Input: For the following theorist, list the theory associated with them and their view of human nature: Rogers.

Output: Rogers: Person-Centered: People are essentially good and under the right conditions will move themselves toward self-actualization.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: For the following theorist, list the theory associated with them and their view of human nature: Berne.

Output: Berne: Transactional Analysis: Each person has the 3 ego states of parent, adult and child.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: For the following theorist, list the theory associated with them and their view of human nature: Freud.

Output: Freud: Psychoanalysis: Biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages control people.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: For the following theorist, list the theory associated with them and their view of human nature: Ellis.

Output: Ellis: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: A person's instincts are both rational and irrational, but different reactions can be taught.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: For the following theorist, list the theory associated with them and their view of human nature: Peris.

Output: Peris: Gestalt: People are whole and complete but are affected by their environment. Learning and change result from how a person organizes experience.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Counselors can work as consultants. Give an overview of the tasks of a counselor as a consultant.

Output: A consultant is an expert who can use his or her expertise, proven methods, and advice to help a business, an organization, or an individual solve a problem or improve a situation. The tasks of the consultant may include gathering information about the client and/or outside research and the analysis of the information, conferences, workshops, or seminars that address a client's interests and concerns, participant observation programs, organizational or project assessment, and making recommendations for change or improvement.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Describe play therapy.

Output: Play therapy is intended to create an atmosphere where the child feels free to show emotions. It allows the child to express feelings and lessen tensions by releasing emotions such as disappointment, fear, anger, and confusion. The child can also act out dreams and ambitions. By observing the child at play, the counselor can assess his reaction to his environment and how he communicates, then analyze his conflicts and help him develop ways to deal with the emotions or let them go.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: sculpting.

Output: Sculpting: creates a picture or representation of family relationships. The representation is often made by the family members' physical placement of each other.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Homeostasis.

Output: Homeostasis: a dynamic state of equilibrium - a balanced system.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Identified patient (IP)

Output: (IP) - the member of a family who is the primary focus of treatment

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Joining.

Output: Joining: the strategy of the therapist entering a family system in order to explore and modify dysfunctions.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Nuclear family.

Output: Nuclear family: the basic family unit of father, mother, and child(ren), living together in one household.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the family therapy term: Strategic.

Output: Strategic: a therapeutic method in which the therapist devises strategies and interventions to resolve the problem.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the family therapy term: Structural.

Output: Structural: a therapeutic method of realigning the family in order to change dysfunctional interactions.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the family therapy term: Triangulation.

Output: Triangulation: when two members of a family have a problem with each other, one or both may turn to a third person.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: introjection.

Output: Introjection: the process by which a child adopts the values of another person.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: projection.

Output: Projection: attributing a person's own characteristic's to others.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: displacement.

Output: Displacement: a defense mechanism in which a person does not display anger at the time of the anger-inducing incident but displays it later and directs it toward a different person.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Sour grapes rationalization.

Output: Sour Grapes Rationalization: a defense mechanism by which people rationalize that they did not really want something they did not get.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Sweet lemon rationalization.

Output: Sweet lemon rationalization: a defense mechanism by which a person rationalizes a distasteful event into an acceptable one.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: alignment.

Output: Alignment: the alliances, either short or long-term formed among family members as they move toward homeostasis.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: boundary.

Output: Boundary: a limit or border. In family therapy the term refers to membership in the subsystems (parents, siblings, students, etc.) within the family and can be summed up as "who does what with whom".

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Closed System.

Output: Closed System: a system that is self-contained, has impermeable boundaries and does not interact with other systems.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Open System

Output: Open System: a system with permeable boundaries that allow interaction with other systems.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Coalitions.

Output: Coalitions: alliances, either short or long term, among family members against other family members.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Cybernetics.

Output: Cybernetics: the study of the flow of information through feedback loops.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following family therapy term: Enmeshment

Output: Enmeshment: a family organization pattern in which family members are over-concerned and over-involved in each other's lives, thereby limiting each member's autonomy.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: free association.

Output: Free association: a therapy strategy in which the client responds with whatever comes to mind to clues given by the therapist.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: transference.

