Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Cephalocaudal Trend

Output: children gain control of upper body before lower (crawling before walking)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Proximodistal Trend

Output: center-outward direction of motor development (torso before extremities)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Stage

Output: developmental period where characteristic patterns of behavior revealed and certain capacities are established

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Erikson's Stages

Output: Trust/Mistrust Autonomy/Shame&Doubt Initiative/Guilt Industry/Inferiority Identity/Confusion Intimacy/Isolation Generativity/self-absorption Integrity/Despair

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Trust/Mistrust stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Is my world predictable and supportive?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Autonomy/Shame&Doubt stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Am I good or bad?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Industry/Inferiority stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Am i competent or worthless?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Identity/Confusion stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Who am I and where am I going?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Intimacy/Isolation stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Generativity/Self Absorption stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Will I produce something of value?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Integrity/Despair stage of Erikson's Theory

Output: Have I lived a full life?

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Cognitive Development

Output: transitions in youngs patterns of thinking (reasoning, remembering, problem solving), Jean Piaget

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Piaget's Stage Theory

Output: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational stages

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Assimilation

Output: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Accomodation

Output: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Sensorimotor stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development

Output: (birth-2) developing ability to coordinate sensory input to motor actions; often results in repetition of pleasurable responses; gradual appearance of symbolic thought from innate reflexes- Object Permanence: knowing something exists though not visible

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Preoperational stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development

Output: (2-7) development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility (inability to reverse an action), centration (tendency to focus on ONE feature of a problem, not other aspects) and egocentrism (can't share another's viewpoint), animism (giving life to everything); don't have sense of conservation (ie volume)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Concrete Operational stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development

Output: (7-11) mental operations applied to concrete events; finally learn to reverse and master decentration; mastery of conservation, hierarchal classification; develop new problem-solving capacities

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Output: Child's cognitive development is fueled by interactions with elders --> apprenticeship Cognitive development is greatly affected by cultures Language acquisition is a HUGE part of fostering cognitive development

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

Output: gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he can achieve with guidance

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

Output: occurs when assistance to a child is adjusted as learning progresses (decreases as progress continues)

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Habituation

Output: gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Dishabituation

Output: if new stimulus elicits increase in strength of a habituated respnse

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development

Output: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional Levels; tied very much to cognitive development

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Preconventional Stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Output: think of external authority; follow rules to avoid punishment; like PREOPERATIONAL stage for Piaget

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Conventional Stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Output: rules are necessary for social order; win approval from others, concrete operational

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Input: [Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon] Postconventional Stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Output: working outside of personal code of ethics, can make exceptions for greater good

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Input: The vitreous is produced by ? which is thought to be a tissue ?

Output: Hyalocytes thought to be a tissue Macrophage


Input: What is the Inner Limiting Membrane?

Output: expanded inner processes of Muller's Cells and their Basal Lamina.


Input: What are Muller's Cells?

Output: Supporting (neuroglial) cells modified astrocytes


Input: What is in the Inner Plexiform Layer

Output: Bipolar Cell Axons Synaptic ribbons in Bipolar presynaptic ending Dendrites of Ganglion Cells processes of Amacrine Cells and Synapses


Input: What is in the Inner Nuclear Layer composed of?

Output: Nuclei of Bipolar Horizontal Amacrine Muller's


Input: What is in the Outer Plexiform layer?

Output: process of Rod and Cone cells (spherules and pedicles) synapsing with Bipolar Dendrites Synaptic Ribbons (structures associated with controlled release of neurotransmitter granules) are present


Input: What is in the Outer Nuclear Layer?

Output: Rod and Cone nuclei and cell bodies


Input: What is in the Outer Limiting Membrane?

Output: junctional complexes of Muller's and Photoreceptor Cells


Input: What are Retinal Pigment Epithelium?

Output: contain Melanin form TIGHT JUNCTIONS that make BLOOD-RETINA BARRIER they phagocytose the Rod and Cone Membranes process VITAMIN A and pump Ions


Input: Retinal Detachment usually occurs when ? separate from the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM --depriving the rods and cones of nourishment

Output: Rods and Cones --separate from the retinal pigment epithelium


Input: What part of Rods and Cones contain numerous Mitochondria, RER and some glycogen?

Output: Inner Segment


Input: The ? part of Rods and Cones that extends from the Basal Body is a modified ? that is lacking the central Microtubular pair in its microtubule arrangement.

Output: Outer segment modified CILIUM


Input: True or False The OUTER SEGMENT of rods and cones consists of membrane folded to form disks. The older disks are shed and phagocytosed by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

Output: True


Input: The periphery of the Retina consists of ? only.

Output: Rods (there are more rods than cones)


Input: Rods are sensitive to low light levels and contain the visual pigment ? Where are they found in the Rods?

Output: RHODOPSIN (retinal + rod opsin) Outer Segment


Input: Cones are of 3 kinds sensitive to RED , GREEN, and BLUE light. They contain the visual pigment ?

Output: IODOPSIN (retinal + 1 of 3 cone opsins)


Input: What is Convergence? How is this observed in the eye?

Output: many units synapsing to a single unit Anterior margin of the Retina -- number of Rods synapse with a single Bipolar Neuron number of Bipolar neurons synapse with a single Ganglion cell


Input: What is the depressed center of the Macula Lutea called? What does that structure consists of?

