Input: [Define Solution?] What are some of the restriction place on COLLOIDIONS?

Output: External use Tight containers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are FLUID EXTRACTS?

Output: Liquid preparations of vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Fluids extracts are _____, ______, and self administration is possible?

Output: Concentrated Potent

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Fluid extracts are BITTER?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between EXTRACTS and FLUID EXTRACTS?

Output: Extracts are concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstrua

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 3 forms of EXTRACTS?

Output: Semi-liquid Pilular Powdered

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of EXTRACTS?

Output: Potent preparations Active constituent of crude drug Large portion of inactive ingredients

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What 2 methods of EXTRACTIONS?

Output: Maceration Percolation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Do case study?

Output: Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems page 381-383

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Tonicity modifiers are influence by what?

Output: Adjustment of pH of the pharmaceutical solutions that are administered to the delicate membranes Osmotic pressure

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define OSMOSIS?

Output: The spontaneous net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify an important factor in maintaining HOMEOSTASIS?

Output: Regulating the water flow through the plasma membrane

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Concentration of water in a solution depends upon the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, not the NUMBER OF SOLUTE PARTICLES IN THE SOLUTION.

Output: FalseConcentration of water in a solution depends upon the number of solute particles in the solution, not on their chemical composition

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Osmotic pressure is largely influence by what factor?

Output: Colligative properties

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES?

Output: Properties that depends on the number of particles in the solution

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define OSMOTIC PRESSURE?

Output: Defined as the pressure required to offset the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute aqueous solution to a more concentrated one

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Write down the equation for OSMOTIC PRESSURE?

Output: Π V = nRT

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is another way to write the OSMOTIC PRESSURE using Molarity?

Output: Π V = mRT

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is MOLARITY?

Output: Molarity of the solution is the concentration of solutes in moles per liter

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] 2 g of glucose, is dissolved in 150 mL of solution at 25 C. What is the π of the solution? (m.w. of glucose: 180)

Output: Answer: 1.808 2g/0.15L = molarity PieVolume = nRT

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the differences in OSMOLAR STRENGTH: Osmoles, Osmolarity, and Osmolality?

Output: OSMOLES: Number of moles of a chemical compound that contribute towards the solution’s osmotic pressure OSMOLARITY: Number of osmoles of solute per liter of solvent (osmol/L). OSMOLALITY: Number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] In pharmacy, which unit is commonly use to indicated osmolar strength?

Output: Milliosmole (mOsmol)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Calculate the mOsmol/Liter of a 0.9% NaCl solution (m.w. NaCl: 58.5 g)

Output: Answer: 308 mOsmol/l

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The USP require 4 items to state the osmolar concentration, what are they?

Output: Intravenous fluids Nutrients Electrolytes Osmotic diuretic mannitol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 3 types of SOLUTION?

Output: Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define ISOTONIC SOLUTION?

Output: The solutions having equal concentration of solute as the cells of the body.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What isotonic solutions commonly use for?

Output: Use to replace the body fluids

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define HYPERTONIC SOLUTION?

Output: Solutions having higher concentration of solute as compared to the cells of the body. Water leaves a cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purpose does HYPERTONIC SOLUTION served?

Output: Used to draw water from tissue (edema)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS?

Output: Solutions having lower concentration of solute as compared to the cells of the body Water moves into the cell and cause the cell to swell up

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS use for?

Output: Rehydrate tissue

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify which blood cell is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

Output: Left: hypertonic because water is moving out of the cell causing it to shrink Middle: isotonic because of equal exchange of water coming in and out Right: hypotonic because more water is coming into the blood cell causing it to swell

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 ingredients that are used as tonicity modifiers?

Output: Amino acids Salts Weak acids Saccharides

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 3 types of amino acids use as TONICITY MODIFIERS?

Output: Arginine Histidine Glycine

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What the 3 salts use as TONICITY MODIFIERS?

Output: Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Sodium citrate

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which weak acid is use as a TONICITY MODIFIER?

Output: Boric acids

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What the 3 saccharides are use as TONICITY MODIFIERS?

Output: Sucrose Glucose Mannitol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 common methods for TONICITY ADJUSTMENT?

Output: NaCl equivalent method Freezing Point Depression Mtd White Vincent Method Sprowls Method

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Go to Lecture: Isotonic Solution and know the steps to all the method and how to calculate questions?

Output: Slide 26 to Slide 41

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The eye is an isolated and high specialized organ of _______?

Output: Photoreception

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The eye is divided in two segments, which are?

Output: Anterior segment Posterior segment

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The anterior segment of the eye is composed of what structures of the eye?

Output: Cornea Conjunctiva Iris Ciliary body Lens

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The posterior segment of the eye is composed of what?

Output: Vitreous chamber 3 Cellular layers - Sclera - Choroid - Retina

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the 5 route of OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY?

Output: Topical Periocular Intraocular Transcleral Ocular iontophoresis

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify some factors affecting the OCULAR BIOAVAILABILITY in the PRE-CORNEAL?

Output: Fluid drainage Drug binding Conjunctival absorption Systemic absorption

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify some factors affecting the OCULAR BIOAVAILABILITY in the CORNEAL?

Output: Hydrophilic drugs

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the 3 cellular layers found in the POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE?

Output: Sclera --> outer Choroid --> middle Retina --> inner

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify some factors affecting the OCULAR BIOAVAILABILITY in the POST-CORNEAL?

Output: Melanin binding Drug metabolism

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] 80-90% of fluid drains in the the what duct during the PRE-CORNEAL?

Output: Naso-lacrymal duct

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Drainage rate during the PRE-CORNEAL is influence by what factors?

Output: Instilled volume Viscosity pH Tonicity Drug Type

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the pH of tear fluid?

Output: 7.4

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] During the PRE-CORNEAL, drug binding to proteins (increase/decrease) the free drug concentration available for pharmacological action?

Output: Decrease

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the characteristics of CONJUNCTIVAL?

Output: Highly VASCULARIZED mucus membrane Highly permeable High surface area

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA, which one absorbed drug more?

