Input: pralidoxime/atropine

Output: nerve gas/insecticides

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: digoxin Fab (digibind)

Output: digoxin

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: protamine

Output: heparin

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: vitamin K analogs

Output: oral anticoagulants

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole

Output: methanol,ethylene glycol

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: deferoxamine

Output: iron salts

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: dimercaprol

Output: arsenic, gold, mercury


Input: succimer, Ca(Na)2EDTA

Output: lead (also mercury)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: penicillamine

Output: copper, lead, gold, mercury

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: hydroxcobalimin

Output: cyanide

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: oxygen

Output: carbon monoxide


Input: methylene blue

Output: nitrites/nitrates

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

FDA categories for drug use in pregnancy


Input: [blindsight] The visual cortex is located in the __________________ of the brain.

Output: back

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The parts of the brain that enable consciousness and our ability to communicate that awareness are located in the:

Output: frontal lobes

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] are all memories true?

Output: no think of the hot air balloon experiment where they make people believe a memory that never happened. and 50% fell for it

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] the brain wiring of the prefrontal cortex is not complete until the

Output: early 20s

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. This process is called:

Output: top-down processing

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Sensory analysis starts at the entry level (i.e., with the sensory receptors) and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called:

Output: bottom-up processing.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] ______________ is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Output: psychophysics

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the:

Output: pupil

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

Output: conscious awareness.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

Output: continuity

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

Output: retinal disparity

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates:

Output: color constancy.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Steffan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision. He has agreed to wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Due to _____________, after about a week, he is able to perform his usual tasks, like riding a bike or reading a book.

Output: perceptual adaptation

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Once John learned of Sara’s abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:

Output: perceptual set

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] All of the following are true regarding deafness EXCEPT: A. deafness is not a disability. B. native signers are not linguistically challenged. C. sign language is a complete language. D. the deaf culture advocates support cochlear implant

Output: D

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

Output: unconditioned stimulus

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Output: spontaneous recovery.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

Output: the laws of learning are the same for all animals

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism’s ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.

Output: cognitive

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Findings from Garcia’s research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Output: rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] All of the following are Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. B. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. C. principles of learning apply across species. D. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

Output: D

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] One of Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

Output: the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning?

Output: involuntary response to stimuli

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car’s irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Output: negative reinforcement (taking something he doesn't like away)

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

Output: variable interval

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning:

Output: Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.

Output: cognitive processes

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

Output: he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

Output: mirror nuerons

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children’s behavior?

Output: Bandura

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Johnny is “hammering” the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

Output: modeling

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Which of the following is evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression?

Output: Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

Output: models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:

Output: the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent on television.

Output: desentitizes

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] He said that, “If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing.”

Output: James

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?

Output: the book was never purchased

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] You are discussing the current political situation and forget who the Secretary of State is. You know that it is on the tip-of-your-tongue but you can’t remember it. This is also known as:

Output: blocking

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality in what only a dream. This problem is known as:

Output: source amnesia

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa’s experience best illustrates:

Output: the misinformation affect

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian Journalist Shereshevskii could remember up to _______ digits or words.

Output: 70

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen before.

Output: 90

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

Output: helps us understand how memory works

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The retention of encoded information over time is called:

Output: storage

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] In Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage processing model we record information in which order?

Output: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

Output: that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:

Output: spacing effect

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem’s meaning. This best illustrates the importance of:

Output: semantic encoding

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] ____________ is our brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about 3 to 4 seconds before fading away.

Output: echoic memory

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] George Miller’s research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store ____________ in our short-term memory.

