Input: Economic Goals

Output: Economic Growth, Full Employment, Economic efficiency, price level stability, economic freedom, equitable distribution of income, economic security, balance of trade

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Thoeretical Economics

Output: Involves formulating theories and using them to understand and explain economic behavior & the economy

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Policy Economics

Output: Using the theories to fix economic problems or promote economic goals.

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Macroeconomics

Output: examines either the economy as a whole or its basic subdivisions, such as household, government, and business

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Microeconomics

Output: looks at specific economic units and its details

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: tradeoffs

Output: to achieve one we must sacrifice another

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Positive economics

Output: Focuses on facts and cause and effect relationships (theoretical economics)"What is"

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Normative Economics

Output: incorporates value judgements about what the economy should be like or what policies should be recommended ( Policy economics)"What ought to be"

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Fallacy of Composition

Output: Assumption that what is true for one person is true for a group of people or the whole.

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Economic Policy

Output: State the goals, determine the policy options, and implement and evaluate the policy that was selected.

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Generalizations

Output: Economic theories, laws, principles or models

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Abstractions

Output: simplifications that omit irrelevant facts and circumstances

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Ceteris Paribus

Output: other things-equal assumption. They assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant.

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Direct relationship

Output: (positive relationship) two variables -consumption and income-change in the same direction

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Inverse relationship

Output: (Negative relationship) two variables change in opposite directions

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Independent variable

Output: Cause or the source

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Dependent variable

Output: the effect of the outcome

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: Y=A+ bx

Output: y= dependent variable a=vertical intercept b=slope of the line x=independent variable

Resource scarcity & necessity of making choices, assumption of rational behavior, and comparisons of marginal benefit and cost.


Input: skill effort responsibility working conditions [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Compensable Factors

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: employee's knowledge and skills generate productive human capital [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: human capital theory

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: base pay cost of living adj seniority pay merit pay incentive pay pay for knowledge skill based [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: forms of extrinsic compensation

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Job Analysis: describes content or job duties, worker requirements, and job context Job Evaluation: recognize differences n the relative worth among a set of jobs [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Internal Consistency

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Strategic Analysis: examine external market and internal factors Compensation Survey: analyze competitor's comp data [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: External Equity

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *recognize individual contributions* - pay structure: pay rate differences for jobs of unequal worth - pay grade: structural features of pay systems. clumped in based on compensable factors and value - pay range: max , min, and midpoint pay rates [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Individual Equity

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the extent to which people accept a hierarchical system or power structure in companies [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: power distance

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: personal independence v. group membership [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: individualism- collectivism

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: how does a society deal with risk and instability? [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: uncertainty avoidance

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: masculine or feminine values. masculine: possessions feminine: caring, nuturing behavior [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: masculinity v. femininity

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: effeciency decision making flows downward [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: traditional hierarchy

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: less beaurocratic adaptive, high involvement org structure [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: flattening the org

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: require compensation rewards for collective behavior [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: team orientation

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: market- competitive pay systems low discresionary benefits [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: growth companies

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: have large, well developed internal labor markets pay for knowledge and skill based pay programs [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: mature companies

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: differentiation strategy [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: decline

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describes disparate treatement and disparate impact based on: race, color, sex, national origin, religion [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: title vii of cra 1964

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: intentional discrimination [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: disparate treatment

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unintentional discrimination 4/5 rule [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: disparate impact

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: allows employees to charge employers with title vii violations regarding pay only when the employer has violated the equal pay act of 1963 [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: bennett amendment

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ammendment to title vii prevents discrimination against pregnant women for all employment practices [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reversed atonio v. wards cove packing co., lorance v. at and t, and boureslan v. aramco employers must show that the challenged employment practice is a business necessity [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: cra of 1991

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ruled that plaintiffs must indicate which employment practice created disparate impact and demonstrate how the employment practice created it overturned by cra of 1991 [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: atonio v. wards cove packing co

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ruled that federal job discrim laws do not apply to us citizens working for us comps in foreign companies overturned by cra of 1991 [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: boureslan v. aramco

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: requires contractors w/ gov contracts worth more than $50000 /year and 50 + employees to develop aa plans [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: exec order 11246

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: protects workers age 40+ from discrimination [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1900 ammendment to the ADEA: placed restrictions on employer benefit practices. under particular circumstances, employers can require older workers to pay more for health care insurance than younger employees equal benefit or equal cost principle: employers must offer benefits to older workers than are equal to or more than the benefits given to younger workers with one exception. The OWBPA does not require employers to provide equal or more benefits to older workers when the costs to do so are greater than for younger workers [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Older Workers Benefit Protection Act

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prohibits discrimination against individuals with mental or physical disabilities title 1: requires employers to provide "reasonable accomodation" to disabled employees [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: provides employees with job protection in cases of family or medical [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: family and medical leave act of 1993

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: defines the term hours worked as it appears in the FLSA [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: portal to portal act of 1935

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Min Wage Overtime pay Child labor laws [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: fed gov requires employers to enter into good-faith negotiations with workers over the term of employment [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: seniority stops at the top of the pay grade-- assumes person will move to next grade longevity assumes they will not move into the next one [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: seniority v. longevity pay

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: seniority, etc just for breathing [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: vapor pay

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reliability validity practicality standardization discrimination (free) [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: goals of a performance management system

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) conduct job analysis to determine characteristics necessary for job performance 2) incorporate the characteristics into a rating instrument 3) Train supervisors to use the rating instrument properly 4) formal appeal mechanisms and reivew of ratings by upper level personnel help to make practices more accurate [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: promote nondiscrim performance appraisal practices

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: development admin decision making [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: purposes of perform mgmnt

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ex: 360 degree more reliable [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: reliability

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avoid contamination/ deficiency contamination: over praise, etc deficiency: does not address effective job performancet [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: validity

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: accepted by users [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: practicality

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: consistent [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: standardization

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ranking - paired comparison - dividual ranking - group ranking (forced distribution) [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Comparative methods

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - trait rating scale - bars/bos - behavior - mbo- goals [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: Absolute methods

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: superviors peers managers must: understand job no biased can observe behavior [Job Characteristic Theory]

Output: who should rate?

Strategic Compensation Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Validation

Output: Ensures that data is within an accepted range

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Input

Output: Where data is entered into an information system

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Manipulation (Processing)

Output: Involves the changing of information

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Storage

Output: Where data is saved for future use

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Retrieval

Output: When a data file is opened for further use

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Output

Output: Where the user is able to see the processed information in a variety of forms

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Communication

Output: when information is passed on to other people

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] Disposal (Archiving)

Output: This is where data that is no longer needed is removed from the system

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Acquisition] AIVMSROCD

Output: Acronym for all of the nine phases

Phases of Information Processing Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A body part that helps an animal survive in his environment. [1]

Output: adaptation

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A change in environment that causes a reponse. [1]

Output: stimulus

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The reaction of an animal to a noise. [1]

Output: response

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An animal's ability to copy the appearance of another animal. [1]

Output: mimicry

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A sleeplike state in which some animals pass the winter. [1]

Output: hibernation

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The seasonal movement of animals from one place to another. [1]

Output: migration

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This adaptation helps the animal defend itself. [1]

Output: A viceroy butterfly looks like the poisonous monarch butterfly.

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This adaptation helps the animal get shelter. [1]

Output: Burrowing owls live in empty burrows.

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This adaptation helps the animal find food. [1]

Output: Badgers can smell prairie dogs under the earth.

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] This adaptation helps the animal eat food. [1]

Output: Gopher snakes can open their mouths very wide.

Animal Adaptations-Science 4th gr. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: • What components of self-understanding occur at this age?

Output: This is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions. Self-understanding involves self- recognition. For example, appx. 18 months a child will recognize their body part in the mirror. 2 and 3 they develop a sense of “me”. By 4 they describe themselves with physical and material attributes.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: •Bandura's theory: Authoritarian parenting

Output: A restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence. They may spank their children or enforce rules rigidly, but not explain them & show rage to children. Children of these parents may feel unhappy, fearful and have poor communication skills.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Bandura's theory: Aurthorative parenting

Output: - A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls their actions. Extensive verbal give-and- take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children’s social competence. This parents hugs the child and says,” you shouldn’t have done that, and let’s talk about a way you can handle this better next time”. Children of these parents are cheerful, self-controlled, get along with peers and achievement- oriented

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Bandura's theory: Neglectful parenting

Output: A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child’s life; it is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. The parent’s lives are more important than the child’s life. The children have poor self-control, immature, low self-esteem and can get in trouble in adolescent years.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Bandura's theory: Indulgent parenting

Output: A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self- control. They let their child do whatever they want. Children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their ways. They are domineering, egocentric and have difficulties in peer relations.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Describe cultural influences on parenting styles

Output: Asian American parents often continue aspects of Asian childrearing practices that have sometimes been described of authoritarian. The parents exert a considerable control over their children’s life. However, it is different from domineering control and comes from a place of concern. Latino childrearing focuses more on positive than punitive. They encourage the development of self and identity. Several generations live together and in these circumstances emphasize respect and obedience of the children. African American parents are more likely than white parents to use physical punishment. Uses of physical punishment have been linked with high levels of aggression in white families, but not in African American families.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: What are the developmental results of child abuse?

Output: They have poor emotion regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relations, difficulty in adapting to school and other psychological problems. Maltreated infants have excessive negative affect, such as irritability and crying and rarely smiling. If young children are maltreated, they often show insecure attachment patterns in their social relationships later in life. Maltreated children tend to be overly aggressive with peers or avoid interacting with peers.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Identify trends in family structure occurring in our society

Output: In general, having both parents employed full-time outside the home has not shown to have negative effects on the children. However, in some circumstances, when a mother works outside the home, such as when the infant Is less than 1 year old, negative effects can occur. There are few differences with children growing up with heterosexual parents and those growing up from gay and lesbian parents. African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children to live in single-parent families and larger families, and have extended family connections. Lower SES parents creates a more authoritative environment at home than high SES parents.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Explain the effects of divorce on children

Output: Children in divorced families are more likely than children in non-divorced families to have academic problems, to show externalized problems (acting out), and internalized problems (anxiety and depression), to be less socially responsible, to have less competent intimate relationships, to drop out of school, to become sexually active at an early age, to take drugs, to have low self-esteem and be less securely attached as young adults. The child’s personality, temperament, gender and custody situation play a role in how the child will adjust to the change. Those who are socially mature and responsible cope better.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Explain why good peer relations are necessary for adequate social development?

Output: One of the most important functions is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family. Special concerns focus on children who are rejected by peers and are victimized and feel lonely. They are at risk for depression and developing a number of problems including delinquency and dropping out of school

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Evaluate the claim: “Violence on TV causes aggression in children

Output: When children observe behavior like pushing and kicking and choking on television, they are more likely to go to school and act out these behaviors, as compared to children who watched cartoons. There are links to watching violence as a child and acting aggressively later in life.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Define the gender theories: psychoanalytic

Output: Psychoanalytic theory of gender- a theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent, by age 5 or 6 renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently indentifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adapting the same-sex parents characteristics

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Define the gender theories: Social cognitive

Output: Social cognitive theory of gender- a theory that emphasizes that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Define the Gender theories: Cognitve

Output: Cognitive theory of gender-children’s gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender appropriate and gender in appropriate behavior

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: Define the gender theories: Gender Schema

Output: Gender schema-the theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their culture’s gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

Pediatric OT chapter 8 Flashcards - Cram.com

Children discover that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they must discover what type of person they will become. They identify most with their parents. They use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. They have a lot of energy that allows them to forget failures quickly and to approach new areas even if they seem dangerous. On their own initiative, children at this stage move out into a wider social world. Initiative ties with conscience. Children now not only feel afraid of being found out when they do something wrong, but they also begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. Their initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers self-esteem. The response of the parents to self-initiated activities will influence if the child’s initiative will outweigh their guilt. If a parent looks down on their fantasy or play, they will feel shameful and not initiate that activity anymore.


Input: [metamorphism] hydrothermal metamorphism

Output: – chemical alterations from hot, ion-rich water

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] regional metamorphism

Output: Occurs during mountain building Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock Rocks usually display zones of contact and/or hydrothermal metamorphism

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] heat

Output: Most important agent Recrystallization results in new, stable minerals

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] chemically active fluid

Output: Mainly water with other volatile components Enhances migration of ions Aids in recrystallization of existing minerals

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] sources of fluids

Output: Pore spaces of sedimentary rocks Fractures in igneous rocks Hydrated minerals such as clays and micas

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] foliation

Output: any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] porphyrytic texture

Output: Large grains, called porphyroblasts, surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of other minerals

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] phyllite

Output: Gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and schist Platy minerals not large enough to be identified with the unaided eye Glossy sheen and wavy surfaces Exhibits rock cleavage Composed mainly of fine crystals of muscovite and/or chlorite

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] schist

Output: Medium- to coarse-grained Platy minerals (mainly micas) predominate The term schist describes the texture To indicate composition, mineral names are used (such as mica schist)

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] gneiss

Output: Medium- to coarse-grained Banded appearance High-grade metamorphism Often composed of white or light-colored feldspar-rich layers with bands of dark ferromagnesian minerals

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] marble

Output: Coarse, crystalline Parent rock was limestone or dolostone Composed essentially of calcite or dolomite crystals Used as a decorative and monument stone Exhibits a variety of colors

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] quartzite

Output: Formed from a parent rock of quartz-rich sandstone Quartz grains are fused together

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] migmatites

Output: Highest grades of metamorphism that is transitional to igneous rocks Contain light bands of igneous components along with areas of unmelted metamorphic rock

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] the role of water

Output: Diminishes particle cohesion (friction) Water adds weight

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] slump

Output: Movement of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material as a unit along a curved surface Occurs along oversteepened slopes

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] rockslide

Output: Blocks of bedrock slide down a slope Generally very fast and destructive

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] debris flow

Output: Consists of soil and regolith with a large amount of water Often confined to channels

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] earthflow

Output: Form on hillsides in humid regions Water saturates the soil Commonly involve materials rich in clay and silt

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] creep

Output: Gradual movement of soil and regolith downhill Aided by the alternate expansion and contraction of the surface material

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] soliflucation

Output: Promoted by a dense clay hardpan or impermeable bedrock layer Common in regions underlain by permafrost Can occur on gentle slopes

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] ground water

Output: found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow fractures in bedrock - largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] belt of soil moisture

Output: water held by molecular attraction on soil particles in the near-surface zone

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] zones of saturation

Output: form when water reaches a zone where all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] water table

Output: the upper limit of the zone of saturation

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] capillary fringe

Output: -Extends upward from the water table -Groundwater is held by surface tension in tiny passages between grains of soil or sediment

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] zones of aeration

Output: -Area above the water table -Includes the capillary fringe and the belt of soil moisture -Water cannot be pumped by wells

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] gaining streams

Output: gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] losing streams

Output: gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] porosity

Output: percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces -Determines how much groundwater can be stored -Variations can be considerable over short distances

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] permeability

Output: the ability of a material to transmit a fluid

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] aquatard

Output: an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement (such as clay)

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] aquafir

Output: permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwater freely (such as sands and gravels)

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Darcy's Law

Output: If permeability remains uniform, the velocity of groundwater will increase as the slope of the water table increases

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] hydraulic head

Output: the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] hydraulic gradiant

Output: the water table slope, determined by dividing the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points by the length of flow between these points

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] springs

Output: Occur where the water table intersects Earth’s surface Natural outflow of groundwater Can be caused by an aquitard creating a localized zone of saturation which is called a perched water table

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] hot springs

Output: Water is 6-9oC warmer than the mean annual air temperature of the locality The water for most hot springs is heated by cooling of igneous rock

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] geysers

Output: Intermittent hot springs Water erupts with great force Occur where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rock Groundwater heats, expands, changes to steam, and erupts

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Artestian Well

Output: a situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] types of Artesian Well

Output: Nonflowing – pressure surface is below ground level Flowing – pressure surface is above the ground

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Subsidence

Output: Ground sinks when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it (San Joaquin Valley of California)

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] saltwater contamination

Output: Excessive groundwater withdrawal causes saltwater to be drawn into wells, thus contaminating the freshwater supply Primarily a problem in coastal areas

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] caverns

Output: Most caverns are created by acidic groundwater dissolving soluble rock at or just below the surface in the zone of saturation

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Karst topography

Output: Landscapes that have been shaped mainly by the dissolving power of groundwater

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] glacier

Output: a thick mass of ice that originates on land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Valley (alpine) glaciers

Output: Exist in mountainous areas Flow down a valley from an accumulation center at its head

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] ice sheets

Output: Exist on a larger scale than valley glaciers Two major ice sheets on Earth are over Greenland and Antarctica

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] steps in glacial ice formation

Output: -Air infiltrates snow -Snowflakes become smaller, thicker, and more spherical -Air is forced out -Snow is recrystallized into a much denser mass of small grains called firn -Once the thickness of the ice and snow exceeds 50 meters, firn fuses into a solid mass of interlocking ice crystals

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] plastic slip

Output: Occurs within the ice Under pressure, ice behaves as a plastic material

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] basal slip

Output: Entire ice mass slipping along the ground Most glaciers are thought to move this way by this process

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] zone of accumulation

Output: -The area where a glacier forms -Elevation of the snowline varies greatly

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] zones of wastage

Output: the area where there is a net loss to the glacier due to Melting, calving

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] calving

Output: – the breaking off of large pieces of ice (icebergs where the glacier has reached the sea)

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] glacial budget

Output: Balance, or lack of balance, between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier, and loss at the lower end is referred to as the

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] plucking

Output: lifting of rocks

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] abrasion

Output: Rocks within the ice acting like sandpaper to smooth and polish the surface below

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] glacial drift

Output: refers to all sediments of glacial origin -stratified -till

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] stratified drift

Output: sediments laid down by glacial meltwater

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] till

Output: material that is deposited directly by the ice

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] drumlins

Output: Smooth, elongated, parallel hills Steep side faces the direction from which the ice advanced Occur in clusters called drumlin fields Formation not fully understood

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] 4 main stages of ice age in america

Output: Nebraskan Kansan Illinoian Wisconsinan

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] indirect effects of ice age glaciers

Output: -Forces migration of animals and plants -Changes in stream courses -Rebounding upward of the crust in former centers of ice accumulation -Worldwide change in sea level -Climatic changes

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] Milankovitch hypothesis

Output: -Shape (eccentricity) of Earth’s orbit varies -Angle of Earth’s axis (obliquity) changes -Earth’s axis wobbles (precession) -Changes in climate over the past several hundred thousand years are closely associated with variations in the geometry of Earth’s orbit

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] processes involved in hydrologic cycle

Output: -precipitation -evaporation -infiltration -runoff -transpiration

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] fractionation

Output: physical and chemical processes that result in a redistribution of the stable isotopes of an element in a compound.

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] infiltration capacity is controlled by...

Output: -intensity and duration of rainfall -prior wetted condition of the soil -soil texture -nature of the vegetative cover

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] stream discharge

Output: Width x Depth x Velocity

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] stream erosion

Output: lifting loosely consolidated particles by abrasion and dissolution

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] competence

Output: indicates the maximum particle size a stream can transport -determined by streams velocity

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] alluvian fans

Output: develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a narrow valley -sopes outward in a broad arc

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] deltas

Output: forms when a stream enters an ocean or lake -forest beds -topset beds -bottomset beds

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] stream valleys

Output: most common landform on Earth's surface

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] narrow valleys

Output: -V shaped -downcutting toward base level -features often include rapids and waterfalls

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] wide valleys

Output: -stream near base level -downward erosion is less dominant -stream energy is directed from side to side forming a flood plain

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] incised meanders

Output: meanders in steep, narrow valleys -caused by drop in base level or uplift of region

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] terraces

Output: remnants of a former floodplain -river has adjusted to relative drop in base level by downcutting

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] drainage networks

Output: land area that contributes water to the stream in the drainage basin -imaginary line seperating one basin from another is a divide

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] drainage pattern

Output: patter of the interconnected network of streams in an area -dendritic -radial -rectangular -trellis

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] stream piracy

Output: the diversion of the drainage of one stream into another

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] water gap

Output: notch were a river cuts through a ride that lies in its path

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] antecedent stream

Output: stream existed before the ridge was formed

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] superposed stream

Output: stream let down upon a preexisting structure

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [metamorphism] types of floods

Output: -regional -flash -ice jam -dam failure

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed


Input: [1] Government [2]

Output: The institutions and processes through which policies are made for a society.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Politics [2]

Output: The process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policy Agenda [2]

Output: The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given time.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political Participation [2]

Output: All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policymaking Institutions [2]

Output: Branches of government charged with taking action on political issues.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Single-Issue Group [2]

Output: Groups that have a narrow interest tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Democracy [2]

Output: A system of selection policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the publics preferences.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policymaking System [2]

Output: The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. People’s interest concerns and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems and concerns.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Majority Rule [2]

Output: A fundamental principal of traditional democratic theory. In a democracy, choosing among alternatives require that the majority’s desire be respected.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Linkage Institutions [2]

Output: The political channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the policy agenda.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Minority Rights [2]

Output: A principal of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities but allows for their participation.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pluralist Theory [2]

Output: A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Declaration of Independence [2]

Output: The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Elite and Class Theory [2]

Output: A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that the upper-class elite will rule; or perhaps should rule.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] U.S. Constitution [2]

Output: The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1789 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Hyperpluralism [2]

Output: A cynical theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened; pluralism gone bad.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Natural Rights [2]

Output: Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments, which include life, liberty, and property. The concept was central to John Locke’s theories about government, and was widely accepted among America’s Founding Fathers.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policy Gridlock [2]

Output: A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. The result is that nothing may get done.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Consent of the Governed [2]

Output: The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people. (Locke)

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Individualism [2]

Output: The belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government; a prominent belief in American political thought.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Limited Government [2]

Output: The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Articles of Confederation [2]

Output: The first constitution of the United States, adopted by Congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. The articles established a national legislature, the Continental Congress, but most authority rested with the state legislature.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Separation of Powers [2]

Output: A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government-executive, legislative, and judicial-to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. (Montesquieu)

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Shays’ Rebellion [2]

Output: A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Checks and Balances [2]

Output: Features of the Constitution that limit government’s power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually check one another’s activities.

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Input: [1] Factions [2]

Output: Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper #10.

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Input: [1] Republic [2]

Output: A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Connecticut Compromise [2]

Output: The compromise reached at the Constitution Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representatives is based on a state’s share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. (bicameral legislature)

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Federalists [2]

Output: Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

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Input: [1] Writ of Habeas Corpus [2]

Output: A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

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Input: [1] Anti-federalists [2]

Output: Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Federalist Papers [2]

Output: A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name “Publius” to defend the Constitution in detail

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Federalism [2]

Output: A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bill of Rights [2]

Output: The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns. These amendments define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendants’ rights.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Supremacy clause [2]

Output: Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits

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Input: [1] Equal Rights Amendment [2]

Output: A constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures

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Input: [1] Tenth Amendment [2]

Output: The Constitutional amendment stating that “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” Link to: reserved powers; elastic clause; loose vs. strict construction

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Input: [1] Marbury v. Madison, 1803 [2]

Output: The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 [2]

Output: A Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and is colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Judicial review [2]

Output: The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress, and by implication the executive, are constitutional

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Enumerated powers [2]

Output: Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8. Also called “expressed,” or “delegated.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Implied powers [2]

Output: Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to “ make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution” the powers enumerated in Article I. Link to: elastic clause; Amendment 10; loose vs. strict construction.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Privileges and immunities (clause) [2]

Output: A clause of Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Elastic clause [2]

Output: The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Dual federalism [2]

Output: A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. Also called “layer cake federalism.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 [2]

Output: A landmark case in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cooperative federalism [2]

Output: System of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. Also called “marble cake federalism.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Full faith and credit (clause) [2]

Output: A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fiscal federalism [2]

Output: The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Extradition (clause) [2]

Output: A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Categorical grants [2]

Output: Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or “categories,” of state and local spending . They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Project grants [2]

Output: Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of application

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cross-cutting requirements [2]

Output: When a condition on one federal grant is extended to all activities supported by federal funds, regardless of their source (example: discrimination).

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Formula grants [2]

Output: Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in a administrative regulations

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Public opinion [2]

Output: The distribution of the population’s beliefs about politics and policy issues.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Block grants [2]

Output: Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Demography [2]

Output: The science of human population changes.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Mandate [2]

Output: Requirements (sometimes unfunded) that direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of federal grant funds. DO NOT confuse with mandate theory of elections

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Census [2]

Output: A valuable tool for understanding demographic changes. The constitution requires that the government conduct an “actual enumeration” of the population every 10 years.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cross-over sanctions [2]

Output: When the federal government uses federal grant dollars in one program to influence state and local policy in another (example: highway funds and drinking age).

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Melting Pot [2]

Output: The mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Minority majority [2]

Output: The emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a white, generally Anglo-Saxon majority. It is predicted that by about 2060, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans together will outnumber white Americans.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Random digit dialing [2]

Output: A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political culture [2]

Output: An overall set of values widely shared within a society.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Exit polls [2]

Output: Public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Reapportionment [2]

Output: The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political ideology [2]

Output: A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sample [2]

Output: A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Gender gap [2]

Output: A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates, Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Random Sampling [2]

Output: The key techniques employed by sophisticated survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Civil disobedience [2]

Output: A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Salad Bowl [2]

Output: A new term to describe, and celebrate the diversity of the United States without the controversial notion of assimilation found in the term melting pot.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Caucus [2]

Output: Meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bandwagon Effect [2]

Output: An effect caused by exit poll projections in which undecided voters turnout to support the candidate who is leading in the polls.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Presidential primaries [2]

Output: Elections in which votes in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her). Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cross-pressure [2]

Output: A term used to describe being caught between two or more conflicting demographic patterns; for example: Dr. Condoleeza Rice, National Security Advisor.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] McGovern-Fraser Commission [2]

Output: A commission formed in 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representations.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nomination [2]

Output: The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Superdelegates [2]

Output: National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] National party convention [2]

Output: The supreme power within each of the parties. The convention meets every four years to nominate the party’s presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the party’s platform.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Frontloading [2]

Output: The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] National Primary [2]

Output: A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries, who would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Federal Elections Commission [2]

Output: A six member bipartisan agency that administers campaign finance laws and enforces compliance with their requirements.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Regional primaries [2]

Output: A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Soft Money [2]

Output: Political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising. These contributions are not subject to limits.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Party platform [2]

Output: A political party’s statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to he party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate’s strength.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political Action Committee [2]

Output: Fundraising vehicles created by FECA 1974. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a PAC and register it with the FEC which will meticulously monitor their expenditures.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Direct mail [2]

Output: A high tech method of raising money for a candidate or cause. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar candidates in the past.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Selective perception [2]

Output: The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 [2]

Output: A law passed for reforming campaign finance that created the Federal Elections Commission, provided public financing for primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BiCRA or McCain-Feingold) [2]

Output: Campaign finance regulations that double the amounts specified by FECA while trying to eliminate soft money contributions. It inadvertently created another loophole for Section 527 contributions.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] “527” [2]

Output: Named for the section of the IRS Tax Code, a 527 is an advocacy group trying to influence elections through voter mobilization and the spending of unlimited dollars in “independent expenditures.” The most famous of these in the 2004 election cycle was the “Swiftboat Veterans for Truth.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political efficacy [2]

Output: The belief that one’s political participation really matters-that one’s vote can actually make a difference.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Legitimacy [2]

Output: A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders. When legitimacy is high, as in the United States, even the losers accept the results peacefully.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Civic duty [2]

Output: The belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Referendum [2]

Output: A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Voter registration [2]

Output: A system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Initiative petition [2]

Output: A process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures are obtained on petitions calling for such a referendum.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Motor Voter Act [2]

Output: Passed in 1993, this Act went into effect for the 1996 election. It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver’s license.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Suffrage [2]

Output: The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Mandate theory of elections [2]

Output: The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policy voting [2]

Output: Electoral choices that are made on the basis of the voter’s policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] High-tech politics [2]

Output: A nickname for a type of politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Electoral College [2]

Output: A unique American institution, created by the Constitution, providing for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties. Although the electoral college vote usually reflects a popular majority, the winner-take-all rule gives clout to big states.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Mass media [2]

Output: Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Retrospective voting [2]

Output: A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question: “What have you done for me lately?” Conrad Burns R.-Montana…going “Washington DC” on his constituents

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Media events [2]

Output: Events purposely staged for the media that nonetheless look spontaneous (a “photo op”). In keeping with politics as theater, media events can be staged by individuals, groups, and government officials, especially presidents.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bush v. Gore, 2000 [2]

Output: An extremely controversial U.S. Supreme Court ruling that stopped a manual recount of ballots in Florida, thereby awarding Florida’s electoral votes to George W. Bush and declaring him the winner of the 2000 election. Critics use this election as one more example of the need to revamp the Electoral College system.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Press conference [2]

Output: Meetings of public officials with reporters. Since the Watergate/Vietnam era, the media has become more aggressive in its scrutiny of the Whitehouse (watchdog); therefore, recent Presidents have preferred the electronic throne over the press conference.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Recall election [2]

Output: The power of the people at the state level to “recall” an elected official, or remove them from office and force a follow up election. The idea is as old as the Constitution itself, but the power of recall only started showing up in the states at the beginning of the twentieth century as part of the Progressive effort to “take back the country.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Investigative journalism [2]

Output: The use of detective-like reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Print media [2]

Output: Newspapers and magazines, as compared with broadcast media. Broadcast media: Television and radio, as compared with print media.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Policy agenda [2]

Output: The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at the time.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Chains [2]

Output: By 1994, more than 80 percent of America’s daily papers were controlled by national and regional chains.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Electronic Throne [2]

Output: The presidential skill of using the television as a platform for public persuasion; developed as an alternative to press conferences. Link to: media event; gatekeeper role of the media.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Narrowcasting [2]

Output: Media programming on cable TV or the Internet that is focused on one topic and aimed at a particular audience. Examples include MTV, ESPN, and C-SPAN. :

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Infotainment [2]

Output: A term used to characterize the recent trend in network television news production that blends analysis with entertainment. Many experts believe this trend can be linked to many other trends in politics and voter behavior.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sound bites [2]

Output: Short video clips of approximately 15 seconds, typically all that is shown from a politician’s speech or activities on the nightly television news.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Trial balloons [2]

Output: An intentional news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Talking head [2]

Output: A shot of a person’s face talking directly to the camera. Because this is visually unappealing, the major commercial networks rarely show a politician talking one-on-one for very long.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Party Competition [2]

Output: The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Political party [2]

Output: According to Anthony Downs, a “team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election.”

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Patronage [2]

Output: One of the key inducements used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rational-choice theory [2]

Output: A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Closed primaries [2]

Output: Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party’s candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Party Identification [2]

Output: Citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.

AP American Government and Politics Vocabulary - Curtis High School Flashcards - Cram.com