Output: Transference: the projection of a client's feelings for another onto the counselor.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: catharsis

Output: catharsis: the purging of emotions.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: preconscious mind.

Output: Preconscious mind: the portion of awareness that includes information of which a person is aware but to which he is not currently paying attention.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: repression.

Output: Repression: the involuntary forgetting of an incident in order to protect oneself from anxiety.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: reaction formation.

Output: Reaction Formation: a defense mechanism in which a person acts in the opposite manner from an impulse he or she cannot accept.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Sublimation.

Output: Sublimation: a defense mechanism in which a person uses a socially acceptable behavior to act out an unconscious impulse.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: mandalas.

Output: Mandalas: drawings Carl Jung called protective circles representing self-unification that he used to analyze himself and clients.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: eidetic imagery.

Output: Eidetic imagery: the ability to recall minute details of something a person has observed.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Output: TAT (thematic apperception test): a projective test introduced by Henry Murray, in which a client tells stories about pictures the therapist show him or her.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Archetype.

Output: Archetype: an ideal model of a person, thing, or concept - a sterotype or defining example.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Extinction.

Output: Extinction: the withholding of reinforcement for a behavior as a means of eliminating the behavior.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the following term: Chaining.

Output: Chaining: behaviors that occur because of a cue from an earlier behavior.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain Milan systemic family therapy.

Output: To Milan therapy a family is a system of connections among the members. Acknowledging that the family "plays a game" in order to maintain the system, therapy often consists of family interactions while under observation by a team of therapists. The answers to circular questioning, in which each family member is asked the same relationship questions, reveal the connections among the members and the different ways they interpret an event. The therapist makes use of family patterns and rituals and makes suggestions for ways to alter beliefs and attitudes in an effort to change family rules and relationships.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the beliefs of social constructionists.

Output: Social constructionists subscribe to the idea that such widely accepted concepts as nationality, gender, religion, morality and language exist not as natural objects, but have been created by people. To them a social construct is an institutionalized entity or artifact that has been invented or constructed by members of a particular culture or society. Counselors using a social constructionist approach include those who make use of such methods as narrative, collaborative language systems, and solution-focused therapy. Practitioners pay little attention to the history or underlying causes of a problem but focus on solutions. Important names in the field include Steve deShazer and William O'Hanion.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Discuss psychoeducational family therapy.

Output: Psychoeducation is a therapeutic technique that assists a family in dealing with their daily life and specific issues such as illness in the family. Life coping skills, medication management, stress and time management and self-care issues can be included. Marriage enrichment and stepfamily issues may also be addressed. Psychoeducation can be especially helpful for families dealing with mental illness of a family member, as well as for the patient who needs to understand what is happening, why certain medications are needed, the signs of relapse, etc. The process, in combination with medication, has been used successfully in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHA, and depression.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the use of behavioral/cognitive therapeutic approaches in family therapy.

Output: Behavioral/cognitive therapy can be divided into four types: behavioral martial therapy, behavioral parent skills training, functional family therapy and conjoint sex therapy. Behavior marital therapy, which has not been found to be long-term effective, is an effort to teach couples better communication skills and healthy handling of conflict. Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy adds a consideration of how specific thoughts relate to feelings and moods and how moods affect behavior. Behavioral parent-skills training is an effort to improve child management by educating both parents and child in the use of such techniques as timeouts and contingency contracts. To functional family therapy all behavior is adaptive and serves a function. Therapy involves intervention and prevention using everyday situations. Families discuss attainable goals without assigning blame. Conjoint sex therapy is the treatment of sexual dysfunctions through work with both partners in a couple. Some sessions may be with one individual, but others will involve the couple together.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Discuss narrative family therapy.

Output: Narrative family therapy is a postmodern therapeutic approach that works through the tendency of human beings to create narratives or stories of their life experiences. Families bring theses narratives to the counseling sessions where the narratives are deconstructed to reveal their underlying assumptions other interpretations are suggested. The process allows the family to re-author the narrative, which empowers them. The therapist creates the structure for the new narrative. Narrative family therapy is appropriate for the entire family since it fits quite well with the development abilities of children.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the role of gender-sensitive issues in family therapy.

