Input: A study conducted over a long period of time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior. [Social psychology]

Output: Longitudinal study

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A problem that arises when the participant, rather than the investigator, selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of a relationship difficult. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-selection

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated and that is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. [Social psychology]

Output: Independent variable

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated) and that is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. [Social psychology]

Output: Dependent variable

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Assigning participants in experimental research to different groups randomly, such that they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another. [Social psychology]

Output: Random assignment

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable. [Social psychology]

Output: Control condition

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Naturally occurring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions. [Social psychology]

Output: Natural experiments

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An experimental setup that closely resembles real-life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such conditions. [Social psychology]

Output: External validity

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An experiment set up in the real world, usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind. [Social psychology]

Output: Field experiment

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In experimental research, confidence that it is the manipulated variable only that could have produced the results. [Social psychology]

Output: Internal validity

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants straightforwardly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so forth. In later versions, debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied. [Social psychology]

Output: Debriefing

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The degree to which the particular way we measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results [Social psychology]

Output: Reliability

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict. [Social psychology]

Output: Measurement validity

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Science concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect in the world. [Social psychology]

Output: Basic science

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Science concerned with solving some real-world problem of importance [Social psychology]

Output: Applied science

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Efforts to change people’s behavior. [Social psychology]

Output: Interventions

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research [Social psychology]

Output: Institutional review board (IRB)

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Participants’ willingness to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all relevant aspects about the procedure of study [Social psychology]

Output: Informed consent

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them. [Social psychology]

Output: Deception research

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Consistent ways that people think, feel, and act across classes of situations. [Social psychology]

Output: Traits

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) that psychologists believe are the basic building blocks of personality. [Social psychology]

Output: Five-factor model

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The degree to which traits or physical characteristics are determined by genes and hence inherited from parents. [Social psychology]

Output: Heritability

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Twins who originate from a single fertilized egg that splits into two exact replicas that then develop into two genetically identical individuals. [Social psychology]

Output: Monozygotic (indentical) twins

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Twins who originate from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm cells [Social psychology]

Output: Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A principle that maintains that siblings develop into quite different people so that they can peacefully occupy different niches within the family environment. [Social psychology]

Output: Diversification

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The hypothesis that we identify what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition. [Social psychology]

Output: Distinctiveness hypothesis

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The hypothesis that we compare ourselves to other people in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities, and internal states. [Social psychology]

Output: Social comparison theory

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Beliefs about our own personality traits, abilities, attributes, preferences, tastes, and talents. [Social psychology]

Output: Personal beliefs

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Beliefs about the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups. [Social psychology]

Output: Social self-beliefs

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Beliefs about our identities in specific relationships. [Social psychology]

Output: Relational self-beliefs

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Our identity and beliefs as they relate to the social categories to which we belong. [Social psychology]

Output: Collective self-beliefs

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is integrated into our self-knowledge. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-reference effect

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Knowledge-based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others’ views about the self. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-schemas

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to judge other people’s personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to our own personality. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-image bias

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hypothetical selves we aspire to be in the future. [Social psychology]

Output: Possible selves

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A theory that appropriate behavior is motivated by cultural and moral standards regarding the ideal self and the ought self. Violations of those standards produce emotions such as guilt and shame. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-discrepancy theory

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The self we truly believe ourselves to be. [Social psychology]

Output: Actual self

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The self that embodies the wishes and aspirations we and other people maintain about us. [Social psychology]

Output: Ideal self

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A sensitivity to positive outcomes, approach-related behavior, and cheerful emotions that result if we are living up to our ideals and aspirations. [Social psychology]

Output: Promotion focus

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands we feel we are compelled to honor. [Social psychology]

Output: Ought Self

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A sensitivity to negative outcomes often motivated by a desire to live up to our ought self and to avoid the guilt or anxiety that results when we fail to live up to our sense of what we ought to do. [Social psychology]

Output: Prevention focus

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A state produced by acts of self-control, where we don’t have the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self-control. [Social psychology]

Output: Ego depletion

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The positive or negative overall evaluation that we have of ourselves. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-esteem

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The enduring level of confidence and regard that people have for their defining abilities and characteristics across time. [Social psychology]

Output: Trait self-esteem

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The dynamic, changeable self-evaluations that are experienced as momentary feelings about the self. [Social psychology]

Output: State self-esteem

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An account of self-esteem maintaining that self-esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth. [Social psychology]

Output: Contingencies of self-worth

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to define the self in terms of many domains and attributes. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-complexity

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A hypothesis that maintains that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which we are included or looked on favorably by others. [Social psychology]

Output: Sociometer hypothesis

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A model that maintains that we are motivated to view ourselves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes: reflection and social comparison. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-evaluation maintenance model

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A theory that holds that we strive for stable, accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give us a sense of coherence. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-verification theory

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Customary facial expressions, posture, gait, clothes, haircuts, and body decorations, which signal to others important facets of our identity and, by implication, how we are to be treated and construed by others. [Social psychology]

Output: Identity cues

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Presenting who we would like others to believe we are. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-presentation

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attempting to control the beliefs other people have of us. [Social psychology]

Output: Impression management

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Who we want others to think we are. [Social psychology]

Output: Face

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Our awareness of what other people think about us [Social psychology]

Output: Public self-consciousness

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Our awareness of our interior lives [Social psychology]

Output: Private self-consciousness

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency for people to monitor their behavior in such a way that it fits the demands of the current situation. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-monitoring

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviors in order to prevent others from drawing unwanted attributions about the self as a result of poor performance. [Social psychology]

Output: Self-handicapping

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The statements we make that we intend to be taken literally. [Social psychology]

Output: On-record communication

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Indirect and ambiguous communication that allows us to hint at ideas and meanings that are not explicit in the words we utter. [Social psychology]

Output: Off-record communication

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An umbrella term used to describe a set of theoretical accounts of how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that person’s causal assessments have [Social psychology]

Output: Attribution theory

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Linking an instance of behavior to a cause, whether the behavior is our own or someone else’s [Social psychology]

Output: Causal attributions

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A person’s habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific [Social psychology]

Output: Explanatory style

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The idea that we should attribute behavior to potential causes that co-occur with the behavior [Social psychology]

Output: Covariation principle

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Refers to what most people would do in a given situation [Social psychology]

Output: Consensus

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Refers to what an individual does in different situations [Social psychology]

Output: Distinctiveness

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Refers to what an individual does in a given situation on different occasions [Social psychology]

Output: Consistency

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The idea that we should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behavior if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it [Social psychology]

Output: Discounting principle

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the idea that we should assign greater weight to a particular cause of a behavior if there are other causes present that normally would produce the opposite outcome. [Social psychology]

Output: Augmentation principle

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened “if only” something had been done differently. [Social psychology]

Output: Counterfactual thoughts

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening [Social psychology]

Output: Emotional amplification

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, but to attribute success and other good events to oneself [Social psychology]

Output: Self-serving bias

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to believe that a behavior is due to a person’s disposition, even when there are situational forces present that are sufficient to explain the behavior [Social psychology]

Output: Fundamental attribution error

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. [Social psychology]

Output: Just world hypothesis

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A difference in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment: the actor (who is relatively disposed to make situational attributions) or the observer (who is relatively disposed to make dispositional attributions) [Social psychology]

