agents are alcohol, organic iodine, solutions, and hydrogen peroxide. [1]

Output: ANTISEPSIS

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Input: [2] Center for disease Control and Prevention. (CDC) [1]

Output: CDC IS THE ABBREVIATION FOR THE?

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Input: [2] A Antibiotic is a substance produced by living cells that has the power to kill or arrest the growth of bacteria. Most Antibiotics are derived from fungi (molds) and soil bacteria. [1]

Output: ANTIBIOTICS (ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS)

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A common stain that turns positive microorganisms a bluish purple color. The bacteria are said to be (Gram Positive) and appear bluish purple under the microscope. [1]

Output: GRAM STAIN

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Input: [2] Red [1]

Output: ACID FAST POSITIVE CELLS RETAIN THE COLOR _ AFTER STAINING.

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Input: [2] Hand, Example would be:(CHIR/0PRACTIC) treatment involves the use of the hands for manipulation to correct misalignment of the body. [1]

Output: THE WORD PART CHIR/O REFERS TO?

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The SIGNS, which are the evidence (objective manifestations) the Physician or other healthcare professional can observe. [1]

Output: SIGNS - (TREATMENT & PREVENTION OF DISEASE)

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Input: [2] Symtom, conditions of disease noted by the patient. [1]

Output: NAUSEA IS AN EXAMPLE OF A

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A disease that is neither severe nor very long lasting. [1]

Output: SUBACUTE

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Input: [2] Once a patients disorder is known, the physician precribes a course of treatment, known as (Therapy). [1]

Output: THERAPY

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Input: [2] a philosophy of helping people to heal themselves by developing heathly lifesyles. [1]

Output: NATUROPATHY

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Input: [2] which teaches people to control involuntary responses, such as heart rate and B/P, by means of electronic devices that monitor changes and feed information back to a person. [1]

Output: BIOFEEDBACK

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Input: [2] The word (organisms) means anything having life, (Micro) means very small. Thus a Microorganism is a tiny living thing, too small to be seen by the naked eye. Other terms are Microbe, and more popular, Germ. [1]

Output: MICROORGANISMS

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Input: [2] Results from adverse effects of treatment, including drug therapy and surgery. [1]

Output: IATROGENIC DISEASE

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Input: [2] Relates to physician or to medicine. [1]

Output: IATRO-

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Input: [2] Although most microorganisms are harmless to humans, and many are beneficial, a few types cause illness, that is, they are pathogenic. [1]

Output: PATHOGENIC

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Input: [2] Any disease causing organism. [1]

Output: PATHOGEN

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Input: [2] If the body is invaded by pathogens with adverse effects, the condition is an infection. [1]

Output: INFECTION

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Input: [2] If the infection is restricted to a relatively small area of the body. It is local. [1]

Output: LOCAL

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Input: [2] A generlized, or sytemic infection is one in which the whole body is affected. They are usually spead by blood. [1]

Output: SYSTEMIC

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Input: [2] is any wound or local damage to tissue. [1]

Output: LESION

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Input: [2] A Rash if raised or eruption. [1]

Output: Surface Lesion is called

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] is a spot that is neither raised nor depressed. [1]

Output: Macule

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Input: [2] is a firm, raised area, as in some stages of chickenpox and in the second stage of syphilis. A pimple is a papule. A large firm papule is called a Nodule. [1]

Output: Papule

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Input: [2] is a blister or small sac that is full of fluid, such as may be found in some of the eruptions of chickenpox or shingles, another term is Bulla. [1]

Output: Vesicle

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Input: [2] is a vesicle filled with pus [1]

Output: Pustule

Final exam for Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Preg2 A male deposits ____ in the vagina during sex. How to sperm cells move within the female reproductive tract? Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally take place?

Output: semen. Sperm cell lashes its tail to move. It is aided by muscular CONTRACTIONS in the female reproductive tract. Uterine tube.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg3 During fertilization, an ____ helps a sperm cell penetrate the ____ ______. When a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell membrane, changes in the _____ and ____ _____ prevent entry of _____ _____ _____ Fusion of the _____ of a sperm cell and an ____ _____ completes fertilization. The product of fertilization is a _____ with ____ chromosomes.