Output: Gender-sensitive issues are often feminist issues that affect both the females and the males in a family.They may grow out of the culture, especially in ethnic groups that regard females as being of little value or require that a woman be completely subject to the males in her family. Such issues also come from the long devaluing of the female's economic and political role in the United States. In therapy these issues must be considered in the contest of the social, cultural and political environment of the family. The therapist must be aware of these issues as they relate to himself or herself so that he or she does not demonstrate a prejudicial attitude in helping the family move beyond traditional sex roles.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the influence of culture or ethnicity on families and the concept of alternative families.

Output: Definitions of family vary depending on the cultural and ethnic groups concerned. The definitions may be quite narrow as in the a "nuclear family" which includes only father, mother, and their children, or it can rather broad as in the societies where the family is expected to be multigenerational and expanded. Child rearing practices very widely as do the transitions from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood, which may involve traditional transitional rituals. Counselors must be aware of the client's cultural background and its influence on his or her development. Alternative families in the US include any family that is not a nuclear family. Among them are single-parent families, consisting of one parent and one or more children; remarried families, which involve stepparents and may include children from several former marriages; childless couples, and gay and lesbian families which are single-sex relationships that may or may not include children. All the alternative family patterns include multigenerational dynamics and other problems that may beset a nuclear family.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain experiential and humanistic family counseling.

Output: Experiential family therapy focuses on current experiences of the family and emphasizes experience rather than insight or cognitive knowledge as causes for change. Attention is on emotions and what they represent. The therapist's relationship with the client is important. A leading name in the field is Carl Whitaker. An important name in humanistic family counseling is Virginia Satir. Her view is that the counselor is a teacher and trainer, but that the self-concept of the person allows him or her to grow and develop. Believing that good communication within the family is necessary for the family to function in a healthy manner, she identified five styles of communication. They are placatar, blamer, super-reasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communicator. Congruent communicator is the healthiest style of communication.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Describe structural family therapy.

Output: Salvador Minuchin is a leader in the use of structural family therapy. He considers a family to be an organization for which the rules are transactional patterns among the members and with subsystems (parents, siblings, students, etc.) with boundaries and rules of membership. Boundaries may be permeable or diffuse. Alignments are the way family members work together or against each other, power is who has authority or responsibility, and coalitions are alliances among specific family members. A structural family map diagrams the current family structure with boundaries, alliances, etc. and shows possible dysfunction. The therapy challenges the transaction patterns of the family with the goal of establishing clearer boundaries or better defining a subsystem. Mnuchim's role during the therapy session is an active one as he portrays aspects of the family and encourages the acting out of dysfunctional interactions. He also presents a constructive viewpoint.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the psychodynamic theory of family counseling.

Output: Nathan Ackerman used an interactive style of family therapy that considered the psychological heritage of each family member. He coined the term "homeodynamic principle" to express the concept that each family has a basic dynamic and that following an interruption such as counseling, the family will return to that dynamic even if it is dysfunctional. In a healthy family this results in structure and stability. During counseling Ackerman served as a catalyst to bring out defenses and neutralize imbalances. According to James Framo a person's social environment helps to shape their behavior and each member of a relationship brings any conflicts from his or her birth family to the current relationship. In therapy, Framo starts with the entire family, then moves to couple and couple group therapy and finishes with intergenerational conferences involving the family of origin.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Define the 8 theoretical concepts of the family systems theory.

Output: To Murray Bowen the family is an emotional unit and multigenerational family history must be considered in family counseling. His 8 theoretical concepts are: (1) Differentiation of self: the ability of a person to separate his own thinking and emotions from those of his family. (2) Nuclear family emotional system: four basic relationship patterns govern where problems develop in a family. They are marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment of one or more children, and emotional distance. (3) Triangulation: when two people have a problem with each other, one or both of them will turn to a third person. (4) Family projection process: the primary way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child. (5) Multigenerational transmission process: small differences in differentiation levels between parent and child become marked differences after several generations in a multigenerational family. (6) Emotional cutoff: family members reduce anxiety or stress with other family members by such mechanisms as moving away, diverting the conversation, or maintaining silence. (7) Sibling position: birth order affects the characteristics of a person. (8) Societal emotional process: Each concept in Bowen's theory can be applied to such non-family groups as coworkers and social organizations.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain strategic family therapy

Output: The focus of strategic family therapy is on changing behavior rather than insight. It is a practical approach that deals with family communication, interaction, and behavior patterns. Creative interventions are an important part of the therapy. The therapy relies on strategies to change behavior and achieve goals and focus is on the immediate problem. Strategies can be designed to expose games within the family's interactions and reframe members' motives. The three main models of strategic family therapy are the MRI (Mental Research Institute), Haley and Madanes, and Milan.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following theory: client-centered.