Output: Actor-observer difference

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences [Social psychology]

Output: Pluralistic ignorance

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Vivid recollections of the moment one learned some dramatic, emotionally charged news. [Social psychology]

Output: Flashbulb memories

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Emphasizing important or more interesting elements in telling a story to someone else. [Social psychology]

Output: Sharpening

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Eliminating or deemphasizing seemingly less important details when telling a story to someone else. [Social psychology]

Output: Leveling

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The disproportionate influence on judgment of information presented first in a body of information [Social psychology]

Output: Primacy effect

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The disproportionate influence on judgment of information presented last in a body of evidence [Social psychology]

Output: Recency effect

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented, including the order of presentation [Social psychology]

Output: Framing effect

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it [Social psychology]

Output: Confirmation bias

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: “Data-driven” mental processing, in which one takes in and forms conclusions on the basis of the stimuli encountered in one’s experience [Social psychology]

Output: Bottom-up processes

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: “Theory-driven” mental processing, in which one filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations [Social psychology]

Output: Top-down processes

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Coherent configurations (known as schemas, scripts, frames, prototypes, or personae) in which related information is stored together [Social psychology]

Output: Knowledge structures

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information [Social psychology]

Output: Schema

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Filing information away in memory based on what information is attended to and the initial interpretation of the information [Social psychology]

Output: Encoding

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The extraction of information from memory [Social psychology]

Output: Retrieval

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Below the threshold of conscious awareness [Social psychology]

Output: Subliminal

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a variety of judgments quickly and efficiently [Social psychology]

Output: Heuristics

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on the ease with which pertinent instances are brought to mind. [Social psychology]

Output: Availability heuristic

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The process whereby judgments of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes or between cause and effect [Social psychology]

Output: Representativeness heuristic

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The feeling of ease associated with processing information [Social psychology]

Output: Fluency

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Information about the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in a population [Social psychology]

Output: Base-rate information

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a project [Social psychology]

Output: Planning fallacy

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not [Social psychology]

Output: Illusory correlation

Social Psychology I Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Archetypes] Behavioral genetics

Output: An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Behaviorism

Output: A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Biopsychosocial model

Output: A model of illness that holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Collective unconscious

Output: According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Compensation

Output: According to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Conflict

Output: A state that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Conscious

Output: Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Defense mechanisms

Output: Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Displacement

Output: Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Drive

Output: An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Ego

Output: According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Extraverts

Output: People who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Factor analysis

Output: Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Fixation

Output: According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Frustration

Output: The feeling that people experience in any situation in which their pursuit of some goal is thwarted.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] 1. Health psychology

Output: The subfield of psychology concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Hierarchy of needs

Output: Maslow's systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Hindsight bias

Output: The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Id

Output: According to Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Identification

Output: Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Incongruence

Output: The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Introverts

Output: People who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Model

Output: A person whose behavior is observed by another.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Motivated forgetting

Output: Purposeful suppression of memories.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Need for self-actualization

Output: The need to fulfill one's potential.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Oedipal complex

Output: According to Freud, children's manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Person perception

Output: The process of forming impressions of others.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Personal unconscious

Output: According to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Personality tests

Output: Psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Personality trait

Output: A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Phenomenological approach

Output: The assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Pleasure principle

Output: According to Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Preconscious

Output: According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Projection

Output: Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Projective tests

Output: Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Psychoanalytic theory

Output: A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Psychodynamic theories

Output: All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Psychosexual stages

Output: According to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Punishment

Output: An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Rationalization

Output: Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Reaction formation

Output: Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Reality principle

Output: According to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Reciprocal determinism

Output: The assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Regression

Output: A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Rehearsal

Output: The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be stored in memory.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Reinforcement contingencies

Output: The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Reliability

Output: The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques).

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Repression

Output: Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Response set

Output: A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-actualizing persons

Output: People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-concept

Output: A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-efficacy

Output: One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-esteem

Output: A person's overall assessment of her or his personal adequacy or worth.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-monitoring

Output: The degree to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Self-report inventories

Output: Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Sensation seeking

Output: A generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Social desirability bias

Output: A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Striving for superiority

Output: According to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Superego

Output: According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [Archetypes] Unconscious

Output: According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.


Input: [1] Most frequently fractured bone of body [2]

Output: Clavicle

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Most frequently dislocated carpal bone [2]

Output: Lunate

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Most frequently fractured carpal bone [2]

Output: Scaphoid

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Osseous structure palpated deep to “anatomical snuff box” [2]

Output: Scaphoid

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fracture of distal radius that produces “dinner fork” appearance [2]

Output: Colles’ fracture

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve injured with fracture of surgical neck of humerus [2]

Output: Axillary

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve injured with fracture of shaft of humerus [2]

Output: Radial

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve injured that results in wrist drop [2]

Output: Radial

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyle [2]

Output: Ulnar

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Muscle that is the chief flexor and chief extensor at shoulder joint [2]

Output: Deltoid

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Muscles innervated by axillary nerve [2]

Output: Deltoid and teres minor

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Muscle that initiates abduction of arm [2]

Output: Supraspinatus

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff [2]

Output: Supraspinatus

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Two muscles that rotate scapula for full abduction of arm [2]

Output: Trapezius and serratus anterior

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tendon that courses through shoulder joint [2]

Output: Long head of biceps

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Chief supinator muscle of hand [2]

Output: Biceps brachii

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Primary (major) flexor of the forearm [2]

Output: Brachialis

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Orientation of structures located in the cubital fossa-Lateral to Medial [2]

Output: Tendon biceps brachii, brachial a., median n.

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Injury to what nerve causes winged scapula [2]

Output: Long thoracic nerve

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Spinal levels of axillary nerve [2]

Output: C5 and C6

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Spinal levels of innervation to muscles of the hand [2]

Output: C8 and T1

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Dermatome of thumb [2]

Output: C6

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve to thenar compartment [2]

Output: Recurrent branch of Median

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Innervation of adductor pollicis [2]

Output: Ulnar (deep br.)

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Innervation to all interosseous muscles [2]

Output: Ulnar (deep br.)

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Innervation to nail bed of middle finger [2]

Output: Median nerve

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Innervation to nail bed of ring finger [2]

Output: Ulnar and median

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Region affected by upper trunk injury of brachial plexus (C5-C6) [2]

Output: Shoulder

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Region affected by lower trunk injury of brachial plexus (C8-T1) [2]

Output: Intrinsic hand muscles

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve compressed with carpal tunnel syndrome [2]

Output: Median

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve affected by cubital tunnel syndrome [2]

Output: Ulnar

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Paralysis of which muscles results in total “claw” hand [2]

Output: Lumbricals

anatomy one liners (upper limb) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [access v., n.] account n. [C] an arrangement that users have with a company that allows them to use the Internet for certain purposes [3]

Output: Just open a personal email account with a reliable address. * Internet account * email account


Input: [access v., n.] add-on (also plug-in) n. [C] an optional product designed to complement another application, for example a ‘solver’ in Excel [3]

Output: This product is an add-on for Firefox with a lot of features and extras.