Output: enzyme, zona pellucida membrane, zona pellucida, additional sperm cells nuclei, egg cell zygote, 46

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg4 Briefly describe fertilization

Output: 1)penetration of zona pellucida of egg cell by sperm cell (enzyme helps) 2)changes in egg cell membrane to prevent entry of additional sperm cells 3)fusion of the nuclei of a sperm cell and egg cell ->zygote

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg5 Describe the process of cleavage What else happens during cleavage. Once it reaches the uterine cavity, what happens?

Output: Starting from the zygote, the cells undergo MITOSIS, giving rise to SMALLER and smaller cells. The developing offspring MOVES down the uterine tube to the uterus (about 3 day trip) In the cavity, the developing offspring remains free, but eventually IMPLANTS in the endometrium (at this point it is called a blastocyst)

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg6 define embryo Define fetus.

Output: The term given to the developing offspring from the embryonic stage up to the end of 8 weeks (when the basic structural form of the human body is recognizable). Fetus is the term given after embryo, up until birth.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg7 Describe the formation of the placenta. What are its functions?

Output: Eventually, cells surrounding the embryo, with cells of the endometrium, form a complex vascular structure called the PLACENTA. (therefore, EMBRYONIC and MATERNAL cells form the placenta) The placenta 1)exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes between maternal blood and the embryo's blood. 2)secretes hormones.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg8 Which hormone produced during pregnancy maintains the corpus luteum. Where is that hormone produced?

Output: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the embryonic cells.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg9 Name the hormones produced by the placenta, and their function. What other hormonal changes happen in pregnancy?

Output: 1)estrogens and progesterone - maitain the uterine wall, and inhibit FSH and LH secretion 2)progesterone and relaxin inhibit uterine contractions 3)estrogens cause enlargement of the vagina 4)relaxin helps relax the ligaments of the pelvic joints 5)placental lactogen stimulates development of maternal breasts and mammary glands 1)increased aldsterone - retention of sodium and body fluid. 2)increase PTH - high concentraiton of maternal blood calcium.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg10 The embryonic stage extends from the beginning of the _____ week through the ____ week of development. During the embryonic stage, the ____ and the main internal and _____ body structures develop.

Output: second, eighth placenta, external

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg14 Name the primary germ layers How do they form?

Output: endoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. THey form from the inner cell mass (the group of cells in the blastocyst stage, near time of implantation, that go to form the offspring)

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg15 List the major body parts derived from the primary germ layers.

Output: 1)ectodermal cells - nervous system, special sensory organs, epidermis, hair,nails, glands of skin, linings of mouth/anal canal 2)mesodermal cells - muscl, bone, bone marrow, blood, blood and lymphatic vessels, connective tissues, internal reproductive organs, kidnesy, epithelial linings of the body cavities 3)endodermal cells - intestines, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg16 What is the placental membrane made of. What structures does it separate? What happens across the placental membrane?

Output: Placental membrane = the epithelium of the chorionic villi and epithelium of the capillaries inside the villi. It separates embryonic blood in the capillaries of a villus from the maternal blood in lacunae. Across this membrane, oxygen and nutrients diffuse FROM MATERNAL blood into fetal blood. Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse in FROM FETAL blood into maternal blood.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg17 Distinguish between the chorion and amnion.

Output: During the blastocyst stage (pre-embryo), cells from the outer blastocyst form a layer of cells called the trophoblast. Another layer of cells develops and lines the trophoblast, called the CHORION. The trophoblast later helps form the placenta. While the placenta forms, around the second week, another membrane called the AMNION envelops the tissues attached to the underside of the embryo. Between the amnion and the embryo, AMNIOTIC FLUID develops.

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg13 Embryonic stage (continued) The _____ extends from the yolk sac into the connecting stalk. The connecting stalk attaches the _____ disc to the developing _____. The allantois gives rise to the umbilical ____ and _____ By the beginning of the eighth week, the embryo is recognizable as ____

Output: allantois, embryonic, placenta, arteries, veins human

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg11 Embryonic stage (continued) During the embryonic stage, the cells of the ____ ___ mass organize into _____ ____ ____. The ____ ____ becomes cylindrical, and attaches to the developing _____

Output: inner cell, primary germ layers embryonic disc, placenta

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: Preg12 Embryonic stage (continued) a fluid-filled ____ develops around the embryo The _____ ______ forms as the amnion envelops the tissues attached to the ______ of the embryo. The ____ sac forms on the _____ of the embryonic disc.

