Input: [abstract words] steps in preparing a persuasive speech

Output: determine topic, position statement, and type of speech, analyze audience attitudes toward your position, prepare a rough-draft outline of main points and needed information, research your topic, select the best supporting materials, determine how best to organize your main points, plan the intro and conclusion, make preparation outline and speaking notes, prepare visual aids, rehearse your speech

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] analogical reasoning

Output: occurs when you compare a familiar example with an unfamiliar one

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] begging the question

Output: a type of circular reasong; it asserts that somethign is because it is

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] boomerang effect

Output: means that fewer people agree with the speaker at the end of the speech than before it

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] causal reasoning

Output: occurs when you imply a causal link between two items

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] dynamism

Output: a speaking style characterized by forcefulness, enthusiasm and good vocal variety

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] Elaboration Likelihood Model

Output: indicates which of two routes for processing arguements audience members will likely use

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] evidence

Output: consists of factual statements and opinions originating from sources other than the speaker

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] fallacious reasoning

Output: false of faulty reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] fear appeal

Output: appeals that are designed to arouse negative emotions

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] hasty generalization

Output: occurs when a conclusion is based on too few examples or on isolated examples more common thatn inductive reasoning

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] inoculation theory

Output: inoculating a listener against opposing ideas is similar to inoculating a person against a disease

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] logic

Output: logos the study of orderly thinking, the sequence and connection of thoughts and ideas as they relate to one another

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] nonfluency

Output: inaccurate articulation, vocalized pauses and unnecessary repetition of words

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] post hoc

Output: after the fact occurs when the speaker claims a causal relationship simply because one event followed another event

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] slippery slope

Output: occurs when a speaker asserts that taking a particular step will lead to a seriouis and undesirable consequence, and does not provide adequate evidence to support the assertion

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] social judgement theory

Output: explains how people evaluate messages based on internal anchors (past experiences)-- the more ego involved we are with a social issue or topic, the more likely our judgements will be influenced by an internal anchor

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] Logical reasoning

Output: deductive and inductive, analogical and causal

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [abstract words] basic elements of credibiliity

Output: trustworthiness, competency, dynamism

Public Speaking Chaptes 11, 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

describe intangible concepts that are difficult to picture


Input: [biogeography] common descent with modification

Output: The process by which species of living things undergo modification in successive generations, with such modification sometimes resulting in the formation of new, separate species.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] natural selection

Output: A process in which the differential adaptation of organisms to their environment selects those traits that will be passed on with greater frequency from one generation to the next.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] modern synthesis

Output: The unified evolutionary theory that resulted from the convergence of several lines of biological research between 1937 and 1950.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] radiometric dating

Output: A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radioactive elements within them. The age of fossils can be determined with this technique.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] morphology

Output: The physical form of an organism.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] embryology

Output: The study of how animals develop from fertilization to birth.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: [biogeography] homologous

Output: In anatomy, having the same structure owing to inheritance from a common ancestor. Forelimb structures in whales, bats, cats, and gorillas are homologous.

Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com

The geographic distribution of living things.


Input: high, low [what is water potential?]

Output: What always flow from area of ___ potential to areas of ___ potential

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The movement of water when water potential differences within a series are contrasted [what is water potential?]

Output: What is the water potential gradient?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Osmosis, solute/osmotic potential, Turgor pressure, pressure potential [what is water potential?]

Output: What factors affect water potential?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The diffusion of water across membranes in response to differences in water potential [what is water potential?]

Output: What is osmosis?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pressure potential + solute potential [what is water potential?]

Output: How do you calculate water potential?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: difference in solute concentrations between two cells [what is water potential?]

Output: What is solute/osmotic pressure?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The force of the cell membrane swelling and pushing against the cell wall [what is water potential?]

Output: What is turgor pressure?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the sum of all the types of pressures on water [what is water potential?]

Output: What is pressure potential?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unit of measurement for pressure [what is water potential?]

Output: What is a megapascal (MPa)?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks [what is water potential?]

Output: If the water potential in the space that surrounds a cell drops. What which direction will the water go and what will the cell do?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Because water movies along the water potential gradient [what is water potential?]

Output: Why do plants tend to gain water from the soil and lose it to the atmosphere?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Water is carried up a tree through the xylem tissue in a process called transpiration. Constant evaporation from the leaf creates a flow of water from root to shoot. The roots of a tree absorb the vast majority of water that a tree needs. The properties of cohesion and adhesion allow the water to move up a tree regardless of its height. Cohesion allows the individual water molecules to stick together in one continuous stream. Adhesion permits the water molecules to adhere to the cellulose molecules in the walls of xylem cells. When the water reaches a leaf, water is evaporated, thus allowing additional water molecules to be drawn up through the tree. [what is water potential?]

Output: How does water move up a tree?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: transmembrane route, apoplast, symplast [what is water potential?]

Output: What are the three ways that water can reach the vascular tissue?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It prevents water from creeping through the walls of the enodermal cells [what is water potential?]

Output: What is the Casparian strip?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: endodermi [what is water potential?]

Output: What is responsible for Root pressure?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Water droplets forced out of leaves [what is water potential?]

Output: what is guttation?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Surface tension, adhesion, cohesion [what is water potential?]

Output: How does water move in the capillaries? (three forces)

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Downward pull that exist on water molecules at an air-water interface [what is water potential?]

Output: What is surface tension?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the attraction of unlike molecules [what is water potential?]

Output: What is adhesion?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mutual attractions amoung like molecules, [what is water potential?]

Output: What is cohesion?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: They shrink [what is water potential?]

Output: According to the Cohesion-Tension Theory what happens to tree trunks because of water tension?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It does not require the expenditure of energy [what is water potential?]

Output: What is the most important features of the cohesion-tension theory?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1 Thick cuticule on the upper surface of the leaves 2. Several layers of epidermis 3. stomata located in deep pits on the undersides of leaves. [what is water potential?]

Output: How does a plant do to limit water loss?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Each stoma has two bean shaped guard cells which have thich inner walls.During daytime, they get filled with water, due to which they bulge out and thus open. At nightime, they lose the water. Hence, they lose their turgidity and close. [what is water potential?]

Output: How do the stomata open and close?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: plants open their stomata at night and store the CO2 that diffuse into their tissues by adding organic acides [what is water potential?]

Output: What is Crassulacean acid metabolism?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The movement of sugars through a plant [what is water potential?]

Output: What is translocation?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a tissue where sugar exits the phloem [what is water potential?]

Output: What is a sink?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The perforated end wall [what is water potential?]

Output: What is a sieve plate?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The events at source tissues and at sink tissues create a steep pressure potential gradient [what is water potential?]

Output: What is the pressure flow hypothesis?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport [what is water potential?]

Output: How is sucrose and other solutes transported across Membranes?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a mass movement of molecules along a pressure gradient [what is water potential?]

Output: What is bulk flow?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: phloem loading [what is water potential?]

Output: How are sugars concentrated in Sieve-tube members at sources?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sugar is loaded into sieve-tube elements against a concentration gradient [what is water potential?]

Output: That is phloem loading?

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [supply] planned supply

Output: the amount producers plan to produce at each given price

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [supply] actual supply

Output: the amount that producers in fact produce. This may differ from planned supply for a variety of reasons such as breakdowns in production, staff absences, etc.

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [supply] market supply

Output: the sum of all individual firm's supply curves at each given price

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [supply] extension in supply

Output: when there is an increase in supply because the market price has risen

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [supply] contraction in supply

Output: when the amount offered for sale is reduced because the price level has fallen

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [supply] joint supply

Output: when the production of one good also results in the production of another

Chapter 3 Supply in a Market Flashcards - Cram.com

the amount offered for sale at each given price level


Input: [synapse] temporal summation

Output: time- repeates stimulation from ONE presynaptic neuron occuring within a breif period of time

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] spatial summation

Output: cummulative effect upon a postsynaptic neuron of SIMULTANEAUS STIMULATIO FROM SEVERAL presynaptic neurons

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] loewi found that...