Input: [access v., n.] analogue (AmE analog) a. (of a measured value) taking any value between a maximum and a minimum [3]

Output: Computers require modems to turn signals from digital to analogue and vice versa. * analogue signal


Input: [access v., n.] animate v. to display a sequence of images in a computer program to give the impression of motion [3]

Output: Professionals use animated slides only very sparingly in a business presentation.


Input: [access v., n.] animation n. [C] a sequence of images in a computer program giving the impression of motion [3]

Output: There are many software applications that enable you to create animations. * computer animation


Input: [access v., n.] applet n. [C] a small program which is run from within another application, for example from within a browser or a website [3]

Output: Unlike an application, applets cannot be executed directly by the operating system.


Input: [access v., n.] application (also app) n. [C] a program or a group of programs that performs a particular task for the user, i.e. a word-processor or a spreadsheet [3]

Output: Teachers make great use of standard applications in their history lessons. * application software * hosted application


Input: [access v., n.] artificial intelligence (AI), n. [U] the ability of a computer to copy intelligent human behaviour in finding a solution to a problem [3]

Output: Some researchers think that AI has the objective to put the human mind into the computer.


Input: [access v., n.] asymmetric (also asymmetrical) a. (of data transmission) differing downstream bit rate and upstream bit rate; or relating to public-key cryptography [3]

Output: Asymmetric key encryption uses different keys for encryption/decryption. * asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)


Input: [access v., n.] attach v. to link a file to an electronic message, for example to an email [3]

Output: I attach a copy of her report. * Please find attached my cover letter and CV.


Input: [access v., n.] attachment n. [C] a file that is linked to an electronic message, for example to an email [3]

Output: Users should not casually open attachments, especially if the emails have originated from an unknown source.


Input: [access v., n.] authentication n. [U] proof of identity as a security measure that requires users to securely verify who they are [3]

Output: This is a server that does not require authentication. * biometric authentication


Input: [access v., n.] avatar n. [C] a graphical representation of a person on a computer screen, especially in a computer game or chat room [3]

Output: In most computer games you can create your own digital avatar.


Input: [access v., n.] backbone n. [C] a high-speed line or a series of connections to which smaller, local lines connect [3]

Output: While Internet traffic soared by over 50 percent in the last decade, worldwide backbone capacity grew even faster.


Input: [access v., n.] bandwidth n. [U] the amount of data that can be sent through a network connection at any one time [3]

Output: How much bandwidth do you need for your VoIP calls? * to reduce/increase bandwidth


Input: [access v., n.] barcode n. [C] a coded pattern of thick and thin bars with varying spaces in between for recognition by a scanner [3]

Output: There's more than one kind of barcode in use around the world. *barcode scanner/reader


Input: [access v., n.] beta test n. [C] a test for a computer product given to customers prior to commercial release, often preceded by a round of alpha testing [3]

Output: The beta test of the software is now available for downloading. * beta software * beta version


Input: [access v., n.] binary a. pertaining to a numbering system that has 2 as its base and uses only two digits, 0 and 1, for its notation [3]

Output: This reduces the vulnerability to attacks, since users can no longer enter binary data. * binary code * binary digit (bit)


Input: [access v., n.] blogger n. [C] a writer who updates a publicly accessible Web page that serves as a personal journal for any subject [3]

Output: The blogger refused to withdraw his post.


Input: [access v., n.] bot (also robot) n. [C] a software app, e.g. a spider, that runs without human intervention to perform repetitive tasks on the Internet [3]

Output: Bots can be employed against ticketing sites to buy up as many good seats for a concert as possible.


Input: [access v., n.] browse v. to use a software application to look for and read documents on the Internet that are written in HTML-code [3]

Output: During break time and at the end of the activity the children could browse the Internet while supervised.


Input: [access v., n.] browser n. [C] a software application that is used to look for and read documents on the Internet [3]

Output: Once the resource has been retrieved on the Internet, the web browser will display it. * Web browser * Internet browser


Input: [access v., n.] bug (also glitch) n. [C] an error in software or the chip layout that causes repeated malfunctions [3]

Output: Most bugs arise from mistakes made by people in either a program's source code or its design. * Y2k bug


Input: [access v., n.] built-in a. included as part of an application and accessible by end-users [3]

Output: Most spreadsheet applications support a built-in SUM function that adds up all cells in a row or column.


Input: [access v., n.] bus n. [C] a set of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer system to another [3]

Output: A bus has a clock speed measured in MHz. * A 16-bit bus transmits 16 bits of data at a time. * internal bus * data bus


Input: [access v., n.] business-to-business (B2B) a. relating to business software that enables companies to exchange services, information or products online [3]

Output: The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.


Input: [access v., n.] business-to-consumer (B2C) a. relating to business software that enables companies and consumers to exchange services, information or products online [3]

Output: In a supply chain there is only one B2C transaction, the sale of the finished product to the end customer.


Input: [access v., n.] byte n. [C] a unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits [3]

Output: Each character requires one byte of storage space.


Input: [access v., n.] cache n., v. [C] a temporary high-speed storage area for copies of data that is often needed while a program is running [3]

Output: The computer first checks the internal cache. * internal (also: memory) cache * external (also: disk) cache


Input: [access v., n.] card n. [C] the part inside a computer to which chips are attached, allowing the computer to do specific things [3]

Output: expansion card * graphics card* soundcard * videocard


Input: [access v., n.] checker (also check) n. [C] a software tool or online service that you use to check things, e.g. grammar and spelling [3]

Output: My mailing program doesn't have a built-in spell checker. * grammar checker * spell checker *link checker


Input: [access v., n.] checkout button n. [C] a small square in a dialog box that you can click to leave a Web site [3]

Output: Please access the payment section by clicking on the checkout button.


Input: [access v., n.] chipset n. [C] a group of integrated circuits (chips) that are used together to perform a specific function [3]

Output: My new chipset seems to be performing consistently slower than the older one. * chipset driver


Input: [access v., n.] client n. [C] a workstation or a software program a personal computer, both of which rely on a server to perform certain tasks [3]

Output: How do you log in to a client workstation? client/server * thin client * fat client


Input: [access v., n.] clipboard n. [C] a special memory area (buffer) which is used to transfer text or graphics within a document or between documents [3]

Output: When you paste a block of text, the word processor copies it from the clipboard to its final destination in the document.


Input: [access v., n.] collaboration software (also groupware) n. [U] software designed to help people to work together on a project with computers [3]

Output: We offer collaboration software to enable concurrent and distributed engineering on larger projects.


Input: [access v., n.] command n. [C] an instruction given to the computer by means of keyboard, mouse or voice command [3]

Output: How do execute the startup command for this program? * command initiator * command receiver


Input: [access v., n.] compatible a. (of software and hardware) (~ with) able to work together [3]

Output: Software must be compatible with the hardware it is used with. * fully backward compatible * forward compatible


Input: [access v., n.] compiler n. [C] a computer program that translates a high-level programming language into machine code [3]

Output: The program fed into the compiler is called the source program.


Input: [access v., n.] compress v. to code data in a format that takes up less space and is faster to transmit [3]

Output: Graphics can be compressed to 10 percent of their original size.


