Input: The correct answer is B. A connection needs to be established between the speaker, audience, and topic in order for the speech to go well. A sincere compliment about the location or the culture of the audience gets the attention of listeners and draws them into the speech.

Output: Which of the following would most likely help establish a speaker-audience-topic relationship? a. Identify the goal of the speech b. Compliment the audience c. State the importance of the topic d. Ask the audience questions

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Two to four main points helps create a focused speech. Too many main points in a speech may leave listeners confused about the information given.

Output: When organizing the body of a speech, a writer should do which of the following? a. Select two, three, or four main points b. Structure the points in a topical pattern c. Phrase main points in the form of a question d. Include all points developed during brainstorming

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Lincoln compares the difficulties of being a tightrope walker with those of the government. A comparison is a type of analogy that makes a connection between a concept that is understood and a concept that the speaker wants listeners to understand.

Output: In a response to critics in 1864, Abraham Lincoln said: Gentlemen, suppose all the property you were worth was in gold, and you had put it in the hands of Blondin to carry across the Niagara River on a rope, would you shake the cable, or keep shouting out to him - 'Blondin, stand up a little straighter - Blondin, stoop a little more - go a little faster - lean a little more to the north - lean a little more to the south?' No, you would hold your breath as well as your tongue, and keep your hands off until he was safe over. The Government are carrying an immense weight. Untold treasures are in their hands. They are doing the very best they can. Don't badger them. Keep silence, and we'll get you safe across. This excerpt provides an example of Lincoln's attempt to do which of the following? a. Establish his credibility and honesty with an easily understood analogy b. Use a narrative to contrast the differences between a tightrope walker and the government c. Provide critics with an alternative perspective of government involvement d. Use an analogy to compare the difficulties faced by a tightrope walker and the government

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. A lecturer who gives the same speech to different audiences most likely uses the memorized speech delivery mode. Professional speakers often give a speech so many times that they learn when to expect laughs and applause.

Output: Which of the following is most likely used by individuals who travel across the country giving speeches for money as part of a lecture circuit? a. Extemporaneous mode b. Impromptu mode c. Memorized mode d. Manuscript mode

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Proportion is the amount of time devoted in a speech to the development of an idea. Listeners perceive ideas that are discussed at length as more important.

Output: The amount of time spent discussing an idea in a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Repetition b. Proportion c. Position d. Transition

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Plagiarism is the failure to credit sources for ideas or words. Ethical speakers cite the sources they use, which also adds credibility to their speech.

Output: Failing to cite sources used in a speech and presenting the ideas as your own is known by which of the following terms? a. Incompetence b. Accountability c. Paraphrasing d. Plagiarism

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. The time-sequence pattern is used to illustrate steps in a process. Audience members should be able to follow the steps provided in the speech to make a piecrust.

Output: A time-sequence organizational pattern would be appropriate for which of the following speech topics? a. Where are important Civil War battlegrounds located? b. Casual smoking leads to nicotine addiction. c. How do you make a homemade piecrust? d. Many children in the U.S. are obese.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Hypothetical examples are appropriate when a speaker wants to discuss events that may occur in the future. Hypothetical examples are also useful when a speaker cannot find an actual example that is suitable for the point being made.

Output: Which of the following would be suitable for a speaker who wants to make a speculation about the future? a. Logical definition b. Factual example c. Operational definition d. Hypothetical example

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Systematic desensitization requires a person to learn how to relax while thinking of frightening events. The individual creates a hierarchy of fears and uses the relaxation techniques while facing each fear.

Output: Which of the following methods of reducing speech apprehension involves learning relaxation techniques and imagining stressful situations? a. Public speaking skills training b. Performance orientation c. Communication orientation d. Systematic desensitization

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Taking notes is an effective method of active listening. Note taking can be used as a tool to remember information presented in a speech.

Output: Which of the following is the most effective way to listen actively during a speech? a. Take good notes during the speech b. Ask the speaker questions afterwards c. Sit as close as possible to the speaker d. Follow the provided speech outline

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. The purpose of criticizing a speech is to give negative and positive feedback to the speaker and to offer suggestions for improvement. Criticism should not involve focusing only on the negative; it should include praise for the positive and suggestions for weaknesses.

Output: Which of the following best describes the purpose of speech criticism? a. Point out mistakes and fallacies b. Debate reasoning and arguments c. Provide feedback and give suggestions d. Assess problems and offer suggestions

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Criticism is most effective if it is specific rather than general. Use examples from the speech to clarify comments.

Output: Which of the following is the most effective way to evaluate a speech? a. Focus only on the positive elements b. Speak on behalf of the entire audience c. Offer general advice that is not offensive d. Provide specific comments with examples

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Making gestures below the waist should be avoided during a speech. Audience members may inadvertently shift their attention from a speaker's face to the speaker's gestures.

Output: Which of the following may negatively affect the delivery of a speech? a. Making gestures below the waist b. Pausing at transitional points c. Varying voice and bodily action d. Citing sources of information

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Signposts indicate to listeners where a speaker is in a speech. Examples of signposts include "the first cause" or "the second reason."

Output: A very brief statement that focuses audience attention on a key idea is referred to as which of the following? a. Transition b. Signpost c. Internal summary d. Internal preview

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Analogical reasoning is typically used in persuasive speeches regarding policy issues. In such speeches, a new policy is compared to a similar policy that has been employed elsewhere.

Output: Which of the following types of reasoning would be most suitable for speeches related to public policies, such as "gun control will reduce violent crimes in America" and "school vouchers will improve U.S. public schools"? a. Causal reasoning b. Analogical reasoning c. Reasoning from principle d. Reasoning from specific instances

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. Sometimes audiences are unwilling listeners, such as high school students who are required to attend an assembly. Speakers faced with such unwilling audiences should gain attention early with interesting facts, statistics, and humor before transitioning to the main topic.

Output: Which of the following should a speaker do when adapting a speech to an unwilling audience? a. Ask audience members to participate in the presentation b. Begin the speech by establishing credibility and expertise c. Integrate humor and interesting statistics into the speech d. Use charts, statistics, and graphs to explain information

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. The statement is an example of a specific purpose for a speech. The specific purpose should be worded as an infinitive phrase and be limited to one objective.

