Input: [what is matter?] what is hydrophobic?

Output: non polar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water

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anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a hydrogen ion?

Output: one of the most important ions in the body...a single proton w/out an electron)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] acids?

Output: donate hydrogen ions(protons) into a solutions exp: dropping acid in water

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] bases?

Output: accept hydrogen ions (protons) lower hydrogen ion concentration in solution

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] PH Scale?

Output: a measure of hydrogen ion concentration ranges from 0-14 Acid: pH <7 Neutral pH=7 Basic: pH >7

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the normal pH for blood?

Output: 7.4

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a buffer?

Output: a buffer minimizes the change in pH and are essential to our ability to maintain homeostasis.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is bicarbonate?

Output: one of the most important buffer pairs in body fluids such as blood.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is carbon and why is it important?

Output: compromises 18% of the body by weight forms four covalent bonds can form a single or double bonds can build micro- or macromolecules

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is dehydatrion synthesis within molecules in a cell?

Output: removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular untis requires energy builds macro molecules from smaller sub units

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is hydrolysis within molecules in a cell?

Output: adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules releases energy

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the four classes of organic molecules?

Output: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] why are carbohydrates important?

Output: they are used for energy and structural support

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are monosaccharides? how many types?

Output: simple sugars glucose fructose galactose ribose deoxyribose

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are oligossaccharides?

Output: more than one momosaccharide linked together..this can be done through dehydration process

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are oligossaccharides disaccharides?

Output: dissaccharides are two monosaccharides linked together exp: sucrose: glucose+ fructose maltose: glucose + glucose lactose: glucose + galactose

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are polysaccharides stored by animals called?

Output: glycogen

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a polysaccharide?

Output: complex carbohydrates- thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are polysaccharides stored by plants called? and how can we use them?

Output: starch, we can use it for energy by breaking it down to glucose

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is cellulose?

Output: indigestible polysaccharide made in plants for structural support

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] What are lipids and what is important about them?

Output: they are insoluble in water.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the sub classes of lipids?

Output: triglycerides;energy storage molecules phospholips: cell membrane structure steroids: carbon-based ring structures

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are triglycerides?

Output: a lipid, also known as fat and oil fatty acids *saturated in fats *unsaturated in oils stored in adipose tissue energy storage molecules

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a phospholipid?

Output: lipid Glyserol + two fatty acids and phosphate group One end of molecule is water insoluble(hydrophilic) other end of molecule is water insoluble (hydrophobic) PRIMARY COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBREANE

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a steroid?

Output: lipid- composed of four carbon rings exp: cholesterol hormones -estrogen -testosterone

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a protein?

Output: a long chains of subunits called aminoacids that are joined by peptide bonds

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the protein structures?

Output: primary structure secondary tertiary quaternary

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the protein primary structure?

Output: amino acid sequence stabilized by peptide bonds

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the secondary protein structure?

Output: alpha helix beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the tertiary protein structure?

Output: three denominational shape stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds creates polar and non-polar areas in molecule

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the quaternary structure?

Output: two or more polypeptide chains are associated

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] how can protein function be disrupted?

Output: denaturation can be damaged by temperature or changes in pH leads to loss of biological function

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are enzymes?

Output: they facilitate biochemical reactions Proteins Function as biological catalysts -speed up chemical reactions -are not altered or consumed by the reaction WITHOUT ENZYMES MANY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS WOULD NOT PROCEED QUICKLY ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE!

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] the functional shape of an enzyme is dependent on?

Output: temperature pH Ion condition presence of inhibitors

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] wha are nucleic acids and what are their functions?

Output: are long chains containing sub-units called neuclotides. they store genetic information

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

Output: DNA- deoxyribosenucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid they store genetic information and provide information used in the making proteins

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are neuclotides in nucleic acids?

Output: building blocks of nucleic acids each nucleotide contain 5 carbon sugar

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the DNA nucleotide?

Output: deoxyribose

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the RNA neuclotide?

Output: ribose

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the structure of DNA?

Output: double stranded neclotides contain deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine thymine

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the structure of RNA?

Output: single stranded neuclotides contain ribose nitrogenous bases -adenine -guanine -cytosine -uracil

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the nucleic acid function?

Output: DNA- instructions for making RNA RNA- instructions for making proteins Proteins: directs most of life's processes DNA--> RNA --> Proteins

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is ATP?

Output: adenosine triphosphate i carries energy universal energy group bonds between phosphate groups that contain potential energy breaking bonds releases energy TP--> ADP + P + energy

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the cell doctrine?

Output: *all living things *a single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life *all cells come only from preexisting cells

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are prokaryotic cells?

Output: they are located in the plasma membrane have no nucleus the cytoplasm fluid is in the membrane has no true organelles

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are eukaryotic cells?

Output: All human cells are eukaryotic have a plasma membrane nucleus:information center Cytoplasm fluid within a membrane orgaganelles:structured with specialized functions

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the size of the cell?

Output: microscopic cannot be seen without magnification

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] how much can a light microscope magnify?

Output: 1000X's and is the earliest microscope

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is a transmission electron microscope and how much can it magnify?

Output: up to 100,000X's 100X's greater than a light microscope the magnification is sufficiently high that one can see the structural details of organelles within cells.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the scanning electron microscope, what does it do, and how much does it magnify?

Output: up to 100,000X it gives a three dimensional look to the surface of the object.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] why does the cell remain small?

Output: to stay efficient *small cells have a higher surface volume ratio *high surface: volume ratio problems efficiency in -acquisition of nutrients -disposal of wastes

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what surrounds the cell?

Output: a wall called the plasma membrane surrounds the cell separates a cell from its enviroment selectively permeable -permits movement of some substance into and out of the cell, but blocks others Enables transfer of information between environment and cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what exactly is the plasma membrane?

Output: a lipid bilayer -phospholipids:polar head and nonpolar tail -cholesterol:makes membrane a bit more regid -proteins:provide means of transport through membrane -carbohydrates:recognition patterns for cells and organisms *non rigid *fluid mosaic

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] How to molecules cross the plasma membrane?

Output: passive transport active transport bulk transport

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the passive transport through the plasma membrane?

Output: cell does not need to expend energy bc it moves through a concentration gradient -diffusion through lipid layer -osmosis -facilitated transport

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] What is the active transport through the plasma membrane?