Input: [access v., n.] compression n. [U] the act of coding data in a format that takes up less space and is faster to transmit [3]

Output: Compression can be applied to data files, images, audio, or video. * data compression


Input: [access v., n.] computer-aided a. using computer systems as aids for special purposes [3]

Output: Computer-aided design (CAD) is used to design figures in 2- or 3-dimensional space. * computer-aided learning (CAL)


Input: [access v., n.] computer (also cyber) forensics n. a branch of forensic science pertaining to legal evidence found in computers and digital storage media [3]

Output: Today cyber forensics is offered as courses at many colleges and universities worldwide.


Input: [access v., n.] computerize v. to store in, to equip with or to control by means of computers [3]

Output: Our operations have been fully computerized.


Input: [access v., n.] computer-literate a. being able to use a computer well [3]

Output: These days, all our students are computer-literate.


Input: [access v., n.] configuration n. [C] the way a computer or network is set up to meet the user’s requirements, or the setup of the hard-/software components [3]

Output: I changed the configuration by resetting the parameters. * configuration management


Input: [access v., n.] configure v. to set up a program or computer system for a particular use [3]

Output: A computer can be configured differently for different uses.


Input: [access v., n.] connect v. (~ to) to link up a computer with the Internet or a computer network [3]

Output: The school is not connected to the Internet yet. * connect time


Input: [access v., n.] connectivity n. [U] a program or device's ability to link with other programs and devices [3]

Output: Laptop computers, many of which have difficulty linking into a network, have poor connectivity.


Input: [access v., n.] convergence n. [U] merging two or more disparate technologies by incorporating, for example, digicams and Web browsers into PDAs [3]

Output: There is increasing interaction and convergence between the Internet and mobile phones. * digital convergence


Input: [access v., n.] corrupt v. to damage a computer file in such a way that the information in it is no longer correct [3]

Output: The new application seems to have corrupted the system files.


Input: [access v., n.] crack v. to break into a computer system or to copy software illegally by breaking copy-protection and registration techniques [3]

Output: Some people claim that they can crack any password in five minutes.


Input: [access v., n.] crawler (also spider) n. [C] a program that collects and indexes Web pages and the references linked to them [3]

Output: Crawlers are often deployed by search engines.


Input: [access v., n.] cursor n. [C] a small mark that can be moved around a computer screen to show exactly where you are working [3]

Output: This key moves the cursor to the end of the line.


Input: [access v., n.] customize v. to adapt a program or application to suit the needs of the owner [3]

Output: Our company will customize the software for you.


Input: [access v., n.] cyber prefix related to the new things that have been made possible by computer systems or the Internet [3]

Output: cybercafé * cybercrime * cybershopping * cyberspace * cyberstalking * cyberterrorism


Input: [access v., n.] data mining n. [U] the process of extracting hidden patterns from a group of data that can be used to predict future behaviour [3]

Output: New advances in data mining techniques are leading to deep web searches. * data mining


Input: [access v., n.] data transfer rate (DTR) n. [C] the speed at which data can be transmitted from one device to another [3]

Output: Please note that a data transfer rate of at least 511 kbit/s is required to access the live broadcast.


Input: [access v., n.] data warehousing n. the combination of many different databases which come from different parts of a business and which are stored together [3]

Output: Data warehousing functions prevent you from having to invest in additional business intelligence tools.


Input: [access v., n.] debug v. to find and remove the errors in a computer program [3]

Output: If you get error messages here you have to debug the source code.


Input: [access v., n.] decompress (also expand) v. to change a compressed file back to its original size [3]

Output: Do you know how to decompress this archived file?


Input: [access v., n.] decrypt v. to change encrypted data back to its original form [3]

Output: The receiver uses his private key to decrypt the secure message.


Input: [access v., n.] defragment v. to put all the parts of a file together in one location, which reduces the time the computer needs to load it into memory [3]

Output: I’m afraid I don’t know to defragment my hard drive.


Input: [access v., n.] desktop [C] a computer screen which represents an office desktop and shows the icons of the programs ready for use [3]

Output: You can arrange the icons on the electronic desktop just like real objects on a real desktop. * desktop publishing


Input: [access v., n.] dial-up a. using traditional copper telephone lines with analogue signals to connect a computer to a network [3]

Output: As dial-up access utilizes normal telephone lines, data rates are limited. * dial-up connection


Input: [access v., n.] dialogue (AmE also dialog) box n. [C] a special window on a screen allowing the user to communicate with the computer by entering information or setting options [3]

Output: The parent window is sometimes frozen when the dialog box opens.


Input: [access v., n.] digit n. [C] any number from 0 to 9 [3]

Output: The binary system represents all numbers using only two digits: 1 and 0.


Input: [access v., n.] digital a. using a series of the digits one and zero to receive and send information by means of an electronic signal that is either on or off [3]

Output: All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally. * digital art * digital camera * digital certificate


Input: [access v., n.] digitize v. to convert analogue information into a digital form that can be read and processed by a computer [3]

Output: Unpublished text documents are being digitized by libraries and archives.


Input: [access v., n.] directory (also folder) n. [C] a virtual container used to organize other directories and files in a hierarchical structure [3]

Output: It’s impossible to read information from this directory. * root directory * source directory * subdirectory


Input: [access v., n.] disable v. to turn off an optional software item, making it non-functional [3]

Output: When a check box doesn’t contain a checkmark, the function is "disabled," i.e. it is turned off and not active.


Input: [access v., n.] domain n. [C] a part of the Internet that is owned by an organization or person, where they can upload files or access email [3]

Output: We will register the domain, if it has not already been registered for someone else. * domain name * top-level domain


Input: [access v., n.] down a. (of a computer or computer system) not working and not ready for use [3]

Output: Either there are network problems or the server is down for maintenance. * downtime


Input: [access v., n.] drive n. [C] a hardware device that reads and writes information on disks, CDs or tapes [3]

Output: A disk drive rotates the disk very fast and has one or more heads. * hard drive * portable hard drive


Input: [access v., n.] driver (also device driver) n. [C] software that allows an operating system to communicate with a hardware or peripheral device [3]

Output: You may need to load a new driver when you connect the device to your computer. * printer driver * keyboard driver


Input: [access v., n.] e prefix related to something that is done on or involves the Internet [3]

Output: e-book * e-business * e-commerce * email * e-tailer


Input: [access v., n.] embed v. to insert an object into a file or an Internet page in such a way that it is no longer linked to the source document [3]

Output: Why don’t you embed this YouTube video in your blog?


Input: [access v., n.] emulation n. [U] the ability of one computer to work in the same way as another computer; e.g. an Apple computer acting like a PC [3]

Output: The efficient wafer operation provides for optimal emulation of third party software.


Input: [access v., n.] enable v. to turn on an optional software item to make it functional [3]

Output: Please put a check in the box to enable the spell checker.


Input: [access v., n.] encrypt v. to put data in a secret code so that only someone with the right key can read it [3]

Output: Sensitive banking data is encrypted before being sent to another subsidiary.


Input: [access v., n.] encryption n. [U] the act of putting data in a secret code so it is unreadable except by authorized users [3]

Output: We use state-of-the-art 128-bit encryption whenever you make a deposit with us.


Input: [access v., n.] engine n. a program or service on the Internet that allows users to search for files and information [3]

Output: Google has long established itself as the search engine of choice.


Input: [access v., n.] enterprise resource planning (ERP) n. [U] a system to manage all the information and functions of a business or company from shared data stores [3]

Output: Resource optimization through the use of ERP software has boomed in recent years.