Output: "To inform my audience of the recent progress in cancer research" is an example of which of the following? a. General purpose b. Thesis statement c. Topic sentence d. Specific purpose

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. The body of a speech is typically developed and organized before the introduction and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion should reflect information in the body.

Output: Which component of a speech should be organized and created first? a. Introduction b. Body c. Conclusion d. Bibliography

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Reasoning from specific instances moves from a number of facts to a general conclusion. These types of conclusions are not infallible because exceptions always exist.

Output: A speech that concludes with the notion that unethical lawyers are common in the United States because numerous attorneys have been convicted recently of fraud is using which of the following methods of reasoning? a. Causal reasoning b. Analogical reasoning c. Reasoning from principle d. Reasoning from specific instances

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Slang or jargon may lower credibility if it is offensive or out-of-date. If used appropriately, jargon or slang can create a connection between speaker and audience.

Output: The correct answer is D. Reasoning from specific instances moves from a number of facts to a general conclusion. These types of conclusions are not infallible because exceptions always exist.

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Internet resources are not always of the highest quality. Unlike cursory and questionable Internet information, research materials found in libraries are typically deeper, wider ranging, and more documented.

Output: Which of the following is considered a negative aspect of Internet research? a. Difficulty of usage b. Quality of information c. Number of resources d. Quantity of information

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Context-based communication apprehension occurs when a person suffers from speaking apprehension in one type of setting but not in other settings. For example, most people communicate with individuals or groups without anxiety but become nervous when speaking publicly.

Output: A person who becomes anxious during any type of public speech but is outgoing and dynamic among peers, strangers, and groups, most likely suffers from which of the following communication apprehensions? a. Traitlike b. Audience-based c. Situational d. Context-based

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Thought speed is the difference between the rate of speech and the rate of thought; a fast speed can improve a person's ability to evaluate speeches. A high thought speed enables a listener to anticipate a speaker's next point, summarize what a speaker has said, and evaluate supporting materials.

Output: Taking advantage of which of the following will most likely improve a person's ability to evaluate a speech and take better notes? a. Forecasting b. Task functions c. Power distance d. Thought speed

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. Stress is the way people accent words. Vocal stress can be attained during speech delivery by emphasizing certain words and pausing at strategic moments.

Output: The way in which words and syllables are accented refers to which of the following? a. Rate b. Pitch c. Stress d. Volume

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. Reasoning and evidence are especially important to consider when evaluating persuasive speeches. A persuasive speech depends on the soundness of the evidence and the method of reasoning.

Output: Which of the following elements is most important to consider when evaluating a persuasive speech? a. Delivery and eye contact b. Examples and narratives c. Reasoning and evidence d. Visual aids and demonstration

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Information gained from an audience analysis will determine a speaker's language and style. If an audience consists of people who will understand technical jargon, then it is appropriate to use specialized terms.

Output: The use of specialized language in a speech should be based upon which of the following? a. Reasoning and evidence b. Speaker credibility c. Supporting materials d. Audience analysis

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. The conclusion should wrap up the speech and reinforce the central idea that was presented. Summaries or relevant quotations are often used to conclude speeches.

Output: Which of the following is one of the primary goals of a speech conclusion? a. Provide an opportunity for questions b. Reinforce audience understanding c. Provide details about source materials d. Reinforce credibility and goodwill

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. The mistake made by most first-time speakers is to choose a wide-ranging topic when a short time frame is given. The result is a speech that lacks depth.

Output: Which of the following is most likely the biggest error that beginning speakers make when selecting a speech topic? a. Trying to address the needs of an entire audience b. Trying to include too many supporting materials c. Trying to stretch a small topic into a lengthy speech d. Trying to cover a large topic in a short time frame

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. A questionnaire will provide a speaker with information about audience attitudes. The speaker will then be able to tailor persuasive arguments towards that particular audience and give a more effective speech.

Output: Which of the following tools would be most useful for a persuasive speaker who wants to learn listener attitudes before giving a speech? a. Sociological analysis b. Audience questionnaire c. Gallup Poll statistics d. Audience demographics

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. A well-organized speech conveys to the audience that the speaker is prepared, competent, and credible. A disorganized speech loses the attention of listeners.

Output: Which of the following is a potential benefit of an organized speech? a. Audiences perceive a speaker as competent b. Speakers reinforce audience preconceptions c. Audiences agree with the speaker's points d. Speakers present many supporting materials

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. A figurative analogy makes a comparison between two very different things. A figurative analogy helps to illustrate a similarity, but it does not provide factual evidence.

Output: A speaker who compares playing football with running a business is using which of the following to illustrate a point? a. Enthymeme b. Literal analogy c. Extrinsic proof d. Figurative analogy

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Connotative meaning is the emotions or associations triggered by a word or a phrase. For example, the word "marriage" may trigger feelings of love and happiness for some listeners but feelings of anger and disappointment for others.

Output: Which of the following refers to how a word or phrase arouses feelings of anger, love, fear, and guilt among listeners? a. Emotional appeal b. Connotative meaning c. Figurative language d. Denotative meaning

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. A general database indexes and abstracts a wide variety of magazines, as well as some academic journals. Reader's Guide, ProQuest, and Lexis/Nexis are examples of general databases.

Output: Which of the following indexes and abstracts articles from publications such as Newsweek, Scientific American, Psychology Today, and Sports Illustrated? a. General database b. Library catalogue c. Reference work d. Yearbook

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Brainstorming is a way to generate many ideas either alone or with other people. Brainstorming for topics can be done by taking a personal inventory, clustering, or searching for information in books or on the Internet.

Output: What is the term used for generating speech topic ideas through the free association of words and concepts? a. Brainstorming b. Interviewing c. Journaling d. Outlining

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. Introductions that personalize a topic for listeners gain the attention of the audience. A personal reference engages listeners to participate actively in the speech.

Output: An introduction that illustrates how a speech topic is in the listener's self-interest most likely includes which of the following? a. Vivid quotation b. Personal reference c. Startling statement d. Suspenseful statement

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. The primary reason people have speech apprehension is underdeveloped speaking skills. Reducing public speaking apprehensions requires practice and planning.