Output: Conjunctiva

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the major route of entry into the systemic circulation?

Output: Conjunctiva

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What structure in the Corneal resist the passage of lipophilic drugs?

Output: Corneal stroma

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some strategies in penetrating the corneal stroma?

Output: Liposomes Penetration enhancers Nanoparticles

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What structure is the major barrier for hydrophilic drugs?

Output: Corneal

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Where are melanin found?

Output: Iris Ciliary body

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Melanin can affect the ocular Bioavailability?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purpose does melanin served?

Output: Imparts color to the eye

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Where are most metabolic active site found?

Output: Cornea Iris Ciliary body

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How are ophthalamic drug typically delivery?

Output: Topical Systemic

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between topical and systemic delivery, which one is considered the preferred way to achieved therapeutic levels of the drug in the eye?

Output: Topical application

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 types of topical application?

Output: Solutions Suspensions Ointments Other: includes gel, liposomes, and polymeric drug carriers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some PHARMACEUTICAL REQUIREMENTS to considered for OPHTHALMIC FORMULATION?

Output: Sterile Isotonic Buffered Viscosity Ocular Bioavailability

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two ways to sterilized solutions?

Output: Autoclaving Filtration

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How would you maintain the sterility?

Output: Preservatives

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify some desirable property of an antimicrobial preservative?

Output: Broad spectrum Compatibile with other ingredients Non-toxic and non-irritant Chemical stability Rapid action

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Drug formulations topically instilled must be ISOTONIC with tears, why?

Output: Because hypertonic solution could cause dehydration of corneal epithelium discomfort and irritation and hence reflex tears and reflex blinks leading to loss of drugs

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some pharmaceutical requirement when considering Buffering agents?

Output: Comfort Stable Solubility Bioavailability Preservative efficacy

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Tears have buffer capacity?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Eyes are more likely to tolerate (alkaline or acidic solution)?

Output: Alkaline solution

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purpose does the viscosity enhancers served?

Output: Prolong the residence time in the pre-corneal area

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What kind of polymers are found in viscosity enhancers?

Output: Water soluble polymers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] PAA and HA interacts with the mucus layer to?

Output: Improve the drug retention

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Viscosity is determine by what Equation?

Output: Ostwald' Viscometer

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Suspension are lipophilic drugs

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of SUSPENSIONS?

Output: Increase in duration of action Decrease irritation due to small particles Decrease stimulation of lacrimation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some advantageous of Ointments?

Output: Enhance drug availability Increase the ocular contact time

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some disadvantage of Ointments?

Output: Greasiness Patient in compliance

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some mandatory tests on finished products?

Output: Leaker test Clarity test Sterility test

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Quality control tests are conducted on ________ _____, manufacturing, and _____ _____.

Output: Incoming stock Manufacturing Finished products

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the steps in proper administration of ophthalmic solutions?

Output: Wash hands Inspection for any chip/crack Inspection for color, clarity, particles. If suspension the shake well before use Cap of the dropper should be removed and returned immediately

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Do all homework on Lecture Ophthalmic solution?

Output: Slide 33 to Slide 38

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [glomerulus] Glomerulus capsule

Output: where all components of blood, except cells and large proteins, are forced out of the capillaries by blood pressure

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] primary filtrate

Output: 1. fluid in glomerular capsule 2. identical chemical composition to blood plasma without the large proteins

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] filtration

Output: blood pressure drives convective flow through pores in glomerulus

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Output: total rate at which fluid passes through all the glomeruli in both kidneys, moving from blood into the proximal tubule.

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] afferent arterioles

Output: 1.lined with smooth muscle so they can vasodilate or constrict 2. dillation of afferent arterioles = increase in glomerular pressure and GFR, constriction does the opposite

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] efferent arterioles

Output: 1. dilation of efferent arterioles = decrease in glomerular pressure and GFR, constriction does the opposite

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] afferent and efferent arterioles and GFR

Output: relative constiction of the afferent and efferent arterioles provides a strong control on GFR and urine formation rate

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [glomerulus] drops in blood pressure within the kidney =

Output: occurs in the arterioles

leaky capillaries with large capillary pores


Input: [Battery Capacity] Oxidation is and occurs in

Output: loses an electron; anode

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Reduction is and occurs in

Output: gains an electron; cathode

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Metal to Metal Reaction

Output: Metallic Bonding

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Non-Metal to Non-Metal Reaction

Output: Covalent bonding

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Non metal to metal reaction

Output: ionic compound

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Covalent bonding

Output: electron sharing

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Ionic Bonding

Output: Electron transfer

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Metallic bonding

Output: electron sharing

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] electronegativity

Output: the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itslef

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] metal atoms

Output: excess electrons; poor electronegativity

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] non metal atoms

Output: lack electrons; high electronegativity

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] electronegativity on the periodic table

Output: increases from left to right, decreases from up to down

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] shielding

Output: tendency of inner shell electrons to diminish the attraction of outer valence electrons to nucleus; shielding weakens electronegativity

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Solid Ionics

Output: high melting, hard, brittle, crystalline, non-conductive of electricity

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Oxidation Reduction Reactions (Redox)

Output: Reactions involving electron transfer

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Voltaic Cell

Output: produces a positive voltage; electrons flow from anode to cathode; ions complete circuit thru salt bridge

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Electrolytic reaction

Output: negative voltage; non spontaneous; foreced to run using external power source

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] electrolysis

Output: used for two purposes: 1) recharging voltaic cells (batteries) 2) producing materials (including electroplating)

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Battery Capacity] Buckyballs

Output: ultimate nano-ball bearing; conductive particles; can trap an atom inside; no real uses yet

the amount of electrons (the total charge) it can deliver


Input: [Static Electricity] Conductor

Output: A material that electric current can pass through easily is a ______.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Insulator

Output: A material that has so much resistance it stops the current from flowing is ____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Electric current

Output: A flow of electric charges is _____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Circuit

Output: A path that is made for an electric current is a______.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Charge

Output: A measure of the extra positive or negative particles that an object has is a _____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Resistor

Output: A material that resists the flow of current but doesn't stop it is a _______.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Series circuit

Output: A circuit that has only one path for current is a _____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Parallel circuit

Output: A circuit that has more than one path along which current can travel is called a ____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Resistance

Output: A property of a material that does not allow electric current to flow easily through it is _____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Electric charge

Output: A property of some parts of matter, described as positive or negative is ____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Parallel circuit.