Output: Fovea Centralis consists of CONES


Input: Describe the synapses found at the Macula Lutea

Output: 1:1:1 innervation One Cone synapse with One Bipolar Neuron synapse with One Ganglion cell


Input: What are the two sources of Blood supply for the retina?

Output: Inner Vessels --by way of the optic nerves Capillaries of the Choroid --by way of diffusion (they provide nourishment for Rods and Cones)


Input: Inner vessels of the eye-- Arterioles can be found in what layer? Capillaries can be found in what layer? Venules can be found in what layer?

Output: arterioles => NERVE FIBER LAYER capillaries => INNER NUCLEAR LAYER venules => INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER


Input: True or False The Outer Plexiform and Outer nuclear Layers are VESSEL-FREE ZONES.

Output: True


Input: The Choroid is the middle vascular layer of the eye and have a CHORIOCAPILLARY level that have flattened vascular channels that are lined with ? Why is this important?

Output: Fenestrated Endothelium allows for nutrients to diffuse out into the outer retinal layers and supply rods and cones.


Input: What part of the Choroid contains elastic fibers and Melanocytes?

Output: Suprachoroid (epichoroid)


Input: The Ciliary muscle is firmly anchored anteriorly to the ? Posteriorly it is free to pull on the ?

Output: Sclera Choroid


Input: A double layer of cuboidal epithelium covers the Ciliary Body and is continuous with what layer?

Output: Retinal Layer (inner layer of the eye)


Input: ? produces Aqueous Humor and the Zonule Fibers (suspensory ligament of the lens). Describe their cell structure

Output: Epithelium of the Ciliary Processes TIGHT JUNCTIONS to form blood/aqueous barrier plasma membrane infolding N+ / K+ ATPase


Input: What is the Uvea?

Output: Vascular layer made up of -- choroid stroma of the Ciliary Body and Iris


Input: What type of barrier do Ciliary Epithelial cells have that form the Blood-Aqueous Barrier?

Output: Tight Junctions


Input: The number of ? found in the stroma of the Iris is a factor in eye color.

Output: Melanocytes


Input: The dilator and sphincter muscles are smooth muscle (MYOEPITHELIUM) that are derived from ?

Output: Pigment Epithelium


Input: The double layer of epithelium on the psoterior surface of the iris is continuous with the double layer of ? **NOTE: ONLY ON THE IRIS ARE BOTH LAYERS OF EPITHELIUM PIGMENTED!!

Output: Ciliary Body Epithelium


Input: True or False The anterior surface of the Iris has a double layer epithelial covering.

Output: FALSE the anterior surface of the iris LACKS an epithelial covering but has stromal cells facing the anterior chamber


Input: Describe the process of Accommodation for Focusing for FAR vision

Output: lens is flattened by being pulled on by the fibers of the CILIARY ZONULE (attached to choroid) ciliary muscle is relaxed


Input: Describe the process of Accommodation for Focusing for NEAR vision

Output: ciliary muscle contracts => pulls on Choroid => relieves tension off CILIARY ZONULE => lens assumes a more globoid shape => sphincter of the iris CONTRACTS


Input: What is formed at the exit of the optic nerve? (--region of sclera that contains the openings)

Output: Lamina Cribrosa


Input: What is Conjunctiva?

Output: type of epithelium that covers the anterior aspect of the Sclera and lines the inner portion of the eyelid


Input: Where does the major bending of light take place at in the Cornea? Does the cornea have any vessels or nerves?

Output: Air-Corneal interface There are NO vessels ONLY free nerve endings


Input: How does the cornea epithelium retain a layer of fluid/tears ?

Output: surface epithelium have VERMIFORM ridges


Input: The nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium basement membrane of the cornea is called? When damaged can it regenerate?

Output: Bowman's Membrane (anterior basement) IT CANNOT regenerate (Decemet's membrane CAN regenerate)


Input: What helps contribute to the TRANSPARENCY of the cornea? What produces the collagen fibrils?

Output: Substantia propria (stroma) layers of collagen fibrils are at RIGHT ANGLES to each other Corneal Fibroblast (keratocytes)


Input: The thick basement membrane of the Inner Epithelium (Corneal ENDOTHELIUM) --usually penetrating objects are often stopped by this membrane found in the Cornea When damaged can it regenerate?

Output: Descemet's membrane (Posterior Basement Membrane) YES it can regenerate


Input: What is Corneal (descemet's) endothelium? What are its functions?

Output: NOT THE SAME AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM --just simple squamous epithelium allows METABOLIC EXCHANGE between Aqueous Humor and Cornea helps keep the stroma relatively dehydrated!! (if not vision can be blocked)


Input: The capsule of the lens serves as an anchor to the ? and has ? type of Collagen.

Output: Zonule Fibers has Collagen Type IV


Input: The ANTERIOR EPITHELIUM of the lens is a single layer of ? cells that form new lens fibers at the equator. The lens slowly increases in size throughout life.

Output: single layer of CUBOIDAL cells


Input: How are Lens cells connected to one another?

Output: Gap Junctions


Input: Describe how Aqueous Humor is drained away.

Output: absorbed into Venous Blood by way of the TRABECULAR MESHWORK across an ENDOTHELIUM into the CANAL OF SCHLEMM


Input: What makes up the Optic Nerve?