Output: Which of the following is a common cause of public speaking apprehension? a. Insufficient planning and preparation b. Inability to develop a speech plan c. Poorly structured audience analysis d. Failure to adapt to audience cues

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Rhetorical criticism is the analysis and evaluation of a speech. Aristotle recommended studying and learning from the message and style of effective speakers.

Output: Which of the following terms refers to the evaluation of speech communication recommended by Aristotle? a. Rhetorical criticism b. Informative listening c. Audience feedback d. Active listening

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. The Lexis/Nexis database provides abstracts on thousands of environmental journals and government reports. Information is updated daily, and full-text articles are available.

Output: Which of the following would be the best tool for finding information about federal laws and regulations associated with water pollution? a. Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe b. Reader's Guide Full Text c. World Almanac d. Facts on File

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is B. An enthymeme is a deductive argument that is implied rather than stated. When listening to speeches, it is important to notice what information has been implied in addition to what has been stated.

Output: A deductive argument in which either the conclusion or a premise is implied instead of explicitly stated is referred to as which of the following? a. Equivocation b. Enthymeme c. Literal analogy d. Figurative analogy

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Credibility-centered ethics promotes speakers to be competent and trustworthy in order to increase their credibility with listeners. Speakers should avoid any statements or actions that might cause listeners to disbelieve the information being presented.

Output: Which of the following ethical theories encourages public speakers to speak truthfully and use sound, supporting evidence? a. Credibility-centered ethics b. Ends and means c. Situation ethics d. Social utility

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Homophones, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings, should be avoided in a speech. Listeners may misunderstand which word the speaker is using.

Output: Which of the following should be avoided during a speech to ensure language clarity? a. Figurative language b. Sentence fragments c. Contractions d. Homophones

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is D. Information from a monthly periodical will be more current than information from a book, which takes time to publish. Large libraries typically subscribe to electronic databases that index articles in magazines and academic journals.

Output: What is the primary advantage of using research material from a monthly periodical instead of a book? a. Information is reliable b. Information is easy to locate c. Information is more detailed d. Information is current

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. Stereotyping occurs when people develop oversimplified concepts about specific groups of people. Assumptions are made that all members of a certain group think and act the same way.

Output: Which of the following terms characterizes statements such as "all women are afraid of guns" or "all tall people excel at basketball"? a. Cultural insensitivity b. Racial profiling c. Stereotyping d. Political bias

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is C. An appeal to action is often used to conclude persuasive speeches. The speaker hopes that after listeners have heard the arguments they will be persuaded to act.

Output: The behavior that a speaker desires from listeners after giving a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Emotional appeal b. Emotional impact c. Appeal to action d. Speech effectiveness

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: The correct answer is A. Argument from causation indicates that one event brings about a predictable effect. For example, if gas prices have dropped, and we know that low gas prices mean more summer travel, then we can expect more people to travel.

Output: Which type of argument is being used in a statement such as "more people will travel this summer because the price of gas has fallen dramatically"? a. Argument from causation b. Argument from example c. Argument from analogy d. Argument from sign

Speech Test 2 (DSST Final Study Guide) Flashcards - Cram.com

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident


Input: [2] bawl [1]

Output: to shout or cry out loudly


Input: [2] contrite [1]

Output: very sorry for a wrong one has done


Input: [2] insolent [1]

Output: disrespectful


Input: [2] bleated [1]

Output: to make the sound characteristic of a sheep


Input: [2] vagabond [1]

Output: moving from place to place without a fixed home


Input: [2] flummox [1]

Output: confused


Input: [2] birds or animals that are considered pests [1]

Output: varmints


Input: [2] confound [1]

Output: to throw into disorder; to mix up


Input: [2] fathom [1]

Output: to come to understand


Input: [2] bog [1]

Output: wet spongy ground


Input: [2] mired [1]

Output: to sink or stick fast in mire; to soil with mud or slush


Input: [2] brazen [1]

Output: not ashamed of or embarrassed by one's bad behavior


Input: [2] dastardly [1]

Output: sneakily committing harmful acts


Input: [2] befuddled [1]

Output: stupefy or to confuse


Input: [2] haughtiness [1]

Output: rudely proud in a manner that expresses scorn for others


Input: Inner coverings

Output: Meminges of the cord continue inside the spinal cavity beyond the end of the spinal cord as the filum terminale

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Input: Dura Mater

Output: strong white fibrous tissue out layer of meninges and inner periosteum

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Input: Arachnoid mater

Output: Delicate cobwebby middle layer contains collegen and elastic fibers

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Input: Pia mater

Output: innermost transparent layer adheres to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord; contains blood vessels

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Input: Inward extentions of the dura mater

Output: Falx cerebri Superior Sagittal Sinus Falx Cerebelli Tentorium Cerebelli

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Input: Falx Cerebri

Output: projections into longitudinal fissure between 2 hemispheres

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Input: Superior Sagittal sinus

Output: is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area,

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Input: Falx Cerebelli

Output: separtes two hemispheres of cerebellium

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Input: Tentorium Cerebelli

Output: separates cerebellum from cerebrum

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Input: Spaces between and around mengings

Output: Epidural space Subdural space Subarchnoid space

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Input: Epidural space

Output: between dura mater and bony covering of spinal cord absent around brain, fat & connective tissue

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Input: Subdural space

Output: between dura mater and arachnoid mater, serous fluid

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Input: Subarachnoid space

Output: between arachnoid mater and pia mater contains cerebrospinal fluid

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Input: Cerebrospinal fluid functions

Output: Lymph like fluid provides nutrients to nerve cells; provides a supportive protective cusion; reservior of circulating fluid which is monitored by the brain to detect changes in the internal environment; spial taps can gice information about injury infection or disease

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Input: Cerebrospinal fluid

Output: found within the subarchnoid space around the brain and within cavities and canals of spinal cord and brain; acts a shock absorbers and tranposts dissolved gases nutrients and waste. formed by the separation of fluid from blood in the choroid plexuses into the ventricles

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Input: Ventricles

Output: 4 fluid filled spaces within the brain; first, second, third and fourth ventricle