Output: A circuit with two or more paths through which electric current can flow is ______.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Series circuit.

Output: A circuit in which electric harge can flow in only one path is _____.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Electric current.

Output: Electric charges in motion is ______.

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] current electricity

Output: What type of power do we have in our homes? (E)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] copper wire

Output: What kind of wire conducts electricity in a circuit? (E)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] light,heat,energy to operate machines

Output: What does electricity give you? (E)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Negative

Output: If objects have more negative charges than positive charges, they are considered what? (C)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] They repel eachother

Output: What happens when objects have the same charge? (C)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] They attract eachother.

Output: What happens when objects have opposite charges?(C)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Neutral

Output: If objects have equal amounts of positive or negative charges, they are called ______? (C)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Positive

Output: If objects have the more positive charges than negatie charges, they are considered what? (C)

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] battery bulb wires

Output: What are the main components of a circuit? Name3

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] the battery

Output: What supplies energy to move the negative charges through a circuit?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] The wires.

Output: What conducts the electrical current?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Lesson 1 page 2

Output: How do charges objects behave?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Lesson 2 page 4

Output: How do electric chares move?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] Lesson 3 page 6

Output: What are parallel circuits?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Static Electricity] P10 study guide

Output: What are the similiarities and differences between series and parallel circuits?

4th grade Chapter 1 Science Flashcards - Cram.com

An electric charge that stays on an object is __________


Input: [Mental imagery] Visual imagery

Output: “seeing” in the absence of a visual stimulus

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Shepard and Meltzer

Output: Mental chronometry Participants mentally rotated one object to see if it matched another object Time it took to rotate related to actual time it would take to rotate that object

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Kosslyn

Output: Memorize picture, create an image of it In image, move from one part of the picture to another It took longer for participants to mentally move long distances than shorter distances Like perception, imagery is spatial

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Kosslyn 2

Output: Island with 7 locations, 21 trips It took longer to scan between greater distances Visual imagery is spatial

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Imagery neurons respond to:

Output: both perceiving and imaging an object

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Imagery aids in subsequent perception?

Output: Results showing that accuracy was higher when the letter in (b) was the same as the one that had been imagined in (a).

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Output: Decreases brain functioning in a particular area of the brain for a short time If behavior is disrupted, the deactivated part of the brain is causing that behavior

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] TMS to visual area of brain during perception and imagery task. Either directly compare length of lines or do so by imaginging.

Output: Response time slower for both Brain activity in visual area of brain plays a causal role for both perception and imagery

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: [Mental imagery] Perception and Imagery are _____ and _____

Output: overlapping and dissociating.

Cognitive Psychology: Visual Imagery Flashcards - Cram.com

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.


Input: Critical thinking characteristics (attitudes/ behaviors), Technical skills/Competencies, Interpersonal Skills/Competencies, Theoretical & Experiential knowledge (Intellectual skills/Competencies) [What is critical thinking?]

Output: What are the 4 parts of critical thinking?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Generate many ideas rapidly Be generally flexible and natural; that is, they are able to change viewpoints or directions in thinking rapidly and easily create original solutions to problems Be independent and self confident, even when under pressure Demonstrate individuality [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Using creativity, nurses are able to:

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential information and idea and discard superfluous info and ideas. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Critical analysis-

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: technique one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and examine assumptions, search for inconsistencies, examine multiple points of view, and differentiate what one knows from what one merely believes. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Socratic questioning-

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: generalizations are formed from a set of facts or observations [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Inductive reasoning-

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: by contrast, is reasoning from the general premise to the specific conclusion [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Deductive reasoning-

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Independence, fair-mindedness, insight into egocentricity, intellectual humility, intellectual courage to challenge the status quo and rituals, integrity, perseverance, confidence, and curiosity. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: What are some attitudes that foster critical thinking?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Problem solving, trial and error, intuition, research process, and decision making. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: When should critical thinking be used?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to help choose the best action to meet a desired goal. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Why is critical thinking used in decision making?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: TRIGGERS: complex problem, dilemma STARTING POINTS: intuition, brain storming, thinking aloud, reflections. SCAFFOLDS: knowledge base, CT dispositions, CT skills, life/professional experiences, expertise PROCESSES: Reflection-in-knowing, Reflection-in-action, convergent/divergent thinking, nursing process, problem solving, creative thinking, diagnostic/clinical reasoning OUTCOMES: Problems, resolution, clinical judgement, reflective practice. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: What is the mind map look like for critical thinking?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a technique that uses a graphic depiction of nonlinear and linear relationships to represent critical thinking. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Concept mapping-

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An inference [What is critical thinking?]

Output: A client with diarrhea also has a PCP order for bulk laxative daily. The nurse, not realizing that bulk laxatives can help solidify certain types of diarrhea, concludes, "the PCP does not know the client has diarrhea." This statement is an example of...

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Assess why the client is not ingesting the food provided [What is critical thinking?]

Output: A client reports feeling hungry, but does not eat when food is served. Using critical thinking skills, the nurse should perform which of the following? 1. Assess why the client is not ingesting the food provided 2. Continue to leave the food at the bedside until the client is hungry enough to eat 3. Notify the PCP that tube feeding may be indicated soon 4. Believe that client is not really hungry.

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 4. continuing to query the manager until the nurse understands the explanation [What is critical thinking?]

Output: one nurse expresses that the manager prepared the holiday work schedule unfairly. The manager states that it is the same type of schedule used in the past and other nurses have no problems with it. Which response indicates the nurse is displaying an attitude of critical thinking? 1. accepting it 2. Recognize the nurse must have reached a false conclusion 3. consider going to a higher authority 4. continuing to query the manager until the nurse understands the explanation

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research Method [What is critical thinking?]