Output: frog experiment led to finding that synaptic transmissons are chemical

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] neurotrasmitters

Output: chemicals which relese from presynaptic neuron that diffuse across the synapse

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Output: graded dpolarization of a neuron that occurs when the active sodium gates open for a brief period of time. Sodium ions rush into the neuron and a positive charge moves across the neural membrane via electronic flow toward the axon hillock

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] Decromental

Output: loosing strength as it travels-flow is electronic

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] graded

Output: stronger stim=stonger sxcitation weaker stim= weaker excitation

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Output: graded hyperpolarization of neuron happens when active potassium or chlorine gates to open for a breif period of time. potassium leaves. leads to a negative charge moving across the neural membrane

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] spontaneus firing rate

Output: the ability of a neuron to produce an action potential without synaptic input. In this case, EPSPs ans IPSPs increase or decrease the spontaneous firing of the neuron

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] vesicles

Output: spherical shped packet where neurotransmtters are stored on the axon terminal

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] microtubules

Output: transporter of nerotransmitters from cell body to axon terminal

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] exocytosis

Output: out of the cell, during this the vesicles move to the neural membrane and rupture spilling the neurotransmitters intos the synaptic gap/cleft

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] ionotrophic effects

Output: nuerotransmitter binds to a receptor causing the immediate opening of an ion gate super fast directly effects ion

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: [synapse] metabotrophic effects

Output: effects metabolism most prevalent type of effect neurotasmitter binds to a receptor and alters the configuration of the rest of the receptor protein; enabling a portion of the protein inside the neuron to reac with other molecules slower longer lasting often depend on the actions of seconf messangers

physio test 2 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

a microscopic (nanometer) gap where communication occurs through chmicals called neurotransmitters


Input: Anticholinergics

Output: used to decrease parasympathetic responses porduced by anesthetic drugs

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Sympathetic nervous sustem

Output: Stimulation produces responses for fight or flight

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Synapse

Output: Space between nerve endings and receptor

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Parasympathetic response

Output: Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine Increased saliva and tear production Pupils contract heart rate slows decreased blood pressure bronchi constrict increased gastroingestinal motility and secretions

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Receptor

Output: Site stimulated to respond when it reveives neurotransmitter from nerve endind (on muscles, nerve, glands)


Input: Sympathetic responses

Output: Neurotransmitter = Norepinephrine decreased saliva and tear preoduction pupils dilate heart rate speeds up increased blood pressure bronchi dilate decreased motility and secretions

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: neurotransmitter

Output: Chemical that is released from nerve ending and travels across synbapse, stimulating receptor

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Parasympathetic nervous sustem

Output: Stimulation produces responses for all ik relax situations (calming effects)

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Atropine: derived from deadly nightshade plant

Output: cheap onset 20 min - sq 10-15 min IM (more vasculature) duration 60 min after SQ reduces tear secteation avoid in animals with rapid heart rates - fat dogs and thin cats produces thick mucous airwau sectetions (cats and neonates) produces GI activity (ileus in equines and bovines) Crosses placental barrier (avoid in C-sections signs of everdose tachycardia, peripheral casodilation (red as a beet) dru mucous membranes/thirst (dry as a bone) Hyperthermia (hot as a pistol) Excitement, dilated pupils (mad as a hatter)

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Glycopyrrolate: effects similar to atropine; costs more

Output: Longer duration (2-3 hrs_ milder effects does not cross placental barrier (use more)

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Sedatives/Tranquilizers

Output: uses: calming effect smooth induction and recovery, reduce the amount of general anesthetic required, prevent excitatory effects of some aneshtetics in some species

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Phenothaizines- Ace[romazine

Output: most commonly used preanesthetic sedative in veterinary medicine- advantages - not controled sedation lasting 2-8 hrs Im antiemetic antiarrythmic - protects heart against epinephrine precautions - no analgesic effect, prolapse of third eyelid vasodilation - avoid in hypotensice patient admin: IM< SQ< oral, IV with caution - onset 15 min IM

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: Benzodiazepines

Output: used in combination with induction agents adv: mild calming effect, ecellent muscle relaxation, prevent sezures, minimal cardiac and respiratory depression precautions; may cause excitement when used alone

To Calm or sedate: smooth induction and recovery To reduce or eliminate adverse effects of general anesthetics to reduce the ammount of general anesthetic required to decrease pain during and after surgery


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the purines?

Output: Adenine and Guanine

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the pyramidines?

Output: Thymine and cytosine

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Diffusion

Output: Matter moving from high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What determines osmotic pressure?

Output: the solute concentration.

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What is the cell membrane also called in a cell?

Output: phospholipid bilayer

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Differentiate between passive and active transporters

Output: passive trasporters travel from a low solute concentration to high solute concentration while active transporters go against the natural flow.

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which carbohydrate was released in bone from cellular respiration?

Output: glycogen

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What waste is produced from aerobic respiration?

Output: CO2 and H2O

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What waste is produced from anaerobic respiration?

Output: Lactic acid

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which makes more ATP: Anaerobic or Aerobic respiration?

Output: Aerobic Respiration

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which molecules are involved in ionic bonds?

Output: Inorganic molecules

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which molecules are involved in Covalent bonds?

Output: Organic molecules

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What is characteristic about hydrogen bonds?

Output: they are weak

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define anabolism

Output: Storing energy and synthesizing

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Catabolism

Output: Breaking down by releasing energy

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Enzyme

Output: 3-D proteins that are organic catalysts

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What is lactose made up of?

Output: glucose and galactose

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What 2 monosacharrides make up sucrose?

Output: glucose and fructose

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the building blocks of proteins?

Output: amino acids

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Output: monosacharrides

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the building blocks of lipids?

Output: fatty acids and glycerol

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Output: nucleotide

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What make up nucleotides?

Output: Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Acids

Output: Donates H ions

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Bases

Output: Accepts H ions

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Salt

Output: Doesn't accept or donate H ions

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] If the pH is higher then what does that say about the number of hydrogen ions?

Output: There are less Hydrogen ions

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define Buffer

Output: Substance that prevents rapid change in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?

Output: To produce ATP

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What elements are in proteins?

Output: N,H,C,O

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Why is an amino acid able to be used as a buffer?

Output: Because the carboxyl group can donate a hydrogen ion and NH2 can accept a hydrogen ion

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Where are peptide bonds formed?

Output: at ribosomes with amino acids

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which functional groups are present in amino acids?

Output: amines and carboxyl groups

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Which substances can be used to denature proteins?

Output: heat, acid, base, gold, mercury, alcohol, lead.

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Define denature

Output: To change the 3-D shape of a protein and therefore change the function.

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Describe the steps of protein synthesis

Output: DNA->mRNA->tRNA->protein

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] What is the lipid's function at the cellular level?

Output: Used as structural material

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] WHat make up lipids?

Output: Fatty acids and glycerol

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Where is the DNA located in the cell?

Output: Nucleus

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: [Define osmosis] Is a lipid organic?

Output: YES

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.


Input: Narcotic opiod agonist analgesic controlled substance C-II given IM: rapid onset, peaks at 30-60 minutes, 4-5 hr duration given IV: immediate onset, peaks at 20 minutes, 4-5 hr duration

Output: Morphine Sulfate


Input: Narcotic 5 mg oxycodone, opiod agonist analgesic controlled substance C-II +500 or 325 mg acetaminophen given PO: peaks at 60 min given PO: lasts 3-6 hours Has faster onset and higher peak effects than most po narcotics. patient should stay on schedule with meds to prevent pain getting out of control. Med may make her sleepy and she should not drive. She may have N/V as a side effect. Could cause constipation. Do not take alcoho; do not take other meds unless prescribed. Report any side effects to physician.

Output: Percoset


Input: Characteristics of Pain: Old Dogs Like It Quiet, Please Relieve Symptoms Effectively Onset Duration Location Intensity Quality Patterns (precipitating or aggravating factors) Relief measures Symptoms (other than pain, like N/V) Effects of pain on the client

Output: What parameters should the nurse assess when making decisions about interventions to control a client's pain?


Input: -giving analgesics before pain occurs or increases gives clients confidence in the certainty of pain relief: -client spends less time in pain -smaller doses and less pain med overall -smaller doses=fewer side effects -reduce client's fear and anxiety pain will return -client will be more physically active and avoid immobility

Output: What are other considerations about controlling a client's pain?