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Input: First & Second ventricle

Output: one loicated in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

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Input: Third Ventricle

Output: thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricle

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Input: Fourth ventricle

Output: tiny, diamond shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the backi of the brainstem

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Input: Circulation route of cerebrospinal fluid

Output: Fluid from lateral ventricles circulates through the interventricular foramen into third ventricle through cerebral aquaduct to fourth ventricle; from fourth ventricle it goes 2 places; some into the central canel of the spinal cord & some through cisterna magna into the subarachnoid space; it then absorbed back into venous blood through the arachnoid villi

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Input: Spinal cord

Output: Lies within the spinal cavity and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra; 2 enlargments, one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region

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Input: Dorsal Nerve Root

Output: Fibers carry sensory infromation into the spinal cord

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Input: Ventral nerve root

Output: Fibers carry motor information out of the spinal cord

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Input: Cells bodies of motor neurons are in

Output: gray matter of the spinal cord

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Input: Spinal nerve

Output: a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together

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Input: Gray matter

Output: inner portion; columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord; consists of cell bodies of motor neurons and internurons

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Input: White matter

Output: piter portion; surrounds the gray matter and is subdived in each half of the cord into three funiculi (each funiculus consists of a large bundle of axons divided into tracts)

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Input: Cauda Equina

Output: Bundles of nerve roots extending from conus medullaris--inferior end of spinal cord

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Input: Functions of the spinal cord

Output: Provides conduction routes to and from the brain

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Input: Ascending tracts

Output: conduct impulses up the cord to the brain

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Input: Descending tracts

Output: conduct impulses down the cord from the brain

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Input: Tracts are structural

Output: all axons from one tract originate in the same structure and terminate in the same structure

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Input: Tracts are functional

Output: all axons composing one tract serve one another

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Input: Brainstem

Output: perfoms sensory, motor and reflex functions; contains the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain


Input: Medulla oblongata

Output: lowest part of the brainstem, attaches to the spinal cord located just above the foramen magnum; regulates vital alutomatic functions

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Input: Cardiovascular center

Output: adjusts heart rate strength of cardiac contractions and blood flow

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Input: Respiratory rhythmicity center

Output: sets pace for repisatory rates; nonvital reflexes, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing and hiccuping. Most vital part of brain, injury or disease to medulla oblongata often fatal

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Input: Pons

Output: located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain, centers for relexes medicated by 5-8th cranial nerves, pheumotaxic centers-regulate respirations


Input: Midbrain

Output: located above the pons and below the cerbrum composed of white matter tracts that conduct impulses between the midbrain and the cerebrum


Input: Corpora Quadrigemina

Output: Body of 4 twins

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Input: Inferior colliculi

Output: controls reflex movement of head, neck and trunck in response to auditory stimulation suh as a loud bang

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Input: Superior colliculi

Output: controls reflex movements of eyes, head & neck in response to visual stimuli such as a bright light of flash

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Input: Red nucleus and substantia nigra

Output: clusters of cell bodies involved in muscular control tone & posture

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Input: Substantia nigra

Output: inhibits muscle over activity by relaeasing dopamine; degenerates in those woth parkinsons disease

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Input: Cerebellum

Output: second largest part of the brain contains more neurons that the rest of the nervous system combined


Input: Cerebellum is located

Output: just below the psoterior portion of the cerebrum

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Input: Cerebellum contains

Output: gray matter=outer portion cortex, white matter=inner portion arbor vitae; gyri (folia) are slender and less prominent that those of the cerebrum

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Input: Cerebellium hemispheres are separated by

Output: vermis

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Input: Dentate Nuclei

Output: one is each hemisphere connect with the thalamus and motor areas of cerebral cortex

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Input: Functions of the cerebellium

Output: acts with cerebral cortx to produce skilled movements by corrdinating the activites of groups of muscles; controls skelton muscles to maintain balance; controls posture; operates at subconscious level to smooth movements and make movements efficent and corrdinated; coordinates sensory information

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Input: Diencephalon

Output: located between the cerebrum and the midbrain

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Input: Diencephalon consists of several structures

Output: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma and pinal gland

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Input: Talamus is made up of

Output: gray matter = many nuclei

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Input: Talamus is joined by

Output: intermediate mass extending through the 3rd ventricle; many axons conduct impulses into the thalamus from spinal cord brainstem, basal nuclei, cerebellum and cerebrum where they synapse with outgoing neurons to all areasw of cerebral cortex; neurons relaease sensory impulses to cerebrum, impulese produce sensation of pain, tempture touch. Emotions and arousal

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Input: Hypothalamus

Output: lies beneath the thalamus, links body and mind, links nervouse system to endocrine system, regulates and coordinates autonomic activity, systhesizes hormones, produces behavioral drives, like hunger, thrist, and sex, regulates body tempture and maintains waking state.

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Input: Pinal gland

Output: regulates the bodys biological daily clock, produces melatonin and asw they increase when sunlight is absent and decreases sunlight is present, high levels signal the body that is is time to sleep

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Input: Cerebrum

Output: largest division of the brain; consist of right and left cerebral hemispheres


Input: The hemisphere consist of

Output: frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe Insula - deep

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Input: Cerebral cortex

Output: outer surface made up of gray matter

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Input: Gyri

Output: elevated ridges increase surface area of the brain thus increasing the # of neurons in the cortex


Input: Sulci

Output: shallow groves


Input: Fissures

Output: deeper grooves


Input: Longitudinal fissure

Output: deeper fissure divides cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

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Input: central sulcus

Output: groove between the frontal and parietal lobes

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Input: lateral fissure

Output: between temporal lobe and parietal lobe

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Input: Parietoocciptal fissure

Output: groove separates occipital from parietal lobe

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Input: Association tracts

Output: most numerous extend from one convolution to another in same hemisphere

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Input: Commissural tracts

Output: extend from one hemisphere tot he other (corpus Callosum)

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Input: Projection tracts

Output: extentions of sensory or motor tracts

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Input: Basal Nuclei

Output: Islands of gray matter located deep inside the cerebrum; subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns give us rhythem in our movements (cycles of arm and legs movements when walking

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Input: Cerebral cortex - functional areas

Output: Postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, transvers gyrus, opccipital lobe

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Input: Postcentral gyrus

Output: somatic sensory area; receives information from heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch; compares and evaulates information (an ice cube in your hand

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Input: Precentral gyrus

Output: somatic motor area; neurons direct voluntary movements of skeltal muscles, activiting groups of muscles simultaneously

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Input: Transvers gyrus

Output: primary auditory area

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Input: Occipital lobe

Output: primary visual area

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Input: Sensory Functions

Output: Cortex contains a somatic sensory may of the body, processing informatin is important.