Output: The client who is SOB benefits from the head of the bed being elevated. Because this position can result in skin breakdown in the sacral area, the nurse decides to study the amount of sacral pressure occurring in other positions. This decision is an example of:

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 4. determines the logical course of action should intervening problems arise [What is critical thinking?]

Output: In the decision-making process, the nurse sets and weights the criteria, examines alternatives, and performs which of the following before implementing the plan? 1. reexamines the purpose for making the decision 2. consults the client and family members to determine their view of the criteria 3. identifies and considers various means for reaching the outcomes 4. determines the logical course of action should intervening problems arise

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2. Obtain vital signs and O2 sat [What is critical thinking?]

Output: The nurse is concerned about a client who begins to breathe very rapidly. Which action by the nurse reflects critical thinking? 1. Notify the PCP 2. Obtain vital signs and O2 sat 3. Request a chest x-ray 4. Call the rapid response team

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Integrity [What is critical thinking?]

Output: The nurse is teaching a client about wound care during a follow up visit in the client's home. Which critical thinking supports evidence-based practice when the client states, "I just don't know how I can afford these dressings" 1. Integrity 2. Intellectual humility 3. Confidence 4. Independence

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Creating environments that support critical thinking. [What is critical thinking?]

Output: When the nurse considers that a client is from a developing country and may have a positive TB test due to a prior vaccination, which critical thinking attitude and skill is the nurse practicing?

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2."what do you think is so difficult about following a low sodium diet" [What is critical thinking?]

Output: A client in a cardiac rehab program says to the nurse, "i have to eat a low sodium diet for the rest of my life, and i hate it!" Which is the most appropriate response by the nurse? 1."I will get a dietary consult to talk to you before next week" 2."what do you think is so difficult about following a low sodium diet" 3. "at least you survived a heart attack and are able to return to work" 4. "you may not need to follow a low sodium diet for as long as you think."

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 4. problem solving [What is critical thinking?]

Output: Which reasoning process describes the nurse's actions when the nurse evaluates possible solutions for care of an infected wound for optimal client outcomes? 1. intuition 2. research process 3. trial and error 4. problem solving

Exam 1: Chapter 10 Critical Thinking and Nursing Practice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Piagets stages of cognitive development

Output: sensorimotor (birth-2yrs) pre-operational (2-7 yrs) concrete operational (7-11 yrs) formal operational (11)

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Sensorimotor characterisitics

Output: Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally Achieves object permanence

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Preoperational characteristics

Output: learns language and represents objects by images and words(symbolic though) Egocentric thinking Classifies objects by a single feat:all red objects together despite different shapes

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Concrete operational

Output: thinks logically about objects and events Conservation of numbers (6yrs), mass(7yrs) and weight (9) Objects classify according to many feats

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Formal operational

Output: Thinks abstractly Tests hypothesis Concerned with hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: During amnesia what stage is retained?

Output: concrete operational so they still understand the concept of dimension, space of objects etc

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: whats piaget principle of learning?

Output: adaptation through assimilation and accomodation

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: whats assimilation

Output: the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: assimilation

Output: difference made to one's mind or concepts by the process of assimilation

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Behavioral learning focuses on increased probability of a behavior based on

Output: reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behavior include consequences of previous behavior

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Pavlov and watson use what model for behavior?

Output: Unconditioned response Unconditioned response involves actions like salivating. after association with bell ring, salivating was also elicited when the bell was rung

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Skinner used what model for behavior?

Output: operant conditioning A rat had to press a bar when a light came on, otherwise it would get shocked. Rat quickly learned when to turn on the light

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Bandura used what model for behavior

Output: social modeling Kid would be in a room, stranger would come in and kicked the bobo doll. Kid then would be allowed to interact wit h bobo doll, and kid would hit in the same manner the doll.

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: What did Bandura's bobo doll showed about behavior learning?

Output: behavior is learned faster when theres' a model to follow-parents, media,peers etc

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Whats learned helplessness?

Output: its an aversive stimulus with no escape-decreases behavior Encompasses some theories of depression

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Imprinting involves

Output: associating and learning with things closest to us during critical period Attachement, language, other areas

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Obesity and learned helplessness

Output: when people can't lose weight no matter what they try, they stopped trying.

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Stages of Kohlberg's model refer to

Output: reasoning not actions or to people themselves

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Kohlbergs model characteristics

Output: moral reasoning is necessary, but not sufficient, condition for moral action

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Piagets stages of cognitive development are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for

Output: development of moral reasoning

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Kohlberg stages

Output: 1. Obedience and punishment orientation 2.Individual exchange Level 2 3.Good interpersonal relationships 4. Maintaining the social order Level 3 5. Social contract and individual rights 6. Universal principles

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Individual and exchange in the case of the Heinz example may refer to

Output: Heinz thinking its ok to steal the drug, while the druggist would not

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Maintaining the social order refers to

Output: decisions from the perspective of society as a whole

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Social contract and individual rights refers to

Output: what makes for a good society

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Universal principles refers to

Output: achieving justice..only ghandi and dr king got here

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Gilligan criticized kohlbergs in that

Output: it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values leading to ignore the arguments of other people who value other moral aspects

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Gilligan argues Kohlbergs theory is androcentric meaning

Output: he only used male participants and at the time it showed that girls on avg reached a lower level of moral development than boys

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Gilligan produced her own stages but the transitions between these stages were fueled by

Output: changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive capability

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Kolhbergs stages are based on cognitive developments by piaget, whereas Gilligan's are based on

Output: a modified Freudian approach to ego development, combined with elements of Kohlberg and Piaget.