Output: about 7 bits of memory (give or take 2)

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Output: long-term potentiation

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: [blindsight] When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

Output: retrieval cues

psy exam 2-mastery quizzes Flashcards - Cram.com

seeing without being aware. the brain still lights up as if it is seeing something (just a different section lights up) that you think is our of your vision (if you got brain damage to your vision) but your brain can still track it but you cannot


Input: classification of adverse reactions

Output: -extension effects - dose related and predictable -side effects - dose dependent and predictable -idiosyncratic reactions - unpredictable -drug allergy - unpredictable, independent

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: extension effects

Output: arise from an extension of the therapeutic effect. mechanism based. e.g. insult to lower blood glucose cuases hypoglycemia

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: % of drugs ok to use in pregnancy

Output: 10%

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: pharmacokinetic drug interactions can result in

Output: elevated drug concentrations (due to reduced elimination rates or protein-bound drug displacement) leading to toxicity OR causes decreases in plasma concentratoins (via more rapid drug elimination or decreased drug absorption) leading to levels below therapeutic effectiveness.

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: pharmacodynamic drug interactions at the receptor level can result in

Output: phamcologic or physiolgoic enhancement or antagonism of drug action

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: which pateints are high risk for drug-drug interactions

Output: -elderly -pts in high risk clinical situations (dependent on drug treatment, acute illness, unstable disease) -pts with renal/hepatic disease -pts with multiple preswcribing physicians

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: PK interactions

Output: -absorption -distribution -metabolism -excretion

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: which drugs have narrow therapeutic index

Output: means they need to be monitored carefully in plasma insulin and warfarin -anticoagulants -antiseizure -antiarrhythmics -aminoglycoside Ab -cancer chemotherapeutics -HIV agents -immunosupressants (cyclosporine -neuromuscular blocking agents -digoxin -insulin

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: PK interactions with absorption

Output: decreases in motility --> lower peak plasma drug levels increases in absorption less important physiochemical inactivatoin via changes in pH or formation of insoluble complexes reduces bioavailability

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: PK distribution interactions

Output: protein bindingdisplacement interactions. competitive binding increases free drug cellular distribution interactions

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: PK metabolism interactions

Output: inducers (increase metaboilc rate) causing subtherapeutic levels inhibitors (decreased metaboilc rate) causing increased toxic levels of drug most interactions occur via CYP

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: PK excretion interactions

Output: most in KIDNEYS change in GFR (glomerular filtration rate) change in tubular secretion change in urine pH

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: Pharmacodynamic interactions

Output: -antagonistic effects -synergisitc or additive therapeutic efects -synergistic or additive side effects -indirect pharmacodynamic effect

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: pharmaceutic interactions

Output: when 2 drugs mixed in same IV fluid chemical inactivation or precipitation via pH changes or alteration of vehicle

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: single most important determinant of poisoning outcomes is

Output: supportive care -cardiopulmonary support and protection of airway -assess electrolytes, acid-base balance and fluids -CNS precautions -renal function (direct drug toxicity and indirect hypotension renal failure)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: toxicokinetics

Output: study of absorption, distribution and elimination of toxic parent compounds and metaboic products that aids in predictino of amt of toxin that reaches site or injury and the resulting damage. -absorption (bioavailability F) -volume of distribution (Vd) -clearance (metabolism/excretion) -half-life

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: absorption in toxicokinetics

Output: large amt of ingested drug may slow tablet dissolution alter GI emptying injure GI tract --> altered absorption --> delayed peak effect

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: clearance (metabolism / excretion)

Output: important to know contribution of kidney and liver to elimiantion fo toxin to plan treatment strategy

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: half life in toxicokinetics

Output: the published values are for therapeutic doses half life may be PROLONGED in toxic overdoses due to saturation of the elimination mechanisms

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: general treatment strategies for poisoning

Output: pharmacokinetic -prevent / decrease absorption -inhibit toxication (prevent conversion to toxic species) -enhance metabolism (detox) -increase elimination of toxin (decrease rate out) pharmacodynamic -antidotes

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: prevention of absorption

Output: -emesis (ipecac, apomorphine) -gastric lavage -chemical adsorption. activated charcoal

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: ipecac

Output: local irritation and CNS stimulation of chemoreceptor zone effective orally but must be given BEFORE charcoal emesis after 15-30 minute lag, repeat after 20 minutes