Output: Client-Centered: encourages open dialog, eliminating cultural barriers, and respect for the values and differences of others is more effective when used with clients from cultures that do not rely heavily on an authority figure.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following theory: Existential.

Output: Existential: helps clients search for meaning and purpose in their lives. Free will and personal responsibility for one's decisions are key elements. The theory is not the best choice for clients who are used to having personal choice.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following theory: Gestalt.

Output: Gestalt: makes use of a range of techniques form which the counselor can choose the one that is the best fit for each client. Gestalt techniques that focus on nonverbal communications can be useful with clients from cultures that discourage the expression of emotions. It can also be helpful to address current situations rather than dealing with a client's past.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following therapy: cognitive behavioral.

Output: Cognitive Behavioral: the emphasis is on thinking rather than feeling as beliefs and premises are examined, which makes it appropriate for persons from cultures that refrain from displaying emotion. The counselor must respect the client's culture and understand how solutions will harmonize with the client's cultural background and religious beliefs.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following therapy: Feminist Therapy

Output: Feminist Therapy is concerned with the empowerment of women and the ways in which they can deal with societal and family issues. Feminism and multiculturalism are two good examples of the increasing attention to the role of the client's environment in problems and coping strategies. Again, it is important for the counselor to be aware of the client's background and any potential consequences of the client's changed behaviors. The counselor must help the client to find an acceptable solution.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Describe the differences between family and individual counseling theories.

Output: Individual psychotherapy deals with the problems of a particular individual and may involve long-standing situations and require long-term treatment. Usually the counselor has only the information the client supplies about external influences since there is usually no contact with family members or others that may contribute to the situation. Family counseling places the focus on the family even when only one member is actually the client. The counseling may be extended to the client's social context rather than being restricted to the immediate family. It may involve sessions with individuals, but is intended to resolve family problems. The treatment is likely to be more short-term than individual therapy.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following theory: Psychoanalytic Therapy.

Output: Psychoanalytic: counseling, which requires long-term treatment, may not be the best approach for clients who seek short-term, solution-orientated counseling, but may appeal to clients from cultures where the focus on family dynamics fits well.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: From a multi-cultural perspective, describe the use of the following theory: Reality Therapy.

Output: Reality Therapy: identifies problems and suggest solutions within the cultural environment of the client and works with current situations instead of the past. Both of these factors make it well suited for use with clients from many different cultures. However, unless the counselor understands the communication patterns, social and economic environment, and political realities of the different cultures, he or she may have difficulties in reaching the "real" issues with some clients.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain reciprocal determinism.

Output: Reciprocal determinism: is Albert Bandura's term for the idea that each person is influenced by his or her environment and at the same time exerts influence on that environment. The idea expresses the dynamic, continuous process of the interaction between an individual and his or her home situation.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain linear causality.

Output: Linear causality: expresses the idea that a particular thing cannot happen unless another particular thing happens first. This idea can also be express as "one thing leads to another."

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain Circular causality.

Output: Circular causality: was called "systems theory" by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and expresses the idea of many forces from different directions acting upon each other at the same time. The situation has no clear cause and the focus is on the process that is taking place.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain Relational causality.

Output: Relational causality: is a cause and effect situation in which the effect is caused by the relationship rather than a single factor of the relationship being the cause.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the life cycle of a family.

Output: Culture and class influence the details of family development, however the most common pattern in the US consists of five stages. (1) Independence - Young adults leave home and establish themselves as emotionally and economically independent from their parents. (2) Coupling - The young adults form new long-term emotional relationships, in most cases a legal marriage. (3) Parenting - Children add to the family and create new dynamics along with new responsibilities. (4) Launching adult children - The children grow up and start cycles of their own. (5) Retirement or senior years - Generational roles shift as the parents age.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give a brief explanation of the concept of the following theorist: Gordon Allport.