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Gilligan stages

Output: Preconventional Conventional Post-conventional

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Pre-conventional

Output: Goal is individual survival

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Pre-conventional transition to conventional is

Output: from selfishness to responsibility to others

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Conventional goal is

Output: self sacrifice to others

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: the transition from conventional to post conventional is from

Output: goodness to truth

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Post conventional goal is

Output: principle of nonviolence:do not hurt others or self

human development 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning


Input: Streptogramin-Quinupristin and Dalfopristin- Formulated and used in combination, Q/D (Synercid). Linezolid (Zyvox) is an oxazoladinone derivative

Output: Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Streptogramins and Oxazolidinones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Bind to the 23S RNA of 50S ribosomal subunit of bacte

Output: MOA of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: inhibits peptidyl transferase, thereby blocking the elongation of the peptide chain. Dalfopristin acts at the early phase of protein synthesis, quinupristin acts at the late phase.

Output: MOA of Quinupristin / Dalfopristin

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: binds to the 23S RNA on the 50S subunit and inhibits the formation of ribosome complex and initiation of protein synthesis.

Output: MOA of Linezolid

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Narrow-spectrum: active against gram-(+), some gram-(-) bacteria, anaerobes, and chlamydiae Q/D: also active against Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) faecium, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae (PRSP), & S Pyogenes Bactericidal: when Linezolid & Q/D are combined. Bacteriostatic: Q/D

Output: Antimicrobial activity of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Linezolid represents a new class of antimicrobials, highly active against susceptible and resistant gram-(+) bacteria, including: VRE, MRSA, Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae (PRSP), & Streptococcus Pyogenes. Primarily bacteriostatic agent except for streptococci, for which is bactericidal Not useful against gram-(-) species.

Output: Antimicrobial activity of linezolid

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: D/Q present poor oral absorption; mostly metabolized in the liver and eliminated in feces. Causes pain and frequent thrombophlebitis at injection site; may produce arthralgia and myalgia. Linezolid: good oral absorption, also used IV, oxidized (metabolized by non-P450 enzymes), excreted in urine and feces. GI distress: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia (chronic use), inhibits monoamine oxidase activity

Output: Pharmokinetics and adverse effects of linezolid and D/Q

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Q/D increases the levels of warfarin, diazepam, non-nucleoside. reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and cyclosporine. Linezolid augments the action of SSRI, other antidepressants, as well as increases action of pseudoephedrine & phenylpropanolamine CNS psychotic effects at higher doses

Output: Drug interactions with linezolid and D/Q

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin Also the KETOLIDES

Output: Name the Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Macrolides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: MA: Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block the aminoacyl translocation and formation of translation complex.

Output: MOA of macrolides (bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors)

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Bacteriostatic, but bactericidal at high doses; Limited coverage for gram-(+) and (-) bacteria, & anaerobes. Also: Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium Hospital / community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pneumonia Legionnaire’s disease Alternative to penicillins (patients allergic to penicillin)

Output: Antimicrobial activity of macrolides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Good oral absorption (except erythromycin-acid sensitive). Extensive distribution (except the brain) Erythromycin, clarithromycin: liver metabolized Azithromycin is eliminated unchanged via kidney & feces GI distress: particularly by erythromycin Cholestatic hepatitis with erythromycin estolate (causing failure of bile flow)

Output: PK of macrolides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Erythromycin and clarithromycin increase serum levels of: Theophylline (bronchodilator) Warfarin (oral anticoagulant) Cyclosporine (immunosuppressive agent) Statins (cholesterol synthesis inhibitors) Astemizole (histamine H1 receptor inhibitor) Various anticonvulsants Methylation or mutation of binding site leads to Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B resistance Reduced access to cells Hydrolyzed by esterases

Output: Drug interactions with macrolides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Telithromycin. Effective against many traditional macrolide-resistant strains. Structural modification makes them poor substrates for efflux pump-mediated resistance. Bind to ribosomes of some bacterial species with higher affinity than macrolides Taken orally, good tissue and intracellular penetration Use for respiratory tract infection, including community- acquired bacterial pneumonia and S pharyngitis Reversible inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme system, may slightly prolong QTc interval. Rare cases of hepatitis reported

Output: Telithromycin

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: clindamyacin

Output: Name Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Lincosamides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Bind to the 23S RNA of 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit the aminoacyl translocation and formation of initiation complex (similar to streptogramins/oxazolidenones and macrolides)

Output: MOA of clinda

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Narrow spectrum: active against some gram-(+), most anaerobes, and some chlamydia, but not gram-(-) bacteria. Bacteriostatic. Treatment of penicillin-resistant gram-(+) infections and in patients allergic to penicillins. Streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci are inhibited by clindamycin Anaerobic infections. Polymicrobial peritoneal infections. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (combined with G3 or G4 cephalosporins).

Output: Clinical uses of clinda

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Methylation or mutation of the binding site causes MLS-type B resistance. Reduced drug access to bacteria. Good oral absorption. Extensive distribution (except into the brain). Metabolized in the liver, eliminated in feces and bv kidneys. GI distress, Rash, Superinfections, Hepatotoxicity, Neutropenia Respiratory paralysis could be induced with use of muscle relaxants: baclofen, diazepam, atracurium

Output: PK, adverse reactions, and drug interactions with clinda

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Aminoglycosides have two (or more) aminosugars linked to an hexose ring (or aminocyclitol) via glycosidic links. Bind 16S RNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis

Output: MOA of aminoglycosides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Streptomycin: the 1st to be isolated, derived from Streptomyces griseus, Neomycin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Kanamycin, Amikacin

Output: Name aminoglycosides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Narrow-spectrum, mostly Bactericidal Active against gram-(-) and limited gram-(+); Some are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Not effective against anaerobes Infective bacterial endocarditis Septicemia, Hospital-acquired pneumonia Chronic urinary tract infections

Output: Clinical uses of aminoglycosides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Mutation at the ribosome binding site. Enzymatic Inactivation: by acetylation, adenylation or Poor oral absorption. Variable distribution in body; do not enter the brain Reduced activity in low pH, hyperosmolarity, & anaerobiosis. Unmetabolized and eliminated by the kidneys.

