Input: Slowest. Kepler's Second Law states that, as a planet moves along its ellipse, its speed changes, so it is moving slowest at the furtherst point in its orbit and fastest when nearest the Sun.

Output: Kepler believed that a planet moves _______ when it is furthest from the Sun.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Complete. Kepler's Third Law states that the length of time it takes a planet to move around its orbit is related to the size of the ellipse.

Output: Kepler's Third Law concerns how long it takes a planet to _________ an orbit.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Cassini. Giovanni Domenico Cassini was the first to observe the Saturnian moons Dione, Rhea, Lapetus, and Tethys and the gap in Saturn's rings.

Output: ______ discovered four moons orbiting Saturn.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Newton. Sir Isaac Newton concluded that motion, inertia, and gravity were the fundamental phsyical forces of the universe.

Output: ______ discovered the Laws of Motion.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Gravity. Newton explained that the planets and moon stay in orbit due to gravity.

Output: Newtonian physics holds that ______ and inertia keep the planets in orbit.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Adams. John Couch Adams predicted the position of a planetary mass beyond Uranus. Because he failed to publish his findings, the discovery of Neptune is credited to Johann Gottfried Galle.

Output: ________ predicted the discovery of Neptune.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Magnetism. Dominique Francois Jean Arago is credited with this discovery.

Output: According to Arago, rotation may produce ________.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Galle. Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest compared their observations to a star chart to identify Neptune.

Output: _______ is credited with the discovery of Neptune.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: d'Arrest. By saying this, d'Arrest alerted Galle to their discovery of Neptune.

Output: __________ exclaimed, "That star is not on the map!"

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Barnard. Edward Emerson Barnard discovered this Jupiterean satellite and Barnard's Star, the second-closest star system to our Sun.

Output: Jupiter's satellite Amalthea was discovered by _________.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Bond. William Cranch Bond studied Saturn with William Lassell during his tenure.

Output: The first director of the Harvard College Observatory was ________.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Hyperion.

Output: _______, one of Saturn's moons, was discovered by Bond and Lassell.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Hale. George Elley Hale founded these observatories.

Output: ____________ founded the Yerkes, Palomar, and Mt. Wilson Observatories.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Palomar. The National Georgraphic Society and the Palomar Observatory conducted this survey from 1950 to 1957.

Output: The __________ Sky Survey became the backbone of modern observation astronomy in 1957.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Hall. Asaph Hall discovered Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars.

Output: _____ discovered Mars' moons.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Halley. Edmond Halley used Newton's laws and historical comet data to accurately predict the reappearance of what is now called Halley's Comet.

Output: _______ accurately predicted the reappearance of the comet that bears his name.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Hubble. Edwin Powell Hubble also discovered a linear relationship between a galaxy's distance and speed with which it is moving. The Hubble Space Telescope is named in his honor.

Output: _________ believed that galaxies are "island universes."

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Hubble's Law. This law is also used to estimate the age of the universe.

Output: _________ Law makes it possible to estimate the speed at which the universe is expanding.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: 1655. Christiaan Huygens accurately observed that Saturn was surrounded by rings and not two planets, as Galileo thought. Huygens also discovered Saturn's moon, Titan.

Output: The nature of Saturn's rings was first described in ______.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Kuiper. Gerard Kuiper studied the surface of the moon extensively. He also discovered Miranda and Nerid and found atmosphere on Titan.

Output: ________ is known for his study of the lunar surface.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Marius. Simon Marius discovered Jupiter's moons in 1610, around the same time as Galileo.

Output: __________ named Jupiter's moons.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Andromeda. Marius was also one of the first to observe sunspots.

Output: Simon Marius was the first to observe the ______ Nebula with a telescope.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Schiaparelli. He actually observed "channels," but a later mistranslation recorded this discovery as "canals."

Output: _______ discovered "canals" on Mars.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Lowell. Percival Lowell studied Mars at his Arizona observatory in 1894.

Output: According to __________, the canals of Mars proved there was intelligent life on that planet.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Photographs. William Henry Pickering produced these important photographs.

Output: The first _______ of Mars overturned Lowell's theory Martian canal-building.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Kelvin. On Thomson's Kelvin scale, the freezing point of water (0 C) is 273 K. The boiling point of water is 373 K.

Output: William Thomson developed the _______ scale.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Oort. This cloud was named for Jan Hendrick Oort.

Output: The cloud of comet-like material around the sun is called the ______ cloud.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Herschel. Sir William Herschel spent his career cataloguing the heavens. He catalogued over 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae.

Output: __________ discovered Uranus in 1781.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Tombaugh. Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

Output: In 1930, _________ discovered Pluto.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Lippershey. Galileo developed his telescope from written accounts of Hans Lippershey's invention.

Output: ________ invented the first telescope.

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In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Van Allen Belts. These radiation belts, discovered by James Van Allen, are held in place by Earth's magnetic field. Some reasearches have associated the belts with the polar aurorae.

Output: Earth is surrounded by particles in the _____________.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Photography. This development led to the use of photographic plates in telescopic observations.

Output: The invention of __________ in the 1820s allowed astronomers to inmprove their observations of the sky.

DSST Astronomy (Part 1): Brief History of Early Astronomy Flashcards - Cram.com

In the ________________ model, Earth is the center of the universe.


Input: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. Skinners term for behavior learned through classic conditioning. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Respondent Behavior


Input: Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there is incentitive to demonstrate it. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Latent Learning


Input: in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of responses [Cognitive MAp]

Output: variable ratio schedule


Input: in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a resonse at unpredictable time intervals. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: variable interval schedule


Input: An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: shaping


Input: in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior that follows. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: reinforcer


Input: an event that decreases the behavior that follows. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: punishment


Input: an innately reinforing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need [Cognitive MAp]

Output: primary reinforcer


Input: increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food. *blank* is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: positive reinforcement


Input: In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses [Cognitive MAp]

Output: fixed ratio schedule


Input: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs [Cognitive MAp]

Output: continuous reinforcement


Input: a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its asssociation with a primary reinforcer also known as secondary reinforcer. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: conditioned reinforcer


Input: A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: extrinsic motivation


Input: A desire to perform a bahavior for its own sake. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: intrinsic motivation


Input: Learning that certain events occur together. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: associative learning


Input: a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience [Cognitive MAp]

Output: learning


Input: In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally and naturally triggers a response [Cognitive MAp]

Output: unconditioned stimulus


Input: the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. The strenghening of a reinforced response [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Aquisition


Input: view that psychology should 1) should be an objective science 2)study behavior without reference to mental processes. *Most agree with (1) not (2). [Cognitive MAp]

Output: behaviorism


Input: In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: discrimination


Input: Diminishing of conditioned response [Cognitive MAp]

Output: extinction


Input: the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: spontaneous recovery


Input: the tendancy once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses [Cognitive MAp]

Output: generalization


Input: unlearned naturally occuring response [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Unconditional Response (UR)


Input: an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with and unconditoned stimulus (US) cones to trigger a conditioned response [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Conditioned stimulus (CS)


Input: Atype of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli A natural stimulus that signals an Unconditioned stimulus. (US) [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Classical Conditioning


Input: A stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Unconditioned Stimulus (US)


Input: positive constructive healthy behavior opposite of anti social [Cognitive MAp]

Output: pro social behavior


Input: learning by observing others [Cognitive MAp]

Output: observational learning


Input: the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: modeling


Input: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: mirror neurons


Input: observable behavior. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:


Input: UR. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):


Input: CS; US [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.