Input: When did it start? How long does it last? Is there a pattern to when it comes? How often does it occur?

Output: Characteristics of Pain: Onset and Duration


Input: -point to location -describe precisely -classify: deep or visceral; referred or radiating; or superficial or cutaneous.

Output: Characteristics of Pain: Location


Input: Use a descriptive scale, use the same one consistently for reassessment. Assist in evaluating change (improvement or worsening and response to interventions).

Output: Characteristics of Pain: Intensity


Input: -ask for description -provide descriptors to help -consider the characteristic descriptors for certain types of pain

Output: Characteristics of Pain: Quality


Input: what aggravates or precipitates the pain? -have client demonstrate consider the common patterns for specific types of pain

Output: Characteristics of Pain: Pattern


Input: -tell me when your pain started. -does it come and go or is it there all the time? -is there anything you do that makes it worse or better? -can yo show me exactly where the pain is? -does it stay right there or does it go anywhere else? -what is the pain like: sharp, burning, stabbing, dull? -on a scale of 1-10 how severe is the pain? -are you having any other symptoms like dizziness or N/V? -can you work/go to school or has the pain kept you from your usual activity?

Output: Sample interview questions for pain assessment:


Input: Whatever a person experiencing it says it is, existing whenever the person says it does. -subjective response to physical and pyschological stressors -individual, distinct, personal experience influenced by physiologic, pyschologic, cognitive, socio-cultural, and spiritual factors.

Output: What is pain?


Input: Addressing signs and symptoms Achieve prompt treatment of all symptoms, including pain.

Output: What is the point of nurse advocacy in the treatment of a client's pain?


Input: Peripheral modulation (skin level) Spinal Cord Modulation Spinal Reflexes

Output: Where is pain modulated?


Input: Yes - what varies is a person's pain tolerance: the amount of pain a person can endure before outwardly responding to it.

Output: Is the pain threshold the same for everyone?


Input: -Cutaneous nociceptors perceive pain -they generate pain impulses which travel fast and slow fibers to dorsal horn -impulse travels the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts -impulse passes through medulla and midbrain to thalamus -in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, pain is perceived, described, localized, interpreted and a response is formulated. -response impulse is returned down the cortico-spinal tracts.

Output: The neural pathway of pain:


Input: temporary, localized, with sudden onset. It lasts less than 6 months and has an identifiable cause. It most often results from tissue injury from trauma, surgery, or inflammation. ex: post-op, heart attack, injury.

Output: What is acute pain?


Input: -perceived in an area distant from the site of the stimuli. ex: heart attack (left arm, jaw)

Output: What is referred pain?


Input: -arising from nerve receptors originating in the skin or close to the surface of the body.

Output: What is somatic pain?


Input: -arising from body organs, dull and poorly localized because of the low numbers of noociceptors. ex: appendicitis

Output: What is visceral pain?


Input: a state of stress in which clients develop manifestation sassicated with stimulation of the SNS. -increased HR -increased resp -increased BP

Output: Acute pain can lead to...


Input: Prolonged, usually lasting longer than 6 months. Not always associated with an identifiable cause. Often unresponsive to conventional medical treatment.

Output: What is chronic pain?


Input: 1. recurrent acute pain 2. ongoing time-limited pain 3. chronic nonmalignant pain 4. chronic intractable nonmalignant pain

Output: What are the 4 categories of chronic pain?


Input: A type of chronic pain characterized by well-defined episodes of pain interspersed with pain-free episodes. Ex: migraines, sickle cell crisis.

Output: What is recurrent acute pain?


Input: A type of chronic pain characterized identified by a defined time period. Ex: cancer, burns.

Output: What is ongoing time-limited pain?


Input: A type of chronic pain that is nonlife-threatening that persists beyond the expected time for healing. Ex: chronic lower back pain.

Output: What is chronic nonmalignant pain?


Input: A type of chronic pain that is similar to chronic nonmalignant pain along with a person's inability to cope and other physical, psychological, and social disability resulting from the pain.

Output: What is chronic intractable nonmalignant pain syndrome?


Input: 1. Neuralgias 2. Dystrophies 3. Hyperesthesias 4. Phantom Pain 5. Psychogenic pain

Output: What are some common chronic pain conditions?


Input: pain from peripheral nerve damage

Output: What is neuralgia?


Input: pain from peripheral nerve damage characterized by continuous burning pain.

Output: What is a dystrophy?


Input: a state of oversensitivity to touch and painful stimuli.

Output: What are hyperesthesias?


Input: occurs post amputation, the person experiences sensations and pain in the missing body part. Sensations are identified by the brain for location on the skin by the homunculus in the sensory cortex.

Output: What is phantom pain?


Input: experienced in the absence of a physical cause or event.

Output: What is pyschogenic pain?


Input: related to a lesion in the brain that may spontaneously produce high-frequency bursts of impulses that are perceived as pain (because of the homunculus - pain in hands, feet, ears).

Output: What is central pain?


Input: -threshold -tolerance -age -sociocultural -emotional status -past experiences -source and meaning -knowledge

Output: What are factors affecting responses to pain?


Input: -pain is a result, not a cause -chronic pain is a masked form of depression -narcotics are too risky for chronic pain -wait until a person has pain before treating it -clients lie about pain -post-op pain is best treated with IM

Output: What are some myths about pain?


Input: No- it is best treated with PCA; client ends up using less med overall and prevents inadequate or irregular absorption of med.

Output: Is post-op pain best treated with IM?


Input: a combination of meds to interrupt pain at different levels: local anesthetics: work on peripheral nociceptors and peripheral nerves NSAIDS: antiinflammatory at local nociceptors Nonnarcotic: acetaminophin work at brain, spinal nerves, nociceptors Narcotics: opiods work at brain, spinal level.

Output: What does collaborative treatment medication mean?


Input: Find out why - cultural, personal beliefs, side effects. Help them think through the process to decide why or why not.

Output: How can nurses deal with clients in pain who are reluctant to take pain medication?


Input: cultural, social factors. Personal beliefs. Side effects. Fear of addiction.

Output: What are some reasons why clients would refuse medication for pain or even deny they have pain?


Input: Explain med is not addictive when used properly, help the client with other comfort measures.

Output: What information could the nurse give the client that would motivate the client to take medicatio to relieve pain?


Input: 1. cordotomy 2. neuroectomy 3. sympathectomy 4. rhizotomy

Output: What are some surgeries to relieve pain?


Input: An incision into the anteriolateral tracts of the spinal cord to interrupt the transmission of pain. Ex: used for abdominal pain and legs, in terminal cancer.

Output: What is a cordotomy?


Input: The removal of a nerve.

Output: What is neuroectomy?


Input: destruction by injection or incision of the ganglia of sympathetic nerves, usually in the lumbar region or cervi-cordorsal region at the base of the neck.

Output: What is a sympathectomy?


Input: surgical severing of dorsal spine roots, usually performed to relieve cancer of the head, neck, or lungs.

Output: What is a rhizotomy?


Input: Endogenous morphines - natually occuring opiod peptides present in neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and GI tract. They bind with opiate receptors on the neurons to inhibit pain transmission. Endorphins in the brain are released in response to afferent noxious stimuli. Endorphins in the spinal tract are released in response to efferent impulses.

Output: What are endorphines?


Input: exercise sex deep breathing things that give comfort and joy

Output: What can elicit endorphin release?


Input: -acupuncture -biofeedback -hypnotism -relaxation -distraction -cutaneous stimulation (massage, vibration, heat, cold) -therapeutic touch

Output: What are some complementary therapies for pain treatment?