Output: cell must expend energy by moving moving substances from a lower concentration to an area of higher concentration -requires ATP

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the bulk transport through the plasma membrane?

Output: -involves membranous vesicles to move larger substance -endocytosis -exocytosis

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] What is endocytosis?

Output: moves materials is bulks into the cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is exocytosis?

Output: moves material in bulk out of the cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the sodium potassium pump?

Output: sodium-potassium pump- expels unwanted ions,keeps needed ones and maintains cell volume. ATP is used to expel3 Na+ ions into the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] the sodium potassium pump helps the cell_____________by allowing more sodium into the cell

Output: increase in cell volume(decreasing pumping)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] the sodium potassium pump allows the cells to _______________by expelling sodium out side of the cell

Output: decrease in volume(increasing pumping)

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is isotonic?

Output: extracellular and intracellular ionic concentrations are equal cells maintain a normal volume in isotonic extracellular fluids -regulatory mechanisms maintain extracellular fluid that is isotonic with intracellular fluid

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is tonicity?

Output: relative concentration of solutes in two fluids

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are some variations in tonicity?

Output: hypertonic hypotonic

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is hypertonic tonicity?

Output: -extracellular ionic concentration higher than intracellular water will diffuse out of cell -cell will shrink and die

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is hypotonic tonisity?

Output: -extracellular ionic concentration lower than intracellular -water will diffuse into cell -cell may swell and burst

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are ribosomes?

Output: site of protein synthesis free floating in cytoplasm attached to outer surface of endoplasmic reticulum

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Output: Rough ER -has ribosomes on surface -protein manufacturing, modifications Smooth ER -no ribosomes on surface -lipid synthesis -packages the proteins

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the golgi apparatus?

Output: refines synthesized products packaging and shipping center products are packaged into vesicles and shipped to other locations within cell membrane for export

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are lybosomes?

Output: contains powerful digestive enzymes, they perform housekeeping tasks like removing damaged mitochondria and other cellular debris.

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the mitochondria?

Output: "power plant of the cell Surrounded by double membrane utilizes oxygen to produce Co2 generates ATP

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] fat is what type of energy?

Output: triglycerides -long-term energy storage in animals

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] glycogen is what type of fat?

Output: carbohydrate storage short term storage in animals

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the cytoskeleton?

Output: consist of microtubes and microfilaments...forms a framework for the soft plasma membrane and it also supports and anchors the other structure w/in cell

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the cilia and flagella?

Output: cilia- are hairlike particles in a few cells (2-10 microns long) moves material along the surface of with a brushing motion flagella-(200 microns long) are ONLY found in sperm cells and allows them to swim

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is catabolism?

Output: requires enzymes breakdown of molecules may release energy used in breaking down nutrients and recycling all components used to access energy storage

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] why is glucose so important for the cell?

Output: it provides energy for the cell energy in glucose is used to generate ATP in absense of glucose other carbs, fats, proteins, can be catabolized to generate ATP

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

Output: glycolisis preparatory step citric acid cycle electron transport system

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is glycolysis?

Output: occurs int eh cytoplasm series of ten reactions that split glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid 2 ATP are produced high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are removed and picked up by a coenzyme NAD+ forming NADH

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [what is matter?] what is the citric acid cycle?

Output: occurs in mitochondria also known as krebs cycle extracts high energy electrons to form NADH and FADH2 produces 2 ATP and carbon dioxide

Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements


Input: [1] Annuals [2]

Output: complete life cycle in one year and have little or no secondary growth

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Anther [2]

Output: part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Antipodal cells [2]

Output: group of cells, situated at the opposite end to the micropyle

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Apomixis [2]

Output: Asexual production of seeds

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bracts [2]

Output: A leaflike or scalelike plant part, usually small, sometimes showy or brightly colored, and located just below a flower, a flower stalk, or an inflorescence

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Biennials [2]

Output: two years to complete life cycle. first year, store carbohydrates. second year, stored carbohydrates are used to produce flowers and seeds

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bulbs [2]

Output: fleshy, modified leaves for food storage

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cadastral genes [2]

Output: refine floral organ identity gene expression within whorls

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Circadian oscillations [2]

Output: components of the biological clocks that regulate the activities of organisms in relation to environmental cycles and provide an internal temporal framework

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Circadian rhythms [2]

Output: a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Critical day length [2]

Output: The period of daylight, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Critical night length [2]

Output: The period of darkness, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Complete flower [2]

Output: having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Corms [2]

Output: disc-like underground stems that consist primarily of stem tissue

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cotyledon [2]

Output: nutrient storage area in angiosperm seeds

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Day-neutral plants [2]

Output: Do not rely on length of day or night to control flowering or other responses

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Dioecious [2]

Output: Plants that bear either male-only or female-only flowers on an individual plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Double fertilization [2]

Output: One sperm cell fuses with egg cell, forming 2n zygote. Other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in central cell, forming triploid nucleus

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Embryo sac [2]

Output: megagametophyte of a seed plant, within which the embryo develops

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Endosperm [2]

Output: Triploid (3n) nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Floral meristems [2]

Output: give rise to a flower. produces four whorls or spirals of organs, with very short internodes

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Florigen [2]

Output: hormone-like molecules responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] FOI genes [2]

Output: homeotic genes –major regulatory genes that control other genes

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fruit [2]

Output: Develops from ovary wall. carpel becomes wall of fruit surrounding seed. protect seed from damage by animals and infection by microbes

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Generative cell [2]

Output: one of two haploid 1n cells within the pollen grain in seed plants undergoes one mitotic division to produce two 1n sperm cells

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Grafting [2]

Output: Process of attaching bud or piece of stem from one plant onto root or stem (with roots) of another plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Imperfect flower [2]

Output: have only functional stamens or only functional carpels

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Inflorescence [2]

Output: an orderly cluster of flowers

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Inflorescence meristem [2]

Output: produces bracts and new meristems in angle between bract and stem

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Integuments [2]

Output: tissues surrounding megasporangium that develop into the seed coat

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] indeterminate growth [2]

Output: Apical meristems continuously produce leaves, stems, and axillary buds

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Long-day plant [2]

Output: Flower when day is longer than critical maximum. Flower in midsummer

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Meristem [2]

Output: the tissue in most plants consisting of undifferentiated cells found in zones of the plant where growth can take place

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Megagametophyte [2]

Output: The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant.

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Megasporangium [2]

Output: female sporangia produce megasporocytes that yield megaspores

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Megaspores [2]

Output: give rise to a female gametophyte

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Microgametophyte [2]

Output: male gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants. The pollen grains of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Microsporangium [2]

Output: produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Microspores [2]

Output: develops a spore wall and divides mitotically to form two 1n cells in each pollen grain (microgametophyte)

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Megasporocyte [2]

Output: undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n megaspores —all but one degenerates

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Microsporocyte [2]

Output: 2n cell, located in the anter, that undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n microspores

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Monoecious [2]

Output: Plants that bear both male and female flowers on an individual plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Ovary [2]

Output: at base of pistil. containing ovules, each of which contain a megasporangium

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Ovule [2]

Output: a small body in seed-bearing plants that consists of the integument(s), nucellus, and embryosac (containing the egg cell) and develops into the seed after fertilization

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Perfect flower [2]

Output: have both functional stamens and carpels

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Perennials [2]

Output: live three or more years. Typically flower every year

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pericarp [2]

Output: The wall of a ripened ovary; fruit wall

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Photoperiodism [2]

Output: control of flowering and other responses by length of day or night. synchronizes flowering in the same species so that cross-pollination and successful reproduction is promoted

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Plantlets [2]

Output: a tiny version of a plant still attached somewhere to its parent plant. The plantlets obtain food from the parent plant until they are established

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pistil [2]

Output: composed of one or more carpels

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Polar nuclei [2]

Output: two haploid nuclei found in the centre of the embryo sac after division of the megaspore. They combine with one sperm cell to form the 3n (triploid) endosperm

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pollen grain [2]

Output: one of the granular microspores that occur in pollen and give rise to the male gametophyte of a seed plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pollen tube [2]

Output: grows through style to reach ovule. Downward growth is guided by chemical signal released by synergids

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pollination [2]

Output: transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rhizomes [2]

Output: horizontal underground stems that give rise to new shoots

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Runners [2]

Output: horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Scion [2]

Output: part grafted onto the stock

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Self-incompatibility [2]

Output: When plants reject pollen from their own flowers. promotes outcrossing and increases heterozygosity. S gene is responsible for self-incompatibility

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Short-day plants [2]

Output: Flower when day is shorter than critical maximum. Flower in late summer or fall

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Stamen [2]

Output: male sex organs, has a filament with two-lobed anther, containing four fused microsporangia

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Stigma [2]

Output: receptive tip of a carpel recieves pollen at pollination

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Stock [2]

Output: Root-bearing plant (in grafting)

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Stolons [2]

Output: horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Style [2]

Output: stalk of pistil, with stigma at the end

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Suckers [2]

Output: young plants that sprout from the horizontal roots of a parent plant. form interconnected stands of genetically identical individuals

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Suspensor [2]

Output: a daughter cell that becomes a supporting structure after double fertilization

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Synergids [2]

Output: one of two small cells lying near the micropyle of the embryo sac of an angiosperm. attract pollen tube and receive sperm nuclei

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tip layers [2]

Output: branches that sag to the ground and a new plant grows from the branch tip

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tissue culture [2]

Output: a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Torpedo stage [2]

Output: Tissues begin to differentiate. Shoot apex forms between cotyledons. Root apex forms at other end

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Totipotency [2]

Output: undifferentiated cells can give rise to entire plants

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tube cell [2]

Output: The cell in the pollen grain that develops into the pollen tube

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tubers [2]

Output: enlarged underground stems called

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Vegetative reproduction [2]

Output: A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Vernalization [2]

Output: Process of inducing flowering by low temperatures

Life: The Science of Biology 9th Ed Chp 38 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: extra-capsular: nucleus and cortex removed from capsule, leaving posterior capsule, peripheral part of the anterior capsule and the zonules intact intra-capsular: whole lens removal [cataract]

Output: types of cataract surgerys

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phakia: with natural crystalline lens Aphakia: w/o natural crystalline lens Pseudophakia: IOL implant following surgery [cataract]

Output: Phakia Aphakia Pseudophakia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Gullstrand's Simplified Schematic Eye [cataract]

Output: what schematic eye model is used for a aphakic eye

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: high plus lens contact lens [cataract]

Output: how do you treat aphakia with spectacles

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: edge of plus lens act as a prism object located in the shadowed areas are not seen used to treat aphakia with spectacles [cataract]

Output: what is ring scotoma? what does it treat?

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: associated with the ring scotoma 1. a patient turns head to see an object 2. object disappears in the peripheral of the ring scotoma 3. object then reappears once the image is in the visual area [cataract]

Output: what is the jack in the box phenomenon

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mag. of image is more at the peripheral than in the center of the lens due to prismatic effect object appears stretched out at the corners like a pin-cushion [cataract]

Output: spherical aberration effect of high plus lens

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a decline in accommodative ability that occurs normally with age and necessitates a plus lens addition to perform near task [cataract]

Output: presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: incipient functional absolute premature [cataract]

Output: what to the 4 classification of presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. axial thickness of the lens increase with age 2. radius of curvature of the central anterior surface decreases with age [cataract]

Output: how does the lens change throughout lifetime

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: up to half [cataract]

Output: in clinic how much accommodation should the patient sustain on their own

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spectacle lens contact lens special IOL surgery [cataract]

Output: what are four ways to treat presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: crystalline lens hardening reducing the efficiency of the ciliary muscles crystalline lens gets larger throughout lifetime [cataract]

Output: what are some classical reasoning for presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal refractive errors between the two eyes [cataract]

Output: Isometropia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unequal refractive errors between the two eyes [cataract]

Output: Anisometropia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one eye is myopic and one eye is hyperopic [cataract]

Output: Antimetropia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: developmental ocular surgeries (monocular cataract surgery) [cataract]

Output: when does Anisometropia occurs

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. a difference in image sizes and/or shape seen by the two eyes 2. cause distortions of binocular space perception [cataract]