Input: spontaneous recovery [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:


Input: decreases; increases [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.


Input: variable-interval [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.


Input: observational learning. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:


Input: cognitive [Cognitive MAp]

Output: The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.


Input: Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:


Input: conditioned [Cognitive MAp]

Output: If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.


Input: fixed-ratio [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.


Input: associative learning. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:


Input: conditioned stimulus. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):


Input: generalization. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:


Input: shaping. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:


Input: conditioned stimulus [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.


Input: fixed-interval [Cognitive MAp]

Output: During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.


Input: discrimination. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:


Input: biological predispositions. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:


Input: negative reinforcement. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:


Input: Bandura [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?


Input: classical conditioning. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: f you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:


Input: CR. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):


Input: operant conditioning. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:


Input: cognitive processes [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.


Input: mirror neurons.01 [Cognitive MAp]

Output: An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity as she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:


Input: unconditioned stimulus. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):


Input: conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer [Cognitive MAp]

Output: A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.


Input: variable-ratio [Cognitive MAp]

Output: For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.


Input: punishment. [Cognitive MAp]

Output: To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:


Input: The cultural tradition a group of people recognize as their own; the shared customs and beliefs that define how a group sees itself as distinctive. [Culture]

Output: Cultural identity

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Input: A territorially distinct and largely self-perpetuating group whose members have a sense of collective identity and who share a common language and culture. [Culture]

Output: Society

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning. [Culture]

Output: Enculturation (socialization)

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The behaviors that most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations. [Culture]

Output: Patterns of behavior

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A social position in a group, with its associated and reciprocal rights (privileges) and duties (obligations). [Culture]

Output: Role

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shared ideas and expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations. [Culture]

Output: Norms

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles. [Culture]

Output: Values

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Objects, behaviors, and so forth whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherit physical qualities. [Culture]

Output: Symbols

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ways the members of a culture perceive social and natural reality and divide reality into categories that are culturally variable. [Culture]

Output: Cultural constructions

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The way a people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves in relation to the world around them. [Culture]

Output: World view

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [sensation] receptor cell

Output: A specialized cell that responds to a particular type of energy.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] absolute threshold

Output: The least amount of energy that can be detected as a stimulation 50 percent of the time.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] adaptation

Output: An adjustment of the senses to the level of stimulation they are receiving.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (jnd)

Output: The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] Weber's law

Output: The principle that the jnd for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] cornea

Output: The transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] pupil

Output: A small opening in the iris through which light enters the eye.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] iris

Output: The colored part of the eye that regulates the size of the pupil.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] lens

Output: The transparent part of the eye behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] retina

Output: The lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] fovea

Output: The area of the retina that is the center of the visual field.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] rods

Output: Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision and perception of brightness.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] cones

Output: Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] bipolar cells

Output: Neurons that have only one axon and one dendrite; in the eye, these neurons connect the receptors on the retina to the ganglion cells.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] visual acuity

Output: The ability to distinguish fine details visually.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] dark adaptation

Output: Increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] light adaptation

Output: Decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] afterimage

Output: Sensory experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] ganglion cells

Output: Neurons that connect the bipolar cells in the eyes to the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] optic nerve

Output: The bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries neural messages from each eye to the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] blind spot

Output: The place on the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells leave the eye and where there are no receptors.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] optic chiasm

Output: The point near the base of the brain where some fibers in the optic nerve from each eye cross to the other side of the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] feature detectors

Output: Specialized brain cells that only respond to particular elements in the visual field such as movement or lines of specific orientation.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] additive color mixing

Output: The process of mixing lights of different wavelengths to create new hues.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] trichromatic theory

Output: The theory of color vision that holds that all color perception derives from three different color receptors in the retina (usually red, green, and blue receptors).

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] color blindness

Output: Partial or total inability to perceive hues.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] opponent-process theory

Output: Theory of color vision that holds that three sets of color receptors (yellow-blue, red-green, black-white) respond to determine the color you experience.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] sound

Output: A psychological experience created by the brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] sound waves

Output: Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart again.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] frequency

Output: The number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of pitch.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] pitch

Output: Auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in a higher or lower tone.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] amplitude

Output: The magnitude of a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of loudness.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] timbre

Output: The quality or texture of sound; cause by overtones.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] oval window

Output: Membrane across the opening between the middle ear and inner ear that conducts vibrations to the cochlea.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] cochlea

Output: Part of the inner ear containing fluid that can vibrate, which in turn causes the basilar membrane to vibrate.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] basilar membrane

Output: Membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that responds to vibrations; it contains sense receptors for sound.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] organ of Corti

Output: Structure on the surface of the basilar membrane that contains the receptor cells for hearing.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] auditory nerve

Output: The bundle of axons that carries signals from each ear to the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] olfactory bulb

Output: The smell center of the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] pheromones

Output: Chemicals that communicate information to other organisms through smells.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] taste buds

Output: Structures on the tongue that contain the receptor cells for taste.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] kinesthetic senses

Output: Senses of muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles or joints.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] stretch receptors

Output: Receptors that sense muscle stretch and contraction.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] Golgi tendon organs

Output: Receptors that sense movement of the tendons, which connect muscles to bone.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] vestibular senses

Output: The senses of equilibrium and body position in space.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] gate-control theory

Output: The theory that a "neurological gate" in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] biopsychosocial theory

Output: The theory that the interaction of biological, psychological, and cultural factors influences the intensity and duration of pain.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] perception

Output: The brain's interpretation of sensory information so as to give it meaning.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] perceptual constancy

Output: A tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] size constancy

Output: The perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] shape constancy

Output: A tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] monocular cues

Output: Visual cues requiring the use of one eye.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] binocular cues

Output: Visual cues requiring the use of both eyes.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] interposition

Output: Monocular distance cue in which one object, by partly blocking a second object, is perceived as being closer.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] perspective

Output: Monocular distance and depth cues that involve the convergence of lines, the haziness of images, and the relative elevation of objects.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] texture gradient

Output: Monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that objects seen at greater distances appear to be smoother and less textured.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] shadowing

Output: Monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that shadows often appear on the part of objects that are more distant.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] motion parallax

Output: Monocular distance cue in which objects closer than the point of visual focus seem to move in the direction opposite to the viewer's moving head, and objects beyond the focus point appear to move in the same direction as the viewer's head.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] stereoscopic vision