Output: Allport emphasized the uniqueness of the individual. he defined personality as "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought".

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give a brief explanation of the concept of the following theorist: Kurt Lewin.

Output: Kurt Lewin is called the "father of social psychology." he studied group dynamics and organizational development. His work toward combating racial and religious prejudices laid the foundation for sensitivity training.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give a brief explanation of the concept of the following theorist: Aaron Beck.

Output: Aaron Beck: is known as the "father of cognitive therapy." He believed that people become depressed because they have unrealistic negative views of themselves, the world and their future.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give a brief explanation of the concept of the following theorist: Joseph Wolpe.

Output: Joseph Wolpe: believed that behavior therapy is as much an applied science as any other area of medicine. He developed the concept of desensitization and his work led to assertiveness training.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give a brief explanation of the concept of the following theorist: Donald Meichenbaum.

Output: Donald Meichenbaum: a proponent of the constructivist perspective, is one of the founders of cognitive-behavior therapy.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Explain the Johari Window.

Output: Devised by Joe Luft and Harry Ingham, the Johari window is a useful model for describing human interaction. The window, divided into four panes, represents four different types of personal awareness: open, blind, hidden, and unknown. The open quadrant (the arena) is information known by the person and others. The blind quadrant (the blindspot) is information about himself that the person dos not know but that others do know. The hidden quadrant (the facade) is information the person knows about himself but that others do not know. The unknown quadrant (the unknown) is what the person does not know about himself and others also do not know. The window is used in self-help groups and in corporate settings. Group participants select adjective from a list of 55 to describe themselves and other group members. The selected adjectives are then mapped onto a "window" for each individual. The goal of the exercise is to improve self-awareness and mutual understanding.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give an explanation of Neurolinguistic Programming.

Output: Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP): a communication theory developed in 1970s that posits that mind, body and language interact to govern perception and behavior. Its use in therapy is somewhat controversial.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give an explanation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing.

Output: (EMDR) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: a counseling technique in which eye movements are used to help the client access memories of distressing experiences. This technique can be used in the treatment of post-traumatic distress syndrome.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give an explanation of Kinesics.

Output: Kinesics: a type of non-verbal communication expressed by movement, including gestures and expressions.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give an explanation of Proxemics.

Output: Proxemics: how people use space and how differences can affect whether a person feels relaxed or nervous. Physical territory is a person's physical environment while personal territory is the space a person maintains between himself and others.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Give an explanation of paradigm shift.

Output: Paradigm Shift: a change in viewpoint or way of thinking.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals, stresses that counselors must respect different approaches to treatment and develop good working relationships and communications with colleagues so that services to the clients are enhanced. This section also addresses working with an interdisciplinary team, informing employers if inappropriate practices are observed, the selection and treatment of employees, and the provision and use of consultation services.


Input: Over what time period did the major discoveries in medical microbiology occur?

Output: microscope discovered in mid-1600's, mid- to late 1800's was the boom of information, some important discoveries made in early 1900's

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Input: What are Koch's (classical) postulates?

Output: -The microorganism should be in all cases of suffering animals but not in healthy animals -It should be isolated from the sick and grown in pure culture -When innoculated into a healthy animal it should cause the same disease -It should be re-isolated in pure culture from this experimental animal

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Input: What are Koch's (molecular) postulates?

Output: -The phenotype in question is associated with the pathogenic members of a genus/strain of a species -Inactivation of suspect virulence gene(s) should decrease pathogenicity -Reversion or allelic replacement should restore pathogenicity

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Input: What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes that can be exploited to combat disease?

Output: -lack of cell wall in eukaryotes -prokaryotic chromosome is circular -lack of membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes -reproduction by binary fission in prokaryotes

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Input: gram positive envelop structure

Output: capsule-->thick peptidoglycan layer-->plasma membrane -peptidoglycan layer connected by pentaglycine bridge -teichoic acids protruding from peptidoglycan

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Input: gram negative envelop structure

Output: capsule-->outer membrane with LPS on outer leaf-->thin peptidoglycan layer in periplasmic space-->inner membrane -contains porins

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Input: What is peptidoglycan?