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Input: Consciousness

Output: State of awareness of ones self, ones environment and other human beings

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Input: Functions of the cortex

Output: Ability to speak and write words, speech centers , left hemisphere contains speech, aphasias: lesions in speech centers; emothions and meory

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Input: Limbic System

Output: Know as emotional brain, behavioral drives, long-term memory storage and retrival, links emotions with memories such as rape, frea, happiness

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Input: Can the trabeculae within the vertebral bodies be damaged without damaging the surrounding cortical bone?

Output: Yes - if a large compressive load causes a stellate fracture in the end plate resulting in a Schmorl's node.

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Input: Are stellate fractures and Schmorl's nodes more common in the elder or in younger adults? Why?

Output: Younger. The nucleus pulposa of the disk is still hydrated so there is fluid material present to be forced into the vertebral body.

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Input: What event can lead to the binding up of a Z joint?

Output: A fold of the capsular ligament can get caught within the Z joint, which can result in the development of adhesions if the joint stays closed very long.

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Input: What type of load commonly causes failure of the posterior bony elements and avulsion of an end plate?

Output: A-P shear loading

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Input: Do the posterior elements usually fail due to fatigue failure or from a single, large load?

Output: Usually from a single, large load

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Input: In regards to fatigue failure, what is meant by the term endurance limit?

Output: The largest amount of stress a specimen that be repeatedly exposed to for unlimited number of times without failing (causes no microdamage at all - the edge of the elastic region)

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Input: What is an asymptote?

Output: A straight line that is approached, but never reached, by a curved line.

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Input: Does fatigue failure of bone come with fewer repititions of compressive loading or of tensile loading?

Output: tensile loading

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Input: What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?

Output: Elastic deformation does not involve damage (the specimen will return to its original shape)._ Plastic deformation implies that some damage has been done to the specimen.

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Input: What is a brittle material?

Output: One that will not deform very much before it breaks, like glass._ (says nothing about how strong it is)

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Input: What term is used to describe a material that will deform a lot without breaking?

Output: ductile - like gold for example_ (has nothing to do with how strong it is)

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Input: How is a creep and recovery test performed?

Output: A constant load is applied to a viscoelastic material for a time and then removed._ The amount of stretch is observed throughout the time of the test.

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Input: How does an elastic material respond in a creep and recovery test?

Output: Goes to maximum stretch right away and stays there until the load is removed.

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Input: How does a viscoelastic solid that is not damaged respond to a creep and recovery test?

Output: Stretches out fairly quickly when the load is first applied and then less and less as time goes on._ When the load is removed, it starts to contract quickly but slows down as time goes on. It will eventually return to the original shape.

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Input: How does a viscoelastic solid that is damaged by the test, or a viscoelastic liquid respond to a creep and recovery test?

Output: Stretches out fairly quickly when the load is first apllied and then less and less as time goes on._ When the load is removed, it starts to contract quickly but slows down as time goes on. It never does return to the original shape.

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Input: How is a stretch and relaxation test performed?

Output: A viscoelastic material is stretched a certain amount and then held in that position._ The amount of force required to hold it in that position is measured over time until the end of the test.

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Input: How does an elastic material respond in a stretch and relaxation test?

Output: Takes the same amount of force to hold the position throughout the entire test.

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Input: How does a viscoelastic solid respond to a stretch and relaxation test?

Output: Takes less force to hold the position as time goes on, but will never drop below some particular amount of force.

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Input: How does a viscoelastic liquid respond to a stretch and relaxation test?

Output: The amount of force required to hold the position reduces over time until it takes no force at all.

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Input: What are the characteristics of a viscoelastic material?

Output: 1. Although it is either a liquid or a solid, it has properties of both._ 2. It takes time to reach maximum deformity when exposed to a load._ 3. The stretching causes internal components to rub against each other, resulting in a loss of energy as heat due to friction.

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Input: What are the basic components of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?

Output: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus_ Some consider the end plate as a part of the IVD although some think of it as part of the vertebral body.

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Input: What is the biomechanical significance of the alternating direction of the slant of the collagen fibers in the alternating layers of the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

Output: Enables the IVD to resist rotation in either direction

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Input: What harmful effect can result from excessive compression of a dehydrated IVD (typically in an older person)?

Output: The layers of the annulus can separate (delamination).

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Input: In what age group do herniated discs usually occur? Why?

Output: Younger people, because the disc is still well hydrated._ (there is no fluid to be pushed out if the disc is old and dehydrated)

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Input: What conditions are usually associated with the herniation of an IVD?

Output: 1. The disc is usually in a younger person and at the edge of the range of motion._ 2. There has usually been a lot of repetitive loading (like 25,000 cycles)._ 3. It usually happens to people who sit a lot

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Input: According to our author, McGill, what is the primary function of the short muscles of the cervical spine?

Output: Stabilizers (not prime movers)

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Input: How does the biomechanical function of a back extensor muscle tend to vary depending on whether the tendon for that muscle runs superficially or deep?

Output: The ones with tendons that run superficially tend to be extensors (longer moment arm)._ The ones with tendons that run deep tend to be stabilizers.

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Input: What is the biomechanical significance of oblique muscle fibers in deep lumbar muscles?

Output: They apparently are designed to protect against shear forces._ (they surely aren't intended to cause sliding of one vetebra relative to its neighbor)

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Input: What is the apparent role of the abdominal oblique muscles?

Output: Trunk rotation and stabilization but not flexion.

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Input: What are 3 possible benefits of the rectus abdominus muscle having multiple bellies?