Output: Resistance and PK of aminoglycosides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Neuromuscular blockade Increased ototoxicity with loop diuretics, vancomycin Increased nephrotoxicity with vancomycin, cyclosporin, NSAIDs, radiographic contrast (iodine-based) agents. Respiratory depression with neuromuscular blockers. In vitro mixing with penicillins reduces the activity of both

Output: Adverse reactions and drug interactions with aminoglycosides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline Tigecycline (Glycycycline) Some isolated from certain species of Streptomyces. Others are semisynthetic.

Output: Name some tetracyclines

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Bind 16S to the 30S ribosomal subunit and block the docking of tRNA on the ribosomes (similar to aminoglycosides)

Output: MOA of tetracyclines

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Broad-spectrum, Bacteriostatic Effective against many gram-(+) and -(-) bacteria, including, anaerobes, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, some protozoa Use doxycycline unless otherwise noted: Chlamydial infections with gonorrhea, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Alternatives for (partial list): Hospital-acquired pneumonia Ulcers, Bronchitis, Syphilis, Cholera, Tularemia, Plague & anthrax.

Output: Clinical uses of tetracyclines

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Tetracycline derivative, the first glycylcycline New IV broad spectrum antibiotic with activity against many drug-resistant organisms. Approved for treatment of complicated skin/skin-structure infections and intra-abdominal infections with resistant organisms (but not Pseudomonas), particularly in patients who cannot tolerate other drugs

Output: Tigecycline

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Enzymatic inactivation by phosphorylation, adenylation or acetylation. Reduced permeability into the cells. Ribosome protecting proteins mutation. Efflux pumping Variable oral absorption, reduced by food, dairy, aluminum hydroxide gels, cations, and alkaline medium Extensive distribution in the body except the brain Metabolized in the liver Eliminated by the kidneys (doxy~ is eliminated in feces).

Output: Resistance and PK of tetracyclines

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Incorporates into teeth and bones (not given to children ≤8)-yellowish color Phototoxicity, GI distress, oto-, hepato-, and nephrotoxicity. Superinfections. Serum levels of doxycycline is reduced by some anticonvulsants and barbiturates. May cause increase digoxin toxicity Contraindications: Pregnancy, renal or liver impairment or failure, children under 8 years of age

Output: Tetracyclines

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit A site (similar to macrolides and clindamycin), preventing the docking of aminoacyl tRNA. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes inhibing the activity of peptidyl transferase, causing side-effects

Output: Chloramphenicol MOA

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Broad-spectrum: Bacteriostatic: aerobic and anaerobic gram-(+) and -(-) bacteria. Bactericidal for some gram-(-) bacteria, etc Rarely used: potential toxicity, bacterial resistance, availability of effective alternatives; may be considered e.g., typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever Alternative to a B-lactam antibiotic in patients showing a major hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin. Topical for eye infections-penetration of ocular tissues and aqueous humor

Output: Clinical uses of Chloramphenico

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

Output: Name two classes of Folic Acid Metabolism Inhibitors

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfasalazine. The “Sulfa drugs” are structurally related to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Competitively inhibit folic acid production by suppressing the activity of dehydropteroate synthase Inhibition of tetrahydrofolate synthesis interrupts various metabolic reactions.

Output: MOA and chemical structure of sulfonamides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Broad-spectrum, Bacteriostatic Gram-(+) streptococci and pneumococci, Gram-(-) meningococci and gonococci, Gram-(-) bacilli (E. coli and shigellae) and more Active against chlamydia and some protozoa. Stimulate Rickettsiae. Largely replaced by less toxic, more effective agents. However, Trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole combo has increased their use for the prophylaxis and treatment of specific microbial infections. Good oral absorption, extensive distribution (body and brain), inactivated by acetylation in the liver, eliminated by the kidneys, except sulfasalazine

Output: Antimicrobial activity and PK of sulfonamides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Enterocolitis: sulfasalazine Burns: silver sulfadiazine Ocular infections Toxoplasmosis: sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. Sulfamethoxazole can be formulated with phenazopyridine , an analgesic, to treat urinary distress in UTIs Overproduction of PABA (to compete with sulfonamides) Reduced affinity of dehydropteroate synthase for the sulfa drugs. Natural resistance if organisms import folic acid.

Output: Clinical uses and resistance to sulfonamides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Crystalluria, Hematopoeitic toxicities, Photosensitivity, Skin Rashes, Exfoliative dermatitis, GI distress Stevens-Johnson syndrome (skin and mucous membrane eruption), Kernicterus. Increase serum levels of oral anticoagulants sulfonylureas, and hydantoin anticonvulsants. Avoid use with methenamine (UTI) since it forms formaldehyde that condenses with sulfonamides

Output: Adverse reactions and drug interactions with sulfonamides

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Trimethoprim is used in combination with sulfamethoxazole because the two drugs markedly potentiate each other. Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, while sulfamethoxazole inhibits dehydropteroate synthases, leading to an enhanced inhibition in THF synthesis.

Output: MOA of Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Broad spectrum, Synergism with a sulfonamide (bactericidal), but bacteriostatic if used alone. Active against gram-(+), gram-(-), but not anaerobes. Also active to chlamydia. Prevent recurrent UTI urinary track infections, treat upper respiratory infections, bronchitis. Mutations of dihydrofolate reductase.Natural resistance if organism imports folic acid. Metabolic bypass

Output: Antimicrobial activity of Trimethoprim

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Good oral absorption. Extensive distribution, including the brain. Inactivated by oxidation and conjugation. Excreted mostly by the kidney, some in feces. Prevent recurrent UTI urinary track infections, treat upper respiratory infections, bronchitis. Mutations of dihydrofolate reductase. Natural resistance if organism imports folic acid, Metabolic bypass

Output: Clinical uses of Trimethoprim

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Fluoride derivatives of nalidixic acid. Large number, including Ciprofloxacin LevofloxaciN All have fluorinated R6 (-F)

Output: DNA Replication and Transcription Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones. Name some

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Block bacterial DNA synthesis (transcription & replication) by inhibiting α-subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV (separating DNA strands). The two strands of double-helical DNA must be separated to permit DNA duplication or transcription