Output: what is Aniseikonia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if the patient is far-sighted to begin with, one eye may achieve the appropriate correction (or become myopic in that eye) while the other eye may regress back to hyperopia [cataract]

Output: what is Asymmetric regression

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1-6% above 6% suppression of eye or diplopia [cataract]

Output: what percent difference can a human fuse an image

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RSM = corrected image size (ametropic eye)/image size of the emmetropic eye [cataract]

Output: how do you calculate RELATIVE SPECTACLE MAGNIFICATION (RSM) for a distant object

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A spectacle lens placed at the anterior focal point of any axial ametrope (myope or hyperope) will produce retinal images of the same size. [cataract]

Output: Knapps Law

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) If a patient has an axial anisometropia, correct the patient with spectacle lenses. (AS) 2) If a patient has a refractive anisometropia, correct the patient with contact lenses. (RK) [cataract]

Output: Clinical Corollaries of Knapp’s Law: To reduce interocular differences in retinal image size

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hyperope SM > 1.0; RSM = 1.0 Myope SM <1.0; RSM =1.0 [cataract]

Output: AXIAL ametropia correction with SPECTACLES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hyperope SM = 1.0; RSM < 1.0 Myope SM =1.0; RSM >1.0 [cataract]

Output: AXIAL ametropia correction with CONTACT LENSES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hyperope SM = RSM = 1.0 Myope SM = RSM = 1.0 [cataract]

Output: REFRACTIVE ametropia correction with CONTACT LENSES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hyperope SM = RSM > 1.0 Myope SM = RSM < 1.0 [cataract]

Output: REFRACTIVE ametropia correction with SPECTACLES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability of the eye to change its refractive power by altering the shape of its crystalline lens to bring objects of interest at different distances into focus. [cataract]

Output: what is Accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the suspensory zonules of Zinn is at its greatest tension, and the lens takes its flattest curves [cataract]

Output: what happens anatomically in the UNACCOMMODATED eye

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a contraction of the ciliary muscle causes a release of resting zonular tension and a decrease in the lens equatorial diameter allowing the young lens to take a more convex form [cataract]

Output: what happens anatomically in the ACCOMMODATED eye

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Accommodative amplitude or demand is measured with respect to the spectacle plane (phoropter) [cataract]

Output: what is Spectacle Accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Accommodative amplitude or demand is measured with respect to the eye’s principal plane [cataract]

Output: what is Ocular Accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It is the linear distance between the far point and the near point of accommodation. [cataract]

Output: what is Range of Accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the amount of accommodation exerted in diopter power to move the focus from the far point to the near point [cataract]

Output: what is Amplitude of Accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Decrease radius of curvature, anterior surface decrease more than the posterior surface 2. Increase anterior-posterior thickness -- effective forward displacement of the whole lens; Decrease in equatorial diameter 3. May sink in direction of gravity 4. Increase in lens power causes a decrease in the eye’s focal lengths [cataract]

Output: what FOUR things happen to the lens during accommodation

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: accommodative amplitude= (far point vergence) - (near point vergence) [cataract]

Output: how do you calculate accommodative amplitude

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: earliest stage at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition [cataract]

Output: Incipient Presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and continued near task demands, adult patients eventually report visual difficulties [cataract]

Output: Functional Presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the condition in which virtually no accommodative ability remains [cataract]

Output: Absolute Presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the patient's usual near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected due to environmental, nutritional, disease- related, or drug-induced causes [cataract]

Output: Premature Presbyopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] people who live with you now and in the future [1]

Output: FAMILY


Input: [2] only allow a certain amount [1]

Output: LIMITS


Input: [2] to come to terms or reach an agreement [1]

Output: NEGOTIATION


Input: [2] settlement of differences on each side [1]

Output: COMPROMISE


Input: [2] having the same relationship each to the other [1]

Output: MUTAL


Input: [2] to move or act in a hostile way [1]

Output: AGGRESSIVE


Input: [2] to push [1]

Output: PHYSICAL FORCE


Input: [2] to tell private matters [1]

Output: CONFIDES


Input: [2] unsafe/of being in doubt [1]

Output: INSECURITY/UNCERTAINTY


Input: [2] dealing with love [1]

Output: ROMANTIC


Input: [2] strong fondness, intense affectionate concern [1]

Output: LOVE


Input: Medial rectus muscle Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Inferior oblique muscle

Output: Which extrinsic eye muscles are NN by CNIII (oculomotor n.)?

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -oculomotor nuclear complex -midbrain -interpeduncular fossa -superior cerebellar artery and the posterior cerebral artery -superior orbital fissure

Output: Path of Oculomotor Nerve (III): Arises from the __ in the ___ Nerve leaves the brainstem in the ___ Passes between the ___ arteries Enters orbit through the ___

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -down and out -lateral rectus -superior oblique -closed -levator palpebrae -dilated -dilator pupillae

Output: 3rd Nerve Palsy: Injury to the oculomotor nerve causes: Affected eye to look *___, due to unopposed action of the ___ and ___ muscles Eyelid ___ on affected side because of paralysis of ___ muscle. Involvement of parasympathetics in the nerve causes fixed and ___ pupil. Unopposed action of ___ muscle

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -severe head trauma -diplopia [double vision] -down and away from affected side

Output: CN IV Lesions: Susceptible to injury associated with ___. Patient suffers from ___. Tilts head ___.

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -tic douloureux -neuralgia -distribution of one or more of the branches of the trigeminal nerve -trigger zone s. 39

Output: Trigeminal Neuralgia: AKA ___ Most common cranial ___. Characterized by attacks of excruciating pain over the ___. A small ___ may be present. Light touch, a breeze, temperature change or facial movement may trigger pain.

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -V2 or V3 -perioral or maxillary -antiepileptic -lesioning s. 40

Output: Trigeminal Neuralgia: Patient has episodes of lightning-like stabs of pain, most often in the areas of innervation of ___. The trigger zones are typically ___. Treatment may be with ___ drugs. Failure of medical treatment may require ___ of the semilunar ganglion by radio-frequency or vascular decompression of the sensory root by craniotomy.