Output: 1. Reduce amount of bulking when contracting to reduce pressure on underlying viscera_ 2. Allow the abdomen to bend while the rectus abdominus is contracted (and therefore rigid)_ 3. Prevent hoop stresses from intra-abdominal pressure from splitting the muscle fibers apart

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Input: In general, how do muscles that are prime movers tend to differ from stabilizers?

Output: Prime movers tend to attach in few places and be active in only certain movements._ Stabilizers tend to attach to many places and are active in a wide variety of movements.

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Input: The ligamentum flavum is the most elastic ligament in the body. Why is it stretched even in the neutral position?

Output: To prevent anything from getting into the spinal canal during movements of the spine.

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Input: What is the biomechanical significance of the oblique fibers in the interspinous ligament?

Output: Helps to resist shear forces.

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Input: What is the name of the structure that surrounds tendons to isolate them from surrounding structures and guide them around corners?

Output: paratenon

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Input: In regards to the attachment of tendons to bone, what is meant by the term strain relief?

Output: A progressive increase in stiffness as the flexible tendon approaches the rigid bone._ (reduces the risk of the tendon snapping off at the attachment site)

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Input: What mechanism might explain the sensation of pain in a particular structure when there is nothing wrong at the structure?

Output: Spurious input to the nerve supplying that structure could be induced by a subluxation at the IVF. The brain would interpret activity in that nerve as pain in the structure with its sensors.

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Input: Which area of the spine, below the cervicals, has the most rotation?_ Has the most flexion/extension?

Output: The upper thoracics have the most rotation._ The lumbars and lower thoracics have the most flexion/extension.

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Input: What characteristics of the range of motion of an individual provide an indication of pathelogical abnormalities?

Output: Excessive or reduced range of motion as compared to normal, or especially assymetrical range of motion._ However, unusual ranges of motion could merely be reflective of normal variation.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the 4 steps for determinining the center of rotation of a vertebra which has moved from one position in an x-ray to another as shown in another x-ray when one of the x-rays has been laid over the top of the other?

Output: 1. Determine and mark the same two points on the vertebra on each of the two images of that vertebra._ (the two points should be as far apart from each other as possible)_ 2. Draw a line connecting the point on one image to the same point on the other image._ (do that for each of the two points selected on the vertebra)_ 3. Draw a perpendicular bisector through each of the two lines._ 4. The intersections of the two perpendicular bisectors is the center of rotation for that movement.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describe the location of the instantaneous centers of rotation of the movement of one lumbar relative to its lower neighbor in a healthy spine during flexion and extension:

Output: The various centers will tend to be localized in the disc between the two vertebra

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describe the location of the instantaneous centers of rotation of the movement of one lumbar relative to its lower neighbor in a biomechanically unstable spine during flexion and extension:

Output: The various centers will tend to be relatively spread out below the disc between the two vertebra

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Spinal stiffness is evaluated subjectively by motion palpation. What are two objective methods of quantifying spinal stiffness that we discussed in class?

Output: 1. Calculating Young's modulus from stress/strain data taken by pressing on the spine_ 2. Measuring the response to a ping on the spine (PulStar system)

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When the trunk is fully flexed, why do paraspinal muscles relax?

Output: Because the ligaments carry the load of supporting the weight - only when fully flexed_ (known as the flexion/relaxation phenomenon)

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How can the flexion/relaxation phenomenon be used to distinguish between normals and those with low back pain?

Output: Normals usually show a distinct relaxation of paraspinal muscles at full flexion - low back pain sufferers usually do not.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How and why does the length of the spine typically vary during the course of a 24 hour period?

Output: The spine is longer after sleeping because water is imbibed into the IVDs making them thicker (There is reduced load from your body weight on IVDs while you are horizontal)._ The spine is shortest just before going to bed because water is pushed out during the day when your are upright, putting more load (body weight) on the IVDs, making them thinner.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why shouldn't a truck driver hop out of his truck and begin manual unloading immediately after making a long run?

Output: His muscles have been conditioned to sitting and it takes a few minutes for them to adjust to effectively handle heavy loading.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does McGill think is the role of interabdominal pressure during heavy lifting?

Output: To prevent buckling of the spine (not to reduce pressure within the IVDs)

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the four possible roles of the lumbodorsal fascia as proposed by McGill?

Output: 1. spine extension via muscle attachments_ 2. retinaculum_ 3. "strapping"_ 4. provide support during lateral bending

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In regards to a proposed role of the lumbodorsal fascia, what is meant by "strapping"?

Output: Providing pressure on the extensor muscles of the spine to reduce bulging which increases the amount of force they can develop.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How is tensegrity defined?

Output: The use of tensile forces to maintain the integrity of a structure._ (it is a contraction of the words tensile and integrity)

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What explanation does McGill propose for why a seemingly trivial load within normal motions can sometimes lead to a back injury?

Output: It could be that the brain sends an inappropriate message to one or more muscles of the back, causing excessive contraction which could result in injury.

Palmer Biomechanics Module 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] clinical signs of scarlet fever

Output: strawberry tongue desquamation of skin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] clinical signs of strep pharyngitis

Output: pain on swallowing fever focal yellow exudates

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] post strep sequelae

Output: acute rheumatic fever acute glomerulonephritis

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] pathogenic mechanism of post strep sequelae

Output: autoimmunity

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] strep pyogenes characteristics

Output: gram positive cocci hemolysis on SBA sensitive to bacitracin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] strep pyogenes is uses what kind of respiration

Output: facultative anaerobe

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] strep pyogenes is sensitive to what antibiotic

Output: bacitracin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] important strep pyogenes structural virulence factors

Output: capsule peptidoglycan layer fibrils consisting of lipoteichoic acid and M protein

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] strep pyogenes attach to what in the respiratory tract

Output: mucosal epithelial cells via fibrils

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] strep pyogenes is plated on what type of medium

Output: sheep blood agar

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] two types of rapid strep tests

Output: rapid latex agglutination enzyme immunosorbent assay

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] % of positives that are really positive

Output: sensitivity

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] % of negatives that are really negative

Output: specificity

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] formula for sensitivity

Output: true pos/(true pos+false neg)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] formula for specificity

Output: true neg/(true neg+false pos)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] formula for PPV

Output: true pos/(true pos+false pos)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] formula for NPV

Output: true neg/(true neg+false neg)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] tx of strep pharyngitis

Output: penicillin G for 10 days macrolides (erythromycin) or cephalosporin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] tx failures in strep pharyngitis is usually caused by

Output: noncompliance beta-lactamase copathogen that protects strep

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] early tx (before day 2) causes what

Output: increased reinfection

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] reasons early tx of pharyngitis causes an increase in reinfection

Output: lack of Ig development less tissue penetration with antiobiotic

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] diptheria usually effects what population

Output: infants and children

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] diptheria is transmitted by

Output: air droplets

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] severe cases of diptheria can cause

Output: peripheral vascular collapse and death

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] clinical signs of diptheria

Output: pseudomembrane formation neck swelling (bull neck)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] corynebacterium diptheria characteristics

Output: club shaped appearance

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] stain for corynebacterium diptheria

Output: methylene blue

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] odor associated with corynebacterium diptheria

Output: garlic odor

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] virulence of diptheria is produced by what

Output: an AB toxin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] MOA of diptheria toxin

Output: blocks protein synthesis by ribosylating EF2

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] tx of diptheria

Output: penicillin

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] prevention of diptheria

Output: immunize with toxoid (DTap)

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: [etiology of scarlet fever] 2 main bacterial causes of pharyngitis

Output: strep pyogenes corynebacterium diptheria

Grp A strep infected with phage that induces production of erythrogenic toxin


Input: strawberry tongue desquamation of skin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: clinical signs of scarlet fever


Input: pain on swallowing fever focal yellow exudates [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: clinical signs of strep pharyngitis


Input: acute rheumatic fever acute glomerulonephritis [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: post strep sequelae


Input: autoimmunity [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: pathogenic mechanism of post strep sequelae


Input: gram positive cocci hemolysis on SBA sensitive to bacitracin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: strep pyogenes characteristics


Input: facultative anaerobe [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: strep pyogenes is uses what kind of respiration


Input: bacitracin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: strep pyogenes is sensitive to what antibiotic


Input: capsule peptidoglycan layer fibrils consisting of lipoteichoic acid and M protein [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: important strep pyogenes structural virulence factors


Input: mucosal epithelial cells via fibrils [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: strep pyogenes attach to what in the respiratory tract


Input: sheep blood agar [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: strep pyogenes is plated on what type of medium


Input: rapid latex agglutination enzyme immunosorbent assay [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: two types of rapid strep tests


Input: sensitivity [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: % of positives that are really positive


Input: specificity [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: % of negatives that are really negative


Input: true pos/(true pos+false neg) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: formula for sensitivity


Input: true neg/(true neg+false pos) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: formula for specificity


Input: true pos/(true pos+false pos) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: formula for PPV


Input: true neg/(true neg+false neg) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: formula for NPV


Input: penicillin G for 10 days macrolides (erythromycin) or cephalosporin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: tx of strep pharyngitis


Input: noncompliance beta-lactamase copathogen that protects strep [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: tx failures in strep pharyngitis is usually caused by


Input: increased reinfection [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: early tx (before day 2) causes what


Input: lack of Ig development less tissue penetration with antiobiotic [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: reasons early tx of pharyngitis causes an increase in reinfection


Input: infants and children [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: diptheria usually effects what population


Input: air droplets [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: diptheria is transmitted by


Input: peripheral vascular collapse and death [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: severe cases of diptheria can cause


Input: pseudomembrane formation neck swelling (bull neck) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: clinical signs of diptheria


Input: club shaped appearance [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: corynebacterium diptheria characteristics


Input: methylene blue [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: stain for corynebacterium diptheria


Input: garlic odor [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: odor associated with corynebacterium diptheria


Input: an AB toxin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: virulence of diptheria is produced by what


Input: blocks protein synthesis by ribosylating EF2 [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: MOA of diptheria toxin


Input: penicillin [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: tx of diptheria


Input: immunize with toxoid (DTap) [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: prevention of diptheria


Input: strep pyogenes corynebacterium diptheria [etiology of scarlet fever]

Output: 2 main bacterial causes of pharyngitis


Input: [burnout] diseases of adaptation

Output: Illnesses caused or worsened by stressors.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Output: A three-stage pattern of responses triggered by the effort to adapt to stressors.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] health care psychology (health psychology)

Output: A field focused on understanding how psychological factors affect health and illness and which interventions help maintain health and combat illness.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] health promotion

Output: The process of altering or eliminating behaviors that pose risks to health and, at the same time, fostering healthier behavior patterns.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] immune system

Output: The body’s first line of defense against invading substances and microorganisms.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Output: A pattern of adverse reactions following a traumatic event, commonly involving reexperiencing the event through nightmares or vivid memories.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] psychoneuroimmunology

Output: The field that examines the interaction of psychological and physiological processes affecting the body’s ability to defend itself against disease.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] social support

Output: The friends and social contacts on whom one can depend for help and support.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] stress

Output: The process of adjusting to circumstances that disrupt or threaten to disrupt a person’s daily functioning.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] stress Reactions

Output: Physical and psychological responses to stressors.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [burnout] stressors

Output: Events or situations to which people must adjust.

A pattern of physical and psychological dysfunctions in response to continuous stressors.


Input: [1] Ethnicity [2]

Output: the state of belonging to an ethnic group

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Race [2]

Output: a local geographical global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Immigration [2]

Output: the act of a person or persons who leaves one country to settle permanently in another

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Refugee [2]

Output: one who flees usually to another country for safety, especially from invasion, oppression, or persecution

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Forced Immigration [2]

Output: The act of sending people into a foreign country to live against their will

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Deport [2]

Output: To expel from a country

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Assimilation [2]

Output: The process whereby a group, as a minority, or immigrant people, gradually adopts the characteristics of another culture

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Homogeneity [2]

Output: The quality or state of being of the same or similar nature of kind.

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Demographic [2]

Output: The statistic science dealing with the distribution, density, vital statistics, ect. of human population.