Output: amnion umbilical cord, underside yolk, underside

Anatomy/Physiology Hole 8th edition:ch. 20 pregnancy, growth, and development Flashcards - Cram.com

growth is an INCREASE in SIZE. Development is the process of changing from one life phase to another. Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus.


Input: [2] A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. [1]

Output: acid

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. [1]

Output: atom

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. [1]

Output: atomic number

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. [1]

Output: base

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. [1]

Output: buffer

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. [1]

Output: chemical bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds. [1]

Output: chemical reaction

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. [1]

Output: cohesion

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons. [1]

Output: covalent bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons; symbolized by a pair of lines between the bonded atoms. [1]

Output: double covalent bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. [1]

Output: electron

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. [1]

Output: electron shell

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. [1]

Output: electronegativity

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance. [1]

Output: element

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form. [1]

Output: heat

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. [1]

Output: hydrogen bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge. [1]

Output: ion

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. [1]

Output: ionic bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass. [1]

Output: isotope

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. [1]

Output: mass number

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anything that takes up space and has mass. [1]

Output: matter

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. [1]

Output: molecule

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom. [1]

Output: neutron

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. [1]

Output: nonpolar covalent bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons. [1]

Output: nucleus

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. [1]

Output: pH scale

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. [1]

Output: polar covalent bond

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides. [1]

Output: polar molecule

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An ending material in a chemical reaction. [1]

Output: product

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. [1]

Output: proton

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. [1]

Output: radioactive isotope

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A starting material in a chemical reaction. [1]

Output: reactant

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Compounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds, also called an ionic compound. [1]

Output: salt

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A substance that is dissolved in a solution. [1]

Output: solute

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances. [1]

Output: solution

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. [1]

Output: solvent

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. [1]

Output: surface tension

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules. [1]

Output: temperature

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. [1]

Output: trace element

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] reductionist [1]

Output: Someone who attempts to understand the functioning of the brain by studying individual brain cells is taking a(n) _____ approach

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 92 [1]

Output: There are _____ naturally occurring elements.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] equals the number of electrons [1]

Output: The number of protons in an uncharged atom _____.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Mistake of value or quality

Output: if a mistake concerns the future market value or quality of the object of the contract *normally contract is enforceable EX: violin sold for cheap but later is found to be rare and worth much more. seller can't later demand more *reason: value is variable and depends on time, place, etc

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Bilateral (mistake of fact)

Output: mutual mistake made by both of the contracting parties EX: surveyer made a mistake in amount/placement of land or word/term subject to more than one interpretation

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] unilateral (mistake of fact)

Output: a mistake made by only one of the parties about a material fact *normally does not give mistaken party any relief and the contract is enforceable EX: V selling motorhome. Types offer and mistypes price but B accepts - bound contract

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] exceptions to a contract with a unilateral mistakes of fact contracts being enforceable

Output: 1) if the other party to the contract knows or should have known that a mistake of fact was made 2) a mathematical mistake made inadvertently and without gross (extreme) negligence. Clerical error must be readily provable

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Elements of Fraudulent Misrepresentation

Output: 1) A misrepresentation of a material fact must occur -can occur by words or actions 2) There must be ab intent to deceive 3) The innocent party must justifiably rely on the misrepresentation

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Cases when opinions can be fraud

Output: When a naive purchaser relies on a so-called expert's opinion, the innocent party may be entitled to rescission or reformation (equitable remedy granted by a court in which the terms of a contract are altered to reflect the true intentions of these parties - see Ch 18)

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Misrepresentation

Output: -can occur by words or actions -statements of opinion and representations of future facts (predictions) are generally not subject to claims of fraud - a seller of goods is allowed to use puffery to sell his or her wares without liability for fraud

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Misrepresentation by Concealment

Output: when a party takes specific action to conceal a fact that is material to the contract

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Misrepresentation of Law

Output: -ordinarily does not entitle a party to relief from a contract -at common law people are assumed to know state and local ordinances EXCEPTIONS -when the misrepresenting party is in a profession that is known to require greater knowledge of the law than the average citizen possesses.