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: Lateral gaze s. 43

Output: VIth Nerve Palsy: ___ deficit

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -facial expression -2nd -stapedius muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle -anterior 2/3 -superior salivatory -greater petrosal

Output: Facial Nerve (VII): Motor to muscles of ___ (BE) Muscles derived from ___ branchial arch What other muscles? SA Taste to ___ of tongue via chorda tympani Visceral preganglionic efferents (GVE) arise in the ___ nucleus -Via ___ nerve of pterygoid canal to pterygopalatine ganglion -Via chorda tympani to submandibular gland

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: 40 to 80 milliseconds after exposure to loud sound, stapedius and tensor tympani muscles contract. These muscles, by their actions on malleus (TTM) and the stapes (SM), increase the rigidity of the ossicles in the middle ear. The reflex is protective, acts to mask loud, low frequency sounds and decreases sensitivity to one’s own voice.

Output: Attenuation Reflex: What is it (including mm. and CNs involved)?

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -facial -facial -distortion of the face

Output: Bell’s Palsy: unilateral ___ paralysis of sudden onset, due to lesion of the ___ nerve and resulting in characteristic ___.

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -facial -Spontaneous -Gradual -idiopathic -viral or inflammatory -3 weeks -Connot blink, wear patches

Output: Bell's Palsy: Most common ___ nerve disorder ___ onset over hours or days ___ recovery Cause? May be ___ About 80% of patients recover in ___ Blinking?

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -Acoustic Schwannoma -Cerebellopontine angle -Tinnitus (ringing in ears), hearing loss and vertigo (dizziness), but may cause facial paralysis because of compression of facial nerve

Output: Acoustic Neuroma: AKA ___ Location, ___ Slow growth (years) Benign, but space occupying What four symptoms?

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: -cranial nerve X -to unaffected side/the opposite side of lesion -palatoglossus m. -“curtain sign”

Output: Deviation of Uvula: When there is an injury to ___, on examination of the oral cavity, the uvula will deviate to ___. Also, the ___ muscle will not contract on the affected side. Called ___ sign

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: toward the side of the nerve damage.

Output: Hypoglossal Nerve Injury: Because of the actions of the tongue muscles, an injury to the hypoglossal nerve causes the protruded tongue to point ___

Lesion CN I: Olfaction is one of oldest, most primitive senses. Loss of sense of smell is called ___. Loss affects ___ because of role of olfaction in appreciating tastes. Could result from head trauma involving ___. Chronic exposures to environmental toxins such as ___ can damage olfactory epithelial cells.


Input: [socialization] internalization

Output: accepting the norms, values, roles and beliefs of a culture as ones own, not open to questioning

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: [socialization] feral children

Output: these children are untamed or living in the wild. severly neglected or abued as to understand their own humanness

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: [socialization] the case of genie: feral children and critical periods of socialization environmental modulation of genetic/biological programming

Output: a 13 yr old girl found chokingly abusive and neglectful conditions she recieved no human interactions for majority of her life when she was foung she could not stand or walkshe missed a critical periond in her life called socializtion which is a critical period for language development this is a food example of

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: [socialization] the age of a child the younger the better chance for rehab

Output: successful rehabilitation of a feral child may depend on

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: [socialization] the unattended infant to the infant monkeys in harlows study of attatchment

Output: lack of warm nurture holding and attention will prevent babies from forming attatchments which resemble

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: [socialization] stimulus response learning system

Output: behavior is the results oc external stimulus and oly repeated if reinforced. this is more passive role for the human mind as a reactor rather than initiater

learning to behave in ways considered appropriatewithin our society


Input: The net movement of water molecules frokm a solution with a lower concentration of solute (high conc. of water) to a solution with a higher concentration of solute (low conc. of water) across a partially permeable membrane. [Active Transport]

Output: Osmosis

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The release of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) from the cell as vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs) which fuse with the cell surface membrane, releasing their contents. [Active Transport]

Output: Exocytosis

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The absorption of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) into a cell by the creation of a vesicle. Part of the cell membrane engulfs the substance to be transported. [Active Transport]

Output: Endocytosis

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are at a higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached. [Active Transport]

Output: Diffusion across membranes

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Channel proteins are used to aid large hydrophilic molecules and ions that cannot diffuse ordinarily. Each channel protein has a specific shape to allow only one type of molecule or ion. [Active Transport]

Output: Facilitated Diffusion across membranes

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Water-attracting [Active Transport]

Output: Hydrophilic

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Water-repelling [Active Transport]

Output: Hydrophobic

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Proteins that are loosely attached on the outside of a membrane [Active Transport]

Output: Peripheral Proteins

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Proteins that are fully embedded inside a membrane phospholipid bilayer. [Active Transport]

Output: Integral Proteins

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A molecule consisting of a protein and a carbohydrate chain. It is used for cell recognition, to make cells form together to form tissues. [Active Transport]

Output: Glycoproteins

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Allow the cell to react to other cells and hormones [Active Transport]

Output: Receptor Proteins

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds - Polypeptides [Active Transport]

Output: Primary structure of a protein

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The polypeptide chain starts to curl up due to interactions between the different side groups of the amino acids. Contains alpha-helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheets (zig-zags). Both are held together with hydrogen bonds. [Active Transport]

Output: Secondary structure of a protein

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The three-dimensional shape caused after all sections of the polypeptide chain have curled or twisted. [Active Transport]

Output: Tertiary structure of a protein

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bond between two amino acids [Active Transport]

Output: Peptide bond

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid. (Phosphoester bond between phosphate group and glycerol) [Active Transport]

Output: Ester bond

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bond between the monosaccharides to form carbohydrates [Active Transport]

Output: Glycosidic bond

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: actual measurement= measured size / magnification [Active Transport]

Output: How to calculate the actual width of a magnified object

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When something supports the idea, it is said to be valid [Active Transport]

Output: Validity

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When results from a repeated experiment are similar they are said to be reliable [Active Transport]

Output: Reliability

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a repeated experiment gives a similar result every time [Active Transport]

Output: Precision

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How close to the true value a reading/measurement is. [Active Transport]

Output: Accuracy

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The variable that relies on the result of the experiment [Active Transport]

Output: Dependent Variable

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The fixed variable that the experimenter may have cintrol over [Active Transport]

Output: Independent Variable

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide [Active Transport]

Output: Gene

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A different form of the same gene [Active Transport]

Output: Allele

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The chromosomes in each of pair of the 23 pairs in each cell. [Active Transport]