Input: [access v., n.] error message n. [C] a message that communicates to the user that the computer cannot carry out an instruction, or there is some other problem [3]

Output: You’ll have to call our hotline if you get that error message again.


Input: [access v., n.] execute v. to make a program or command happen or work [3]

Output: Our home computer failed to execute the last series of updates. * to execute a program * to execute a command


Input: [access v., n.] expandable a. relating to a compressed file that can be returned to its original size [3]

Output: It’ll take hours to get these expandable files running again.


Input: [access v., n.] expert system n. [C] a computer system that is programmed to imitate the problem-solving procedures that a human expert makes [3]

Output: The success of an expert system depends on the quality of the data provided to the computer.


Input: [access v., n.] field n. [C] a specified area, within a database record, used for a particular category or item, for example, Name, City, Zip Code [3]

Output: A field may have a specific number of characters or may vary.


Input: [access v., n.] file n. [C] a block of information in the form of bytes, stored together on a computer or external storage device, and given a name [3]

Output: If the file is protected by a password, you are asked to enter this password. * file name * file share site * file server;


Input: [access v., n.] firewall n. [C] a system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between the Internet and another network/workstation [3]

Output: Please check whether or not you have a firewall installed and, if so, whether it may be blocking access to the portal.


Input: [access v., n.] flash n. a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions like a combination of RAM and ROM [3]

Output: Flash memory cards are small and used in PDAs, digital cameras, cell phones, printers, etc. * flash drive * flash memory.


Input: [access v., n.] fragmentation n. [U] breaking a file into parts to store the data in whatever disk areas are available [3]

Output: In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used inefficiently.


Input: [access v., n.] fuzzy a. (of a computer program or system) designed to deal with data which is imprecise or has uncertain boundaries [3]

Output: A fuzzy search can be useful when the user is not sure of the spelling. * fuzzy logic * fuzzy technology


Input: [access v., n.] gateway n. a hardware or software setup that provides access to other systems or networks with differing protocols [3]

Output: Prodigy has a gateway that translates between its internal e-mail format and the Internet. * a gateway to the Internet


Input: [access v., n.] grid computing n. [U] applying the resources of many computers in a network to solve or work on the same problem simultaneously [3]

Output: Grid computing can be used for very large tasks that require an enormous amount of computing power.


Input: [access v., n.] hack v. to use ingenuity and creativity to solve computer programming problems or to overcome the limitations of a system [3]

Output: Last week he hacked into the company's central database.


Input: [access v., n.] hand-held a. relating to electronic devices that have been designed so that they can be held and used easily with one or two hands [3]

Output: Hand-held scanners are less expensive than desktop scanners, but require a steady hand to get a clear image.


Input: [access v., n.] hands-free a. relating to electronic devices that are mostly without touch [3]

Output: Hands-free wireless phones allow users to talk and listen to calls without holding the phone against their head.


Input: [access v., n.] headset n. [C] a headphone combined with a microphone [3]

Output: Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation.


Input: [access v., n.] help desk n. [C] the place in a network or organisation where users ask questions or report problems with hardware or software [3]

Output: The help desk operators provide help directly or pass requests on to technical support staff. * help desk technician


Input: [access v., n.] high-end a. relating to the highest level of development of a device, usually implying premium price [3]

Output: High-end computers today will be largely obsolete in two years.


Input: [access v., n.] high-speed a. relating to the transmission of data at high speeds over ordinary copper telephone wires or fibre wires [3]

Output: Most multi-user gaming events require high-speed networks.


Input: [access v., n.] home page n. [C] the main page of a Web site to which the others are linked [3]

Output: The landing page from a Google search may not always be the home page.


Input: [access v., n.] hotspot n. [C] a wireless LAN access point or a spot in a website that contains a hyperlink [3]

Output: Most users find hotspots by mining the screen with roll-over. * wireless hotspot


Input: [access v., n.] hub n. a central device that connects several computers together or several networks together [3]

Output: A passive hub may simply forward messages; an active hub amplifies or refreshes the stream of data.


Input: [access v., n.] hyper prefix beyond the usual size or limits [3]

Output: hyperlink * hypermedia * hypertext


Input: [access v., n.] identity theft n. [U] a form of Internet fraud that involves someone pretending to be someone else in order to steal money or gain other benefits [3]

Output: Identity theft is a major concern for online security.


Input: [access v., n.] icon n. [C] a small picture on the screen which represents a computer application, a file etc. [3]

Output: Files and programs have icons which open when the user double-clicks on the icon.


Input: [access v., n.] information (super-) highway n. [C, usually sing.] the use of the internet as a means to connect sources of information worldwide [3]

Output: The information superhighway, once a dream, is now threatening us with overflowing traffic.


Input: [access v., n.] intelligent agent n. [C] a computer utility program that uses AI to perform tasks such as retrieving and delivering information [3]

Output: Intelligent agents are capable of autonomous action when searching through your email program.


Input: [access v., n.] interactive a. relating to computer programs that accept input from the user while they are running [3]

Output: The opposite of interactive processing is batch p., where all the commands are given before the program starts to run.


Input: [access v., n.] interconnected a. relating to a system of mutually linked devices or systems [3]

Output: Creating a system of interconnected devices is the next great challenge.


Input: [access v., n.] interface n. [C] a shared boundary or common point for interaction between hardware and hardware or between a human and a computer [3]

Output: The user-friendly interface is combined with a set of algorithms. * graphical user interface * virtual interface


Input: [access v., n.] intrusion n. [C] any set of actions that attempt to undermine the integrity, confidentiality or availability of a resource. [3]

Output: Intrusion detection has become a lucrative sector of IT security. * Intrusion Detection System (IDS).


Input: [access v., n.] Internet Protocol (IP) n. [C] a part of TCP/IP, which is used to route a data packet from its source to its destination over the Internet [3]

Output: The system is protected by https, a secure internet protocol. * IP address * Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)


Input: [access v., n.] kernel n. [C] the essential part of a program or operating system that performs the basic functions [3]

Output: My new netbook runs on a Linux kernel.


Input: [access v., n.] log in (also on) v. to access a computer system, often by means of a password [3]

Output: You need a password to log on to your home page.


Input: [access v., n.] log off (also out) v. to perform the routine to finish using a computer system [3]

Output: You’ve got to log out before switching the computer off.


Input: [access v., n.] low-end a. relating to a basic level of development of a device, usually implying a cheap price [3]

Output: Many users are happy with low-end computers that offer data processing and internet access.


Input: [access v., n.] magnetic stripe card n. [C] a type of card which stores data by modifying the magnetism on a band of magnetic material. [3]

Output: Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards, and transportation tickets.


Input: [access v., n.] mainframe n. [C] a large and powerful computer that can support hundreds, or even thousands, of users at the same time [3]

Output: Their mainframe computer is located in an air-cooled bunker below the earth.


Input: [access v., n.] markup language n. [C] a language that has codes for indicating the layout and styling of a file, such as italics, paragraphs, insertion of graphics [3]

Output: Exact instructions for a markup language have to be followed.


Input: [access v., n.] media player n. [C] application software for playing multimedia files, including both audio and video files [3]

Output: The current market for media players has been captured by RealPlayer.