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Acculturation [2]

Output: The process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture.

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Naturalization [2]

Output: 1) To confer the rights of citizenship upon. 2) To adapt or make common 3) To adapt to a new environment

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Prejudice [2]

Output: An opinion formed before the facts are known; preconceived idea

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Heritage [2]

Output: A) something handed down from ones ancestors B) The rights, burdens, or status resulting from being born in a certain time or place

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Visa [2]

Output: An endorsement or passport, showing that it has been examined by the proper officials of a country granting entry or passage.

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Citizenship [2]

Output: The rights, duties, and privileges of this status (possessing the rights, duties, and privileges)

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nationality [2]

Output: 1) National quality or character 2) The status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization.

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adaptation [1]

Output: I can be physical or behavioral. I am the gradual change of an organism to suit its environment.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] hibernation [1]

Output: I am a behavioral adaptation. I involve going into a deep sleep during periods when there is limited food.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] migration [1]

Output: I am a behavioral adaptation. I involve traveling long distances to warmer climates where there is more food.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] estivation [1]

Output: I am a behavioral adaptation. I allow organisms to escape the hot weather of summer.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] camouflage [1]

Output: I am a physical adaptation. I help organisms blend in with their surroundings so that predators cannot find them.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mimicry [1]

Output: I am a physical adaptation. I help animals survive by making them look like larger or more dangerous animals.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] instinct [1]

Output: I am a behavior that organisms do automatically. I do not need to be taught.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] food, water, air, and a suitable place to live [1]

Output: I am the things that all animals need in order to survive.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] behavioral adaptations [1]

Output: I am the types of activities an organism performs.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] physical adaptations [1]

Output: I am the charactersitics of an organism.

Life Processes - Science SOL 3.4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the state of belonging to an ethnic group [1]

Output: Ethnicity

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a local geographical global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics [1]

Output: Race

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the act of a person or persons who leaves one country to settle permanently in another [1]

Output: Immigration

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] one who flees usually to another country for safety, especially from invasion, oppression, or persecution [1]

Output: Refugee

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The act of sending people into a foreign country to live against their will [1]

Output: Forced Immigration

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] To expel from a country [1]

Output: Deport

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The process whereby a group, as a minority, or immigrant people, gradually adopts the characteristics of another culture [1]

Output: Assimilation

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The quality or state of being of the same or similar nature of kind. [1]

Output: Homogeneity

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The statistic science dealing with the distribution, density, vital statistics, ect. of human population. [1]

Output: Demographic

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture. [1]

Output: Acculturation

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 1) To confer the rights of citizenship upon. 2) To adapt or make common 3) To adapt to a new environment [1]

Output: Naturalization

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An opinion formed before the facts are known; preconceived idea [1]

Output: Prejudice

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A) something handed down from ones ancestors B) The rights, burdens, or status resulting from being born in a certain time or place [1]

Output: Heritage

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An endorsement or passport, showing that it has been examined by the proper officials of a country granting entry or passage. [1]

Output: Visa

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The rights, duties, and privileges of this status (possessing the rights, duties, and privileges) [1]

Output: Citizenship

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 1) National quality or character 2) The status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization. [1]

Output: Nationality

Social World Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Long, tangles strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus during interphase [Cell Wall]

Output: Chromatin

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cell nucleus that produces ribosome [Cell Wall]

Output: Nucleolus

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nonmembrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where enzymes and other proteins are assembled [Cell Wall]

Output: Ribosomes

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Clear, gelatinous fluid that suspends the cell`s organelles and is the site of numerous chemical reactions [Cell Wall]

Output: Cytoplasm

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Organelle with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in cytoplasm; site of cellular chemical reactions [Cell Wall]

Output: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Modifies proteins and sends them to their appropriate destinations [Cell Wall]

Output: Golgi apparatus

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Membrane-bound fluid-filled space in the cytoplasm of the plant cells used for temporary storage of materials [Cell Wall]

Output: Vacuoles

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Organelles that contains digestive enzymes [Cell Wall]

Output: Lysosomes

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Chlorophyll-containing cell organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists [Cell Wall]

Output: Chloroplast

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments [Cell Wall]

Output: Plastids

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Light-absorbing pigments in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis [Cell Wall]

Output: Chlorophyll

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules into ATP [Cell Wall]

Output: Mitochondria

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cellular framework found within the cytoplasm composed of microtubules and microfilaments [Cell Wall]

Output: Cytoskeleten

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thin, solid protein fibers that provide structural support [Cell Wall]

Output: Microfilaments

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thin, hollow cylinders made of proteins that provide structural support [Cell Wall]

Output: Microtubules

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Short, numerous, hairlike projections composed of pairs of microtubules [Cell Wall]

Output: Cilia

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Long, hairlike projections composed of pairs of microtubules [Cell Wall]

Output: Flagella

Cell Organelles Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions. [1]

Output: power

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] the right to use power [1]

Output: authority

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] political authority conferred by law, public opinion or constitution [1]

Output: legitimacy

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A term used to describe a political system in which the people are said to rule, directly or indirectly. [1]

Output: Democracy

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A political system in which all or most citizens participate directly bt either holding office or making policy. [1]

Output: direct or participation democracy

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An identifiable group of persons who posses a disproportionate share of some valued resource [1]

Output: Elite

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] People who believe that those who controlled the political one. [1]

Output: Marxists

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The appointed officials who operate government agencies from day to day [1]

Output: bureaucrats

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A theory that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy. [1]

Output: Pluralist

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a political system in which leaders and representatives acquire political power by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote. [1]

Output: representative democracy

AP GOPO CH.1 vocab Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What procedure must be followed in raising and lower- ing at half staff?

Output: one-half the distance between the top and bottom of the staff

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: National Ensign

Output: flag flown at stern of a ship

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: How does heraldry influence the placing and handling of the American flag?

Output: displayed at all ceremonies holidays, polling stations, and whenever decided by president

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: National Flag

Output: symbolizes Nation

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom


Input: Union Jack

Output: flag consisting entirely of a union

NJROTC Military Customs and Courtesies Flashcards - Cram.com

signifies people dedicated to liberty, justice and freedom