Input: 4 aspects of pain: 1. client's perception of pain pain rating scale (see characteristics of pain) 2. physiologic reponse to acute pain 3.behavioral response to acute pain 4. client's management of pain and its effectiveness Denial of pain due to fear, misconceptions

Output: Nursing process: Assessment:


Input: acute or chronic

Output: Nursing Process: Diagnosis


Input: 1. acknowledges and documents pain 2. Administers prescribed analgesics 3. Utilizes non-pharmacologic methods and comfort measures 4. Teaches clients and family about pain, medications, comfort measures 5. Suggests referrals as necessary

Output: Nursing Process: Interventions


Input: utilizes client perception and pain rating scale to document changes in pain

Output: Nursing Process: Evaluation


Input: 1. all or nothing thinking 2. overgeneralization 3. mental filter 4. disqualifying the positive 5. jumping to conclusions 6. magnification (catastrophizing) and minimization 7. emotional reasoning 8. should statements 9. labeling and mislabeling 10. personalization Also mind reading fortune teller error (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Output: What are 10 common cognitive distortions?


Input: They help avoid coping. Ways to protect ourselves by distancing ourselves from awareness of our undesired and feared impulses. Some common ones are: compartmentalization compensation denial displacement fantasy intellectualization projection rationalization reaction formation regression repression sublimation undoing supression

Output: What are defense mechanisms?


Input: a process of separating parts of the self from awareness of other parts and begaving as if one had separate sets of values. Keep two value systems separate and unintegrated and remain inconscious of the cognitive dissonance.

Output: What is compartmentalization?


Input: process of psychologicall counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas.

Output: What is compensation?


Input: the refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful even, thought, or feeling did not exist. Primitive; characteristic of very early childhood development.

Output: What is denial?


Input: redirecting thoughts, feelings, and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one.

Output: What is displacement?


Input: the channeling of unacceptable or unattainable desires into imagination to protect self-edteem as when educational ,vocational or social expectations are not being met; one imagines success.

Output: What is fantasy?


Input: the use of a cognitive approach without the attendant emotions to suppress and attempt to gain mastery over the perceived disorderly and potentially overwhelming impulses.

Output: What is intellectualization?


Input: cognitive reframing of ones perceptions to protect the ego in the fact of changing realities.

Output: What is projection?


Input: the converting of wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites.

Output: What is reaction formation?


Input: the blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness.

Output: What is regression?


Input: channeling of unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets.

Output: What is sublimation?


Input: attempt to take back behavior or thoughts that are unacceptable.

Output: What is undoing?


Input: pushing into the unconscious; trying to forget something that causes you anxiety.

Output: What is suppression?


Input: a serious medical illness that fills people's lives with fear.

Output: What is anxiety disorder?


Input: panic disorder obsessive compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder social phobia specific phobias generalized anxiety disorder

Output: What are some anxiety disorders?


Input: can develop after exposure to a terrifying event in which grave physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. Usually people are initially numb, crash later. *witnessing - common in children PTSD 2x a prevalent in women as men

Output: What is post-traumatic stress disorder?


Input: Coping is dealing with the problem while defense mechanisms are for avoiding the problem.

Output: How does coping differ from defense mechanisms?


Input: flashbacks dreams & nightmares

Output: What are characteristics of PTSD?


Input: -cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, exposure therapy -selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants -debriefinf people very soon after a catastrophic event - the sooner, the better

Output: What are some treatments for PTSD?


Input: something a person fears to the point that they feel they have to change how they behave.

Output: What is a phobia?


Input: fear of an object or situation that poses little or no danger. -irrational Ex: fear of elevators, heights, blood *facing the fear, or even just thinking about it can bring on a panic attack or severe anxiety.

Output: What is a specific phobia?


Input: fear of being embarrassed, looked at, or made fun of in social or work situations. -everything is about me -everyone is criticizing me -worry for days or weeks before meeting new people -blushing, sweating, N/V, tremors -avoid social situations -alcohol to feel better

Output: What is a social phobia?


Input: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, desensitization or exposure therapy (VR), relaxation, breathing exercises, support group, antidepressants

Output: What are some treatments for phobias?


Input: person worries all the time, even when nothing is "wrong"; they expect the worst, can't relax, they feel tense; have aches & pains, feel tired alot. -source of worry is hard to pinpoint; hard to get through the day.

Output: What is generalized anxiety disorder?


Input: -constant worry -aches, pains -trembling -feeling tired -trouble staying focused -irritability -trouble falling or staying asleep -sweating or hot flashes -having a lump in the throat, N/V

Output: What are some symptoms of GAD?


Input: -cognitive-behavioral therapy -biofeedback -family and support group -complementary therapies -antidepressants

Output: What are some treatments for GAD?


Input: recurring, upsetting thoughts (obsessions); repeat doing the same thing over and over again (compulsions) to make the thoughts go away; feels like you can't control or stop these thoughts or actions. #men = #women

Output: What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder?


Input: ruminating on upsetting thoughts, including fear of germs, being hurt, hurting others, and disturbed religious or sexual thoughts.

Output: What is an obsession?


Input: actions you repeat to make the thoughts go away; counting, cleaning, hand washing, checking on things. Only provides short-lived relief; NOT doing them increase anxiety.

Output: What is a compulsion?


Input: -upsetting thoughts -feeling you can't stop the thoughts -cannot stop yourself from doing things again and again; ex: collecting useless objects -worrying about terrible things that could happen if you're not careful -unwanted urges to hurt someone, but knowing you never would.

Output: What are symptoms of OCD?


Input: -cognitive-behavioral therapy -exposure and response prevention -social support -stress release: areobic exercise, relaxation, avoid alcohol, caffeine, illegal drugs

Output: What are some treatments for OCD?


Input: illness in which a person can feel frequent and sudden intense fear for no reason - "panic attacks" -during a panic attack - scary physical signs - racing heart, trouble breathing, dizzy. ex: agoraphobia - fear of leaving home.

Output: What is panic disorder?


Input: -chest pain -racing heart -difficulting breathing -dizzy sweating -chills or hot flashes -stomach problems, N/V -shaking, tingling in parts of body -feeling out of control -feeling unreal, detached -fear of death or going crazy

Output: What are some symptoms of PD?


Input: -think they are going to die -have urge to run away, escape -think they are having a heart attack -worry alot that the attack will happen again so they avoid places, situations that may trigger an attack

Output: When a person has a panic attack they can...


Input: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) social support pharmacology

Output: What are some treatments for PD?


Input: -multiple personality disorder - have another "person" to take all the pain - personality dissociates, can see body from another place. -a cognitive, spiritual process to protect against pain -severe abuse in childhood a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity.

Output: What is a dissociative disorder?


Input: -depressed -mood swings -suicidal -sleep disorders -panic attacks and phobias -alcohol and drug abuse -compulsions and rituals -psychotic-like symptoms -eating disorders -headaches, amnesias, time loss, trances, out of body experiences -tend toward self-persecution

Output: What are some symptoms of dissociative disorder?


Input: amnesia fugue dissociative identity disorder depersonalization disorder

Output: What are types of dissociation?


Input: person is unable to remember important personal information, which is usually associated with a traumatic event in his/her life. Memory gaps in personal history.

Output: What is dissociative amnesia?


Input: person impulsively wanders or travels away from home and upon arival in the new location is unable to remember the past. -loss of personal id -travel follows a stressful event -person appears functional to others -after the fugue person cannot recall what happened -Dx occurs when relatives find the lost person living under a new id

Output: What is dissociative fugue?


Input: multiple personality disorder; intermittent experiences of two or more identities; that personality takes control and other personalities get repressed. Each personality has its own Hx and a totally separate name.

Output: What is dissociative identity disorder?


Input: -feelings of detachment or estrangement from one's self -feelings are difficult for person to describe -feeling like in a dream watching themselves, like on TV -feel like they are going crazy and frequently become anxious or depressed

Output: What is depersonalization disorder?


Input: -individual psychotherapy -hypnotherapy -adjunctive therapies - art, movement -long-term Tx for DID that helps person merge his/her multiple personalities *people need to feel safe, respected, and heard.

Output: What are some treatments for dissociation?