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: apomorphine

Output: not recommended in children, rarely used at all dopamine agonist, produces emesis by stimulation of chemoreceptor zone respiratory depressnat, toxic in children contraindications -comatose patient (lack of gag reflex --> risk of aspiration) -ingestion of corrosive poisons (strong acids or alkalis) -ingestion of CNS stimulatn such as strychnine (risk of seizures) ingestion of petroleum distillate (risk of pneumonitis) pregnancy category C


Input: gastric lavage

Output: most rapid and complete method of emptying stomach lavage + emesis removes only about 30% of most oral poisons -washing of stomach contents with saline and removal via nasogastric tube -best within 60 minutes of poison ingestion

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: activated charcoal

Output: binds drug in gut to limit absorption -effective without prior gastric emptying and can reduce eliminatino half lives of drugs that have been given IV (back diffusion of drug from blood with ion-trapping in the stomach)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: osmotic cathartics

Output: decrease time of toxin in GI tract (via osmotic laxative effect) indicated if toxin ingestion is > 60 min -sorbitol -magnesium citrate/sulfate -sodium solfate -polethylene glycol

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: sorbitol with charcoal

Output: osmotic cathartic given together to prevent briquet formation

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: magnesium sulfate/citrate

Output: osmotic cathartic (decrease time of toxin in GI tract) avoid in renal disease or poisonings with nephrotoxic agents

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: sodium sulfate

Output: osmotic cathartic (decrease time of toxin in GI tract. avoid use of sodium containing cathartics in CHF or hypertension (systemic absorption --> fluid overload)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: inhibition of toxication

Output: methanol/ehtylene glycol methanol metabolized --> formic acid (retinal damage & blindness) ethylene glycol metaboilzed --> oxalic acid (insoluble crystals in kidney - acute kidney failure) treatment - correction of metabolic acidosis with NaHCO3, removal of parent compounds and metabolites with hemodialysis, and suppression of production of production of toxic metabolites by inhibiting the rate limiting enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) with ethanol (competitive inhibitor) or fomepizole (specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: ethanol as an inhibitor of toxication

Output: substrate and a competitive inhibitor of alcochol dehydrogenase

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: fomepizole as an inhibitor of toxication

Output: specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: enhancement of detoxification is a method to treat toxic levels of

Output: -acetaminophen -cyanide

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: acetaminophen toxicity

Output: toxic single dose > 10-20 g will saturate phase II metabolic pathways leading to increased formation of phase I hepatotoxic metabolite AND deplete glutathione stores availble for detoxification hepatocellular injury

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: cyanide toxicity

Output: cyanide binds ferric ions in cytochrome oxidase inhibits: cellular respiration cytotoxic hypoxia lactic acidosis

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: treatment of acetaminophen toxicity

Output: -gastric lavage -supportive theray -N-acetylcysteine (precursor for glutathione synthesis and nucleophile to capture the electrophilic heatotoxic metabolite)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: treatment of cyanide toxicity

Output: hydroxocobalimin (vitamin b12 precursor that binds cyanide to make cyanocobalamin)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: enhancement of elimination

Output: -extracorporeal removal -enahnced metabolism -enhanced renal excretion -chelation of heavy metals

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: extracorporeal removal

Output: method to enhance elimination -hemodialisis/peritoneal dialysis (blood pumped through filter) -hemoperfusion (bloodpumped through column of adsorbent material)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: hemodialysis / peritoneal dialysis

Output: blood pumped through filter -effective for toxins with small Vd -toxins should have low protein binding capacity -helps in correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: if drug is outside plasma, large Vd, would hemodialysis /peritoneal dialysis be useful

Output: no because hemodialysis useful for toxins with small Vd

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: hemoperfusion

Output: blood pumped through column of adsorbent material. -useful for high MW toxins with poor water solubility -risks: bleeding (removal of platelets) and electrolyte distubances

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: enhanced metabolism

Output: method to enhance elimination -induction of cytochrome p450 is NOT REALISTIC due to delay (1-3 days for onset of action) -enhancement of detoxificatoin metaboilc pathways with N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen toxicity and thiocyanate in cyanide poisoning -inhibition of metabolism to block formation of toxic metabolistes (e.g. inhibition of alcohold dehydrogenase in methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: N acetylcysteine

Output: enhances detoxification of metabolic pathways in acetaminophen toxicity

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: thiocyanide

Output: enhances detox metabolic pathways in cyanide poisoning


Input: enhancement of renal excretion

Output: method of enhancment of elimination in toxic -forced diuresis -block reabsorption from kidney -block active reabsorption

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: forced diuresis

Output: normal saline plushigh efficacy diuretics (furosemide) -small effect with danger of fluid overload (worsens pulmonary function) -protects kidney (beneficial effect)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: block reabsorption from kidney

Output: prevention of passive reabsorption via alteration of urinary pH and ion trapping -make urine more basic (with NaHCO3) then trap weak acids like aspirin -make urine more acidic(with NH4Cl or ascorbic acid) then trap weak bases

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: chelation of heavy metals

Output: -enhances elimination of toxins (increase renal excretion) and inactivate toxin (decreases ability to interact with and damage target tissue)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: normal physiology of chelation of heavy metals

Output: heavy metals coordinate covalent bonds with protein side chain nucleophiles

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: mechanism of toxicity in of heavy metals

Output: enzyme inhibition AND alteration of membrane structure

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: treatment of heavy metal toxicity

Output: give chelating agent to complex with free metal ions. this promotes dissociation of metals from intracellular macromolecules.

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: chelating agents

Output: -dimercaprol -penicillamine -succimer

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: dimercaprol

Output: chelating agents -treats mercury poisoning -treats lead poisoning (Ca-Na2-EDTA) better at preventing binding to sulfhydryl groups than reactivating them.


Input: penicillamine

Output: treat Cu++ toxicity (Wilsons disease) treats mercury and lead poisoning rheumatoid arthritis (uncertain mechanism) and cystinuria)

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: succimer

Output: treat children with elevated blood lead levels mercury poisoning


Output: useful to metals more tightly bound than Ca++ treats lead intoxification not useful for mercury toxicity


Input: Ca Na2-EDTA is not useful to treat

Output: mercury toxicity

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: deferoxamine

Output: treats acute iron intoxication, chronic iron overload, possible use for Al+++chelation in dialysis patients

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: acetaminophen

Output: N-acetylcysteine

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: narcotics (opiates)

Output: naloxone

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: benzodiazepines

Output: flumazenil

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: nerve gas/insecticides

Output: pralidoxime/atropine

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: digoxin

Output: digoxin Fab (digibind)


Input: heparin

Output: protamine


Input: oral anticoagulants

Output: vitamin K analogs

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: methanol,ethylene glycol

Output: ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: iron salts

Output: deferoxamine

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: arsenic, gold, mercury

Output: dimercaprol

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: lead (also mercury)

Output: succimer, Ca(Na)2EDTA

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: copper, lead, gold, mercury

Output: penicillamine

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: cyanide

Output: hydroxcobalimin


Input: carbon monoxide

Output: oxygen

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: nitrites/nitrates

Output: methylene blue

DD - Adverse drug reactions / poisoning Flashcards - Cram.com

A - controlled studies show no risk. fetal harm is small. e.g. potassium chloride B- no evidence of risk in humans. C- risk cannot be ruled out. animal studies show adverse effect or no studies available D - positive evidence of human fetal risk. X- contraindicated in pregnancy. e.g. triazolam/flurazepam/temazepam, accutane (isotretinoin)


Input: In the early church decons provided care to the men and deconesses provided care to the women. As men went to war the need for nurses was high and whomen were left to fill this roll. Womens liberation also helped lead to this trend

Output: • Identify the factors that led to the change of nursing from a vocation of men and women to a predominantly female profession

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: The survival and well being of soldiers were critical. The Roman Empire developed military hospitals, and the practice of providing first aid on the battle front. With every war cam wounded soldiers, and the need to care for them. Army nursing service, and the Red Cross were established from this need

Output: Explain the role of the military in the development of the nursing profession

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: Nursing Education over the last century has moved away from a 3 year certificate program, based at hospitals, many relgous affiliated, into a degree based (Assoc. or BA) college program

Output: Discuss the transitions nursing education has undergone in the last century

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: LPN's and LVN's use a 1 year program, RN's use a 2 year program, RN's with a BSN take 8 semesters

Output: Differentiate among the various forms of nursing education for licensed practical nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and registered nurses.

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: Through Nurse Practice Acts - state statute designed to: protect patients or society, define the scope of nursing practice, and identify the minimum level of nursing care that must be provided to clients. Provides for the regulation of nursing practice by an administrative board, such as the board of nurse examiners (or the “state board of nursing”). These boards generally have the authority to regulate nursing practice and education within the states, including licensing, credentialing, and disciplinary procedures.

Output: Discuss the regulation of nursing practice

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: American Nurses Association (ANA) Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) National League For Nursing International Councel of Nursing National Student Nurse Association

Output: Give four examples of influential nursing organizations

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: individuals, groups, families, or communities, and can be referred to as clients, patients, or persons

Output: Identify the recipients of nursing care

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: Health Promotion Illiness Prevention Health Restoration End of Life Care

Output: Name the four focuses of nursing care

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: 1. Novice, receptive to education and learning rules 2. Advanced Beginner, Considerable exposure to clinical situations, improving in performance, begining to use more facts and is more sophistocated in the use of rules. A new graduate usually functions at this level. 3. Competence, several years practice, gained additional experience, deal with more complex concerns, able to handle patient load and prioritize load 4. Proficient, resource for new nurses, able to see the big picture, coordinate services and forcast needs, mor flexable and fluent with their role, plan intuitively, as much as consciously 5. Expert, Expert nurses are able to see what need to be achieved, and how to do it. They trust in and use their intuuition, and are often consulted when others need advice.

Output: The process by which a nurse acquires clinical skill and judgment

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: a process of observing, comparing, and evaluating the client's condition to draw conclusions about the client’s health status, determine whether change has occurred, and identify necessary interventions

Output: Clinical Judgment

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: Critical thinking, reflective thinking: Involves collecting and analyzing information and carefully considering options for action Problem-solving: Considering an issue and attempting to find a satisfactory solution

Output: Thinking Skills

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: ANA, (1980): “The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems”

Output: Nursing is...

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: Help the public understand the value of nursing Help differentiate activities of nursing from those of medicine Help students understand what is expected of them

Output: Why Define Nursing?

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: • Outside Nursing • Economy • Consumers • Direct-to-consumer marketing • Legislation • Women’s movement • Collective bargaining • Inside Nursing • Increased use of CAM • Increased opportunity for roles, settings, and autonomy • Divergence between high-tech and high-touch

Output: What are some Forces that Influence Nursing Practice

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: an abrasion of the skin or surface of other organs caused by scratching, trauma, chemicals, or burns; may occur on the skin if there is exposure to digestive enzymes in feces

Output: excoriation

Southwestern Nursing Fundamentals Ch 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.


Input: [1] Federalism [2]

Output: used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces)


Input: [1] Devolution [2]

Output: the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level


Input: [1] Sovereignty [2]

Output: the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory


Input: [1] Unitary System [2]

Output: a sovereign state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate


Input: [1] Confederation [2]

Output: an association of sovereign member states that, by treaty, have delegated certain of their competences (or powers) to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without constituting a new state on top of the member states


Input: [1] Tenth Amendment [2]

Output: explicitly states the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people.


Input: [1] Elastic or Necessary and Proper Clause [2]

Output: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.


Input: [1] Commerce Clause [2]

Output: clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes". Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress


Input: [1] Full Faith and Credit [2]

Output: addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state." According to the Supreme Court, there is a difference between the credit owed to laws (i.e. legislative measures and common law) as compared to the credit owed to judgments


Input: [1] Privileges and Immunities Clause [2]

Output: prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. The text of the clause reads: “ The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. ”


Input: [1] Enumerated Powers [2]

Output: a list of items found in Article I, section 8 of the US Constitution that set forth the authoritative capacity of the United States Congress.[1] In summary, Congress may exercise the powers to which it is granted by the Constitution, and subject to explicit restrictions in the Bill of Rights and other protections found in the Constitutional text


Input: [1] Reserved Powers [2]

Output: under the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, powers that the United States Constitution does not give to the federal government, or forbid to the states, are reserved to the states or the people


Input: [1] Concurrent Powers [2]

Output: powers that are shared by the state and the federal government


Input: [1] Implied Powers [2]

Output: those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated


Input: [1] Denied Powers [2]

Output: The Constitution prohibits the Federal Government from doing. For instance, interfering with the free expression of religion or the right of people to petition the government.


Input: [1] John Marshall [2]

Output: the Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law while promoting nationalism and making the Supreme Court of the United States a center of power with the capability of overruling Congress


Input: [1] Nullification [2]

Output: legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional


Input: [1] Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions [2]

Output: political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved not to abide by Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void, and in doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution


Input: [1] John C. Calhoun [2]

Output: a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. A powerful intellect, Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade


Input: [1] Dual Federalism [2]

Output: a legal theory which has prevailed in the United States since 1787, is the belief that the United States consists of two separate and co-sovereign branches of government. This form of government works on the principle that the national and state governments are split into their own spheres


Input: [1] Layer Cake Federalism [2]

Output: the relationship between the central government of a nation and that of its states, where the powers and policy assignments of the government hierarchy ("layers" of government) are clearly spelled out and distinct from one another


Input: [1] Marble Cake Federalism [2]

Output: Cooperative federalism is known as "marble cake Federalism"... and is based on a mixing of authority and programs among the national, state, and local governments.


Input: [1] Creative Federalism and The Great Society [2]

Output: a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the nineteenth century's dual federalism) or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by the national government.


Input: [1] New Federalism ( Competitive Federalism) [2]

Output: a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states. The primary objective of New Federalism, unlike that of the eighteenth-century political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration to the states of some of the autonomy and power which they lost to the federal government as a consequence of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.


Input: [1] Initiative [2]

Output: a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote (plebiscite) on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form


Input: [1] Referendum [2]

Output: a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal


Input: [1] Recall [2]

Output: a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote (plebiscite), initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition


Input: [1] Grants-In-Aid [2]

Output: money coming from central government for a specific project. This kind of funding is usually used when the government and parliament have decided that the recipient should be publicly funded but operate with reasonable independence from the state.


Input: [1] Categorical Grants [2]

Output: issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly-defined purposes. Additionally, recipients of categorical grants are often required to match a portion of the federal funds. About 90% of federal aid dollars are spent for categorical grant.


Input: [1] Block Grants [2]

Output: a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent


Input: [1] Revenue Sharing Grants [2]

Output: gave an annual amount of federal tax revenue to the states and their cities, counties and townships. Revenue sharing was extremely popular with state officials, but it lost federal support during the Reagan Administration


Input: [1] Mandates [2]

Output: the authority granted by a constituency to act as its representative


Input: [1] 104th Congress [2]

Output: Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census. Both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s


Input: [1] Unfunded Mandates [2]

Output: regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state or local governments or private entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government.


Input: [1] Conditions of Aid [2]

Output: regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state or local governments or private entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government.


Input: [1] Second-Order Devolution [2]

Output: A flow of power and responsibility form the states to local governments.


Input: [1] Third-Order Devolution [2]

Output: A flow of power and responsibility form the states to local governments.


Input: [essential nutrients] macro nutrients

Output: essential nutrients that the body needs in large amounts

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] water, carbs, proteins, fats

Output: what are the macro nutrients

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] micro nutrients

Output: essential nutrients the body needs in small amounts

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] vitamins and minerals

Output: what are the micro nutrients

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] 8-12 cups fluid

Output: Recommended daily allowance of water?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] carbs

Output: What is only source of energy for brain cells and red blood cells

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] simple (sugar) and complex (starch/fiber)

Output: What are two types of carbs

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] honey, fruit, table sugar

Output: what are examples of simple carbs

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] grains, vegetables

Output: what are examples of complex carbs

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] reduces LDL

Output: What does soluble fiber do?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] helps with digestion

Output: What does insoluble fiber do?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] oat, beans, nuts

Output: Examples of soluble fiber?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] veggies, fruit skins, whole wheat

Output: Examples of insoluble fiber?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] Complete and incomplete

Output: Two types of protein?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] Animal sources: meat and dairy

Output: Examples of complete protein?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] Grains, legumes, nuts

Output: Examples on incomplete protein?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] solid at room temperature

Output: State of saturated fat?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] liquid at room temp. solid when refrigerated

Output: State of monounsaturated fat

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] liquid room temp and in fridge

Output: State of polyunsaturated fat

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] mineral

Output: Naturally occurring inorganic that contribute to proper body function

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] 11

Output: How many vitamins needed?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] fat soluble/water soluble

Output: Two types of vitamins?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] 20

Output: How many minerals needed?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] liver and meat/animal sources

Output: Two sources of cholesterol?

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] Trans fatty acids

Output: Liquid vegetable oils that have been chemically changed through the process of hydrogenation

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: [essential nutrients] vegans lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian semi vegetarian

Output: 4 types of vegetarians

chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body processes


Input: the primary auditory cortex is located in the ____

Output: temporal lobe

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the _____

Output: medulla oblongata

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the _____

Output: longitudinal fissure

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the limbic association area of multimodal association area provides our _______

Output: emotional impact

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a shallow groove on the surface of the cerebral cortex is called a

Output: sulcus

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if the posterior most portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly

Output: the spinal cord may be affected

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the central sulcus separates which cerebral lobes?

Output: frontal from parietal

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the hypothalmus is _____

Output: the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ____

Output: gyri

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ____

Output: lateral sulcus

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ____

Output: visual association area

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Broca's area

Output: is considered a motor speech area

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: structure probably not involved in memory

Output: medulla oblongata

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath for too long is the _____

Output: visceral sensory area

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the_____

Output: premotor cortex

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nonspecific ascending pathways

Output: are involved in the emotional aspects of perception

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the term "arbor vitae" refers to __

Output: cerebellar white matter

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the primary auditory cortex is located in the______

Output: temporal lobe

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Spinocerebellar tracts ____

Output: Carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

Output: Arachnoid mater and pia mater

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The blood brain barrier is effective against _____

Output: Metabolic waste such as urea

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: You would not find _____ in normal cerebrospinal fluid

Output: red blood cells

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: REM sleep is associated with_____

Output: temporary skeletal muscle inhibition, except for extrinsic eye muscles

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Storing information in long term memory ____

Output: Is facilitated by repetition

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Declarative memory_____

Output: Is the ability to learn specific information

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina?

Output: Lens

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ordinarily, it is difficult to transplant tissue from one person to another because of tissue rejection by the recipient of the donation, yet corneas can be transplanted fairly easily without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea___

Output: Has no blood supply

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The eye muscle that simultaneously elevates the eye and turns it laterally is the____

Output: Inferior oblique

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: _____ is not one of the primary levels of neural integration in a somatosensory system.

Output: Effector Level

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ____

Output: Exteroreceptors

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Meissner's corpuscels are ____

Output: mechanoreceptors

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The peripheral nervous system includes

Output: sensory receptors

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The anterior chamber of the eye contains ____

Output: Aqueous humor

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When one has a cold, swelling of the lacrimal mucosa may result in ____

Output: Watery eyes due to impaired drainage of tears.

Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] INFERTLE [2]

Output: NOT CAPABLE OF REPROUCING

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] INTROSPECTION [2]

Output: AN INWARD REFLECTIVE EXAMINATION OF ONE'S OWN THOUGHTS FEELING

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] NONMALEFICENCE [2]

Output: REFRAININ FROM THE ACT OF HARMING OR COMMITING EVIL

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] OPINIONS [2]

Output: FORMAL EXPRETION OF JUDGMENT OR ADVICE BY AN EXPERT

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PHILOSOFER [2]

Output: A PERSON WHO SEEKS WISDON

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] POSTMORTEN [2]

Output: OCCURRING AFTER AFTER DEATH

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PROCUREMENT [2]

Output: TO GET POSSESSION OF

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PUBLIC DOMAIN [2]

Output: THE REALM EMBRACING PROPERTY RIGHT THAT BELONG TO THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] RAMIFICATIONS [2]

Output: COSEQUENCES PRODUCED BY A CAUSE

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] REPARETONS [2]

Output: AMENDS, ACTS OF ATONOMENTS OR SATISFACTON GIVEN AS A RESULT OF A WRONG OR INJURY

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SOCIOLOGIC [2]

Output: ORIENTED OR DIRECTED TOWARD SOCIAL NEEDS AND A PROBLEMS

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SURROGATE [2]

Output: A SUBSTITUTE

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS [2]

Output: CODES USED INSTEAD OF NAMES TO PRTECT THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF TE PATIENT IN A METHOD OF ANONYMOUS HIV TESTNG

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] VERACITY [2]

Output: CONFIRMITY WITH THE TRUTH

CMA Centinella Valle Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: positivism constructivism/relativism [research process]

Output: philosophical paradigms

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (nature of reality- there are universal, essential truth universality of reality/facts, reality/facts are prior to and independent of theory, relationship between knower to known-they are independent. Knower can objectively assess the reality through observation and experiment.) [research process]

Output: positivism

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: observation is fallible and theory-laden. Cannot ignore the role of culture. So much of what was regarded universal truth has been proven wrong. It was used to justify colonialism. Cannot predict anyway because world never operates under conditions of complete closure like in labs or in hypothetical situations. [research process]

Output: what are the criticisms of positivism?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this approach might work relatively better in the field of “hard science.” It is difficult to deny that this approach made significant contribution in the advancement of knowledge. [research process]

Output: What are the strengths of positivism?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (nature of reality-there is no universal, essential truth. Reality is socially constructed. Our observation is also influenced by what we already know. Relationship between the knower and the known-they are never independent but very dependent. What knowers know prior to observation causes/influences/controls what they observe and how they interpret. [research process]

Output: constructivism/relativism

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: there are materials prior to human existence, cannot answer what the criteria/standards of truth are. [research process]

Output: what are the criticisms of constructivism/relativism?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: it made ‘hard science’ pause and provided a new way of thinking which contributed a lot to post-positivism, realism, pragmatism, and critical theory in terms of the influence of culture on science. It could liberate some members of the society who feel inadequate, by helping them understand that it is not them, but it is the society. This particular point of view helps social workers to be non-judgmental. [research process]

Output: what are the strengths of constructivism/relativism?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: quantitative and qualitative [research process]

Output: what are specific research methods?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: objective, deductive (theory->hypothesis->observation->confirmation), forms hypotheses prior to data collection. To produce precise and generalizable findings. [research process]

Output: quantitative methods

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: subjective, inductive logical process (observation->pattern->hypothesis->theory) , seeks to generate hypotheses, more flexible than quantitative methods, deeper understandings of the meanings of human experience. [research process]

Output: qualitative methods

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Deductive: theory->hypothesis->observation->confirmation. [research process]

Output: deductive process

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Inductive: observation->pattern->hypothesis->theory. [research process]

Output: inductive process

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com