Output: axons of Ganglion Cells covered with Meninges has GLIAL CELLS


Input: When are axons of Ganglion cells myelinated in the Optic Nerve?

Output: axons become myelinated after leaving the eye at the Lamina Cribrosa


Input: In the Optic Nerve-- What cell would be producing Myelin?

Output: Oligodendrocytes NOT SCHWANN CELLS


Input: What are Tarsal Glands (meibomian glands) ? (found in the eyelid)

Output: SEBACEOUS GLANDS They secrete MEIBUM --oily substance that prevents the evaporation of the eye's tear film


Input: True or False GOBLET CELLS found in the eye are located in the CONJUNCTIVA which help contribute to tear formation

Output: True


Input: [What is rhetoric?] TIQAIQU

Output: Topic Sentence Introduce a quote Quote Analysis (Repeat)

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Accost

Output: to approach and speak to first; to confront in a challenging or aggressive way

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Animadversion

Output: a comment indicating strong critisim or disapproval

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Avid

Output: desirous of something to the point of greed; intensely eager

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] brackish

Output: having a salty taste and unpleasent to drink

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] celerity

Output: swiftness, rapidity of motion or action

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Devious

Output: straing or wandering from a straight or direct course; done or acting in a shifty or underhanded way

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] gambit

Output: in chess, an opening move that involves risk or sacrifice of a minor piece in order to gain a later advantage; any opening move of this type

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] halcyon

Output: a legendary bird identified with the kingfisher; of relating to the halcyon; calm peaceful; happy, golden; prosperous, affluent

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] histrionic

Output: pertaining to actors and their techniques; theatrical, artifical; melodramatic

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] indendiary

Output: deliberately setting or causng fires; designed to start fires; tending to stir up strife or rebellion; one who deliberately sets fires, arsonist

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] malestrom

Output: whirlpool; turbulence; agitated state of mind

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] mypoic

Output: nearsighted

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] overt

Output: open, not hidden, expressed or revealed in a way that is easily recognized

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] pejorative

Output: tending to make worse; expressing disapproval or disparagement, derogatory, deprecatory, belittling

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] propriety

Output: state of being proper, appropriateness; standards of what is proper of socially acceptable

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] sacrilege

Output: improper or disrespectful treatment of something help sacred

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] summarily

Output: without delay or formality; briefly, concisely

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] suppliant

Output: asking humbly and earnestly; one who makes a request humbly and earnestlu, a petioner, suitor

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Talisman

Output: an object that serves as a charm or is believed to confer magical powers; an amulet, fetish

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] undulate

Output: to move in waves or with a wavelike motion; to have a wavelike appearance or form

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Antithesis

Output: the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Understatement

Output: to state or present with restraint especially for effect

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Hyperbole

Output: over exageration

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Emotional Appeal

Output: Pathos

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Ethical Appeal

Output: Ethos

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Logical

Output: logos

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Are men made roughly equal?

Output: roughly equal: same, fair, rights, ability Comensation (ex: really good at math not good in English)

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] ______ and _______ drive our society because we think we're equal.

Output: envy; jealousy

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] How do social contracts control chaos?

Output: -rules/consequences -gov't system -fear the repercussions

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Context of Leviathan

Output: -1651 -Civil War in England -War between monarchy and parliament (something needs to be there/don't throw out social contracts)

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] The title "Leviathan"

Output: allusion to the Bible (a sea monster) People who are ggreedy or envious.

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Why does an author use hyperbole?

Output: -energy and enthusiasim -draw attention back/focus -comparison

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [What is rhetoric?] Why does an author use understatement?

Output: -evoke shock

The Ability to communicate effectively, to convey a message


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Inductive Reasoning

Output: No framework of knowledge. We observe a large number of facts and put them together for a conclusion. Facts may be valid and the conclusion not valid. - Allows for possibility that conclusions are not valid when observations are valid. **Uses empirical evidence. EX: All of the ice I measured is cold. = true. therefore all ice is cold= true. EX: Certain minerals are found together. = true. Therefore, all minerals are like that = UNTRUE!!

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Natural Experiments

Output: When we observe nature and explain the causes. calmly observe nature and what is/has happened.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Manipulative Experiments

Output: set up systems and see what happens. You expose nature to something it would not normally experience. Torture Nature. Chemist, biologist, geologist. Deals wish controlled studies. Control group is not affected and noe one group has the actual tests.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Blind Control study

Output: the researcher does not know which group is affected to avoid bias. Used in medical fields and such.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Double Blind Control Study

Output: when researcher nor subjects know if they are affected.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Confirmation Bias

Output: the tendancy for looking for confirming evidence and ignoring nonconfirming. maybe more powerful. maybe not. Dont just observe what you believe or suspect.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] expectation bias.

Output: you see what you expect to see

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] selective memory

Output: noticing or remembering what we believe to be true.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Testimonials

Output: Use as evidence is very questionable. - this is where people witness accounts. Ex: I saw bigfoot, lochness monster especially when caught off gaurd. Eye witnesses are valuable when prepared.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] paraidolia

Output: an illusion is clear to us in objects. Most common= faces. We are trained to remember faces. Imbread from child hood.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Not Bad Science Speculation

Output: Speculating about what is unknown. cannot be tested but is not bad science. EX: the drake equation = how many places in the universe have civilizations advanced enough to communicate with us. Posing questions that cannot be answered does not mean its bad science.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Not Bad science Posing a hypothesis...

Output: that cannot be tested with present technology. Ex: is there life on jupiters moon's?

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Not bad science Honest Mistakes

Output: misreadings, faulty equipment unknown to the user, bad readings...

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Not Bad science Wrong interpretations

Output: ...of best available data. Not burdoned by prior comitment, tentative.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Bad arguments: Twisting the evidence

Output: also using semantic arguments. Ex: changing wrong answers into correct ones by changing a definition or changing numbers. AVOID DOUBLE MEANING IN SCIENCE AND AMBIGUITY.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Bad arguments: Authoritarian

Output: the boss or smart guy spoke so it is correct. = wrong. A conviction of belief based on some authority. Ex: some big univerisity says something and you believe 100%

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Bad arguments "they laughed at the wright brothers"

Output: Scientist were not laughing because they knew of the bernoulis equation. (principle behind air flight) If scientists are laughing at my idea this means there is no priciple behind it- no supporting principle. There is no reason to trust a new idea, you must have scientific principles backing it

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Bad arguments Conspiracy

Output: sooner or later they will say it is a conspiracy against me by scientist. Don't want you to know. "Right to be heard" by scientists (no they don't) Science does not have bill of rights. scientist wouldn't listen because of violation of scientific priciples and not explained properly or correctly

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] scientist wouldn't listen because

Output: of violation of scientific priciples and not explained properly or correctly

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Bad Arguments Residue

Output: When 95% of observations are incorrect, flase, or hoazes. What do you do with the residue of 5%. chances are they are not valid (mistakes, hoazes...and cannot be demonstrated.) Should not trust them! CAVEOT = WARNING! SCIENCE PROCEEDS ON ANOMOLIES.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] Anomalies

Output: Things that don't fit. Need to sudy this and explain this. Good credible data are not found in piles of junk VS. finding an anomolie in a pile of good data

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BAd ARguments Explanation by default

Output: Science can't explain it so I must be correct = EX. wrong. Science can;t explain it YET.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BA False dilemma

Output: Wrongly assuming that only two explanations exist. -Politicians do thsi all the time. Ex. my idea is not so bad because yours is worse.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BA begging the question

Output: Circular argument. the answer is simply a rewrite of the question. - Provides a conclusion in a new form. Ex: can you be precise and incorrect at the same time.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BA False Cause

Output: A follows B. Does B cause A? no not neccessarily. Possibly C causes all to move. First you need a principle of science as to how cause and effect for how it happens. Ex: do cell phones cause cancer? we need a medical explanation of how it works

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BA Not fully explaining the phenominom

Output: very importnant when not explained you jump to conclusions

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: [Deductive reasoning] BA Gee whiz facts, anecdotal, popularity, apeal to tradition.

Output: need to boil down to the truth. Ex: mmost midical costs occuiur in the last 2 months of life. = wrong. YOu find something the very last place you look.

Science Vs. NonSense Flashcards - Cram.com

When we compare an observation to what we already know. -Framework of knowledge. -Conclusion must follow a set of known premises. - If premises are correct than the conclusion is valid. - The conclusion must naturally follow. EX: all people are mortal=true. My neighbor is a person=true. Therefore my neighbor is mortal=TRUE. EX:I eat apples=true Everyone who eats apples is smart = untrue. There fore I am smart. = False because not all premises are true.


Input: What happens after a sperm breaks through the egg's layer of follicle cells? [by chemical signals]

Output: it binds to the zona pellucida, and proteases from the acrosome digest a path for the sperm in the acrosomal reaction


Input: What happens when the sperm gets through the zona pellucida and its membrane fuses with the egg's? [by chemical signals]

Output: the cortical reaction -- small vesicles called cortical granules move to and fuse with the egg's plasma membrane, making it hard so that no more sperm can enter


Input: Do the sperm and egg cell nuclei fuse together? [by chemical signals]

Output: No. They carry out mitosis to form a two-cell embryo.


Input: What two hormones secreted by the corpus luteum are needed during pregnancy? [by chemical signals]

Output: estrogen and progesterone


Input: What hormone keeps the corpus luteum from degenerating and where does it come from? [by chemical signals]

Output: The embryo secretes HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) after implanting in the uterus wall. HCG makes the corpus luteum grow and keep secreting estrogen and progesterone. The corpus luteum starts to degenerate during the middle of pregnancy, by when the placenta is secreting the two hormones.


Input: Where are the fetal blood and the maternal blood in the placental villi? [by chemical signals]

Output: The fetal blood flows through capillaries in the villi, while the maternal blood flows through inter-villous spaces. The fetal blood never mixes with maternal blood.


Input: What diffuses into the fetal blood from maternal blood and what diffuses out? [by chemical signals]

Output: O2, glucose, lipids, water, mineral, vitamins, antibodies, and hormones diffuse in, and CO2, urea, hormones, and water diffuse out


Input: [Define Solution?] For pharmaceutical preparations of binary solutions, what two components are need?

Output: Solute: solid Solvent: liquid

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What term is more appropriate when MIXING LIQUIDS?

Output: Miscibility

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What terms are not appropriate when MIXING LIQUIDS?

Output: Solute Solvent

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are three types of SOLVENTS?

Output: Polar Non Polar Semi Polar

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two components of solution?

Output: Solvent Solute

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the general rule for dissolving solvents?

Output: Like Dissolves Like

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Solubility of a non polar solute in a solvent is _____

Output: Large

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] A polar solute has low solubility or insoluble in a ________ solvent?

Output: Non polar

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: High Dielectric constant Can dissolve polar solutes Break covalent bonds of potentially strong electrolytes by acid-base reaction Solvates the molecules through dipole interaction forces

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Give an example of POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of NON POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: Low dielectric constants Unable to decrease the attraction between ions Cannot break the covalent bonds and ionize weak electrolytes Can dissolve non polar solutes

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Give some examples of NON POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: Benzene Mineral oil Carbon tetrachloride

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of SEMI POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: Induce a certain degree of polarity in non-polar solvent Acts as intermediate solvent to bring miscibility of liquids

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Give some examples of SEMI-POLAR SOLVENTS?

Output: Ketones Alcohols

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvent is the most commonly used solvent?

Output: Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] In pharmacy school, alcohol is refer to as?

Output: Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Alcohol is miscible with what other solvents?

Output: Water Alcohol Glycerin Propylene Glycol Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Children younger than the age of 6, can have an intake of how much alcohol?

Output: 0.5 %

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Characteristics of Water as a Solvent

Output: No toxicity, compatible with body fluids Compendial requirement for water for the preparation of syrups, elixirs, suspensions,m emulstions is purified water USP

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Children between the age of 6-12 years old, can have an intake of how much alcohol?

Output: 5%

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify some PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of GLYCERIN USP?

Output: Clear Colorless Viscous Liquid

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Glycerin USP is miscible with what solvents?

Output: Water Alcohol PG PEG 400

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Glycerin USP can act as what?

Output: Humectant Preservative

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Individuals 12 years old or older, can have an intake of how much alcohol?

Output: 10%

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Glycerin is compatible with what solvent?

Output: Alcohol Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Glycerin USP can be use both internally and externally?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of PROPYLENE GLYCOL USP?

Output: Clear, colorless, viscous liquid Miscible with water, alcohol, PG, PEG 400 Served as a humectant and preservative Use both for internal and external use

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the main difference between PROPYLENE GLYCOL USP and POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL versus GLYCERIN?

Output: Glycerin USP is compatible with alcohol and water, whereas Propylene Glycol USP and POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL are not

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some PHYSICAL characteristics of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400?

Output: Clear colorless Odorless Viscous liquid

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvent is the only one COMPATIBLE WITH ALCOHOL AND WATER? Which one is MISCIBLE WITH WATER AND ALCOHOL?

Output: Glycerin USP Glycerin USP Polyethylene glycol 400 Propylene Glycol USP

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvent is the only that is ODORLESS?

Output: Polyethylene glycol 400

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvents are MISCIBLE WITH WATER, GLYCERIN, PG, PEG 400?

Output: Alcohol Glycerin USP Propylene Glycol USP

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvents are CLEAR, COLORLESS, AND VISCOUS LIQUID?

Output: Glycerin USP Propylene Glycol USP Polyethylene Glycol 400

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvents act as a HUMECTANT and PRESERVATIVES?

Output: Glycerin UPS Propylene Glycol USP

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What solvent is composed of EO and water?

Output: Polyethylene Glycol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which solvent is used for INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORMULATIONS?

Output: Polyethylene glycol 400

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define SOLUBILITY?

Output: The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute when it is in equilibrium with the un-dissolved solute

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent?

Output: 100 grams

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Solubility Equation?

Output: Solute (gm)/Solvent (100 gm)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The process of Dissolution involves?

Output: Separation of Solute Molecules Separation of Solvent Molecules Interactions between solvent and solute.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 3 types of INTERMOLECULAR FORCES?

Output: Dispersive Forces Dipolar Forces Hydrogen Bonds

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between UNSATURATED SOLUTION and SATURATED SOLUTION?

Output: Unsaturated solution contain less than the maximum amount of SOLUTE for the temperature is dissolved in the SOLVENT Saturated solutions contains solvent that holds as much as is possible at that temperature.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of UNSATURATED SOLUTION?

Output: Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent NO SOLID REAMINS IN FLASK

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of SATURATED SOLUTION?

Output: Solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature UN-DISSOLVED SOLID REMAINS IN FLASK Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the main difference between SATURATED and SUPERSATURATED solutions?

Output: Saturated solution contains solvent that holds as much solute as possible at the temperature. Supersaturated solution contains solvent that holds more solute that is normally possible at that temperature.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION?

Output: Solvent holds more solute that is normally possible at the temperature These solutions are UNSTABLE Crystallization can often be stimulated by adding a "seed crystal" or scratching the side of the flask.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Look at the table?

Output: Look at the lecture on Lecture 13 Slide 31

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Dielectric constant measures what?

Output: Solubility of the solvents

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Consider an elixir made with drug A (1200 mg), ethanol (15 mL), simple syrup (40 mL), and water (40 mL). The pharmacist prepares the formulation by adding the drug to the ethanol, followed by water and finally the simple syrup. Calculate the % w/v for drug A for this preparation?

Output: 1.3% Convert 1200 mg to 1.2 grams (1.2g/95mL) (100) = 1.3%

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some factors that can influence solubility?

Output: Chemical structure Molecular size Temperature pH Pressure Solute-Solvent Interaction

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] In what ways can CHEMICAL STRUCTURE affect solubility?

Output: The stronger the intermolecular attraction (Hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole, and dispersion) between solute and solvent, the more likely the solute will dissolve.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Ions in water have what kind intermolecular force?

Output: Ion dipole

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The presence of OH groups capable of hydrogen bonding with water enhances the ________ ______ of organic molecules?

Output: Aqueous solubility

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between Glucose and Cyclohexane, which one is more soluble and why?

Output: Glucose is more soluble in water in comparison to cyclohexane because glucose is hydrogen bonded whereas cyclohexane interact through dispersion forces.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS and EXOTHERMIC PROCESS?

Output: Endothermic process solubility increases with the increase in temperature (direct relationship) Exothermic process solubility decrease with the increase in temperature (indirect relationship)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The solubility of most gases _______ with a ____________ in the temperature?

Output: Decrease Increase

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What kind of relationship does PRESSURE and SOLUBILITY have (direct or indirect)?

Output: Direct An increase in pressure increases the solubility of a gas in liquid

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How can molecular size influence solubility of a molecule?

Output: The larger the molecule or the higher its molecular weight the less soluble the substance will be

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why would large molecule be less soluble?

Output: Because large molecules are more difficult to surround with solvent molecules.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Branching molecules are (less or more) soluble?

Output: More soluble because it will reduce the size or volume of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with solvent

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some alterations that could increase the solubility of a drug?

Output: Co solvent Complexation Chemical modification (pro-drug) Solid dispersion Microemulsion

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of MICRONIZATION?

Output: Smaller the particle size the higher the drug reabsorption Size reduction produces ball milling The crystalline drug may become amorphous, more solubilized, MAY DECREASE THE STABILITY, and ADJUST TIME OF MILLING.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How can CO SOLVENT increase the solubility of a drug?

Output: By disrupting the hydrophobic interactions of water at the non polar solute/water interfaces.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Can CO SOLVENT completely solubilized every drug?

Output: Depends on the chemical structure of the drug, that is, the more non polar the solute, the greater the solubilization achieved by co solvent addition.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Co-solvent reduces the differences between ________ of the two components and increase the _________.

Output: Polarity Solubility

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify one disadvantage of using Co-solvents?

Output: The use of co-solvents in the precipitation of the drug upon dilution during administration into the body, resulting in pain or tissue damage.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define PRO-DRUG?

Output: Pro drugs are drug that is therapeutically inactive when administered but becomes activated in the body by either chemical or enzymatic processing

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The addition of _____ ______ can increase the aqueous solubility by increase the hydrogen bonding and other molecular interactions between the _______ and _______.

Output: Polar groups Drug Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define COMPLEXATION?

Output: Association of two or more molecules to form a non covalent based complex with higher solubility than the drug itself. Structure help bind the nonpolar drug molecule inside the nonpolar cavity and encaspulate drug molecule and allow to release drug (carrier mediated transport)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two types of COMPLEXATION?

Output: Stacking Inclusion

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define SURFACTANTS or SURFACE ACTIVE?

Output: Molecules and ions that are adsorbed at interfce

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Surfactants have affinity for both polar and non polar solvents also known as AMPIPHILLE?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Depending on the ____ and ____ of the polar and non polar group present, the ampiphille may be predominantly _______ or ______ or ______.

Output: Number Nature Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balanced

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Some poorly soluble drugs can be solubilized in micellar solutions?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why would be adjust the pH of the solvent?

Output: To enhanced that stability of the drug to be dissolve.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some disadvantage of adjusting the pH of the solvent to enhance the stability of the drug?

Output: There are many drugs for which pH adjustment is not an effective means of improving solubility. Weak acidic or basic drugs may require extremes in pH that are outside accepted physiologic limits or may cause stability problems with formulation ingredients

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define SYRUPS?

Output: Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal susbtances

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between SIMPLE SYRUP, MEDICATED SYRUP, and FLAVORED SYRUP, which one uses WATER ALONE for making syrup?

Output: Simple syrup

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between SIMPLE SYRUP, MEDICATED SYRUP, and FLAVORED SYRUP, which one contains aromatic or pleasantly flavored substances and is intended to be used as a vehicle or flavor for prescription?

Output: Flavored syrup

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between SIMPLE SYRUP, MEDICATED SYRUP, and FLAVORED SYRUP, which one contain some added medicinal substance?

Output: Medicated syrup

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify the 4 Major Components of Syrup?

Output: Sugar Antimicrobial preservative Flavorants Colorants

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some minor components of syrups?

Output: Solubilizers Thickeners Stabilizers Active Ingredient

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two types of Sugar?

Output: Sucrose Based Non Sucrose Based

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Are sucrose highly or lowly WATER SOLUBLE?

Output: Highly Water Soluble

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] List the characteristics of Sucrose?

Output: Inherent sweetness, viscosity, and stability Does not require addition preservative IF USED SOON When properly prepared and maintained, the syrup is inherently stable and resistant to growth of micro-organisms Pediatric formulation: chronic use could cause dental cavities Forbidden to diabetic patients

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why does Sucrose not required additional preservative and if it is used soon?

Output: Because the concentration of sucrose is so high it will be a hypertonic solution and the bacteria will shrink due to the water draining out.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] If Syrup NF is completely saturated with sucrose [A] More stable syrup [B] Unstable syrup [C] Resistance to crystallization [D] More favored formulation

Output: B. Unstable Syrup

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why is it important that the concentration of sucrose approaches but not quite reach the saturation point?