Output: Homologous

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Identical alleles (HH) [Active Transport]

Output: Homozygous

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Two different alleles (Hh) [Active Transport]

Output: Heterozygous

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Someone with both a mutated gene and a normal gene, but the mutated gene is recessive. [Active Transport]

Output: Carrier

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The two alleles that a person has (HH, Hh or hh) [Active Transport]

Output: Genotype

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The appearance of a characteristic in an organism (cystic fibrosis/ not cystic fibrosis) [Active Transport]

Output: Phenotype

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The allele that only affects the phenotype of the other homozygote. Written as a lower case letter. [Active Transport]

Output: Recessive

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The allele that affects the phenotypes of one of the homozygotes and the heterozygote. Written as a capital letter [Active Transport]

Output: Dominant

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The scientific study of phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity. [coarse-filter]

Output: conservation biology

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Natural processes that sustain human life that depend on the functional integrity of natural communities and ecosystems. [coarse-filter]

Output: ecosystem services

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An appropriate target of management within a species (e.g., subspecies, populations) as determined by genetic analyses; also called a management unit. [coarse-filter]

Output: evolutionarily significant unit

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A pattern in which a small population that drops below a certain size may decrease even further in size, perhaps spiraling towards extinction; an extinction vortex results from the vulnerability of small populations to chance genetic, demographic, and environmental events. [coarse-filter]

Output: extinction vortex

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Of or referring to an approach to conservation biology that focuses on genes, populations, and species. [coarse-filter]

Output: fine-filter

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A charismatic species that may be emphasized in conservation efforts because it helps to garner public support for a conservation project. [coarse-filter]

Output: flagship species

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One of a group of species selected as a priority for conservation efforts and chosen because its ecological requirements differ from other species in the group, thereby helping to ensure that as many different species as possible receive protection. [coarse-filter]

Output: focal species

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Anthropogenic changes that reduce the quality of habitat for many, but not all, species. [coarse-filter]

Output: habitat degradation

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The breaking up of once continuous habitat into a complex matrix of spatially isolated habitat patches amid a human-dominated landscape. [coarse-filter]

Output: habitat fragmentation

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The outright conversion of an ecosystem to another use by human activities. [coarse-filter]

Output: habitat loss

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Introduced species that survive and reproduce in their new environment, sustain a growing population, and have large effects on the native community. [coarse-filter]

Output: invasive species

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Projection of the potential future status of a population through use of demographic models; a PVA approach is often used to estimate the likelihood that a population will persist for a certain amount of time in different habitats or under different management scenarios. [coarse-filter]

Output: population viability analysis (PVA)

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A species selected as a priority for conservation with the assumption that its conservation will serve to protect many other species with overlapping habitat requirements. [coarse-filter]

Output: surrogate species

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A worldwide reduction of biodiversity resulting from the spread of non-native and native generalists coupled with declining abundances and distributions of native specialists and endemics. [coarse-filter]

Output: taxonomic homogenization

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A surrogate species selected with the assumption that protection of its habitat will serve as an “umbrella” to protect many other species; often a species with large or specialized habitat requirements or which is easy to count. [coarse-filter]

Output: umbrella species

CH 22 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Active Transport] Osmosis

Output: The net movement of water molecules frokm a solution with a lower concentration of solute (high conc. of water) to a solution with a higher concentration of solute (low conc. of water) across a partially permeable membrane.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Exocytosis

Output: The release of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) from the cell as vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs) which fuse with the cell surface membrane, releasing their contents.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Endocytosis

Output: The absorption of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) into a cell by the creation of a vesicle. Part of the cell membrane engulfs the substance to be transported.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Diffusion across membranes

Output: The net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are at a higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Facilitated Diffusion across membranes

Output: Channel proteins are used to aid large hydrophilic molecules and ions that cannot diffuse ordinarily. Each channel protein has a specific shape to allow only one type of molecule or ion.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Hydrophilic

Output: Water-attracting

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Hydrophobic

Output: Water-repelling

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Peripheral Proteins

Output: Proteins that are loosely attached on the outside of a membrane

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Integral Proteins

Output: Proteins that are fully embedded inside a membrane phospholipid bilayer.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Glycoproteins

Output: A molecule consisting of a protein and a carbohydrate chain. It is used for cell recognition, to make cells form together to form tissues.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Receptor Proteins

Output: Allow the cell to react to other cells and hormones

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Primary structure of a protein

Output: A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds - Polypeptides

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Secondary structure of a protein

Output: The polypeptide chain starts to curl up due to interactions between the different side groups of the amino acids. Contains alpha-helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheets (zig-zags). Both are held together with hydrogen bonds.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Tertiary structure of a protein

Output: The three-dimensional shape caused after all sections of the polypeptide chain have curled or twisted.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Peptide bond

Output: The bond between two amino acids

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Ester bond

Output: The bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid. (Phosphoester bond between phosphate group and glycerol)

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Glycosidic bond

Output: The bond between the monosaccharides to form carbohydrates

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] How to calculate the actual width of a magnified object

Output: actual measurement= measured size / magnification

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Validity

Output: When something supports the idea, it is said to be valid

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Reliability

Output: When results from a repeated experiment are similar they are said to be reliable

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Precision

Output: When a repeated experiment gives a similar result every time

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Accuracy

Output: How close to the true value a reading/measurement is.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Dependent Variable

Output: The variable that relies on the result of the experiment

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Independent Variable

Output: The fixed variable that the experimenter may have cintrol over

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Gene

Output: A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Allele

Output: A different form of the same gene

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Homologous

Output: The chromosomes in each of pair of the 23 pairs in each cell.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Homozygous

Output: Identical alleles (HH)

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Heterozygous

Output: Two different alleles (Hh)

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Carrier

Output: Someone with both a mutated gene and a normal gene, but the mutated gene is recessive.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Genotype

Output: The two alleles that a person has (HH, Hh or hh)

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Phenotype

Output: The appearance of a characteristic in an organism (cystic fibrosis/ not cystic fibrosis)

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Recessive

Output: The allele that only affects the phenotype of the other homozygote. Written as a lower case letter.

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [Active Transport] Dominant

Output: The allele that affects the phenotypes of one of the homozygotes and the heterozygote. Written as a capital letter

Definitions for AS Level Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.


Input: [1] FAMILY [2]

Output: people who live with you now and in the future


Input: [1] LIMITS [2]

Output: only allow a certain amount


Input: [1] NEGOTIATION [2]

Output: to come to terms or reach an agreement


Input: [1] COMPROMISE [2]

Output: settlement of differences on each side


Input: [1] MUTAL [2]

Output: having the same relationship each to the other


Input: [1] AGGRESSIVE [2]

Output: to move or act in a hostile way


Input: [1] PHYSICAL FORCE [2]

Output: to push


Input: [1] CONFIDES [2]

Output: to tell private matters


Input: [1] INSECURITY/UNCERTAINTY [2]

Output: unsafe/of being in doubt


Input: [1] ROMANTIC [2]

Output: dealing with love


Input: [1] LOVE [2]

Output: strong fondness, intense affectionate concern


Input: accepting the norms, values, roles and beliefs of a culture as ones own, not open to questioning [socialization]

Output: internalization


Input: these children are untamed or living in the wild. severly neglected or abued as to understand their own humanness [socialization]

Output: feral children


Input: a 13 yr old girl found chokingly abusive and neglectful conditions she recieved no human interactions for majority of her life when she was foung she could not stand or walkshe missed a critical periond in her life called socializtion which is a critical period for language development this is a food example of [socialization]

Output: the case of genie: feral children and critical periods of socialization environmental modulation of genetic/biological programming


Input: successful rehabilitation of a feral child may depend on [socialization]

Output: the age of a child the younger the better chance for rehab


Input: lack of warm nurture holding and attention will prevent babies from forming attatchments which resemble [socialization]

Output: the unattended infant to the infant monkeys in harlows study of attatchment


Input: behavior is the results oc external stimulus and oly repeated if reinforced. this is more passive role for the human mind as a reactor rather than initiater [socialization]

Output: stimulus response learning system


Input: [1] A process designed to achieve an organizations objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment [2]

Output: Management


Input: [1] Those individuals in organizations who make decisions about the use of resources and who are concerned with planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling the organization's activities to reach its objectives [2]

Output: Managers


Input: [1] The process of determining the organizations objectives and deciding how to accomplish them; the first function of management [2]

Output: Planning


Input: [1] The statement of an organization's fundamental purpose and basic philosophy [2]

Output: Mission


Input: [1] Those plans that establish the long-range objectives and overall strategy or course of action by which a firm fulfills its mission [2]

Output: Strategic plans


Input: [1] Short-range plans designed to implement the activities and objectives specified in the strategic plan [2]

Output: Tactical plans


Input: [1] Very short-term plans that specify what actions individuals, work groups, or departments need to accomplish in order to achieve the tactical plan and ultimately the strategic plan [2]

Output: Operational Plan


Input: [1] An element in planning that deals with potential disasters such as product tampering, oil spills, fire, earthquake, computer virus, or airplane, crash, etc. [2]

Output: Crisis management or contingency planning


Input: [1] The structuring of resources and activities to accomplish objectives in an efficient and effective manner [2]

Output: Organizing


Input: [1] The hiring of people to carry out the work of the organization [2]

Output: Staffing


Input: [1] The elimination of a significant number of employees from an organization [2]

Output: Downsizing


Input: [1] Motivating and leading employees to achieve organizational objectives [2]

Output: Directing


Input: [1] The process of evaluating and correcting activities to keep the organization on course [2]

Output: Controlling


Input: [1] The president and other top executives of a business, such as the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), and chief operations officer (COO), who have overal responsibility for the organization [2]

Output: Top managers


Input: [1] Those members of an organization responsible for the tactical planning that implements the general guidelines established by top management [2]

Output: Middle Managers


Input: [1] Those who supervise both workers and the daily operations of an organzation [2]

Output: First-Line Managers


Input: [1] Those who focuse on obtaining needed funds for the successful operation of an organization and using those funds to further organizational goals [2]

Output: Financial Managers


Input: [1] Those who develop and administer the activities involved in transforming resources into goods, services, and ideas ready for the marketplace [2]

Output: Production and operations managers


Input: [1] Those who handle the staffing function and deal with employees in a formalized manner [2]

Output: Human resources managers


Input: [1] Those who are responsible for planning, pricing, and promoting products and making them available to customers [2]

Output: Marketing managers


Input: [1] Those who are responsible for implementing, maintaining, and controlling technology applications in business, such as computer networks. [2]

Output: Information Technology (IT) Managers


Input: [1] Those who manage an entire business or a major segment of a business; they are not specialists but coordinate the activities of specialized managers [2]

Output: Administrative Managers


Input: [1] The ability to influence employees to work toward organizational goals [2]

Output: Leadership


Input: [1] The specialized knowledge and training needed to perform jobs that are related to particular areas of management [2]

Output: Technical Expertise


Input: [1] The ability to think in abstract terms and to see how parts fit together to form the whole [2]

Output: Conceptual Skills


Input: [1] The ability to identify relevant issues, recognize their importance, understand the relationships between them, and perceive the underlying causes of a situtation [2]

Output: Analytical Skills


Input: [1] The ability to deal with people, both inside and outside the organization [2]

Output: Human relations skills


Input: [1] Skills of a successful manager [2]

Output: -Leadership -Techincal expertise -Conceptual skills -Analytical skills -Human-relations skills


Input: [1] Steps in the decision-making process [2]

Output: 1. Recognize and define the decision situation 2. Develop options 3. Analyze options 4. Select the best option 5. Implement the decision 6. Monitor the consequences


Input: [1] A calender containing both specific and vague items, that covers short-term goals and long-term objectives [2]

Output: Agenda


Input: [1] The bulding of relationships and sharing of information with colleagues who can help managers achieve the items on their agendas [2]

Output: Networking


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Medistinum

Output: The _____________is formed by an inward projection of Tunica Albuginea, through which vessels pass, in which the rete testis is formed, and the efferent ductules leave

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] vessels Rete testis formed efferent ductules leave

Output: What passes through the mediastinum of the testis?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Lobules

Output: Thin CT partitions divide the testis into about 250 pyramidial compartments of __________.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] straight tubules rete testis