Input: I. Learning Phase II. Seeking Phase III. Harmful Dependence Phase IV. Using-to-Feel-Normal Phase

Output: Stages of chemical dependence:


Input: Can be diagnosed Is a primary disorder Causes other health problems Predictable & Progressive Treatable

Output: Nature of addiction as a disease:


Input: tolerance and blackouts

Output: Early signs of alcoholism are


Input: denial manipulation impulsiveness anger avoidance grandiosity codependence contradependence Others: projection rationalization all or nothing thinking conflict minimization ego-centric

Output: Dysfunctional behavior patterns are a consequence of any substance addiction:


Input: have you felt the need to cut down? have you ever been annoyed at criticism of your...? have you ever felt guilty about something you've done when ....? have you even had an eye-opener first thing in the morning? Yes to 2, indicates risk for addiction

Output: What are the CAGE questions?


Input: matter of fact nonjudgmental nonthreatening accepting

Output: When dealing with a person with addiction the nurse needs to be...


Input: abstract reasoning perception and space memory and learning

Output: What are cognitive deficits associated with addiction?


Input: denial adamant commitment to sobriety tunnel vision progressive loss of daily structure irregular attendance at Tx meetings develop "I don't care" attitude self-pity unreasonable resentments

Output: What are common signs of relapse?


Input: -help client recognize warning signs of relapse; -minimize the effects of euphoria recall - remembering only the positive expereinces with substance -promote the acceptance of powerlessness and loss of control -encourage avoidance of situations -teach new methods to cope with dysphoric symptoms & drug craving -12 step groups (AA started in 1930s) *relapse is common - it takes 7-10 tries to quit.

Output: To prevent relapse, a nurse needs to...


Input: being IN recovery (no past tense). addiction is a chronic disease

Output: A good recovery is...


Input: -don't trust, talk, feel -guilt and shameful feelings

Output: Classic family aspects of substance abuse:


Input: chief enabler family hero - codependent scapegoat - contradependent mascot - contradependent lost child - contradependent *all are enablers

Output: Classic family roles in regards to substance abuse:


Input: A dysfunctional behavior characterized by extreme social, emotional, or physical FOCUS on another person to the extent that individuals modify their behaviors in response to that other.

Output: What is codependence?


Input: prevents person from experiencing the consequences of his/her behavior.

Output: What does enabling do?


Input: martyrdom fusion intrusion perfection addiction

Output: Codependent behaviors:


Input: mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris urethral meatus paraurethral glands vaginal vestibule perineal body

Output: What are female external reproductive organs?


Input: vagina cervix uterus fallopian tubes ovaries bony pelvis

Output: What are femalie internal reproductive organs?


Input: responsible for the production of the ovum released from anterior pituitary -->production of egg

Output: Follicle Stimulating Hormone


Input: released from ovary --> stimulates release of egg

Output: Estrogen


Input: released from anterior pituitary --> responsible for release of egg

Output: Lutenizing Hormone


Input: responsible for maintaining pregnant state

Output: Progesterone


Input: 9-10 days

Output: If an ovum is fertilized during its trip through the fallopain tube, how long until implantation?


Input: zygote --> morula (looks like a mulberry)

Output: ova + sperm =


Input: 12-24 hrs

Output: lifespan of ova


Input: 72 hrs

Output: lifespan of sperm


Input: During ovulation, high estrogen levels increases the contractility of fallopian tubes and make cervican mucus more readily penetrated by spermatozoa.

Output: How does estrogen effect conception?


Input: 60 hr after fertilization --> now a blastocyst

Output: When does the morula enter uterus?


Input: embryo with a trophoblast layer (the chorion)

Output: Blastocyst


Input: ova + sperm = zygote --> morula -->blastocyst --> trophoblast

Output: fertilization


Input: implantation occurs 7-10 days after fertilization; the blastocyst attaches and buries into upper portion of uterine wall cells of the trophoblast form CHORIONIC VILLI

Output: nidation


Input: the decidua

Output: After implantation the endometrium is called


Input: decidua vera

Output: what is the rest of the uterus called


Input: decidua capsularis

Output: what is the uterus that encapsulates the embryo called


Input: decidua basalis - becomes maternal portion of placenta

Output: what is the part of the uterus under th embryo called


Input: 1st membrane to form, encloses the amnion

Output: what is the chorion?


Input: contains fluid and amnio; it grows until it contacts the chorion

Output: what is the amnion?


Input: amniotic sac

Output: together the chorion and amnion form the


Input: they protrude from the chorion and form the placenta

Output: the chorionic villi form the ...


Input: -maintain temp -prevent adherence -allows for movement -symmetric baby growth -sound amplifier -contains particles from meconium -looks like coconut milk w/white flecks (vernix)

Output: the amniotic fluid functions to...


Input: produce RBCs until hematopoiesis begins, then becomes part of the umbilical cord

Output: the yolk sac functions to...


Input: fetal blood

Output: the chorionic villi contains


Input: maternal blood

Output: the intervillous spaces contain


Input: groups of villi (12-15)

Output: What are cotyledons?


Input: HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin HPL - human placental lactogen estrogen progesterone

Output: What hormones does the placenta produce?


Input: maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy (test for it)

Output: What does HCG do?


Input: like growth hormone, aids in glucose transport + regulates maternal metabolism

Output: What does HPL do?


Input: increases uterine blood flow via vasodilation

Output: What does estrogen do?


Input: maintains endometrium, increases uterine growth, decreases uterine contractility - maintains myometrial relaxation, increases breast development

Output: What does progesterone do?


Input: red, fleshy, has cotyledons "dirty duncan"

Output: The maternal portion of the placenta is...


Input: covered by amnion, shiny & gray "shiny shultz"

Output: The fetal portion of the placenta is...


Input: -55 cm long -has 2 arteris (deoxygenated blood) -has 1 vein (oxygenated blood) -is surrounded by wharton's jelly which protects vessels from constriction -attaches fetus to placenta

Output: The umbilical cord...


Input: when amniotic fluid is yellow or green - baby has been in stress, anal sphincter has relaxed - bm

Output: What is meconium stain?


Input: process to float baby off cord

Output: What is amniotic infusion?


Input: placenta --> fetal umbilical vein --> ductus venosus --> vena cava --> right atrium --> foramen ovale --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> ductus arteriosus --> aorta --> umbilical arteries --> placenta

Output: fetal circulation


Input: ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosus

Output: What are 3 fetal structures that change at birth?


Input: ectoderm mesoderm endoderm * all tissues, organs, and organ systems arise from these three layers

Output: What are the 3 cell layers?


Input: pre-embryonic embryonic fetal

Output: What are the 3 stages of development?


Input: -stage of the ovum: 1st 14 days; rapid growth & cell differentiation

Output: The pre-embryonic stage consists of...


Input: - stage of the embryo: wks 3-8; by end of this stage all major systems started, remainder of prenatal period is for refinement of structures & practice of function

Output: The embryonic stage consists of...


Input: wk 9 to birth; viability: fetus can do functions of like but may not sustain life

Output: The fetal stage consists of...


Input: 20 weeks * used for determining live births

Output: What is point of viability of fetus in Ohio?


Input: BhCG -serum test is more sensitive *if mother at risk for miscarriage, test q 1-2 hrs.

Output: pregnancy test


Input: 10 lunar months 9 calendar months 280 days preterm - before complete of week 37 term 38-42 weeks postterm after 42 weeks

Output: What is the length of pregnancy?


Input: gravida = "pregnancy" para - if woman carries past 20 weeks (viability) then, -preterm -term -abortions -living ex: gravida 1, para2, living 2 = twins

Output: GPTAL


Input: Estimated Date of Delivery Nagele's Rule use last day of menstrual period day-3 month+7 year+1

Output: EDD


Input: 5-27 weeks - q mo. 28-36 weeks - q 2 wks. 37-40 weeks - q wk *vary according to risk *measure fundal height listen to FHT special tests/labs teaching done PRN

Output: Timing of prenatal visits:


Input: low (BMI<19.8) 28-40 lbs Normal (BMI 19.8 - 26) 25-35 lbs High (BMI> 26-29) 15-25 lbs

Output: Total weight gain:


Input: amenorrhea breat tenderness & enlargement Chadwick's sign (vagina --> violet) fatigue hyperpigmentation cholasma linea nigra quickening urinary frequency N/V

Output: Presumptive signs of pregnancy


Input: abdominal enlargement Ballottement Braxton-Hicks Goodell's sign (soft cervix) Hegar's sign - (soft lower uterine segment) palpate fetus +preg. test uterine enlargement

Output: Probable signs of pregnancy


Input: auscultate FHR palpate fetal movements USN verification

Output: Positive signs of pregnancy


Input: 1. BhCG urine test (if neg do RIA BhCG) 2. Hx - LMP, cycle, contraceptives, gynecologic (diseases), sexual, reproductive, med-surg, psycho-social, family 3.Pelvic Exam - VS, head to toe, pelvic (pelvimetry), cervical status 4. Labs 5. prenatal ed

Output: What happens at the 1st prenatal visit?