Output: Combination of two retinal images to give a three-dimensional perceptual experience.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] retinal disparity

Output: Binocular distance cue based on the difference between the images cast on the two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] convergence

Output: A visual depth cue that comes from muscles controlling eye movement as the eyes turn inward to view a nearby stimulus.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] monaural cue

Output: Cue to sound location that requires just one ear.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] binaural cue

Output: Cue to sound location that involves both ears working together.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] consciousness

Output: Our awareness of how we think, feel, perceive, and experience the world.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] waking consciousness

Output: Mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] altered state of consciousness

Output: Mental states that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] daydreams

Output: Apparently effortless shifts in attention away from the here and now into a private world of make-believe.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] circadian rhythm

Output: A regular biological rhythm with a period of approximately 24 hours.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] REM (paradoxical) sleep

Output: Sleep stage characterized by rapid-eye movements and increased dreaming.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] non-REM (NREM) sleep

Output: Non-rapid-eye-movement stages of sleep that alternate with REM stages during the sleep cycle.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] insomnia

Output: Sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] nightmares

Output: Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and are remembered.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] night terrors

Output: Frightening, often terrifying dreams that occur during NREM sleep from which a person is difficult to awaken and doesn't remember the content.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] apnea

Output: Sleep disorder characterized by breathing difficulty during the night and feelings of exhaustion during the day.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] narcolepsy

Output: Hereditary sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and sudden loss of muscle tone, often following moments of emotional excitement.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] dreams

Output: Vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM periods of sleep.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] psychoactive drugs

Output: Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] substance abuse

Output: A pattern of drug use that diminishes the ability to fulfill responsibilities at home, work, or school; that results in repeated use of a drug in dangerous situations; or that leads to legal difficulties related to drug use.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] substance dependence

Output: A pattern of compulsive drug-taking that results in tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or other specific symptoms for at least a year.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] depressants

Output: Chemicals that slow down the action of the nervous system and its associated behaviors and cognitive processes.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] stimulants

Output: Chemicals that speed up the action of the nervous system and its associated behaviors and cognitive processes.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] hallucinogens

Output: Chemicals that produce a significant disruption in waking consciousness.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] meditation

Output: Any of the various methods of concentration, reflection, or focusing of thoughts undertaken to suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [sensation] hypnosis

Output: Trancelike state in which a person responds readily to suggestions.

Chapter 3 - Sensation, Perception, and Conscious Experience Flashcards - Cram.com

The process of receiving sensory data from the environment and translating it to the brain.


Input: [2] a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun [1]

Output: adjective


Input: [2] a word used in place of a noun or more than one noun [1]

Output: pronoun


Input: [2] the word that a pronoun stands for or refers to in a sentence [1]

Output: antecedent


Input: [2] a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb [1]

Output: adverb


Input: [2] predicate adjective and predicate nominative [1]

Output: what are the two types of subject complements?


Input: [2] a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of that action answers who or what [1]

Output: direct object


Input: [2] a noun or a pronoun that comes between a verb and a direct object. (it tells "to whom" or "to what" or "for whom" or "for what") [1]

Output: indirect object


Input: [2] completes the meaning of a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject [1]

Output: subject complement


Input: [2] a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and explains or identifies the subject of the sentence [1]

Output: predicate nominative


Input: [2] an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence [1]

Output: predicate adjective


Input: [2] a subordinate clause that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb [1]

Output: adverbial clause


Input: [2] a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun [1]

Output: adjectival clause


Input: [2] expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence [1]

Output: independent clause


Input: [2] does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. [1]

Output: subordinate clause


Input: [2] has two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses. [1]

Output: compound sentence


Input: [2] consists of two or more [1]

Output: compound form (noun, verb or subject)


Input: [2] two or more connected subjects that have the same verb, usually connected by "and" or "or" [1]

Output: compound subject


Input: [2] two or more connected verbs that have the same subject, usually connected by "and", "or" or "but" [1]

Output: compound verb


Input: The loss must be measurable The loss must be accidental or Fortuitous [Pell Grants]

Output: Elements of an insurable risk


Input: You must duplicate Services offered by the insurer. No impartial claims service [Pell Grants]

Output: Dis-Advantages of Self Insurance


Input: No selling cost [Pell Grants]

Output: Advantages of Self Insurance


Input: Determine if there was a loss covered by the policy Handle settlement of certain losses [Pell Grants]

Output: Roles of an Adjuster


Input: To render decisions on the meaning of policy terms. To rule on the constitutionality of Insurance laws. [Pell Grants]

Output: Duties of the courts in regulating Insurers


Input: Open peril coverage on the dwelling Broad form coverage on personal property [Pell Grants]

Output: Characteristics of an un-endorsed HO 00 03


Input: E.G.A.D.I.M Establish and Define relationship, Gather Info, Analyze and evaluate, Develop, and present plan Implement Monitor [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the steps of the Financial Planning Process


Input: Establish and Define Relationship: *Explain the planning process *Explain services provided *Inform of docs required *Clarify planner and client responsabilities [Pell Grants]

Output: Step one of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: Gather Info *Use interview questions *Determine goals, needs, priorities *Get Docs *Risk tolerance and time frame *Determine Values and Expectations [Pell Grants]

Output: Step two of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: Analyze and Evaluate *Current financial status *Special needs *Risk/Insurance status *Investments/retirement *Taxation *Real estate *Employee benefits [Pell Grants]

Output: Step three of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: Develop and present Plan *Prepare plan specific to client *Plan must address and prioritize: cash flow, estate tax, capital needs, income tax, benefits, investments, and liability risk. * [Pell Grants]

Output: Step four of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: Implement the Plan *Assist the client with Implementation *Coordinate with other professionals [Pell Grants]

Output: Step five of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: Monitor the Plan *Monitor progress *Review changes in law *Update client info [Pell Grants]

Output: Step six of E.G.A.D.I.M.


Input: *Statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth on a specific date *i.e. as of December 31 20XX *Assets - Liabilities = Net Worth Assets = Liabilities + Net Worth [Pell Grants]

Output: Statement of Financial Position


Input: *Statement of inflows and out flows over a period of time *i.e. For the year ending December 31 20XX [Pell Grants]

Output: Cash Flow Statement


Input: 3-6 months of expenses, preferably 3 months for dual income, 6 months for one earner. [Pell Grants]

Output: Emergency Funds


Input: 5-10% [Pell Grants]

Output: Save X% of your gross income


Input: The current ratio measures a firms ability to pay off current debts with current assets (cash and equivalents, receivables, inventory) Current assets / Current liabilities [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the Current Ratio?


Input: Similar to Current ratio, but take away inventory from the calculation. Cash and equivalents, receivables /Current liabilities Use to determine how easy it would be to pay off current liabilities with most liquid current assets [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the acid test ratio?


Input: 20% of net income [Pell Grants]

Output: Consumer Debt should not exceed:


Input: They can be mis-leading Do not attempt 100% accuracy Use budget to measure accomplishment [Pell Grants]

Output: Important things to remember about budgets:


Input: 28% of Gross Income [Pell Grants]

Output: Housing cost (PITI) should not exceed:


Input: 36% of Gross Income [Pell Grants]

Output: Your total monthly payments should not exceed:


Input: Applies to Investment income greater than $1,700 (indexed) * For children under 19 Y.O. or under 24 if a full time student *First $850 is untaxed(standard deduction) *Second $850 is taxed at childs marginal tax rate *Anything over $1,700 is taxed at parents marginal rate. [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the kiddie tax?


Input: Closed end: Lessee walks away at the end of the lease, only money that may still be due is from damages or excess mileage. Open ended: at lease termination, the appraised value of the asset will determine any further monies due from or owed to the Lessee. [Pell Grants]

Output: Closed Vs. Open Ended Leases


Input: *Vary by state *May Allow out of state contributions * Custodian controls distributions *Withdrawals tax free as long as used to pay for qualified college expenses (Tuition, books, Supplies room and board) *Can be transferred to nuclear relatives, in laws and first cousins. Also can be rolled over to just about anyone [Pell Grants]

Output: Section 529 Plan


Input: *Originally called "Education IRA" *Put in up to $2,000 per year *Can pay for elementry, secondary, and college expenses. *Must be distributed within 30 days of when individual reaches 30 years of age [Pell Grants]

Output: Coverdell Education Savings Account


Input: *insurer is legally bound to actions of the agent! *Does not represent the insured *Rep of the insurance company [Pell Grants]

Output: Agent


Input: *Can not bind risk to the insurance com. *Represents the insured *Not an agent of the insurance com. [Pell Grants]

Output: Broker


Input: There is: Express authority (contractual) Implied (not stated but assumed duties) Apparent (Ostensible, if the insurance company doesn't block it or clearly dispute the actions of the agent) [Pell Grants]

Output: Principles (insurers) are liable for the actions of an agent if:


Input: *Must notify the insured their not ratifying the acts of the agent *No policy issued *Premiums returned [Pell Grants]

Output: Principles may not be liable for actions if:


Input: 1. Notice: Notify insurer of loss ASAP 2. Investigation: Insurer determines if there was a loss covered by the policy. 3. Proof of loss: Sworn statement by Insured 4. Payment or denial [Pell Grants]

Output: Steps of the Claims Process:


Input: 1. Replacement (repair or replace rather than pay ACV) 2. Abandonment or Salvage (property is taken over by insurer) 3. Pair or set (repair, replace or pay ACV) [Pell Grants]

Output: Options of the Insurer for settling claims


Input: Independent business people empowered by an insurance company to to sell and appoint agents in a specified territory. [Pell Grants]

Output: General Agent


Input: Generally represent several Property and liability companies. Do business under the American Agency System. [Pell Grants]

Output: Independent Agent


Input: Represent one or one group of companies. Can only use other insurers if their company doesn't offer the product the customer needs. [Pell Grants]

Output: Captive Agent


Input: Usually work with a General agent or a or an agency manager, associate with one company but maintain relationships with other companies to fill client needs. [Pell Grants]

Output: Career agent


Input: Same as a General Agent, except: *Usually actually sell themselves (dont hire or train other agents) *Don't have designated territories *May represent more than one life company [Pell Grants]

Output: Producing General Agents


Input: Handle insurance that cannot be purchased in he state for any reason. [Pell Grants]

Output: Surplus Line or Excess Line Brokers or Agents


Input: To avoid market Failure (too much or too little ins. at too high or too low of prices i.e. monopoly) Public Choice Keep the companies smaller and more efficient if they want to compete Capture: Regulators tend to come from the industry they regulate [Pell Grants]

Output: 3 reasons to regulate the insurance Industry:


Input: *Enacts law to govern insurance companies within its own state boundary *Standards of solvency *Regulates rates of investment *Licensing of Agents [Pell Grants]

Output: How does the Legislative branch regulate insurance?


Input: *Is the central regulation figure in each state *Makes rulings that are binding into law *Exercises judicial power in implementing and enforcing the states insurance code. [Pell Grants]

Output: Who is the State Commissioner?


Input: National Association of Insurance Commissioners *No legal Power *Shares Ideas *Seeks to Standardize state regulation [Pell Grants]

Output: NAIC


Input: Convincing customer to cancel a policy just to replace it with another for a profit [Pell Grants]

Output: Twisting


Input: Returning Premium to induce a customer to purchase insurance. [Pell Grants]

Output: Rebating


Input: *Meant to protect the public and investors from malpractice by those that advise about securities *requires disclosure, stops illegal profit sharing, makes it unlawful for advisor to engage in fradulant conduct. [Pell Grants]

Output: Investment Advisors Act of 1940 (IAA)


Input: *Indicates how the SEC will enforce the IAA [Pell Grants]

Output: SEC Release IA-770


Input: 1. Are you Providing Advice? 2.Are you in the business of Giving advice? 3.Do you receive compensation for advice? [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the three (IAA) test to determine if one is an Investment Adviser or not


Input: 1.Bank or bank holding co. 2.Lawyer, Engineer, Teacher etc. whose advise is incidental to their profession. 3.Broker or Dealer whose advise is incidental and non-compensated 4.Bona-fide News paper or Fin. Publication 5.only advise about securities issued and garunteed by the U.S. Gov. 6.Any others the SEC deems (none now) [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the six categories of exceptions under the definition of Financial Advisor


Input: 1. Intrastate advisers who have clients in one state only and doesnt offer securities available on national exchanges 2.An Advisor whose only clients are insurance companies 3.A private Advisor who: during the past 12 months had less than 15 clients doesnt hold themselves out to the public as an adviser Doesnt act as such for a registerd investment company [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the three Investment Advisors that are exempt from registering


Input: ADV (I) General Info, name, location year of business, background, types of clients. ADV (II) Detailed info specific types of products and services, fee structure, business associates and balance sheet Form U-4: Must be submitted on behalf of every IAR seeking employment at an IA [Pell Grants]

Output: Form ADV (I&II) and U-4


Input: Under $25 million in AUM register with the state Over $30 million register with the SEC [Pell Grants]

Output: SEC or State registration?


Input: Registered Investment Advisers must provide all clients (current and prospective) with a copy of the ADV(II) or something that is equivalent Must be delivered at least 48 hours prior to entering into a contract, and every year there after (or at least an offer to deliver it) [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the brochure rule?


Input: *Not a government agency *Self regulatory agency *Registered with the SEC *If you want to sell certain products you will need to pass correlating FINRA exams [Pell Grants]

Output: Who is FINRA?


Input: Series 6: Mutual Funds, UIT's, variable life insurance and annuities Series 22: Direct participation programs: Oil and Gas, Real Estate Syndications. Series 62: smaler version of the series 7, no options [Pell Grants]

Output: Types of FINRA Exams


Input: 1. Identify Risk Management Goals 2. Gather important data 3. Analyze 4. Construct a plan 5.Implement 6. Monitor [Pell Grants]

Output: Steps of the Risk Management Process


Input: 1. Insurance policy checklist 2. Risk analysis questioner 3. Financial checklist 4. A review of the clients personal and private activities [Pell Grants]

Output: What are some tools that will help gather risk info from a client?


Input: 1. Don't risk more than you can afford to lose 2. Consider the Odds 3. Don't risk a lot for a little [Pell Grants]

Output: The 3 Rules of Risk Management


Input: Losses that can have catastrophic results must be the first to be insured! [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the large loss principle?


Input: A. There must be enough similarity between the risk to create some predictability B. The Loss produced by the risk must be definite and measurable C.The loss must be fortuitous or accidental D. The loss must not be catastrophic to the insurer [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the four elements of an Insurable Risk?


Input: Is the process of selecting and classifying risk. [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the purpose of underwriting?


Input: Reviewing and possibly canceling policies before it expires (becoming illegal in some states) [Pell Grants]

Output: Post Selection Underwriting


Input: The application Info from the Agent or Broker Investigations Information Bureaus Examinations or inspections [Pell Grants]

Output: Five sources of information used for underwriting


Input: Staying Away from the risk activity all together. Use when risk is high in severity and frequency [Pell Grants]

Output: Risk Avoidance


Input: Just dealing with the risk by paying for any losses that may occur. Use when risk is low in severity and frequency [Pell Grants]

Output: Risk Retention


Input: AKA insurance, use when risk is high in severity, but low in frequency. [Pell Grants]

Output: Risk transference


Input: reduction lowers chances a risk will occur, and sharing spreads the responsibility for handling a loss to others (incorporation). [Pell Grants]

Output: Risk reduction and sharing


Input: The tendency for worse than average risk policy holders to purchase or continue coverage, this negatively affects insurers ability to make predictions about future losses. [Pell Grants]

Output: What is adverse selection and why is it a problem?


Input: 1. Death before Debt repayment 2. Spouse outliving pension 4. Death befor reaching life goals [Pell Grants]

Output: Three risk exposures that may necessitate Life Insurance


Input: 1. Final expenses 2. Contingent Liabilities 3. Dependant Income 4. Education 5. Family Goals 6. Support of parents [Pell Grants]

Output: Family risk exposures when a primary income earner dies


Input: 1. Death of a partner 2. Death of a key employee 3. Losing key employee to competition 4. Illiquidity of business in the event of an owners death [Pell Grants]

Output: Closely held business risk exposures that may merit life insurance


Input: Buy-sells often occur when it is necessary to transfer the ownership of a dead partner to the remaining owners. They take many forms such as: Stock redemption Cross purchase Wait and see Third Party Life Insurance can provide the funds necessary for the buy out [Pell Grants]

Output: What is a Buy-Sell agreement and how can life insurance be helpful in exercising it?


Input: Protects against loss due to death during a specified time period. initial premiums are lower than whole but premiums increase over time does not accumulate cash value At end of policy term policy owner may be declined for renewal [Pell Grants]

Output: Term Insurance


Input: provides guaranteed protection for the entire life of the insured provides guaranteed nonforfeiture values that can be used as forced savings Has a guaranteed level premium for life of the insured death benefit guaranteed for life of insured can be borrowed against can be used for emergencies [Pell Grants]

Output: Whole life insurance


Input: Same as whole Life but premiums are higher and last for a shorter time period [Pell Grants]

Output: Limited pay whole life


Input: Technical name is flexible adjustable life has a cash value fund that grows tax deferred and has a minimum guaranteed rate of intrest includes flexible premium payments adjustable death benefits unbundled in structure level death benefit is called type 1 or A increasing death benefit is called type 2 or B [Pell Grants]

Output: Universal Life Insurance


Input: Has flexible premium payments and adjustable benefits provides full disclosure every year Unbundled format --------------------------------------------------- may not give best insurance protection or savings rates future yield is uncertain there is no guarantee that what you choose to pay in will give enough benefit [Pell Grants]

Output: Advantages and Disadvantages of Universal Life


Input: Combination of protection and growth potential from investments Sub accounts hold investments Has Guaranteed premium and Benefit but no guaranteed cash value [Pell Grants]

Output: Variable Life Insurance


Input: Flexible premium and death benefit like Universal Investment choices for cash fund no guarantees at all except to keep coverage in force [Pell Grants]

Output: Variable Universal Life Insurance (VUL)


Input: Whole life plan that reacts to interest rates by fluctuating the premium or cash value depending on the plans structure [Pell Grants]

Output: Interest sensitive whole life


Input: Combo of Term and Whole -Premium and face amount are adjustable at any monthly policy anniversary -Can change back and forth from Whole to Term [Pell Grants]

Output: Adjustable Life Insurance


Input: Whole or Term policy with maximum guaranteed premium. premiums fluctuate [Pell Grants]

Output: Indeterminate premium policy


Input: Dividends of Participating plan may be paid to owner as a tax free return of premium Non-Participating do not pay, but may increase the cash value [Pell Grants]

Output: Participating vs. Non-Participating Life insurance


Input: Must affirm ANY changes in a life insurance policy [Pell Grants]

Output: Irrevocable Beneficiaries


Input: Entire Contract- The Policy and Application constitute a contract between ins co. and insured. Ownership- Ins policy is personal property Incontestable- after policy has been in force for 2 years the validity of the contract can not be questioned, except for fraud Misstatement of age- If you lie about age the Ins Co. can adjust the ins accordingly Grace period- Allows a premium to be paid late, usually 30 or 31 days Reinstatement- If grace period is exceeded allows certain period of time where policy can be reinstated pending evidence of insurability [Pell Grants]

Output: Common insurance plan clauses


Input: Policy owner can sell their life insurance to a third party (or Viatical firm). Take estimated payout and subtract estimated premiums paid until that point and determine a value at which to sell the policy. [Pell Grants]

Output: Viatical Agreement


Input: Also known as the "Surrender Value" You want to borrow or pull the money out ($ per thousand of death benefit i.e. $100 per thousand = $1000 on a $100,000 contract) [Pell Grants]

Output: Cash or Loan Value


Input: You want to stop paying premiums but want the policy to stay intact ($ per thousand of death benefit i.e. $100 per thousand = $1000 on a $100,000 contract) [Pell Grants]

Output: Reduced Paid up Insurance


Input: You want to stop paying premiums and just buy the original face amount amount in Term Insurance instead. (Expressed in terms of years and days) [Pell Grants]

Output: Extended Term Insurance


Input: Cash or Loan Value (Surrender value) Reduced Paid up Insurance Extended Term Insurance [Pell Grants]

Output: What are the Non-Forfeiture options of a life insurance Policy?


Input: Cash Paid up Dividend Additions Reduced Premium Accumulate at Interest One Year Term [Pell Grants]

Output: Types of Dividend Options


Input: Also called (PUA's) This allows for the purchase of additional net cost insurance! Can be added on each year regardless of health or occupation. No further Premiums are due on it, but it pays dividends! Defers Taxes! Best combination of increased death benefit AND cash value [Pell Grants]

Output: Paid up Dividend Additions


Input: Decreases out of pocket expenses [Pell Grants]

Output: Reduced Premium (Dividend Option)


Input: Money is managed professionally and at a guaranteed minimum rate. Dividends are tax free, but the interest THEY generate is not. Worst tax implications [Pell Grants]

Output: Accumulate at Interest


Input: Usually used in conjunction with one of the other Dividend options. Allows for the acquisition of inexpensive insurance that is equal to the guaranteed cash value. [Pell Grants]

Output: One Year Term (Fifth Dividend Option)


Input: Lump Sum Interest Option Installments for a fixed Period Installments for a fixed Amount Life Income Options: Straight Life Life Income, period certain Life Income with refund Joint and survivor income [Pell Grants]

Output: Settlement Options for Life Insurance or Annuities


Input: Proceeds of the policy stay at with Insurance company (to be paid out at a later date) Only Interest is paid to the Beneficiary (At a minimum guaranteed amount) [Pell Grants]

Output: Interest Option (Settlement Option)


Input: Policy owner (or the beneficiary) may choose to have the proceeds paid out over some specific time period. [Pell Grants]

Output: Installments for a fixed Period (Settlement Option)


Input: Policy owner (or the beneficiary) may choose to have the proceeds paid out in some specified amount for however long they will last. [Pell Grants]

Output: Installments of a Fixed Amount (Settlement Option)


Input: Income is paid out in form of an Annuity. Payments can be given to someone other than whose life the annuity was based on. (Wierd right?) 1. Straight Life: Paid out on basis of life expectancy (most basic) 2. Life Income, Period certain: (Also called C&C) Beneficiary is paid a life income for a guaranteed minimum number of years 3. Life Income with Refund: LIfe Income, but if there is some value left at the end, it can be given to a contingent beneficiary 4. Joint and survivor Income: Gives income to two payees, which continue even if one dies. [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Income Options (4) (Settlement Options)


Input: Guaranties the ability to renew a policy for a specified amount of periods. (For Term Insurance duh!) [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Renewability Provision


Input: Ability to convert a Term policy into some type of permanent Insurance with out having to prove any evidence of insurability! [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Conversion Provision


Input: In case of a disaster, if the insured dies and then the Beneficiary some time (up to 30 days later) it will be as if the beneficiary died first. The goal is to not dis-inherit any contingent Beneficiaries. [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Common Disaster Clause


Input: Meant to stop Beneficiaries from assigning $$$ from policy proceeds. However after the $$$ is theirs they can do with it what they please [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Spendthrift Clause


Input: If policy owner becomes totally disabled they will not have to make premium payments. [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Disability Waiver of Premium


Input: If the insured is killed by an accident, and death occurs within 90 days of the accident an additional sum will be paid [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Accidental Death Benefit


Input: Policy owner may purchase additional insurance at stated intervals with out providing proof of insurability. [Pell Grants]

Output: Life Insurance Rider: Guarantied Insurability


Input: 1. Method of payment/ Accumulation Fixed or Variable 2. # of lives covered Single or joint and Survivor 3. When payments start Immediate or Deferred 4. Method of Premium Payment Single or period of years 5. Nature of Insurers Obligation: Pure life, Refund, period certain [Pell Grants]

Output: Five ways Annuities can be classified


Input: Covers two or more annuitants, with payments continuing until death of last survivor [Pell Grants]

Output: Joint and Survivor Annuity


Input: Benefits payable right away [Pell Grants]

Output: Immediate Annuity


Input: May be a spread of years between purchase and payments. May have a tax deferred gain. [Pell Grants]

Output: Deferred Annuity


Input: One Premium is paid as opposed to an installment payment plan. [Pell Grants]

Output: Single premium Annuity


Input: Payments made for annuitants entire life Done, or "fully liquid" at time of death, i.e. nothing goes to estate Provides maximum income per dollar of Principle [Pell Grants]

Output: Pure life/ Straight life Annuity


Input: Payments made for the life of the annuitant, but guaranteed for a certain # of years regardless if the annuitant lives for the certain amount of years. [Pell Grants]

Output: Life and Period Certain Annuity


Input: RARELY used because after either annuitant dies, payments cease completely. [Pell Grants]

Output: Joint Life Annuity


Input: If there is value left at the Annuitants death, the remainder will be paid to a beneficiary (lump sum or installments) [Pell Grants]

Output: Refund Annuity


Input: Guarantied income for annuitants life (cant outlive it) starting right away, nothing left when he/she dies. No estate tax to worry about. Does not grow with inflation, its fixed so you get what you get. Cant get at the principle. [Pell Grants]

Output: Pure Life Immediate Fixed Annuity


Input: Tax deferred choose fixed (guarantied) or variable (moves with the Market) Tax penalties for early withdrawal [Pell Grants]

Output: Deferred annuities


Input: To pay all future benefits or non-forfeiture values [Pell Grants]

Output: What is the Purpose of life insurance policy reserves?


Input: 1 + After tax return -------------------------- -1] X 100 1 + inflation rate [Pell Grants]

Output: how to calculate the inflation adjusted interest rate


Input: Initial Amount Insured must pay before insurance coverage begins Higher deductible, lower Premiums [Pell Grants]

Output: Deductible


Input: defines what portion of covered medical expenses is paid by insured and what portion is paid for by the plan. Its purpose is to discourage insureds from abusing coverage and seeking unnecessary medical care [Pell Grants]

Output: Coinsurance (participation percentage)


Input: The amount of covered expenses, beyond the deductible, that is shared at the coinsurance rate. [Pell Grants]

Output: Stop-loss limit


Input: The dollar amount at which the insurer has to start paying 100% of the covered cost (up to the maximum) [Pell Grants]

Output: Breakpoint


Input: Payment of an annual or monthly fee to providers (as opposed to a fee per service) [Pell Grants]

Output: Capitation


Input: Part A: Hospital Coverage Part B: Physicians and out of Hospital coverage Part C: Medicare Advantage: Alternatives to traditional medicare coverage Part D: Prescription Drug coverage [Pell Grants]

Output: 4 types of Medicare coverage


Input: Medicare HMO's Medicare PPO's Private Fee for Service Plans Special Needs plans Medicare MSA [Pell Grants]

Output: 5 major plan options available under Medicare Advantage


Input: A group of special policies designed by the NAIC and developed by commercial insurers and BC/BS as supplements to cover the gap between what medical care cost and what medicare pays. Known as Medicare supplement policies, or the 10 NAIC designed plans [Pell Grants]

Output: What is Medigap?


Input: Medical services for which the plan specifically excludes [Pell Grants]

Output: Exclusions


Input: Excludes medical conditions for which were previously treated or which a prudent person would have sought treatment BEFORE coverage began. [Pell Grants]

Output: Pre-existing conditions Clause


Input: Procedure is reviewed and authorized by the insurance company before it occurs, or shortly after in emergency circumstances. [Pell Grants]

Output: Utilization Review


Input: Max amount an Insurer will pay for service in a given area [Pell Grants]

Output: UCR or Surgical Schedule


Input: Limits for specific illnesses or procedures that fall below policy overall benefits [Pell Grants]

Output: Internal Policy limits


Input: Clause that stops insured from using more than one policy to collect more than 100% of expenses [Pell Grants]

Output: Coordination of benefits clause


Input: Modified or additional coverage available for extra premium [Pell Grants]

Output: Supplemental Coverages


Input: Utilizes a network or doctors or hospitals to lower cost (similar to HMO) No referral is necessary to see a specialist [Pell Grants]

Output: PPO


Input: Provides comprehensive health care for co-payments and periodic payments. (usually no deductible or co-insurance) Limited network of Doctors must be used Must get a referral to see a specialist Usually cost less Covers preventative care (usually) [Pell Grants]

Output: HMO


Input: Wide choice of Providers High premium Very high coverage limits Very few care exclusions has high out of pocket expenses to meet deductible [Pell Grants]

Output: Comprehensive Major Medical Insurance


Input: HIPAA helps to limit pre-existing condition exclusions. It sets the limit at 12 months for new insureds. It also allows this exclusion to be cut down by up to the entire 12 months using any prior coverage using a day for day match system. i.e. if the insured had 11 moths of continued coverage before switching they would only have one month of pre existing condition exclusion in the new policy. Any breaks in coverage of over 63 days will constitute a reset of the system. Alt insurance types like disability, dental or workmans comp dont count. [Pell Grants]

Output: HIPAA provision reducing "Job Lock"


Input: Alllows an employee to keep their heath care plan when leaving an employer. Must pay the premiums plus up to a 2% fee. [Pell Grants]

Output: COBRA


Input: Should mean that the insured is restored to their original financial position after a loss. Unfortunately in the insurance world certain supplemental health coverages are called "Indemnity plans" even though the amount that they compensate is not proportionate to the loss, but rather some predetermined amount. [Pell Grants]

Output: Indemnity


Input: Program for low income individuals. Federally created but mostly state run. [Pell Grants]

Output: Medicade


Input: Federal health care for people over age 65, certain handicapped persons and those with end-stage kidney disease. Yuk. [Pell Grants]

Output: Medicare


Input: MMC: Has high limit per loss, not many exclusions, and uses deductibles, co-insurance and the stop loss limit. Designed to take over where a base plan leaves off. CMMC: Same as MMC, but it is a stand alone coverage that does not need a base plan underneath it. [Pell Grants]

Output: Major Medical coverage Vs. Comprehensive Major Medical coverage


Input: [Culture] Cultural identity

Output: The cultural tradition a group of people recognize as their own; the shared customs and beliefs that define how a group sees itself as distinctive.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Society

Output: A territorially distinct and largely self-perpetuating group whose members have a sense of collective identity and who share a common language and culture.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Enculturation (socialization)

Output: The transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Patterns of behavior

Output: The behaviors that most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Role

Output: A social position in a group, with its associated and reciprocal rights (privileges) and duties (obligations).

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Norms

Output: Shared ideas and expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Values

Output: Shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Symbols

Output: Objects, behaviors, and so forth whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherit physical qualities.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] Cultural constructions

Output: The ways the members of a culture perceive social and natural reality and divide reality into categories that are culturally variable.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: [Culture] World view

Output: The way a people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves in relation to the world around them.

Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Ch 2 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior


Input: What are Social Control Genes involved in? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Regulate growth, division and differentiation 2. DNA repair 3. Cell mortality 4. Apoptosis


Input: What is meant by cell mortality? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the life span of the cell is determined by the number of times they are allowed to divide


Input: List the 4 basic phases of the spread of cancer. [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Transformation 2. The transformed cells grow 3. Metastisis 4.


Input: Describe the transformation phase of the spread of cancer. [Social Control Genes]

Output: Normal host cell is turned into a cancer cell -Happens at the genetic level -requires a mutation in the socal control gene


Input: Do all cellular mutations bring about cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: No, only the ones that favor abnormal growth


Input: What is formed in the growth stage of the spread of cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: A tumor


Input: Define a tumor. [Social Control Genes]

Output: A collection of cancerous cells


Input: What does a tumor require in order to grow larger? [Social Control Genes]

Output: A blood supply


Input: What is direct extension? [Social Control Genes]

Output: As the tumor gets bigger it begins to metastize neihboring organs


Input: When a tumor colonizes tissue away from the original manifestation, what form of metastisis has occurred? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Distant Metastsis


Input: What two methods can a tumor travel the achieve distant metasis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Through the circulatory system or the lymphatic system


Input: In the metastsis phase, what are the two types of tumors that result? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Primary and Secondary


Input: Which type of cancers can form metastisis without using the circulatory or lymphatic system? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Ovarian cancer


Input: How does ovarian cancer metastisize? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The tumor sheds its cells in the endometrium and can land anywhere throughout the pelvic or peritoneal cavity


Input: What is sceeding? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the sheding of metastisized cells of ovarian cancer throughout the pelvic cavity


Input: What determines the clinical behavior of a cancer cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The cell type and origin


Input: What is monoclonal tissue? [Social Control Genes]

Output: A single cell type that has the coapacity to change


Input: What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Interphase and Mitosis


Input: List the stages of mitosis in order. [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis


Input: Describe the events of G1 phase. [Social Control Genes]

Output: Have and increase in enzyme activity (the ones necessary for DNA replication -Preparing to make copies of its DNA -Most cells spend the majority of their time in G1


Input: What is occurring in S phase? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the cell is making copies of its DNA


Input: Which phase has replication of RNA to prepare to split the cell ing half? [Social Control Genes]

Output: G2


Input: Which cells are trapped in G0? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The limbo state of non-replicating cells such as cardiac or neuronal cells


Input: How often do you see cardiac and neuronal cells with cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Never because they are non-dividing cells


Input: What are the Master Breaks? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the proteins that prevent the progression of the cell cycle


Input: What are some possible areas for mutation to occur? [Social Control Genes]

Output: In the genes that code for the stimulation of cell growth or the ones that inhibit cell growth


Input: In ____ of mitosis, the loose strands of DNA start to condese into organized chromosome [Social Control Genes]

Output: Prophase


Input: In prophase, the _____ appears to disappear and the ______ starts to form? [Social Control Genes]

Output: nuclear membrane, mitotic spindle


Input: What is the mitotic spindle? [Social Control Genes]

Output: intracellular proteins that are needed for movement, to align the chromosomes -formed out of the cytoskeleton


Input: In what phase do the chromosomes align down the center of the cell with the help of the mitotic spindle [Social Control Genes]