Input: [access v., n.] memory n. [C] he working space used by the computer to hold the program that is currently running, along with the data it needs [3]

Output: The information is then stored in the computer's memory. * read only memory (ROM) * random access memory (RAM)


Input: [access v., n.] memory stick n. [C] a removable device with a flash memory card format [3]

Output: Insert the memory stick into a USB port of your PC and copy the file onto the memory stick.


Input: [access v., n.] merge v. to combine two files in such a way that the resulting file has the same organization as the two original files [3]

Output: This is a tool for comparing and merging files and folders. * mail merge * print merge


Input: [access v., n.] micro prefix extremely small [3]

Output: microchip * microcomputer * micro–electronics * microprocessor


Input: [access v., n.] modem n. a device for transmitting data over a telephone line, which converts analogue signals to digital signals and vice versa [3]

Output: To enable you to surf the internet, your computer has to set up a connection via the modem.


Input: [access v., n.] motherboard n. [C] the main circuit board that everything plugs into and that contains the CPU, the busses, memory sockets, etc. [3]

Output: Additional boards, called daughter boards, can be plugged into the motherboard.


Input: [access v., n.] multi prefix many or much, more than one [3]

Output: multimedia * multi-player * multitasking


Input: [access v., n.] nano prefix indicating extreme smallness: one billionth part of a unit [3]

Output: nanobot * nanocomputer * nanotechnology


Input: [access v., n.] net suffix related to the Internet [3]

Output: Ethernet * extranet * Internet * intranet


Input: [access v., n.] netiquette n. [U] the rules of correct or polite behaviour for the Internet, especially in forums and chatrooms [3]

Output: ‘No Flaming’ is the most commonly breached rule of netiquette.


Input: [access v., n.] netizen n. [C] someone who uses the Internet frequently and in a responsible way [3]

Output: Many netizens face a crack down at the hands of the authorities who see their internet activities as dangerous dissent.


Input: [access v., n.] network n. [C] a group of interconnected computers, including the hardware and software used to connect them [3]

Output: The office network allows users to share files and to use a central printer.* local area network (LAN)


Input: [access v., n.] neural a. (of a computers) able to "learn" from experience, used in applications such as speech recognition and medical diagnosis [3]

Output: The bank is using neural networks to assess credit risks.* neural network * neural computer


Input: [access v., n.] newsgroup n. [C] a discussion group on the Internet which is focused on a particular topic [3]

Output: There are thousands of newsgroups on different subjects.


Input: [access v., n.] nickname n. [C] a pseudonym users give themselves, either to protect their identity or to create an online presence [3]

Output: Everyone in this newsgroup goes by several nicknames.


Input: [access v., n.] node n. [C] an interconnection point on a computer network where numerous lines come together at the same switch [3]

Output: Intrusions are often attempted at a network’s most vulnerable node.


Input: [access v., n.] object-oriented a. related to an approach to programming in which each data item with the operations used on it is designated as an object [3]

Output: To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language like Java or C++.


Input: [access v., n.] offline a. not connected to the computer and not turned on; or not connected to a computer network or the Internet [3]

Output: Our computers are offline for one hour each day.


Input: [access v., n.] ontology n. [C] a model for describing the world that consists of a objects or concepts, their properties and their relationships [3]

Output: The essential knowledge about the domain will be made available to the agents by means of an ontology.


Input: [access v., n.] operating system n. [C] the main control program of a computer that schedules tasks, manages storage, and handles peripherals [3]

Output: The application is running under a full, general-purpose operating system.


Input: [access v., n.] packet n. [C] a piece of a message that is formatted for transmission on a network and includes its source and destination in the header [3]

Output: The data packets related to a message are reassembled once they have arrived at their destination. * packet switching


Input: [access v., n.] password n. [C] a secret sequence of letters and other symbols for authentication to log into a computer system [3]

Output: When a user enters a password, it appears as a line of asterisks ******* so no one can read it.


Input: [access v., n.] path n. [C] the exact directions to a file on a computer, usually described by means of the hierarchical filing system [3]

Output: Once again, I forgot to print the path on my document and can’t find it anymore.


Input: [access v., n.] personal digital assistant (PDA) n. [C] an kind of handheld and palm-sized PC, electronic organizer, smartphone, or pager [3]

Output: PDAs can usually store phone numbers, appointments, and to-do lists.


Input: [access v., n.] peer n. [C] a computer in a communications network where any computer on the network can be a client and/or server [3]

Output: Any computer can access files on any other computer in a peer-to-peer network. * peer-to-peer (P2P)


Input: [access v., n.] peripheral n. [C] any piece of hardware connected to a computer, or any part of the computer outside the CPU and working memory [3]

Output: Adding extra servers, peripherals or users can be trivial, but this gets much harder as the network grows.


Input: [access v., n.] phishing n. [U] the practice of tricking a user into giving away personal information into a fake form on the Internet [3]

Output: The program can be used to block malicious phishing and virus-infected webpages.


Input: [access v., n.] piracy n. [U] the unauthorized copying of copyrighted software or media for personal or commercial use. [3]

Output: Piracy has become a serious issue for the entertainment industry. * Internet piracy


Input: [access v., n.] platform n. the hardware and/or operating system on which a program runs [3]

Output: The platform used is an Intel yy processor running DOS version xx.


Input: [access v., n.] pointer n. [C] a symbol displayed on the computer screen that is moved by means of a mouse, stylus, trackball, etc. [3]

Output: The pointer can be used to locate a specific point or object on the screen, to select and move objects, etc.


Input: [access v., n.] portal n. [C] a site that is intended to be the point of entry to the Web [3]

Output: Decision makers are choosing our portal as their favourite source of online information. * Internet portal * Web portal


Input: [access v., n.] printer n. [C] a peripheral that prints text or illustrations on paper; essential to have if you want a hard copy of your work [3]

Output: There are four types of printers on the market: dot matrix, inkjet, bubble jet and laser.


Input: [access v., n.] printout (also: hard copy) n. [C] a printed version of text or data from a computer [3]

Output: Printouts contradict the notion of a paperless office.


Input: [access v., n.] processor (also Central Processing Unit or CPU) n. [C] the central part of a computer system that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions [3]

Output: The work to be handled by the processor is shared across all the cores.


Input: [access v., n.] programmable a. able to accept instructions for automatic operation or computer processing [3]

Output: Properly using a programmable thermostat in your home is one of the easiest ways to save energy?


Input: [access v., n.] proprietary (also closed) a. relating to a product which is privately owned and controlled; in the computer industry, proprietary is the opposite of open [3]

Output: Do you have the proprietary rights to the data? * proprietary software


Input: [access v., n.] quantum computing n. [U] applying the principles of quantum mechanics to computer technology to make computers of the future much faster [3]

Output: Quantum computing is not well suited for tasks such as word processing and email.


Input: [access v., n.] radio frequency identification (RFID) n. [U] the use of an object (RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product or person for identification using radio waves [3]

Output: RFID systems can be used just about anywhere, from clothing tags to missiles. * RFID tag


Input: [access v., n.] real-time a. relating to changing data that is processed fast enough to control its source; or referring to events simulated in real-life speed. [3]

Output: They developed a real-time missile guidance system for the defence industry.