Output: Does not allow the free water available for growth of micro-organisms Help maintain the physical stability of syrups in varying temperature

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why is important not to store sucrose in a cool storage?

Output: Sucrose might crystallized (nuclei formation)

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Give some example of NON SUCROSE BASED SYRUP?

Output: Solution of Polyol: Sorbitol Mixture of Polyols: Sorbitol & Glycerin Others: Glycerin & Propylene Glycol, methylcellucose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose Glycerin & Propylene glycol: Glucogenetic

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What kind of syrup should you give a DIABETIC PATIENTS?

Output: NON sucrose based syrups An example is Diabetic Simple Syrup

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are three types of NON SUCROSE BASED SWEETNERS?

Output: Saccharin Aspartame Sodium Cyclamates

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the disadvantage of using SACCHARIN?

Output: Bitter after taste

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the disadvantage of using ASPARTAME?

Output: Renal tubule acidosis when used in large quantities.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is one CONTRAINDICATION OF USING ASPARTAME?

Output: Phenylketonuria

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the DISADVANTAGES OF USING SODIUM CYCLAMATES?

Output: Photosensitization Eczema and dermatitis No longer approved by FDA as sweetener due to its carcinogenic potential

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] List the 3 NON SUCROSE BASED SWEETENERS, from the most sweetest to least sweetest?

Output: MOST Saccharin Aspartame LEAST Sodium Cyclamates

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Antimicrobial preservative varies with the amount of _____ ______ available for microbial growth?

Output: Free Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Flavorants added must be ______ soluble?

Output: Water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purposes does COLORANT served?

Output: To enhance the appeal of the syrup, colorant must correlate with the flavor added

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 General Requirements of Using A COLORANT?

Output: Water soluble Nonreactive with syrup components Color stable at the pH range Light stable

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 ways SYRUPS CAN BE PREPARED?

Output: Solution with aid of heat Solution by agitation Addition of sucrose to a medicated/flavored liquid Percolation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What the steps when preparing a syrup with HEAT?

Output: Sugar and Water are added together and heated until it is dissolved Let it cooled and adjusted the volume as needed

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is an advantage of using heat to prepare a syrup?

Output: Quick preparation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is a disadvantage of using heat to prepare a syrup?

Output: Excessive heat could cause invert sugar resulting in microbial growth.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] If there is presence of excessive heat, what will happen to the sugar?

Output: Becomes INVERT SUGAR that breaks down in to DEXTROSE and FRUCTOSE.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What kind of sugar is SUCROSE?

Output: Disaccharide

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some possibilities if a solution is prepared with EXCESSIVE HEAT?

Output: Result of INVERT SUGAR - Sweetness of syrup is altered - Color darken - When overheated caramelization of sucrose occurs - More susceptible to microbial growth

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is an advantage of preparing a solution by AGITATION?

Output: Stability is high

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is a disadvantage of preparing a solution by AGITATION?

Output: Time consuming

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify all the steps in PERCOLATION?

Output: Purified water or an aqueous solution is permitted to pass slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose, thus dissolving it and forming a syrup. A plug of cotton is placed in the neck of the percolator If necessary, a portion of the liquid is re-passed through the percolator to dissolve all of the sucrose.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What method is use for the preparation of SYRUP USP?

Output: Percolation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How should SYRUPS be STORED?

Output: Well dried bottles Tight containers Cool dry place

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] At what temperature should syrups be store at? (recommended by the USP)

Output: Temperature not above 25 Degree Celsius

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the reason why PRESERVATIVES could be added to syrups?

Output: Prevent bacterial and mold growth, particularly when the concentration of sucrose in the syrup is low.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] The concentration of preservatives is proportional to the ____ _____.

Output: Free water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the advantages of SYRUPS?

Output: Pleasant tasting vehicles for medicinal substances Patients having difficult in swallowing solid dosage forms, using syrup is a good alternative.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the disadvantages of SYRUPS?

Output: Stability Difficulty in formulation of water insoluble drugs

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between ELIXIRS and SYRUPS?

Output: Elixirs are sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are usually flavored to enhance the palatability. Syrups areConcentrated aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are the components of ELIXIRS? components of SUGAR?

Output: Elixirs Sugar Water Alcohol Flavors SYRUPS Sugar Antimicrobial preservative Flavorants Colorants

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Elixirs should be cloudy in one phase system?

Output: False: Clear one phase system

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of ELIXIRS?

Output: Palatable Alcohol 4-40% Often contain co-solvents Alcohol used to solubilized insoluble components and also acts as preservative

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 2 types of ELIXIRS?

Output: Medicated and NON Medicated

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How are NON Medicated Elixirs useful for Pharmacists?

Output: Addition of therapeutic agent Dilution of an existing medicated elixir

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] When selecting a vehicle for NON Medicated elixirs, what should you consider?

Output: Solubility and stability of drug substance in water and alcohol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] For which VEHICLE, should the amount of alcohol be slightly above the amount needed to maintain drug solubility?

Output: HYDROALCOHOLIC VEHICLE

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 2 reasons why we used MEDICATED ELIXIRS?

Output: Employed for therapeutic purposes Single therapeutic agent is preferred over two or more therapeutic agents in one elixir

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is one way we can prepared ELIXIRS?

Output: Simple solution by agitation and admixture of two or more liquid ingredients - Water soluble ingredient is dissolve in water - Alcohol soluble ingredient is dissolved in alcohol - Last, the aqueous solution is incorporated in the alcoholic solution.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 4 ADVANTAGES OF ELIXIRS?

Output: Less viscous and sweet compared with syrups Able to maintain both water soluble and water insoluble ingredients in a solution Ease of preparation Formulation stability

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are 2 DISADVANTAGES OF ELIXIRS?

Output: Less efficient in masking the taste of bitter tasting drugs Presence of alcohol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purpose does ALCOHOL served in liquid medications

Output: Solubilize insoluble components Preservative

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Why is alcohol incompatible with certain substances?

Output: Because alcohol precipitates water soluble substance and many inorganic salts from aqueous solution

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] If an aqueous solution is added to an elixir, a partial precipitation of ingredients may occur. Why is that?

Output: Reduced alcoholic content of the final preparation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Which of the following phrases describe the elixir dosage form? [A] A homogeneous system [B] The solute is in a monomolecular dispersion [C] The product contains at least two components [D] All of the above [E] None of the above

Output: D. all of the above

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Medicated syrups have three or more components. Which of the following could be present in a medicated syrup? [A] A pharmacologically active chemical [B]Sucrose [C] Water [D] Artificial sweeteners & flavors [E] All of the above

Output: E. all of the above

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False:In general, products labeled with the word elixir contain ethyl alcohol

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False:Stability of Pharmaceutical syrups can be enhanced by substituting sucrose wholly or partly with some non-sucrose based sugars to prevent crystallization of syrups stored for longer period of time.

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Test Question:In an extemporaneous dispensing facility, Simple syrup NF is kept prepared for few days as a vehicle to dispense other medications. The day after the syrup was prepared, a pharmacist noticed that the syrup was brownish. Should he dispense the medication in this syrup?

Output: No. Possible because of caramelization has occurred it might be more prone to microbial growth

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define TINCTURES?

Output: Tinctures are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Identify components of TINCTURES?

Output: Alcohol content 15-80% Preservative Solvent Medicated tinctures taken orally include Paregoric USP or camphorated tincture of opium

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Tinctures cannot be mixed successfully with liquids too diverse in solvent character?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How should TINCTURE BE STORED?

Output: Tightly stoppered bottles Not exposed to high temperatures Light resistant containers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between TOPICAL SOLUTIONS and TOPICAL TINCTURES?

Output: Topical solutions: aqueous vehicle Topical tinctures: alcoholic vehicle

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How should topical solutions and tinctures be stored?

Output: Glass containers Plastic containers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] True or False: Topical solutions and tinctures has presence of dye and sting?

Output: True

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Define SPRAYS?

Output: Sprays may be defined as aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically most usually to the nasopharyngeal tractor to the skin.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are three types of SPRAYS?

Output: Intranasally Throat sprays Topical sprays

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of SPRAY?

Output: Mechanical devices to break up the particles into fine droplets. One-way pump sprays Atomizer Solutions and sprays are mostly used as anti-infective agents All medication for external purposes: EXTERNAL USE ONLY

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Vaginal Solutions comes in 2 different forms, what are they?

Output: Vaginal douche Solution - Solutions - Powders

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] In Vaginal solution, powders may be prepared in ____ or ____ _____?

Output: Bulk Unit Packages

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Douche are use as what?

Output: Hygienic effects Anti-infectives

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Rectal solutions are use in two areas, what?

Output: Local Use Systemic Use

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two types of ENEMAS?

Output: Retention enemas Evacuation enemas

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some characteristics of AROMATIC WATERS?

Output: Clear aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances Flavor/perfuming No longer in widespread use

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are DILUTED ACIDS?

Output: Aqueous solutions prepared by diluting the corresponding concentrated acid with purified water

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the difference between concentrated acids and diluted acids?

Output: Concentrated acids is measure in %w/w. Diluted acids are measured in %w/v.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Between Concentrated acids and diluted acids, which one has LITTLE MEDICINAL USE?

Output: Diluted acids

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] If you want 100 mL of diluted acid from conc. Acid, one would require 10 g of solute

Output: X = 27.39 g of conc. acid

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are two equations you can use to for DILUTED ACIDS?

Output: Specific gravity Volume of Concentration Acid Use

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are SPIRITS?

Output: Spirits are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are some THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES of SPIRITS?

Output: Orally Externally Inhalation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] How would you prepared SPIRITS?

Output: Simple solution method Maceration Distillation

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What is the alcoholic concentration in SPIRITS?

Output: 60% Alcohol

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are LINIMENTS?

Output: Liniments are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsion of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What purpose does the alcoholic or hydroalcoholic content serve? Oleaginous served?

Output: Hydroalcoholic -Rubefacient -Counterirritant -Penetrating Oleaginous -Massage -Less irritating

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Lininments should not be applied to ____ _____ areas?

Output: Broken skin

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] Vehicle for LINIMENTS should be selected base on what?

Output: Type of action Solubility of components External use only Light resistant containers

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.


Input: [Define Solution?] What are COLLOIDIONS?

Output: Colloidions are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added medicinal substances.

PHRD 303: Pharmaceutics III Flashcards - Cram.com

A solution is defined as a mixture of two or more components forming a homogenous molecular dispersion.