Output: Each lobule in the testis contains from one to four seminiferous tubules which then abruptly change to short __________and these converge on the plexus of spaces the _____________.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] interstitial cells/Leydig cells

Output: What types of cells would you find in the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] seminiferous tubules

Output: Each testicular lobule contains 1-4 ___________ lined by a complex stratified epithelium containing supporting and spermatogenic cells.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Sertoli

Output: Supporting cells within the semineferous tubules are _______________ cells.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] False

Output: T/F: Sertoli cells divide.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Basal lamina

Output: Sertoli cells extend from the _______________ to the free surface/lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] True

Output: T/F: Sertoli cells contain prominent nucleoli.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Gap and tight junctions

Output: What type of junctions link Sertoli Cells?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] basal Adluminal

Output: Junctions of the zonula occludens type establish a ________ compartment and an _____________compartment

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes

Output: ___________ and ___________ are restricted to the basal compartment.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] mature spermatocytes and spermatids

Output: ___________ and _______ are restriced to the adluminal compartment.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] tight junctions

Output: Movement of cells toward the lumen involves breaking and resealing the ____________.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Blood-Testis barrier

Output: _____________ is the physiologic compartmentalization of the testis.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Ionic composition differs considerably from blood plasma and ST or excurrent ducts. Plasma proteins and circulating antibodies are excluded from the ST lumen.

Output: Discuss the difference in fluid compostion in the blood plasma vs. testis/STs.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] (1) provide nutritional and mechanical support for differentiating germ cells; (2) push germ cells upward by shape changes; (3) secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) which binds testosterone, transporting it to lumen and onward to epididymis; (4) secrete testicular transferrin which transports iron to germ cells (most abundant product); (5) secrete inhibin that regulates FSH production; (6) secrete anti-mullerian hormone (also called mullerian-inhibiting hormone) a glycoprotein to promote regression of mullerian ducts in male fetus; (7) secrete testicular fluid used for sperm transport, (8) protection of developing sperm cells from immunologic attack through blood-testis barrier; (9) phagocytosis of residual bodies; (10) release of late spermatids into ST lumen. Secretion is controlled by FSH and testosterone

Output: What are the functions of the Sertoli Cells? There are 10.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] spermatocytogenesis Meiosis spermiogenesis

Output: What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Type A dark spermatogonia Type A pale spermatogonia Type B spermatogonia primary spermatocytes

Output: List the progression of cells in the spermatogenesis phase.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 2

Output: How many meiotic divisions are necessary to form a spermatid?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Pachytene stage of prophase of 1st meiosis

Output: Where/when does crossover occur?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 44 autosomes x and y chromosomes 46 total in humans

Output: At the end of prophase, the 1o spermatocyte contains ____________chromosomes.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 22 autosomes x or y sex chromosome 23 chromosomes in humans

Output: At the end of the 1o spermatocyte stage there are ____________ chromosomes.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] secondary

Output: These cells, derived from the 1st meiotic division, are __________spermatocytes.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] spermatids

Output: Secondary spermatocytes undergo a second meiotic division to become _______.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Spermatogenesis

Output: In ________________, the spermatids differentiate into spermatazoa

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 23 autosomes x or y sex chromosome 23 total in humans

Output: How many chromosomes does a spermatid contain?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] fertilization.....merge with ovum

Output: When is the diploid (2n) condition restored?---spermatids are haploid (n).

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] (1) a Golgi phase in which the Golgi produces the acrosomal vesicle. The vesicle becomes adherent to the nucleus, defining the apex of the condensed sperm nucleus. Centrioles migrate to the posterior pole to form the flagellum axoneme. (2) In the cap phase the acrosomal vesicle increases in size spreading over the anterior 2/3 surface of the nucleus to become hemispherical in shape. In the mature spermatozoan, it is called the acrosome and is an organelle containing hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase and a protease called acrosin, like trypsin. (3) During the acrosomal phase the formation of the acrosome is completed. The acrosome is interposed between the cell membrane and the condensed nucleus, with its inner membrane fused to the nuclear membrane. The nucleus condenses and changes shape to the characteristic pyriform shape. The neck region which connects the nucleus to the flagellum develops. Mitochondria migrate to form the middle piece of the tail and eventually the remainder of tail is formed. 4) During the maturation phase of spermatid differentiation the excess cytoplasm or residual body is pinched off. The mature sperm (Fig. 7) is about 60 µm long. The Y-chromosome or male determining sperm can be stained selectively. Sperm are released from the ST as nonmotile cells, they aquire motility in the epididymis. They are stored in the distal portion of the epididymis, survive for several weeks in the male excurrent system, survive only 2-3 dd in the female tract. They acquire the ability to fertilize the ovum only in the female tract. This process involves modification of the sperm cell membrane and is called capacitation.

Output: Describe the 4 stages of spermiogenesis.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Acrosomal vesicles

Output: What does the golgi produce in the golgi phase?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] FSH

Output: ______ stimulates sertoli cells.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] LH Testosterone

Output: ________ stimulates intersitial Leydig cells to secrete ___________.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] ABP AMH Inhibin Testicular Transferrin Testicular Fluid

Output: List the secretions of the sertoli cell.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] The process by which the sperm cell membrane is modified to allow for fertilization...this happens in the female repro. tract.

Output: Discuss capacitation.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] epididymus

Output: Where does sperm become motile?

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 64-74 days

Output: The total time required for differentiation from a spermatogonium to a sperm is ______days,

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] 86

Output: The total time required for differentiation from a spermatogonium to a sperm plus storage time in epidiymus is ___ days.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] zona pellucida

Output: At the site of fertilization, sperm become associated with the ______________

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] acrosome

Output: Binding of the spermatozoon to the receptors induces the sperm to undergo the _____________ reaction.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] cortical

Output: thousands of cortical granules ________ reaction = in the peripheral ovum cytoplasm fuse with the egg membrane and release their contents around the ovum

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] The spermatazoon makes its way through the opening then the intact plasma membrane behind the acrosome fuses with the egg membrane, permitting the sperm to sink into the ooplasm to complete fertilization

Output: This event triggers the cortical reaction.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.


Input: [Tunica Albuginea] Rich capillary network, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, myoid cells, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and Leydig cells

Output: Discuss the composition of the testicular interstitium.

_______________ is the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.