Input: inlet - diagonal conjugate > 12.5 cm midpelvis - ischial spines - 10.5 cm outlet - ischial tuberosities 11.0 cm sacrum public arch

Output: What is pelvimetry?


Input: 3-4 cm long, closed, firm, mid-posterio position *in lithotomy position, most cervices point to floor.

Output: What is cervical status?


Input: blood type Rh antibody screen CBC (looking for anemia) rubella, varicella titer (give AFTER birth if not immune) syphyllis screen HIV, cyctic fibrosis, HEP PPD UA chlamydia, gonorrhea GBS - Tx during labor w/AB pap

Output: Labs at 1st prenatal visit.


Input: Classification (A through X) Duration of exposure to drug Amount of drug crossing placenta Rate of drug transfer to fetus Properties and effects of drug Stage of fetal development: day 1-15 most susceptible period days 18-60 period of organogenesis first 3 months most critical for malformations 2-9 months drug effects on brain may produce functional/behavioral defects

Output: Considerations of drug use during pregnancy...


Input: test to predict preterm delivery; vaginal swab for presence A biological glue attaching fetal sac to uterine lining Up to 22 weeks, FFn is normally present in cervical/vaginal secretions After 22 weeks, is not normally secreted, so it should be gone If it is still there, correlates to preterm delivery Negative test result - risk is low for the next 2 weeks

Output: What is fetal fibronectin?


Input: Major: multiple gestation DES exposure hydramnios uterine anomaly cervix dilated >1cm or < 1cm long @ 32 wks 2-2nd trimester AB’s previous preterm birth previous preterm labor abd surgery during preg hx of cone biopsy uterine irritability cocaine abuse Minor: febrile illness bleeding p 12 wks hx of pylonephritis smoking > 10 / day 2nd trimester AB > 2-1st trimester AB’s

Output: What are preterm risk factors?


Input: 1. Have you ever been emotionally or physically abused by your partner or someone important to you? 2. Within the last year, have you been hit, slapped, kicked, or otherwise physically hurt by someone? 3. Since you’ve been pregnant, were you hit, slapped, kicked, or otherwise physically hurt by someone? 4. Within the last year, has anyone forced you to have sexual activities? 5. Are you afraid of your partner or anyone you listed above?

Output: Pregnancy is a risk factor for abuse - what are some assessment questions?


Input: Severe headache that does not go away with Tylenol or associated with swelling or blurred vision Fever of l0l degrees or more Inability to take fluids by mouth for more than 12 hours or solid food for more than 24 hours Decreased fetal movement after 26 weeks Contractions of the uterus that occur more than 3-4 times an hour at less than 37 weeks gestation Backache that comes and goes Blurred vision or spots Epigastric pain Vaginal bleeding Facial/hand edema Sudden weight gain (>2lbs/week) Leakage of fluid Urinary pain/burning TORCH infections

Output: What are some warning signs during pregnancy of serious problems?


Input: Group of infections that can affect a pregnant woman and her fetus These have organisms that can cross the placenta and adversely affect the development of the fetus -Toxoplasmosis - miscarriage -Rubella - defects, death -Cytomegalovirus - microcephaly -Herpes - retardation - no Tx, C/S for active lesions

Output: What are TORCH infections?


Input: early access to prenatal care nutrition social support therapy for prevention of transmission

Output: Special consideration for mothers with HIV?


Input: *Fecal-oral route by ingestion of contaminated food. Possible fetal effects of first trimester exposure: fetal anomalies preterm birth fetal or neonatal hepatitis intrauterine fetal death Gamma globulin given to infected mothers and exposed neonates.

Output: Hepatitis A


Input: major concern in pregnancy, most transmitted during birth. Sexually transmitted Virus most threatening to fetus and neonate At risk women – history of multiple sex partners, STD’s, IV drug use, blood contact 50 to 100 times more contagious than HIV Disease of the liver with outcome fatal *First prenatal visit for all women and third trimester for women at risk *Breastfeeding okay if baby immunized

Output: Hepatitis B


Input: Gonorrhea Chlamydia Human Papilloma Virus Syphilis Hepatitis Herpes

Output: What are some sexually transmitted diseases


Input: Recommended treatment is penicillin G 5 million units IV loading dose and then 2.5 million units IV q 4 hours during labor. Ampicillin is an alternative therapy.

Output: Group B Strep


Input: yes

Output: Is there a Vaccine Available for Hepatitis A and hepatitis B?


Input: Presence of bacteria in urine is significant if a clean-catch specimen contains > 50,000 bacteria of the same species Contamination of a specimen is indicated and woman should not be treated, when culture results are Up to 100,000 nonpathogenic organisms/ml >100,000 if mixed species bacteria/ml

Output: considerations of UTI?


Input: Wt BP urine (blood, protein, ketones, nitrites, glucose) evaluate complaints of HA, visual disturbances, dizziness, fever/chills, n&v, abd pain, back pain, dysuria, CVA tenderness, vag discharge/bleeding, constipation/hemorrhoids, varicosities, leg cramps, edema, exposure to any infectious diseases, use of any meds review nutrition/use of PNV’s

Output: What happens at subsequent prenatal visits?


Input: Leopold’s (after 35 wks) assess for quickening/fetal movement (16 weeks is detectable) fundal height FHR include partner/siblings assess relationship changes (increase/initiation of abuse) teaching re any concerns, complaints, questions, problems

Output: Things to do at prenatal visits afet 35 weeks...


Input: review labs follow up screening

Output: Prenatal visits - weeks 12-15:


Input: Maternal serum Alpha-fetoprotein screen (MSAFP) or quad screen. Screening versus diagnostic testing. Quad screen (MSAFP, hCG, estradiol, possible NTD), improved identification of chromosomal anomalies over MSAFP alone. Normal values based on gestational age, maternal age, weight, race, diabetes (if present), multiple gestation. NTD - spina bifida, microcephaly, anencephaly, down’s syndrome - (4 things)

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 15-18:


Input: assess for quickening USN for confirmation of gestational age AFP quad screen: BhCG, MSAFP, unconjugated estriol

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 16-20:


Input: Diabetes screen (week 28) - 1 hr GTT Coombs’ test/antibody titer (for Rh neg women) administer Rhogam if indicated retest H & H evaluate risk of PTL

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 24-28:


Input: counsel re health care provider for infant counsel re infant feeding method discuss importance of fetal movement, give FMC card

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 29-32:


Input: reassess for PTL and assess cervix as indicated only check cervix for S&S of labor

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 33-34:


Input: Discuss S&S of labor GC culture (if necessary) Chlamydia culture GBS culture

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 35-36:


Input: Assess fetal position/presentation review birth plan/expectations copy and forward records to place of birth initiate fetal surveillance as indicated examine cervix as indicated review alternative methods for cervical ripening/induction of labor discuss plans for contraception review prep for breastfeeding

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 37-40:


Input: prepare client for postdate pregnancy protocol assess cervical readiness institute fetal surveillance: USN, NST, AFI, BPP biweekly office visits

Output: Prenatal visits, weeks 40+:


Input: Modified throughout pregnancy 15-20% ^ on O2 consumption between 16-40 weeks to meet ^ needs of woman, placenta, fetus Diaphragm is elevated from enlarging uterus Breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic Nasal stuffiness due to estrogen-induced edema & vascular congestion Heart is laterally displaced Blood volume ^ 45% due to ^ in plasma & erythrocytes Pulse rate ^ 10-15 BPM BP decreases then increases 3rd trimester Femoral venous pressure rises due to uterine pressure on return blood flow, creates stagnation of blood in lower vessels leading to varicosities & dependent edema Vena Cava Syndrome (supine hypotension)-enlarging uterus pressure on inferior vena cava interferes with returning blood flow producing drop in BP, dizziness, pallor, clamminess Total RBC volume ^ 18-30%, necessary to transport additional O2 required Physiologic anemia-from plasma ^ that is > erythrocyte ^ Leukocyte production > increase in blood volume Fibrin & fibrinogen levels ^ 40-50% which ^ risk for venous thrombosis (DVT)

Output: USCR: AIR


Input: Many discomforts of pregnancy from changes in GI system N&V from HCG secreted by ovum and CHO metabolism changes Peculiar tastes & smells PICA - argo starch, nonfood substances, clay Bleeding gums Ptyalism ^ gastrin levels cause more acidic gastric contents GI symptoms from growing uterus increase during 2nd trimester ^ progesterone causes smooth muscle relaxation Heartburn from reflux of acidic secretions Gastric emptying & intestinal motility delayed causing bloating & constipation Average wt gain = 25-35 lbs Weight may decrease due to N&V, then ^ of 3, 12, & 12 the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd trimesters Fats more completely absorbed leading to ^ cholesterol & serum lipids Demand for CHO ^ although oral GTT remains the same Demand for iron is ^, iron is transferred to fetus and sustains need in neonate for 4 months Vitamin metabolism does not change-PNV’s or Flintstones (two), taken at hs

Output: USCR:FOOD


Input: ^ water retention is basic alteration, caused from ^ hormones affecting Na & fluid retention, lower serum protein, & ^ intracapillary pressure & permeability 3.5L from fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid 3.5L from mother’s organs, blood volume, & interstitial fluids ^ in water intake creates flushing effect which aids in reducing retention

Output: USCR: WATER


Input: Uterus Phenomenal changes: 8x5x2.5 nonpregnant to 28x24x21 at full term, weighs 1000 gms Hypertrophy under influence of estrogen, then distension from growing fetus Thickened musculature to thinning at term (5mm) Vascularity ^ to 1/6 of total blood volume Fundal height from symphysis to fundus, cms correlate with gestation weeks 20-31, 20 weeks = 20 cms (umbilicus) Braxton-Hicks occur throughout pregnancy moving blood through placenta, toning muscle until term Hyperactive cervical glands secrete thick mucous which forms plug preventing ascent of bacteria Estrogen induced hypertrophy of vaginal mucosa occurs along with loosening of connective tissue, & ^ vaginal secretions Highly acidic vaginal secretions prevent infections but favor growth of yeast -candidiasis

Output: USCR:ELIMINATION


Input: Breasts Estrogen & progesterone changes mammary glands ^ in size and nodules from hypertorphy & hyperplasia for lactation Veins prominent, nipples erect, pigmantation enhanced, on areola-Montgomery’s follicles ^, striae Colostrum-thick, yellow secretion high in antibodies expressed by 12th week

Output: USCR:ELIMINATION


Input: Skin ^ estrogen & progesterone cause ^ in melanocyte-stimulating hormone causing changes in pigmentation of areola, nipples, vulva, perianal area, linea nigra, chloasma Hyperactivity of sweat & sebaceous glands ^ adrenal steroid levels cause reduced connective tissue leading to striae Vascular spider nevi Hair growth decreased from estrogen but sudden growth after birth

Output: USCR:ELIMINATION


Input: Urinary tract Bladder becomes irritated from pressure or uterus early in pregnancy, then at term making it more susceptible to infection Dilation of ureters & kidneys GFR & RPF ^ Glycosuria common but R/O DM Renal fx ^ & urea & creatinine ^ (creatinine clearance test)

Output: USCR:ELIMINATION


Input: Bowel Hemorrhoids common especially if constipation a problem GI motility delayed, therefore constipation Smooth muscle is relaxed, electrolyte & water reabsorption ^, plus weight of growing fetus & uterus all can cause problems

Output: USCR:ELIMINATION


Input: Sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, & pubic joints relax in latter part of pregnancy from hormones Center of gravity changes, lumbodorsal curve is accentuated, compensates for growing uterus ‡ frequent backaches Diastasis recti-separation of rectus abdominis Exercise-moderate routine involving large muscle groups (swimming, cycling, walking, cc skiing), intensity decreased as pregnancy progresses (no competitive sports, prevent hyperthermia, supportive clothing, ^ fluids, avoid lying flat Sleeping-positioning important with pillows for support, interrupted late in pregnancy from urinary frequency travel

Output: USCR: Activity & Rest


Input: Life-style changes Relationship with partner may take on new meaning, roles are changed Woman is no longer a separate individual, she must now consider needs of another being who is totally dependent on her Woman often reestablishes stronger ties with own mother/grandmother Attachment to fetus is evident in fantasy, USN Sexual activity

Output: USCR: Solitude & Social Interaction


Input: Warning signs Gush of fluid from vagina Vaginal bleeding Abdominal pain Temp > 38.3 C Dizziness Blurred vision Persistent vomiting Severe HA Edema of face & hands Epigastric pain Oliguria/dysuria Decreased fetal movement Teratogens-substances that adversely affect growth & development of fetus, ie, medications, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, recreational drugs, environmental hazards, chemicals, etc

Output: USCR: Hazards


Input: Several hormones required to maintain pregnancy, produced by corpus luteum initially then by the placenta HCG-secreted by trophoblast, stimulates estrogen & progesterone production HPL-produced by syncytiotrophoblast, increases free fatty acids and decreases maternal metabolism of glucose, is an insulin antagonist Estrogen-stimulates uterine development & ductal development of breasts in preparation for lactation Progesterone-plays greatest role in maintaining pregnancy, maintains endometrium, decreases uterine contractility, aids in preparing breasts for lactation Relaxin-inhibits uterine activity, aids in softening the cervix Psychological Tasks of Pregnancy

Output: USCR: Normalcy


Input: NST - Reactive: 2 accelerations in 20 minutes, (increase by 15 beats) Begin use at 30-32 weeks Adequate oxygenation and intact CNS

Output: Nonstress Test


Input: same time each day note the time it takes for 10 fetal movements if takes longer than usual or decreased movements, contact care provider

Output: Fetal Movement Counts


Input: Fetal gestational age, well-being, weight, multiple gestation, confirm pregnancy, placenta location, fetal position, amniotic fluid levels, fetal death

Output: Ultrasound can measure


Input: Fetal muscle tone fetal movement fetal breathing movements fetal heart rate activity (NST) amniotic fluid volume (AFI) Score of 8-10 is normal, otherwise delivery is considered

Output: Biophysical Profile


Input: Lamaze:psychoprophylaxis fear-tension-pain Read: progressive relaxation Bradley: abdominal breathing partner-coached methods abstaining from meds Kitzinger: sensory memory acting for relaxation hypnosis: conditioned reflexes

Output: Childbirth preparation:


Input: oxytocin-stimulation theory progesterone-deprivation theory estrogen-stimulation theory fetal-cortisol theory PG theory uterine distention theory

Output: theories of initiation of labor


Input: Lightening-baby has dropped Braxton-Hicks contractions cervical changes bloody show rupture of membranes (ROM) energy surge others: weight loss, flu, backache

Output: premonitory signs of labor


Input: dilation of cervix

Output: only definitive difference between true and false labor


Input: True progressive dilation, effacement, & descent regular increase in intensity, frequency, & duration discomfort in back worsen with activity False no progressive dilation, effacement, & descent irregular discomfort in abdomen & groin relieved with activity or sedation

Output: True & False Labor


Input: passage (pelvis) passenger (fetus) powers Position - book does not include psyche

Output: Factors affecting Labor 5 P’s


Input: gynecoid

Output: What is the female pelvis type good for giving birth?