Output: MOA of fluoroquinolones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: BROAD-SPECTRUM. BACTERICIDAL EFFECTIVE AGAINST GRAM-(+) AND (-), LIMITED ACTIVITY AGAINST ANAEROBES ONLY CIPROFLOXACIN AND LEVOFLUOXACIN ARE ACTIVE AGAINST PSEUDOMONA AEUROGINOSA. Also effective against CHLAMYDIAE MYCOPLASMA

Output: Antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Genital (acute and chronic UTIs; Gonorrhea), GI, bone, joint and complicated skin infections. Conjunctivitis: ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution Anthrax: ciprofloxacin is FDA approved to treat and protect people who have been exposed to anthrax spores Different fluoroquinolones show specific pharmacological profile (antibacterial effects) Mutation at quinolone binding site. Reduced access-reduced porin number. Drug efflux

Output: Clinical uses and resistance of fluoroquinolones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Generally well tolerated. May cause GI distress, headache, dizziness, insomnia, skin rush; damage growing cartilage. They are not usually suggested for children younger than 18-yr-old (cartilage damage) & contraindicated during pregnancy or patients allergic to other quinolones. and cause arthralgia

Output: Adverse reactions of fluoroquinolones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Generally good oral absorption and extensive body distribution (except the brain), but enoxacin penetrates into the CNS. Mostly partially metabolized and eliminated via the kidneys (some exceptions). Cause cardiac arrhythmias when used with some anti- arrhythmic agents. Generally, there is an increased chance of seizures when used with NSAIDS. Decreased absorption with sucralfate, cations, antacids, dairy and citric acid

Output: PK and drug interacations with fluoroquinolones

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: 1. Nitrofurantoin Acute (and chronic) urinary tract infection 2. Methenamine UTIs prophylaxis but not as a primary agent for treatment 3. Metronidazole: vaginitis and other bacterial infections 4. Mupirocin: Used topically for staphylococci-caused impetigo. May cause local itching, rash contact dermatitis…….. 5. Polymyxins: Because of toxicity use restricted to topical therapy of resistant gram-negative infections

Output: Name UTI bacteriostatics and other antibiotics

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Mechanism of Action and Antimicrobial Activity Bacteria reduce Nitrofurantoin more easily than mammalian cells and reduced drug products damage bacterial DNA Bacteriostatic, active against E.coli and enterococci, but not proteus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacters.

Output: MOA of Nitrofuranton

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Clinical Uses: primarily to treat UTIs, also prophylaxis for recurrent UTIs. Pharmacokinetics: good oral absorption; partially eliminated by the kidneys. Adverse Reactions: GI distress, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, neuropathies, renal failure. Resistance: Inability to reduce the drug nitrogen in the presence of oxygen. Susceptible bacteria rarely become resistant.

Output: Nitrofuranton pharm phacts

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Mechanism of Action and Antimicrobial Activity Antiseptic converted to formaldehyde in water and low urinary pH; nearly all bacteria are sensitive. Clinical Uses: prophylactic treatment for recurrent UTI, formulated with mandelate or hippurate to increase effectiveness.

Output: MOA and clinical use of Methenamine

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: Pharmacokinetics Good oral absorption, concentrated in acidic compartments (e.g., in the urinary tract, bladder, and gastric juices). Adverse Reactions: GI distress; frequency of micturition, albuminuria, hematuria and rashes Drug Interactions: Form insoluble compound with sulfa drugs Resistance: Proteus that raise pH in urine are resistant Contraindications: Hepatic disease since ammonia is produced

Output: Methenamine pharm phun phacts

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: MA and Antimicrobial Activity: Anti-protozoal drug, with potent activity against anaerobes (e.g., trichomonas). Inhibits DNA synthesis Clinical Uses: vaginitis (trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis), amebiasis (intestinal, amebic dysentery; hepatic, abscesses), & giardiasis (giardia, diarrhea).

Output: Flagyl MOA and clinical uses

Name the sub groups of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors


Input: [2] Darwin [1]

Output: Destroyed the idea of the immutability of species

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Joule [1]

Output: Demonstrated the First Law of Thermodynamics

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bohr [1]

Output: He is best known for his model of the atom. It was named after him, and revealed many of the atom's mysteries

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Lavoisier [1]

Output: Discovered the Law of Mass Conservation

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Thales [1]

Output: One of the first scientists

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Democritus [1]

Output: Ancient Greek scientists who believed in atoms

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Dalton [1]

Output: He developed the first detailed atomic theory and became known as the founder of modern atomic theory

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mendel [1]

Output: Determinded how traits are passed on during reproduction

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Grosseteste [1]

Output: Considered the first modern scientist

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Einstein [1]

Output: Had two theories of relativity and was big in quantum mechanics

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] James Clerk Maxwell [1]

Output: Founder of modern physics

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Aristotle [1]

Output: Developed the idea of spontaneous generation

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Copernicus [1]

Output: Proposed heliocentric system

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Ptolemy [1]

Output: Propsed geocentric system

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Newton [1]

Output: The single greatest scientist of all time

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Galileo [1]

Output: Collected much data in favor of the heliocentric system but was forced to recant belief in it

Apologia General Science Module 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cash [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sales [2]

Output: Owners Equity Revenue Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Accounts Receivable [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cost of Good Sold [2]

Output: Owners Equity Expense Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Insurance Expense [2]

Output: Owners Equity Expense Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Capital Stock [2]

Output: Owners Equity Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Mortgage Payable [2]

Output: Liability Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Salaries and Wages Expense [2]

Output: Owners Equity Expense Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Retained Earnings [2]

Output: Owners Equity Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Salaries Payable [2]

Output: Liability Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Accounts Payable [2]

Output: Liability Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Interest Revenue [2]

Output: Owners Equity Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Inventory [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Interest Receivable [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Notes Payable [2]

Output: Liability Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Equipment [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Office Supplies [2]

Output: Asset Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Utilities Expense [2]

Output: Owners Equity Expense Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Interest Payable [2]

Output: Liability Increase on Credit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rent Expense [2]

Output: Owners Equity Expense Increase on Debit side

Financial Accounting E 3-26 and 3-27 Classification of Accounts by W. Steve Albrecht, Earl K. Stice, and James D. Stice Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Attribute] Conceptual schema

Output: The logical description of the entire database showing all the data elements and relationships among them

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data administration

Output: A special organizational function for manageing the organization's data resources that is concerned with information policy, data planning, maintenance of data dictionaries, and data quality standards

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data cleansing

Output: Activities for detecting and correcting data in a database or file that are incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or redundant.

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data definition language

Output: The component of a database management system that defines each data element as it appears in the database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data dictionary

Output: An automated or manual tool for storing and organiuzing information about the data maintained in a database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data element

Output: A field

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data inconsistency

Output: The presense of different values for the same attribute when the same data are stored in multiple locations

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data manipulation language

Output: A language associated with a database management system that end users and programmers use to manipulate data in the database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data mart

Output: A small data warehouse containing only a portion of the organization's data for a specified function or popultion of users

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data mining

Output: Analysis of lare pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be used to guide decision making and predict future behavior

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data quality audit

Output: A survey and/or sample of files to determine accuracy and completeness of data in an information system

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data redundancy

Output: The presence of duplicate data in multiple data files

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Data warehouse

Output: A database with reporting and query tools that stores current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and consollidated for management reporting and analysis

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Database

Output: A group of related fields

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Database administration

Output: Refers to the more technical and operational aspects of managing data, including physical database design and maintenance

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Database management system (DBMS)

Output: Special software to create and maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the data they need without having to create seperate files or data defintions in their computer programs

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Database server

Output: A computer in a client/server environment that is responsible for running a database management system (DBMS) to process structured query language (SQL) statements and perform database management tasks

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Database (Rigorous defintion)

Output: A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so that they appear to be in one location

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Distributed database

Output: A database that is stored in more then one physical location. Parts or copies of the database are physically stored in one location, and other parts or copies are stored and maintained in other locations

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Entity

Output: A person, place, thing, or event about which information must be kept

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Entity-relationship diagram

Output: A methodology for documenting databases illustrating the relationship between various entities in the database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Field

Output: A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number, such as a person's name or age

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] File

Output: A group of records of the same type

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Hierarchical DBMS

Output: One type of logical database model that organizes data in a treelike structure. A record is subdivided into segments that are connected to each other in one-to-many parent-child relationships

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Hypermedia database

Output: An approach to data manageement that organizes data as a network of nodes linked in any pattern the user specifies; the nodes can contain text, graphicsm sound, full-motion video, or executable programs

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Information policy

Output: Formal rules governing the maintenance, distribution, and use of information in an organization

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Key Field

Output: A field in a record that uniquely identifies instances of that record so that it can be retrived, updatedm or sorted

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Network DBMS

Output: Older logical database model that is useful for depicting many-to-many relationships

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Normalization

Output: The process of creating small stable data structures from complex groups of data when designing a relational database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Object-oriented DBMS

Output: An approach to data management that stores both data and the procedures acting on the data as objects that can be automatically retrieved and shared; the objects can contain multimedia

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Object-relational DBMS

Output: A database management system that combines the capabilites of a relational database management system (DBMS) for storing traditional information and capabilites of an object-oriented DBMS for storing graphics and multimedia

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Online analytical processing (OLAP)

Output: Capability for manipulating and analyzing large volumes of data from multiple persepctives

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Program-data dependence

Output: The close relationship between data stored in files and the software programs that update and maintain those files. Any change in data organization or format requires a change in all the programs associated with those files

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Record

Output: A group of related fields

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Relational DBMS

Output: A type of logical database model that treats data as if they were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can relate data stored in one table to data in another as long as the two tables share common data element.

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Structured query language (SQL)

Output: The standard data manipulation language for relational database management systems

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Subschemes

Output: The specific set of data from the database that is required by each user or application programed

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: [Attribute] Tuple

Output: A row or record in a relational database

MIS: Managing the Digital Firm Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

A piece of information describing a particular entity


Input: The time period used for comparative analysis; the basis for indexing, e.g., of price changes [antitrust]

Output: base year

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Final goods produced for use in the production of other goods, e.g., equipment, structures [antitrust]

Output: capital

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Production processes that use a high ratio of capital to labor inputs [antitrust]

Output: capital-intensive

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The assumption of nothing else changing [antitrust]

Output: ceteris paribus

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Goods frequently consumed in combination; when the price of good x rises, the demand for good y falls, ceteris paribus [antitrust]

Output: complementary goods

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The willingness and ability to buy specific quantities of a good at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus [antitrust]

Output: demand

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A curve describing the quantities of a good a consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus [antitrust]

Output: demand curve

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A table showing the quantities of a good a consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus [antitrust]

Output: demand schedule

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The consumption of capital in the production process; the wearing out of plant and equipment [antitrust]

Output: depreciation

Macroeconomics Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: forming a memory code [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Encoding

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: maintaining encoded information over time [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Storage

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Recovering information from memory stores [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Retrieval

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Being so preoccupied with what you're saying next to pay attention to what the person ahead of you is saying [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Next-in-line effect

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: emphasizes the PHYSICAL structure of the word (ie is it capital letters) [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Structural Encoding

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: emphasizes the SOUND of word (does it rhyme) [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Phonemic Encoding

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (construct a sentence) [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Semantic Encoding

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall; two codes are better than one [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Dual-Coding Theory

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Elaboration, Visual imagery, Self-Referent Encoding [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Encoding Enrichment Methods

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Making information personally meaningful to enhance recall [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Self-Referent Encoding

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Short term memory

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Magic Number 7, Plus or Minus 2; capacity of short term memory storage; any new info past the capacity would bump out current information [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: George Miller

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phonological Loop --> Visuospatial Sketchpad --> Central Executive System --> Episodic Buffer [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Working Memory

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with object/event; ie rooms you've been in [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon]

Output: Schema

Psychology Unit 2 [PSY 1001] Flashcards - Cram.com