Output: A component of the cell wall made of peptide and carbohydrate. Prevents osmotic rupture of the cell. Thick in gram +, thin in gram -

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Input: 3 compartments of cell wall synthesis

Output: -Cytoplasm: basic peptide formation -Inner membrane: carbohydrate residue added -Periplasmic space/outside cell: subunit produced is added to existing cell wall components

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Input: what general group of bacteria produce endotoxin (lipid A)?

Output: Gram negative. Endotoxin is a component of LPS

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Input: What is the toxic component of endotoxin?

Output: Fatty acid residue in the lipid A structure

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Input: What are the physiological effects of endotoxin on the host?

Output: Septic shock (release of CKs when large numbers of bacteria are lysed) due to imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators

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Input: What is the function of A and G proteins?

Output: These proteins provide a form of host mimicry by causing immunoglobulins to bind "backward" on the bacterial cell (Fc portion binds instead of Fab)

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Input: What are A/B toxins?

Output: 2 subunit toxins examples: Shigella toxin, E. coli heat labile toxin

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Input: Which component of A/B toxins confers the toxicity?

Output: A is the toxic component B is the binding component

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Input: What is the purpose of a siderophore?

Output: Iron acquisition

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Input: define normal flora

Output: the microorganisms present on or in a host that do not produce a pathology

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Input: pathogenicity

Output: The ability of a microorganism to cause disease in a host. Qualitative description

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Input: virulence

Output: The strength of a microorganisms ability to cause disease in a host. Quantitative descritpion

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Input: What is the framework for describing host-microbe interactions?

Output: Encounter, Entry, Spread, Multiplication, Damage, Outcome

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Input: What are the 3 possible outcomes of a host-microbe interaction?

Output: host wins--microbe is removed microbe wins--host is killed co-existence--neither host nor microbe is harmed

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Input: infection

Output: establishment of a host-pathogen interaction


Input: disease

Output: an alteration of body organs to the point that normal body functions are disturbed


Input: plasmid

Output: extrachromosomal DNA fragments in circular form only found in bacteria


Input: Which is better at separating particles based on size during electrophoresis: agarose gel or polyacrylamide gel?

Output: Polyacrylamide gel. It has smaller spaces between molecules, so it better separates particles

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Input: Real time PCR

Output: quantitative study of how much of a product is replicated over time

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Input: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Output: Use of restriction enzymes to fragment DNA before gel electrophoresis

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Input: Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

Output: use of alternating current during electrophoresis to separate large fragments from small

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Input: Polymerase Chain Reaction

Output: method for amplification of DNA

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Input: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Output: short random primers used in PCR. useful for comparisons between isolates

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Input: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

Output: short random PCR primers are used in conjunction with restriction enzymes. Useful for comparisons between isolates

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Input: ribotyping

Output: use of 16s rRNA and Southern blot to determine differences/similarities between isolates


Input: What are the physical methods used to control microbial growth?

Output: heat radiation filtration

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Input: What is the mechanism of heat on control of microbial growth?

Output: denaturation of proteins collapse membranes create ssDNA breaks

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Input: Why is moist heat more effective than dry heat?

Output: Moist heat can reach higher temperatures than dry heat based on the ability to increase pressure: PV = nRT

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Input: What makes pasteurization different from other forms of heat sterilization?

Output: low temperatures over a long period of time kill bacteria without denaturing too many proteins--flavor is preserved

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Input: What forces/phenomena allow for the success of filtration in removing microbes?

Output: Van der Waals random entrapment in pores adhesion to previously trapped items

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Input: Name 2 types of radiation

Output: UV (sunlight) ionizing

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Input: what is the mechanism of UV disinfection?

Output: UV excitation of DNA causes pyrimidine molecules to bind together thus changing shape of the molecule which will inhibit DNA replication

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Input: what is the mechanism of ionizing radiation?

Output: ionization of water molecules permanently removes an electron thus creating a free radical

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Input: what mechanisms are used in chemical methods of control of microbial growth?

Output: damage to membranes, modification of protein and nucleic acid functional groups

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Input: Which chemical agents control growth by causing damage to cell membranes?

Output: surface-acting disinfectants (quaternary ammonia compounds), alcohols, phenolic compounds (hexachloropene)

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Input: Which chemical agents control growth by modifying proteins and nucleic acid functional groups?

Output: oxidative agents (halogens, H2O2) alkylating agents (aldehydes, ethylene oxide)

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Input: sterilization

Output: inactivation of organism's ability to reproduce

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Input: disinfection

Output: removing the heath hazard of pathogenic organisms

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Input: bacteriacidal

Output: killing of bacteria

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Input: bacteriastatic

Output: bacteria are inhibited from growth or prevented from multiplying. organisms are not killed

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Input: how does an animal host encounter Pasteurella or Mannhiemia?

Output: these are commensal bacteria that becomes pathogenic when host is immunocompromised. Animal-to-animal transfer is possible. Mannhiemia may be aspirated into the lungs.

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Input: Diseases caused by P. multocida

Output: -Atrophic rhinitis in swine -fowl cholera -ruminant hemorrhagic septicemia -bite wound abcess

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Input: Which bacterial species are required for creating an atrophic rhinitis in swine?

Output: Pasteurella multocida AND Bordetella bronchiseptica. Both are required

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Input: what are the possible virulence factors of P. multocida in atrophic rhinitis?

Output: PMT (P.mult toxin) colonization of upper respiratory tract capsular serotypes iron uptake mechanisms

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Input: What is the main disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica?

Output: Bovine pneumonic pastuerellosis (Shipping Fever)

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Input: Which M. haemolytica serotypes are responsible for disease in cattle? in sheep?

Output: A1: Cattle A2: sheep

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Input: What are the possible virulence factors of M. haemolytica?

Output: Leukotoxin Capsular serotype colonization degradative enzymes

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Input: E. coli identification (i.e. simple tests used and results)

Output: Gram - rod catalase + oxidase - lactose utilization is variable

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Input: serogroup

Output: broad groups that describe the antigenicity of LPS type (O group), capsule type (K), flagella type (H), and fimbriae type (F)


Input: serotype

Output: specific combination of serogroup factors to describe the specific antigenicity of a bacterial strain


Input: ETEC (enterotoxigenic)

Output: very important in vet med affects many species Hypersecretory diarrhea

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Input: AEEC (adhesion-effacing)

Output: affects swine and cattle malabsorptive diarrhea

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Input: EHEC (enterohemorrhagic)

Output: most important in human med affects cattle, humans malabsorptive diarrhea

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Input: EPEC (enteropathogenic)

Output: affects swine malabsorptive diarrhea

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Input: APEC (avianpathogenic)

Output: affects birds

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Input: EAggEC (entero aggregative)

Output: affects swine malabsorptive diarrhea

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Input: CTEC (cytotoxic)

Output: affects puppies and kittens

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Input: EIEC (enteroinvasive)

Output: invades M-cells in gut then migrates into enterocytes

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Input: What is ADP-ribosylation?

Output: The method used by ETEC (to create pores in the membrane of enterocytes) and Bordetella. Production of enterotoxin interrupts G-protein control of adenylyl-cylase to increase cAMP

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Input: pathotype

Output: the virulence profile of a bacteria based on how the bacteria produces disease in a specific host


Input: autogenous bacterin

Output: the exact bacteria producing a disease are used to prevent infection of others in that immediate environment (i.e. outbreak on farm, bacteria from that farm are used to prevent further illnesses)

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Input: Type III Signal System (TTSS)

Output: initiation of a signal cascade following binding of bacteria by intimin. Creates cups and pedistals on host cell to facilitate endocytosis. Used by AEEC. No toxins produced. Used to transfer effector proteins into host cells to alter cell function

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Input: How is tetrathionate broth (TTB) an enrichment medium?

Output: Iodine in the broth inhibits the growth (but does not kill) of many bacteria but not Salmonella. Sulfathiazole supresses growth of Proteus.

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Input: How is blood agar a differential medium?

Output: Red blood cells in the agar allow for recognition of hemolytic activity of bacterial colonies.

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Input: How is MacConkey agar a selective medium?

Output: Crystal violet and bile salts in the agar prevent the growth of gram + bacteria

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Input: How is MacConkey agar a differential medium?

Output: lactose and neutral red pH indicator. If a bacterium can ferment agar, it will produce lactic acid thus changing the pH indicator creating a purple/pink colony

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Input: How is Brilliant Green agar a selective medium?

Output: brilliant green dye in the agar prevents the growth of gram + and most gram - bacteria

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Input: which gram negative bacterial growth is not inhibited on BG agar?

Output: Salmonella

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Input: How is brilliant green agar a differential medium?

Output: lactose, sucrose and phenol red pH indicator. If a bacterium can ferment lactose and sucrose, it will appear yellow-green. If a bacterium cannot ferment the sugars, it will be white with a pinkish color in the medium surrounding it.

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Input: What is phase variation?

Output: A method used by Salmonella to evade host defenses. Involves the switching of gene transcription between flagella types

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Input: pathogenicity island

Output: a group of genes that confer an advantage on a bacterium. often the genes are for virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, iron uptake, adhesins

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Input: horizontal gene transfer

Output: addition of genetic material to a bacterial genome from one bacterium to another that is not the offspring of the first

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Input: What is the mechanism of entry of Salmonella?

Output: fecal-oral

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Input: Describe the pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced diarrhea

Output: Bacteria recognizes M-cells with its attachment pili-->invasin genes activated, fimbriae produced-->host cell endocytosis-->down regulation of invasin and fimbriae-->invasion of neighboring enterocytes-->host response leads to destruction of infected cells-->malabsorptive diarrhea

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Input: What types of diseases are caused by Yersinia species?

Output: Y. enterocolitica: food borne gastroenteritis Y. pseudotuberculosis: infection of mesenteric lymph nodes, ileitis, septic infections (in birds, rabbits, rodents) Y. pestis: black plague

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Input: What types of diseases are caused by Shigella species?

Output: enteritis in primates S. dysenteriae: most severe enteritis that can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

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Input: What does extraintestinal mean?

Output: Space outside of the gastrointestinal tract

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Input: ExPEC

Output: Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli


Input: Which extraintestinal infections does E. coli not cause? a) bovine coliform mastitis b) avian airsacculitis c)meningitis d) UTI in humans and pets e) none of the above

Output: e) none of the above ExPEC can cause all the listed diseases

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Input: Which extraintestinal infections does E. coli not cause? a) gram negative endotoxemia b) umbilical infection c) yolk sac infection d) pneumonia

Output: d) pneumonia is listed as a disease caused by extraintestinal Klebsiella pneumoniae

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Input: True or false: ExPEC has been known to cause bovine endometritis.

Output: True

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Input: Which virulence factor does Klebsiella use to cause disease?

Output: Capsule antigens (K)

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Input: Match disease to serotype (use K1 or K2) for Klebsiella infections: sterility in horses UTI meningitis in foals

Output: sterility in horses: K1 UTI: K2 meningitis in foals: K1

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Input: Which motile bacteria swarms on the surface of agar?

Output: Proteus

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Input: With which diseases has Proteus been associated?

Output: UTI, pneumonia, septicemia, burn wounds, otitis externa and interna, dermatitis

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Input: What are the genera that fall into the Enterobacteriaceae category?

Output: Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Serratia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Morganella

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Input: [1] alopecia [2]

Output: partial or complete baldness or loss of hair

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Input: [1] angiogenesis [2]

Output: formation of new blood vessels

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Input: [1] angioma [2]

Output: benign vascular tumor involving skin and subcutaneous tissue; most are congenital

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Input: [1] blanching [2]

Output: white color of the skin when pressure is applied

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Input: [1] *cyanosis [2]

Output: bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes observed in lips, nail beds, and earlobes

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Input: [1] debride [2]

Output: to remove dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a wound

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Input: [1] *ecchymosis [2]

Output: large, irregular hemorrhagic area on the skin; also called a bruise

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Input: [1] *erythema [2]

Output: redness of the skin due to increased blood flow to the area

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