Output: Metaphase


Input: Which 2 phases of mitosis are easiest to visualize on a slide> [Social Control Genes]

Output: Metaphase and anaphase


Input: Which phase of mitosis marks the completion of NUCLEAR division? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Telophase


Input: What is the term for the separation of the cytoplasm? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Cytokinesis


Input: What is a totipotent cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The one cell of the zygote that can be any tissue


Input: The mutlipotent cell is created from what process? [Social Control Genes]

Output: primary differentiation of the totipotent


Input: What occurs with each differentiation step? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the cell's fate becomes more and more narrow


Input: What are the 2 features of the terminally differentiated cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. It can no longer divide 2. It is functionally mature


Input: What is cancer's effect on differentiation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Cancer often resists differentiation


Input: Why does cancer resist differentiation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is advantageous for the cancer cells because it allows them to retain the ability to divide


Input: What is the relationship between level of differentiation and malignancy? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The less differentiated the cancer cell, the more malignant


Input: What is another way to describe the malignancy of a cancer cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The aggresiveness, how fast it grows and how invasive the cell is


Input: How does differentiation go wrong? [Social Control Genes]

Output: When more than 50% of stem cells remain as stem cells -or there is a mutation that allows them to differentiate but maintain their abililty to divide


Input: What cell functionl problems are associated with leukemia? [Social Control Genes]

Output: You have a high number of undifferentiated WBCs that do not contribute to immunity, and therefore you are immunosuppressed


Input: What is the gene that promote cancerous cell growth called? [Social Control Genes]

Output: oncogene


Input: What will a cancerous mutation do to a gene who's normal function is to inhibit growth>? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the mutation will turn off the gene


Input: If a normal gene acts to stimulate growth, what type of effect will a cancerous mutation have on this gene? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The mutation will overstimulate this gene causing overgrowth


Input: What is the relationship with differentiation and cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Cancerous cells act on receptors that bind to differentiation inducers and prevents the attachment. This allows the cell to ignore cues to differentiate and thus maintain its ability to multiply.


Input: What chemical in an inhibitory pathway can bring about differentiation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Differentiation Inducer


Input: What type of genes are BRCA 1 and 2? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Tumor suppressor genes


Input: What is the major function of BRCA 1 and 2? [Social Control Genes]

Output: They function to repaire damaged DNA


Input: What does a mutation in BRCA 1 and 2 make the individual vulnerable to? Consider even the molecular level. [Social Control Genes]

Output: At the molecular level the individual has loss the ability to repair damaged DNA and thus increase the risk of cancer -Specifically Breast and Ovarian cancer


Input: What is the lifetime risk of breast cancer for individuals with BRCA 1 mutations? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 60%


Input: Other than mutations, what is another source for oncogenes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Viral


Input: What is the most common viral induced viral induced oncogene? [Social Control Genes]

Output: HPV


Input: What infection has been found to be involved in 70% of all cervical cancer types/ [Social Control Genes]

Output: HPV


Input: What aspects of cell function could be targets of oncogenes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Cell cycle control 2. Signal transduction 3. DNA repair 4. Cell growth 5. Cell differentiation 6 Transcriptional regulation 7. Apoptosis 8. Senescene


Input: What is senescene? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Describes the limit to how many times a cell can make copies of itself


Input: Why does a cell practice senescene? [Social Control Genes]

Output: There is a limit to the number of copies because with every copy that a cell makes of its DNA it becomes more vulnerable to mutation.


Input: What happens to a cell that has a mutation in its senescene? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The cell becomes immortalized.


Input: Nearly half of all tumor cells have what mutation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: a p53 mutation


Input: What are 2 common proteins that are common for mutation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: -BRCA 1 and 2 -p53 -RB


Input: What is RB? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Retinoblastoma -The RB protein is a master break for the cell cycle -strong tonic inhibition of the cell cycle -many forms of cancer will have an RB gene mutation.


Input: When is a p53 protein normally expressed? [Social Control Genes]

Output: When functional, it is expressed when a cell accumulates multiple sites of damaged along its DNA. -Major initiator of apoptosis


Input: What protein is a major initiator of apoptosis of a cell due to massive DNA damage? [Social Control Genes]

Output: p53


Input: What are the 5 basic properties/behaviors of cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. proliferate despite lack of growth-initating signals from the environment 2. They escape signals to die and achieve a kind of immortality in that they are capable of unlimited replication 3. lose differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue 4. Are genetically unstable and evolve by accumulating new mutations at a much faster rate than normal cells. 5. Invade their local tissue and overrun their neighbors


Input: What does autonomy mean in terms of cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: They are independent of social cues


Input: Define anaplastic in terms of cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Loss of differentiation -want to maintain their ability to multiply


Input: Name the theory argues that some cells have developed the ability to produce and release growth factor onto themselves? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Autocrine stimulation theory


Input: What are the 2 main mechanisms used by the oncogene to achieve autonomy and anaplasia? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Autocrine stimulation theory 2. Receptor changes


Input: What type of changes can occur at the receptor level that lead to autonomy or anaplasia? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Growth mediated or production of constituently active receptors 2. down regulation of the receptors (differentiation inducers) 3. can modify signal transduction pathway 4. remove the element that brings about an inhibitory pathway, causing unrestrained growth


Input: What is the average number of divisions that can occur before senescence? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 50-60


Input: What is the CRISIS once a cell has divided between 65-70 times. [Social Control Genes]

Output: The cell has reached it maximum division and the cells start to die off in mass. -they hit crisis because the cells are genetically unstable, many DNA errors


Input: If a healthy cell hits the crisis level, what protein is being activated? [Social Control Genes]

Output: p53


Input: What are the cells that escape crisis considered? [Social Control Genes]

Output: CANCER CELLS immortalized


Input: What anatomical structure on the chromosome controls the number of replication the chromosome can undergo? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Telomere


Input: What are telomeres? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Located on the end of the chromosome and they get shorter with each division until the cells stop dividing.


Input: What is telomerase? what can occur when a mutation takes place with telomerase? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is the enzyme responsible for fixing the telomere after each replication but it actually decreases with the number of replication -A mutation here that leads to cancer is a switch on of telomerase allowing the cancer cells to continue to divide without control.


Input: WHat occurs in the cytoskeleton of cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is completely disassembled which allows for nuclear replication


Input: What effect does cancer cells have on the adhesiveness of the cell (fibronectin)? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The cancer cell will either not express adhesion proteins or will express dysfunctional fibrontectin allowing the cells to easilty shed off the tumor and spread to another area. -Loss of adhesion proteins make the cell able to move about.


Input: Other than the ability to anchor, what other function do adhesion proteins have for the cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: They allow the cell to be aware of how many neighbors it has. Higher density = less growth in healthy cells -In cancer cells that have turned off adhesion proteins, they grow on top of each other


Input: What is density dependent growth? What is it aka? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Healthy cells will only grow in an area they can fit and with enough nutrients to maintain it. Too many neighbors = no more growth Also known as Contact inhibition.