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Misrepresentation by Silence

Output: a contract cannot be set aside because certain pertinent information is not volunteered -however, if the purchaser asks you and you lie, you have committed a fraudulent misrepresentation

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Exceptions to the Misrep by Silence

Output: -If the seller knows of a serious potential problem that could not reasonably be suspected by the buyer, the seller may have a duty to speak -seller must disclose only "latent" defects (defects that could not readily discovered) -when parties are in a fiduciary relationship (one of trust ex: attorney and their client), there is a duty to disclose materail facts; failure to do so may constitute fraud

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Duty to Prospective Employees

Output: A duty to disclose information may also arise in an employment context when the employer either misrepresents or conceals info from a prospective employee during the hiring process (ex: fraudulent misrepresentation about a company's financial health)

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] scienter

Output: "guilty knowledge" -second element of fraud: knowledge on the part of the misrepresenting party that facts have been falsely represented *signifies an intent to deceive*

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] innocent misrepresentation

Output: If a person makes a statement that she or he believes to be true but that actually misrepresents material facts (not guilty of fraud) -the aggrieved party can rescind the contract but usually cannot seek damages

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] negligent misrepresentation

Output: a party will make a misrepresentation through carelessness believing the statement is true. If a person fails to exercise reasonable care in uncovering or disclosing the facts or does not use the skill and competence that her or his business or profession requires -equal to scienter -treated as fraudulent misrepresentation (even though it wasn't purposeful)

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] justifiable reliance

Output: the deceived party must haev a justifiable reason for relying on the misrepresentation, and the misrepresentation must be an important factor (but not necessarily the sole factor) in inducing that party to enter into the contract

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Injury to the innocent party

Output: -Showing of injury is not required when the action is to rescind the contract (this just returns parties to the positions they held before the contract was made) -To recover damages caused by fraud, proof of an injury is universally required *courts can also award punitive damages (intended to punish the defendant) or exemplary damages

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] undue influence

Output: -arises from special kinds of relationships in which one party can greatly influence another party, thus overcoming that party's FREE WILL -lacks voluntary consent and is therefore voidable -there must be clear and convincing evidence that the person did not act out of her or his free will

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] the presumption of undue influence

Output: -when the principal in a confidential relationship benefits from that relationship, a presumption of undue influence arises -the dominant party must exercise the utmost good faith in dealing with the other party -when a contract enriches the dominant party, the court will often presume that the contract was made under undue influence

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] duress

Output: forcing a party to do something, including entering into a contract, through fear created by threats (blackmail/extortion count too) -a defense to the enforcement of a contract and a ground for the rescission of a contract

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] The Threatened Act Must Be Wrongful or Illegal

Output: threatening someone to exercise a legal right, ordinarily is not illegal and usually does not constitute duress

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] Economic Duress

Output: economic need is generally not sufficient to constitute duress, even when one party exacts a very high price for an item that the other party needs - if the party exacting the price creates the need, economic duress may be found

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] adhesion contracts

Output: contracts written exclusively by one party and presented to the other party on a take-it-or-leavei-it basis. *often use standard forms

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] standard form contracts

Output: often contain fine-print provisions that shift a risk naturally borne by one party to the other -often used by life insurance policies, residential leases, loan agreements, and employment agency contracts *to avoid enforcement of the contract or of a particular clause, the aggrieved party must show that the parties had substantially unequal bargaining positions and that enforcement would be manifestly unfair or oppresive

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Mistake of fact (categories)] unconscionability (broad)

Output: Section of the Uniform Commercial Code applies only for the sale of goods but courts have broadened the concept and applied it in other situations

Ch 14: Mistakes, Fraud, and Voluntary Consent (contracts) Flashcards - Cram.com

bilateral unilateral *may allow a contract to be avoided


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Respondent Behavior

Output: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. Skinners term for behavior learned through classic conditioning.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Latent Learning

Output: Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there is incentitive to demonstrate it.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] variable ratio schedule

Output: in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of responses

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] variable interval schedule

Output: in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a resonse at unpredictable time intervals.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] shaping

Output: An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] reinforcer

Output: in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior that follows.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] punishment

Output: an event that decreases the behavior that follows.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] primary reinforcer

Output: an innately reinforing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] positive reinforcement

Output: increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food. *blank* is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] fixed ratio schedule

Output: In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] continuous reinforcement

Output: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] conditioned reinforcer

Output: a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its asssociation with a primary reinforcer also known as secondary reinforcer.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] extrinsic motivation

Output: A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] intrinsic motivation

Output: A desire to perform a bahavior for its own sake.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] associative learning

Output: Learning that certain events occur together.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] learning

Output: a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] unconditioned stimulus

Output: In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally and naturally triggers a response

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Aquisition

Output: the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. The strenghening of a reinforced response

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] behaviorism

Output: view that psychology should 1) should be an objective science 2)study behavior without reference to mental processes. *Most agree with (1) not (2).

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] discrimination

Output: In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] extinction

Output: Diminishing of conditioned response

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] spontaneous recovery

Output: the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] generalization

Output: the tendancy once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Unconditional Response (UR)

Output: unlearned naturally occuring response

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Output: an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with and unconditoned stimulus (US) cones to trigger a conditioned response

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Classical Conditioning

Output: Atype of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli A natural stimulus that signals an Unconditioned stimulus. (US)

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Output: A stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] pro social behavior

Output: positive constructive healthy behavior opposite of anti social

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] observational learning

Output: learning by observing others

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] modeling

Output: the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] mirror neurons

Output: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Output: observable behavior.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

Output: UR.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.

Output: CS; US

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Output: spontaneous recovery

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Output: decreases; increases

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.

Output: variable-interval

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Output: observational learning.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

Output: cognitive

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

Output: Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Output: conditioned

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Output: fixed-ratio

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

Output: associative learning.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

Output: conditioned stimulus.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

Output: generalization.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

Output: shaping.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

Output: conditioned stimulus

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Output: fixed-interval

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:

Output: discrimination.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

Output: biological predispositions.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Output: negative reinforcement.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Output: Bandura

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] f you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

Output: classical conditioning.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):

Output: CR.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

Output: operant conditioning.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Output: cognitive processes

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity as she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

Output: mirror neurons.01

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

Output: unconditioned stimulus.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.

Output: conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Output: variable-ratio

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [Cognitive MAp] To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

Output: punishment.

A mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment.


Input: [1] the use an environment will have/activities that will take place there [2]

Output: Function

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] how we get around [2]

Output: circulation

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] where people naturally walk/go [2]

Output: natural traffic pattern

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] factors dealing with humans [2]

Output: human factors

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] human dimensions [2]

Output: anthropometry

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 3', the amount of space needed to circulate comfortably [2]

Output: standard clearance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 1.5' [2]

Output: minimal clearance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the way humans use space varying from culture to culture [2]

Output: proxemics

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 4 classifications of distance [2]

Output: intimate personal social public

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] contact-1'6" [2]

Output: intimate distance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 1'6"-4' [2]

Output: personal distance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 4'-12' [2]

Output: social distance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 12' + [2]

Output: public distance

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] too many people in a space, may cause stress, illness..neg effects [2]

Output: crowding

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the need to have space of our own [2]

Output: territoriality

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] use mass to create balance [2]

Output: balance, scale and mass

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the way the eyes moves around the room. alternate wood and upholstery pieces [2]

Output: rhythm

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] creation of a focal point [2]

Output: emphasis

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] all the lines in room working together. no random diagonal couches that don't fit [2]

Output: harmony of line

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] make interesting shapes of space [2]

Output: form and shape

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the objects to the room itself...easiest is a rectangle room [2]

Output: proportion

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] 7 basic furniture groupings [2]

Output: straight line L U box circular parallel solo

Interior Design Chapter 8--Furniture Arrangement Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the term for the lens changing shape to focus? [Cornea Lens]

Output: accommodation

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The contraction of ______ muscle causes the lens to change shape [Cornea Lens]

Output: ciliary muscle

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Contraction of the ciliary muscle relieves the tension on the _________ fibre, allowing the lens to become rounder due to its natural elasticity [Cornea Lens]

Output: zonule

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the term for 'normal' eyes? [Cornea Lens]

Output: emmetropic

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Hyperopia/Myopia) is farsightedness [Cornea Lens]

Output: Hyperopia

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Hyperopia/Myopia) is nearsightedness [Cornea Lens]

Output: Myopia

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A convex len is placed in front of the eye to allow refraction of near objects (Hyperopia/Myopia) [Cornea Lens]

Output: Hyperopia

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A concave len is placed in front of the eye to allow refraction of near objects (Hyperopia/Myopia) [Cornea Lens]

Output: Myopia

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the term for corrective laser surgery? [Cornea Lens]

Output: photorefractive keratectomy

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells do the _________ before sending the visual information through the optic nerve [Cornea Lens]

Output: pre-processing

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 2 types of retinal neuron? [Cornea Lens]

Output: bipolar horizontal

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: _____ cells create the direct pathway from photoreceptors to ganglion cells [Cornea Lens]

Output: bipolar

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ______ cells feed information laterally in the outer plexiform layer to influence neighbouring cells [Cornea Lens]

Output: horizontal

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sound is actually a series of changes in _____ [Cornea Lens]

Output: air pressure

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ______ and ______ (external parts of the ear) focus the sound into the external auditory meatus [Cornea Lens]

Output: concha pina

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The _____ _________ selectively amplifies sound in the 2 - 5 Hz range by 30 - 100 fold [Cornea Lens]

Output: auditory meatus

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: As sound passes through the auditory meatus it hits the ___________ membrane [Cornea Lens]

Output: tympanic

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cochlea is the point of ________ where the pressure waves are turned into nerve singals [Cornea Lens]

Output: integration

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are the inner hair cells situated? [Cornea Lens]

Output: scala media

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When the stereocilia are disturbed we get ____________ transduction [Cornea Lens]

Output: mechanoelectrical

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The _________ of the scala media is high in K+ and as a result opening of the channel causes the cell to depolarise [Cornea Lens]

Output: endolymph

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Depolarisation of the endolymph results in the opening of voltage gated ____ channels which then transmit the signal in neurotransmitter release [Cornea Lens]

Output: Ca2+

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The auditory complex is located on the ______ ________ ______ in the temporal lobe of the brain [Cornea Lens]

Output: superior temporal gyrus

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 3 senses associated with the nose and mouth? [Cornea Lens]

Output: olfactory gustatory trigeminal

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Odorants interact with ______ _____ ______ [Cornea Lens]

Output: olfactory receptor neurons

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are olfactory receptor neurons located? [Cornea Lens]

Output: in the olfactory epithelium

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: signals from the olfactory epithelium is sent to the ________ cortex in the temporal lobe [Cornea Lens]

Output: pyriform cortex

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Odorant molecule activates a _______ to create activation of adenyl cyclase III [Cornea Lens]

Output: G-protein

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The active adenyl cyclase III causes activation of _______ channel [Cornea Lens]

Output: Na+/Ca2+

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the 4 olfactory bulb target? [Cornea Lens]

Output: Pyriform cortex Olfactory tubercle Amygdala Entortinal cortex

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pyriform cortex, Olfactory tubercle, Amygdala, Entortinal cortex all targets which 3 organs? [Cornea Lens]

Output: Oribitofrontal cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Pyriform cortex/Olfactory tubercle Amygdala/Entortinal cortex) only targets the orbitofrontal cortex [Cornea Lens]

Output: pyriform cortex

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Pyriform cortex/Olfactory tubercle Amygdala/Entortinal cortex) only targets the hippocampal formation [Cornea Lens]

Output: entortinal cortex

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 5 taste [Cornea Lens]

Output: Bitter Sour Sweet Salty Unami

Biology of the mind - Senses Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ...productivity of the human food chain

Output: Agricultural ecosystems channel the energy flowing through a food web into the human food chain and away from other food chains. This increases the...

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: Gross productivity

Output: The rate at which plants assimilate (produce) chemical energy is called...

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...


Input: The rate at which something is produced

Output: What is productivity?

AQA BIOL4 5.3 - Agricultural ecosystems Flashcards - Cram.com

Agricultural ecosystems try to ensure...