Input: [access v., n.] recognition n. [U] the process by which an electronic device recognizes acoustic or printed or written letters or numbers. [3]

Output: He developed software for the recognition of receipts. * optical character recognition (OCR) * speech recognition


Input: [access v., n.] record n. [C] in a database, a group of fields that make up one complete entry [3]

Output: A record about a customer might contain fields for name, address, telephone, etc.


Input: [access v., n.] recovery n. [U] the restoration of corrupted data resulting from damaged disks, viruses, power spikes, and other problems [3]

Output: This program improves backup and recovery of critical data. * disaster recovery * file recovery program


Input: [access v., n.] refresh (also reload) v. to update the screen with new data that has arrived since you first began looking at it [3]

Output: Display monitors must be refreshed many times per second. * refresh rate * refresh button


Input: [access v., n.] retrieve v. to find and bring back stored data, so that it can be displayed on the screen and processed [3]

Output: Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently.


Input: [access v., n.] rewritable a. able to be rewritten many times; for example, storage media such as optical disks and magnetic tapes [3]

Output: Most people choose to burn the file on a rewritable CD ("CD-RW") * rewritable optical disc


Input: [access v., n.] rip v. (~ to) to convert and copy sounds or pictures from a DVD or CD onto a computer [3]

Output: How do I rip a DVD movie to my hard drive?


Input: [access v., n.] router n. [C] a device that sends data packets through networks; located at gateways, where two or more networks connect [3]

Output: Do I as need to install a hardware router, or is software protection enough? * to configure a router


Input: [access v., n.] scan v. (~ into) to pass light over a picture or document in order to copy and store it in the memory of a computer [3]

Output: How do I scan a photo and attach it to an email? Can you scan the text into the computer?


Input: [access v., n.] screen n. [C] a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shown [3]

Output: Write the letter on the computer to make changes easily on screen. * screen saver * screen shot * touch screen


Input: [access v., n.] script n. [C] a series of commands that can be executed without user interaction [3]

Output: Did an error in the script cause the malfunction?


Input: [access v., n.] seamless a. relating to sth done so smoothly that you cannot tell where one thing stops and the next begins [3]

Output: The seamless integration of data, text, images and sound is enabled. * seamless IT infrastructure


Input: [access v., n.] searchable a. (of computer files and database) containing information organized in such way that it can be found using a computer [3]

Output: The CD contains 200 fully searchable film clips. * a searchable database


Input: [access v., n.] semiconductor n. [C] a material like silicon, which partially allows electricity to move through it, or an electronic device made from this material [3]

Output: Semiconductors make it possible to miniaturize electronic components, such as transistors.


Input: [access v., n.] serial a. designed to transfer data sequentially, i.e. one data bit after another [3]

Output: Average serial cables become unreliable after the first 3 to 4 meters. * serial number * serial port


Input: [access v., n.] server n. [C] a software program that controls or supplies information to several clients connected in a network [3]

Output: Cookies contain information that is sent back to the server the next time you visit it online. * proxy server * mail server


Input: [access v., n.] sideload v. referring to the process of transferring data between two local devices, especially between a computer and a mobile device [3]

Output: The launch of Apple’s iTunes store brought sideloading to the masses.


Input: [access v., n.] simulation n. [C] imitating a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas; for example weather conditions or chemical reactions [3]

Output: Simulations are also used to test new theories. * real-time simulation


Input: [access v., n.] snail mail n. [C] regular postal service mail, which is slower than electronic mail [3]

Output: For customers there are monthly lists with new releases and special offers, sent by snail mail or e-mail.


Input: [access v., n.] source code n. [C] the original form in which a computer program is written before it is translated into machine code [3]

Output: Source code is the only program format that is readable by humans. * open-source


Input: [access v., n.] spreadsheet n. [C] an application that is used to perform automatic calculations on changing data [3]

Output: Each location in a spreadsheet is called a cell, and each cell has a number, such as A3, B4, etc.


Input: [access v., n.] standalone n. [C] a computer that works on its own without being part of a network [3]

Output: The various applications are architecturally autonomous and can also be used separately as standalone solutions.


Input: [access v., n.] storage n. [U] the process of placing, holding and retrieving data on a computer [3]

Output: I have the rights of reproduction and storage. * storage device * data storage * storage and retrieval of information


Input: [access v., n.] stylus n. [C] a pen-like pointing and writing device for the screens on handheld computers [3]

Output: Using a stylus, you can navigate the menu by touching icons on the screen.


Input: [access v., n.] surf v. to navigate through cyberspace like a surfer riding the top of a wave [3]

Output: The new open-source operating system would primarily make it easier to surf the Internet * to surf the Web


Input: [access v., n.] swipe v. to move a card with information stored on a magnetic stripe through a device to read this information [3]

Output: The cash register only opens once the card has been swiped.


Input: [access v., n.] synchronization (also sync or synch) n. [U] harmonizing a single set of data between two or more devices, automatically copying changes back and forth [3]

Output: The network facilitates fail-proof synchronization of the databases in both computer centres. * in sync * out of sync


Input: [access v., n.] tablet n. [C] a device for entering drawings, sketches or handwriting into a computer by means of an LCD screen and a stylus [3]

Output: They are capturing now signatures on the display of a tablet. * graphics tablet * digitizing tablet * tablet PC


Input: [access v., n.] tele prefix relating to long distance [3]

Output: telecommunications * telecommuter * teleconferencing * teletext * teleworking


Input: [access v., n.] terminal n. a piece of equipment, consisting of at least a keyboard and a screen that joins a user to the central computer network [3]

Output: This connectivity option is suitable for participants who already have a Bloomberg terminal.


Input: [access v., n.] thumbnail n. [C] a miniature display on a computer screen which shows you what a larger picture will look [3]

Output: Please click on the thumbnail to view a larger version of the image.


Input: [access v., n.] tool n. [C] a small helper program that performs a specific non-routine task, such as adding a graphic [3]

Output: The collaboration tool supports this exchange of information. * toolbar


Input: [access v., n.] topology n. [C] a map or plan showing the arrangement and interlinking of computers in a network [3]

Output: What’s the network topology that a potential client will reside in? * bus topology * ring topology * star topology


Input: [access v., n.] transmit v. to send data from one point to another by means of radio waves or along a transmission line [3]

Output: Dial-up modems utilize traditional copper phone lines to transmit analogue signals. * to transmit data


Input: [access v., n.] transmission n. [C] sending data from one point to another by means of radio waves or along a transmission line [3]

Output: The company markets fibre optic capacity for the transmission of data. * (a-)synchronous transmission


Input: [access v., n.] trojan horse n. [C] a destructive program that masquerades as a benign application containing additional hidden code [3]

Output: Using social engineering techniques, the Trojan horse could be disguised as a game or a handy new utility.


Input: [access v., n.] troubleshoot v. to isolate the source of a problem which is suspected to be hardware-related and fix it [3]

Output: Your hardware manufacturer will troubleshoot any driver installation problems.


Input: [access v., n.] unauthorized a. trying to access a network or a computer without the official permission [3]

Output: Can we prevent any unauthorized access from other people or software programs?


Input: [access v., n.] unformatted a. relating to a disk or a file which is not ready for use and unorganized [3]

Output: Unformatted text can be created using Notepad. * an unformatted disk


Input: [access v., n.] uninstall v. to remove an application from a computer by removing all the files that were added when the application was initially installed [3]

Output: Before you install the new version, you must first uninstall your current version.


Input: [access v., n.] uninterruptible power supply (UPS) n. [C] a power supply that includes a battery to maintain power in case of a power failure [3]

Output: A built-in uninterruptable power supply (UPS) and an automatic backup function ensure that data is not lost.


Input: [access v., n.] up a. (of a computer or computer system) working and ready for use [3]

Output: My new computer is finally up and running properly. * uptime


Input: [access v., n.] username n. [C] an individual name used to gain access to a computer system, also part of an email address before the @ symbol [3]

Output: Usernames, and often passwords, are required in multi-user systems.


Input: [access v., n.] utility n. [C] a small helper program that performs a specific routine task, such as examining or copying files [3]

Output: Open the utility for decompressing files, select the compressed, and specify where you want to save it.


Input: [access v., n.] virtual a. existing on a computer or on the Internet, rather than in the real world [3]

Output: We tested the control measures in virtual form before implementing them in practice. virtual office * virtual reality


Input: [access v., n.] volatile a. relating to memory or storage devices that lose their content when the power is shut off [3]

Output: The main memory (RAM) of the computer is volatile memory. * non-volatile memory * volatile storage


Input: [access v., n.] ware combining form relating to computer programs and devices [3]

Output: adware * freeware * groupware * hardware * malware * shareware * software * spyware


Input: [access v., n.] watermark n. [C] a unique inaudible code inserted into a digital file that identifies the owner or the first person who legally purchased the file [3]

Output: Do you want to protect your audio files with a watermark?


Input: [access v., n.] wiki n. [C] a collaborative construction engine on the Web which allows any user to add and edit content [3]

Output: How can I put links to other pages in my own wiki entry? * Wikipedia


Input: [access v., n.] wild card n. [C] a symbol that can represent any single or group of numbers or letters in operating systems and applications [3]

Output: Wild card characters can be included if similar words should be looked for within the same search.


Input: [access v., n.] window n. [C] a subdivision of a computer display screen, each of which can run a different program or display different data [3]

Output: In a graphical interface, windows can be opened, closed, and moved around on the screen. * active window


Input: [access v., n.] wireframe n. [C] a computer visualization of a three-dimensional image showing the outlines of all edges in a transparent drawing [3]

Output: The output consists of a wireframe structure that can be imported directly into the program.


Input: [access v., n.] wireless a. relating to any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver [3]

Output: The wireless network consists of several access points and is available throughout the building. * wireless hotspot


Input: [access v., n.] wizard n. [C] a tool within an application that helps you use the application by giving you a series of simple choices [3]

Output: A letter wizard within a word processing application leads you through the steps of producing an appropriate letter.


Input: [access v., n.] word processor n. [C] a program or computer that you use for writing letters and other documents [3]

Output: WordStar was the first commercially successful word processing software program produced for microcomputers.


Input: [access v., n.] World Wide Web (also web) n. [C] a part of the Internet, featuring a combination of information retrieval and hypertext techniques [3]

Output: The information was subsequently prepared for publication on the web. * webmaster * web page * website


Input: [access v., n.] workstation n. [C] a terminal or personal computer for one person to work at [3]

Output: Journalists are entitled to all the necessary information and a workstation in the press room.


Input: [access v., n.] worm n. [C] a program that can make copies of itself and destroy information on computers that are connected to each other [3]

Output: What if my computer gets infected by a virus or worm?


Input: The Recording system Bona Fide Purchaser

Output: One who (a) purchases the property for value (remits substantial pecuniary consideration), and (b) without notice that someone else got there first. Bargain deals count, as long as there is some consideration  Recording statutes don’t protect donee’s heirs/devises, unless the shelter rule applies.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: The Reocording System Notice

Output: AIR Actual notice- second purchaser has literal knowledge of first purchasers existence. Inquiry notice- (constructive notice) whether second purchaser looks or not, second purchaser is on inquiry notice of whatever an examination of the estate would show. Buyer of real estate has a duty to inspect before title of transfer to see whether anyone else is in possession. If another is in possession, second purchaser has inquiry notice whether they inspected or not. (if they didn’t and another is in possession, they can no longer claim to be BFP). •If a recorded instrument makes reference to an unrecorded transaction, grantee is on inquiry notice of whatever a reasonable follow up would show. Record notice- (constructive notice). If first deed was recorded properly in the chain of title. (here, results may vary depending on whether it’s a race-notice jurisdiction). The first purchaser’s recording, puts later buyers on record notice, and will defeat BFP status

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: The Recording System Example recording statutes

Output: Notice- “interest in land shall not be valid against subsequent purchaser for value, without notice thereof, unless the conveyance is recorded.” Race-notice: …without notice thereof, whose conveyance is first recorded.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgage How to create a mortgage

Output: A mortgage is the creation of security interest in land intended by the parties to be collateral for the repayment of a debt. Need: (1) a debt, and (2) a voluntary transfer of a security interest in debtors land to secure the debt. Typically must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgage: the equitable mortgage

Output: Where the specific property is collateral for the debt. Parole evidence is admissible to show the parties true intent. If a creditor sells it on, the buyer becomes the owner, the other owners only remedy is to sue for fraud and recover the proceeds of the sale. Also called deed, note, mortgage deed, sale leaseback, security interest in land.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgage Once created- what are the parties rights?

Output: Unless and until foreclosure, debtor-mortgagor has title and right to possession. Creditor-mortgagee has a lien. All parties to a mortgage can transfer their interest •Mortgage automatically follows a properly transferred note. •Creditor-mortgagee can transfer his interest by: (1) endorsing the note and delivering to transferee, and (2) executing a separate document of assignment. oIf note endorsed and delivered the transferee is eligible to become a holder in due course. This means he takes the note free of any personal defenses that could be raised against original creditor. (lack of consideration, fraud in inducement, unconscionability, waiver, estoppel). Holder may foreclose the mortgage despite presence of any personal defense. The holder in due course is still subject to real defenses that the maker might raise. (Mad fifi4th)

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgages real defenses for a holder in due course.

Output: Material Alteration Duress Fraud in the factum- a lie about the instrument. Incapacity Illegality Infancy Insolvency

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgages What is a holder in due course

Output: oThe note must be negotiable, made payable to the named mortgagee oThe original note must be indorsed, signed by the named mortgagee oThe original note must be delivered to the transferee. A photocopy is not acceptable. oTransferee must take the note in good faith without notice of any illegality and oThe transferee must pay value for the note, meaning some amount that is more than nominal.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Mortgage who is personally liable if debtor-mortgagor sells property?

Output: if buyer assumed the mortgage: owner and buyer personally liable. Buyery primarily owner secondarily. If Buyer takes subject to the mortgage: only onwer is perosnally liable, but if reocreded, the mortgage reamins on the land thus, if owner does not pay the mortgage may be foreclsosed.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: foreclosure

Output: Must foreclose by proper judicial proceeding. At foreclosure the land is sold. The sale proceeds go to satisfying the debt.  If the proceeds are less than the amount owed, bring deficiency action. If there is a surplus, junior liens paid off- in order of priority, then remainder to debtor. Each claimant being paid in full. Off the top: attorneys fees, expenses of foreclosure, any accrued interest in mortgages.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.