Input: 90 degree inlet --> 90 degree rotation

Output: Progression through pelvis:


Input: fetal head sutures: frontal, sagittal, coronal, & lambdoidal fontanels: anterior - diamond shape & posterior -triangle shape landmarks of fetal skull: sinciput bregma vertex occiput mentum

Output: passenger


Input: relationship of cephalo-caudal axis of fetus to mother

Output: fetal lie


Input: fetal presentation - body part entering pelvis first cephalic: vertex, sinciput, brow, face breech: complete, frank, incomplete Both of these have longitudinal lie Shoulder - have a transverse lie

Output: fetal presentation


Input: LOA is most common position left occiputanterior

Output: What is the most common position?


Input: primary powers - uterine contraction Frequency - minutes duration - seconds intensity - pain scale of 1 to 10 secondary powers - abdominal muscles added to primary powers in Stage 2 of labor

Output: powers


Input: not an actual curve: and ideal composite of the "average" labor

Output: Friedman Curve


Input: motivation for pregnancy childbirth preparation sense of competency/mastery self-confidence, self-esteem positive relationship with partner control during labor Presence - of support person, not being alone support during labor trust in health care professionals

Output: factors associated with a positive birth experience:


Input: Stage 1 Stage of Dilation and Effacement latent phase 0-3 cms active phase 4-7 cms transition 8-10 cms Stage 2 Stage of Expulsion Stage 3 Placental Expulsion Stage 4 Recovery

Output: Stages of Labor


Input: -could pull cord off placenta or invert the uterus, let contractions do the work

Output: Why should you never pull on the cord to remove placenta?


Input: cardiovascular contrx cause increase BP & P (will decrease on L side) vena cava syndrome Hgb is 12-16 gm/100 ml increased leukocytes to 25-35,000 (=strenuous exercise) bearing down causes c.o. to increase 40% c.vol. decreases after delivery by 500cc (over 500cc hemorrhage)

Output: USCR: AIR, FOOD, WATER


Input: fluid and electrolytes temp remains normal (q 2 hours if ROM) altered by diaphoresis and hyperventilation diaphoresis from increase muscular activity dehydration from increase respiratory rate edema monitored (ankle vs facial) oral fluids IV fluids (lactated ringers)

Output: fluid & electrolytes


Input: respiratory rate = strenuous exercise breathing techniques maintain oxygenation therefore decreasing ischemia

Output: respiratory


Input: GI motility & absorption decrease last intake calories needed for energy expenditure

Output: GI


Input: bladder trace of protein common due to muscular exercise (not > +2) atony leads to distention and inability to void (from progesterone and physical compression) glucose negative ketones negative specimen contaminated from vaginal secretions bowel enema rarely used but can cleanse, increase room for fetal descent, stimulate contrx stool can create embarrassment causing woman to hold back, not push effectively amniotic fluid may rupture prior to or during labor clear (coconut milk) and odorless green - meconium from fetal distress odor - from amnionitis nitrazine test - pH of 6.5 or > indicates ROM - rupture of membrane FHR indicates potential prolapse of cord

Output: USCR: Elmination


Input: contraction of uterus to shrink back down

Output: Uterine involution process


Input: when a uterus does not contract down Lochia - color (rubra) --> cirrhosa (bluish) --> alba (white, tan)

Output: What is uterine subinvolution


Input: Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Output: Where nervous and endocrine systems interact Hypothalamus regulates secretions of anterior pituitary

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Posterior Pituitary

Output: An extension of the hypothalamus and consists of the infundibulum and the neurohypophysis DOES NOT MAKE HORMONES

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Anterior Pituitary

Output: Produces nine major hormones that: Regulate body functions Regulate the secretions of other endocrine glands

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The hypothalamohypophysial portal

Output: Connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary -Neurohormones are produced in hypothalamic neurons -The neurohormones inhibit or stimulate hormone production in the anterior pituitary

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The hypothalamohypophysial tract

Output: Connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. -Neurohormones move down the axons of the tract and are secreted from the posterior pituitary.

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Hormones of the Hypothalamus

Output: GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, and PIH *R=Releasing *I=Inhibiting

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Posterior Pituitary Hormones(2)

Output: ADH and Oxytocin

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

Output: Also called vasopressin(promotes water retention by kidneys) -High ADH=higher reabsorption of water in blood -Stimulus of release- increase in blood concentration(detected by osmoreceptors) or decrease in blood volume(by barorecptors) Targets the Kidneys

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Oxytocin

Output: Stimulus for release-Pressure on cervix or stretch of uterus Target tissues-Uterus, mammary glands Response of target tissues-Uterine contractions or release of milk Positive response

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Anterior Pituitary Hormones(9)

Output: -Growth Hormone(GH) -Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) -Adrenocorticotopic hormone(ACTH) -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) -Beta endorphins -Lipotropins -Luteinizing hormone(LH) -Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) -Prolactin

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Growth Hormone(GH)

Output: sometimes called somatotropin -GH secretion increases in response to an increase in blood amino acids, low blood glucose, or stress -Releasing hormone-GHRH -Inhibiting hormone-GHIH Targets most tissues Target tissue responses-increased protein synthesis, increased tissue growth, increased fat breakdown, increased glucose synthesis, and increased somatomedin secretion Receptors-Membrane bound

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Thyrotopin(TSH)

Output: causes the release of thyroid hormones(T3 and T4) Releasing hormone-TRH No inhibiting hormones Target tissues-Thyroid gland Response of target tissues-Release of thyroid hormones(T3 &T4) Receptors-Membrane bound(G protein cAMP

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: ACTH

Output: Stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex and increases skin pigmentation. Releasing hormone-CRH No inhibiting hormone Target tissues Adrenal Cortex Response of target tissues- Causes cortisol and aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, binds directly to melanocytes of the skin, causes increase in the production of melanin. Receptors-Membrane bound(G protein cAMP)


Input: Lipotropins

Output: Cause fat breakdown


Input: Beta endorphins

Output: Play a role in analgesia(inability to feel pain), released during stress

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: MSH

Output: increases skin pigmentation


Input: Gonadotropins

Output: Glycoprotein hormones that promote growth and function of the gonads(LH, FSH, and prolactin)

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

Output: Releasing hormone-GnRH No inhibiting hormones Target tissues-ovaries or testes Response of target tissues-Regulates production of gametes and reproductive hormones(Testosterone is males, Estrogen and Progesterone in females) Receptors- Membrane Bound(G protein and cAMP)

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

Output: Releasing hormone-GnRH No Inhibiting Hormone Target tissues-Follicles in Ovaries or Seminiferous tubules in Testes Target Tissue Response-Regulates production of gametes and reproductive Hormones-Testosterone in males(sperm production), Estrogen and Progesterone in females(follicle maturation) Receptors- Membrane bound (G protein and cAMP)

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Prolactin

Output: Releasing hormone-PRH Inhibiting hormone- PIH Target tissues- Ovaries and mammary glands in females Target tissue response-Milk production, oxytocin=milk release Receptors-Membrane bound


Input: Thyroid Gland

Output: Located inferior to the larynx -Composed of follicles: follicular cells surrounding thyroglobulin/thyroid hormones -Parafollicular cells- between follicles,secrete calcitonin

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Thyroid Hormones(T3 & T4)

Output: synthesis occurs in thyroid follicles 1. Active transport of iodide into follicular cells 2. Thyroglobulin synthesized in follicular cells from Tyrosine 3. Thyroglobulin is secreted into follicular lumen by exocytosis 4. Two iodinated tyrosine amino acids of thyroglobulin to form T3 or T4 5. T3 & T4 are stored in follicular lumen 6. Stimulation of Thyroid gland by TSH leads to endocytosis of thyroglobulin into follicle cells 7. Enzymes breakdown thyroglobulin releasing T3 & T4 8. T3 & T4 are transported in blood with TBG(thyroxine binding globulin)

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Regulation of T3 & T4 Secretion

Output: 1. TRH increases from cold, food deprivation and stress 2. TRH from the hypothalamus increases TSH secretion 3. Increased TSH from the anterior pituitary increases T3 & T4 secretion. 4. T3 & T4 increase the rate of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism in many tissues, thus increasing body temperature. Normal growth of many tissues is dependent on T3 & T4. 5. T3 & T4 bind with nuclear receptor molecules and initiate new protein synthesis. 6. T3 & T4 inhibit TSH and TRH

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation