Input: -can often be traced to parental (uninvolved is school activities counteracts message that school is important) and peer influences and differential treatment by teachers as illustrated by Pygmalion effects [What is Aggression]

Output: Ethnic Differences in Adjustment to school

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -inclusion has produced modest or no improvements in the academic performance of special needs students while failing to enhance their self-esteem or peer acceptance [What is Aggression]

Output: Special Needs Students

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -creating stronger bilingual and multicultural educational programs -making greater use of cooperative learning methods in the classroom [What is Aggression]

Output: Ways to better meet educational needs of all students

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an educational practice whereby children of different backgrounds or ability levels are assigned to teams; each team member works on problems geared to his or her ability level, and all members are reinforced for "pulling together" and performing well as a team [What is Aggression]

Output: Cooperative Learning Methods

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -get teachers, students, and parents working together to make education a top priority for our youth -set high achievement goals -invest in the day to day effort required to attain those objectives -strengthen curricula -raising standards for teacher certification -raising standards for grade promotion and graduation -shortening summer vacation -involve parents as partners [What is Aggression]

Output: How to make education better in the US

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -two or more persons who are operating at similar levels of behavioral complexity [What is Aggression]

Output: (Beginning of Ch. 13) What are peers?

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *Ethologists believe that peers are adaptive to the species - they promote the development of adaptive patterns of social conduct in each successive generation [What is Aggression]

Output: Importance of Peers * Ethologists' View

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *Same Aged Peers: important b/c it allows the sharing of ideas an behaviors and teaches sharing of perspectives of people just like themselves *Mixed Aged Peers: also important b/c they are helpful for acquiring social competencies; younger kids learn new skills, older kids learn to take leader role [What is Aggression]

Output: Age Types of Peer Interaction

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -increases with age -starts w/ parents setting up play dates. etc. -> school -> kids initiating getting together [What is Aggression]

Output: Frequency of Peer Interaction

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Harlow's Monkeys: mother-only monkeys failed to develop patterns of social behavior and avoided peers or were aggressive when they were mixed with them -peer-only monkeys clung to each other and formed strong mutual attachments, yet they became highly agitated over minor frustrations and were more aggressive towards others not in their group as adults [What is Aggression]

Output: Importance of Peer Influences - reasearch

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Freud and Dann studied 6 3 yr olds found living by themselves in a concentration camp and sent for Tx -at first, they broke all the toys, were cold or hostile to staff, and became extremely agitated when separated; prosocial concern for each other -eventually established + relationships with adult caregivers and lef effective/ productive lives as adults [What is Aggression]

Output: Human Parallel to Harlow study

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -rejected kids are at a higher risk for: -dropping out of school -involvement in delinquent activities -serious psychological difficulties late in life [What is Aggression]

Output: Importance of Peers*

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *a child's willingness to engage others in social interaction and to seek their attention and approval *affects how others interact with them *affects opportunities for social interactions [What is Aggression]

Output: Sociability

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *begins around 1.5-2yrs -> coordinated action with age mates *by age 4-5, bids for peer attention over parental attention *preschoolers: pretend play is important [What is Aggression]

Output: Development of Sociability from 0-preschool*

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *important for -communication skills -emotional understanding -role-taking skills -enhanced capacity for caring *preschoolers better at pretend play are better accepted by peers [What is Aggression]

Output: Pretend Play

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -onlooker behavior and solitary play [What is Aggression]

Output: Parten's Play Patterns of Preschoolers 1. Nonsocial Activity

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -laregely noninteractive play in which players are in close proximity but do not often attempt to influence each other [What is Aggression]

Output: Play Patterns 2. Parallel Play

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -form of social discourse in which children pursue their own interests but will swap toys or comment on each other's activities [What is Aggression]

Output: Play Patterns 3. Associative Play

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -true social play in which children cooperate or assume reciprocal roles while pursuing shared goals [What is Aggression]

Output: Play Patterns 4. Cooperative Play

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -solitary and parallel play decline with age -associative and cooperative play become more common with age [What is Aggression]

Output: Parten's Play Patterns

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *Mid. Childhood: increasingly sophisticated; peer groups rather than a pair of kids; rule-governed games *Early adolescence: form cliques; 2x as much time with peers as with family [What is Aggression]

Output: Development of Sociability from Middle CHildhood through Early Adolescence*

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -more peer interactions occur in true peer groups - confederations that associate regularly, define a sense of group membership, and establish norms that specify how group members are to behave [What is Aggression]

Output: Middle Childhood from book about peer groups

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Cliques: small groups of friends that interact frequently -Crowd: large, reputationally based peer group made up of people and cliques that share similar norms, interests, and values [What is Aggression]

Output: Cliques and Crowds in adolescence

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -spending more time with peers, especially in cliques and in crowds which help them forge an identity apart from their families and pave the way for the establishment of dating relationships -early dating relationships are more like friendships and tend to boost an adolescent's self esteem [What is Aggression]

Output: Adolescence from book

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -by virtue of the neighborhood they choose to live in -their willingness to serve as "booking agents" for peer contacts -monitoring of peer interactions -secre attachments are associated with positive peer relationships -authoritative tend to raise appropriately sociable kids who have good peer relationships -authoritarian and uninvolved, especially those who rely on power assertion have disruptive, aggressive kids whom peers don't like [What is Aggression]

Output: How do parents influence sociability

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Procedures that ask kids to identify those peers whom they like or dislike or to rate peers for their desirability as companions; used to measure kids peer acceptance or nonacceptance *2 deminsions: SOCIAL PREFERENCE - receive more + than - nominations; SOCIAL IMPACT - total # of nominations at all [What is Aggression]

Output: sociometric techniques

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *the extend to which a child is viewed by peers as a worth or likeable companion * broken down into categories on following cards [What is Aggression]

Output: Peer Acceptance*

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children who are liked by many members of their peer group and disliked by very few *High in Social Pref. and High in Social Impact [What is Aggression]

Output: Popular children

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children who are disliked by many peers and liked by few *Low in social preference and High in social impact *highly stable - they are going to be on people's lists from yr to yr; lonliest of the groups and at risk for showing greater probs [What is Aggression]

Output: Rejected Children

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children who receive few nominations as either a like or disliked individual from members of their peer group *Medium in social preference, Low in social impact [What is Aggression]

Output: Neglected Children

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children who receive many nominations as a liked and as a disliked individual *high in social impact - don't stay controversial for long and end up on popular or rejected list [What is Aggression]

Output: Controversial Children

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children who receive an average number of nominations as a liked/and or a disliked individual from members of their perr group [What is Aggression]

Output: Average-Status Children

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Parenting Styles -Tempermental Characteristics -Cognitive Skills -Physical Attributes -Behavioral Characteristics [What is Aggression]

Output: Factors Influencing a Child's Social Standing

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Authoritative Parenting is best as described earlier [What is Aggression]

Output: Parenting Styles as a Factor

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -kids who are irritable and impulsive are at risk for bad interactions with peers which may lead them to be rejected -relatively passive kids who are behaviorally inhibited and slow to warm up are at risk of being neglected or even rejected by peers [What is Aggression]

Output: Tempermental Characteristics as a Factor

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -well developed role taking skills in popular kids -popular, avg., and neglected kids tend to have higher IQs than rejected kids [What is Aggression]

Output: Cognitive and Social Skills as a Factor

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -facial attractiveness: attractive gnereally more liked by peers and teachers; unattractive= louder and aggressive, leading to alienation of others -> self-fulfilling prophecy b/c everyone expects them to be [What is Aggression]

Output: Physical Attributes - Facial Attractiveness as a factor

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -ectomorphic = thin/ linear -endomorphic = chubby -mesomorphic = athletic/ lean -kids prefer mesomorphs and attribute more positive adjectives to them -mesomorphs most popular and endomorphs least popular [What is Aggression]

Output: Physical Attributes - Body Build as a factor

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Boys: early maturers more popular than late maturers; they tend to be confident, atletic honors, and elected in SGA; slightly greater risk of delinquency and using substances, especially if in bad neighborhoods; fewer conflicts with parents *these differences fade into adulthood [What is Aggression]

Output: Physical Attributes - Puberty as a Factor for boys

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -early maturing girls are less popular, less outgoing, and report more anxiety and depression -these girls are often sought out by (or seek) older friends and boys who may steer them away from school and into sex and drugs which they are not ready to handle -long term - impacts are usually seen in those who become heavily involved with sex and drugs [What is Aggression]

Output: Physical Attributes - Puberty as a factor for Girls

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *Popular kids: outgoing, calm, mediate conflicts, initiate and maintain interactions w/ peers *Neglected kids: passive/ shy, they'd play if asked, but won't innitiate it [What is Aggression]

Output: Behavioral Characteristics as Factors for Popular and Neglected kids

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: *Aggressive-Rejected Kids: high levels of hostility and aggression in their interactions w/ peers; can't maintain relationships over time; hostile attribution bias; overestimate social standing, no prosocial behavior [What is Aggression]

Output: Behavioral Characteristics as factors for Aggressive-Rejected Kids

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -passive; socially anxious; socially unskilled; insensitive to peer group expectations; unusual behaviors, "weird"; risk of developing low self esteem; risk of being bullied [What is Aggression]

Output: Behavioral Characteristics for Withdrawn-Rejected Kids

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Neglected kids: likely to change status if they move or change classes Rejected Kids: tend to stay that way Controversial Kids: likely to become either rejected or popular without staying controversial for long *Popular kids: tend to stay popular I think [What is Aggression]

Output: Stability of Sociometric Statuses

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -reinforcement and modeling therapies, -social-cognitive interventions such as coaching and social problem-solving training -academic remediation -social skills training works better with younger kids than adolescents and when the kids' teachers and classmates participate in the intervention [What is Aggression]

Output: What types of interventions may be helpful for rejected kids?

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -method of social skills training in which the adult displays and explains various socially skilled behaviors, allows the child to practice them, and provides feedback aimed at improving the child's performance [What is Aggression]

Output: Coaching

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - method of social skills training in which an adult helps children (through role playing or role-taking training) to make less hostile attributions about harmdoing and to generate nonaggressive solutions to conflict [What is Aggression]

Output: Social Problem-Solving Training

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -kids typically form close ties, or friendships, with one or more members of their play groups -younger kids view friends as a fun playmate older kids/adolescents view friends as close companions who share similar interests and values and are willing to provide them with intimate social and emotional support [What is Aggression]

Output: What is a Friend?

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -high levels of social understanding - respect rules, understand others emotions and are good at reading others' thoughts -can resolve conflicts -agree on joint play activities -willing to exchange info through self-disclosure [What is Aggression]

Output: What is it about someone that makes it easy for them to make friends?

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -among friends, they are warmer, more cooperative, more compassionate, and more synchronous (though not necessarily less conflictual) than those among nonfriend acquaintances [What is Aggression]

Output: Interactions among Friends

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -safety net/ buffer in times of stress (if not popular, you at least have one friend to buffer that) -Social Support strong sense of self worth and compassion -Opportunity to learn social problem solving skills and ability to compromise when resolving conflicts with pals -Adolescents w/ close friendships - as adults - + mental health; strong self-worth; solid ties to romantic partners (friendless peers didn't have these characteristics) [What is Aggression]

Output: What are the advantages to having friends?

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tangible and intangible resources provided by other people in times of uncertainty or stress [What is Aggression]

Output: Social Support

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: interactions among deviant peers that perpetuate and intensify a child's behavior problems and antisocial conduct [What is Aggression]

Output: Diviancy Training

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -the tendency to go along with the wishes of peers or to yield to peer-group pressures -pressure peeks at midadolescence when teens are highly suceptible to peer group norms, including those that endorse misconduct [What is Aggression]

Output: Peer Conformity

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -conflicts stemming from differences in the values and practices advocated by parents and those advocated by peers -not a prob for most teens who have established warm relationships w/ their parents and internalized their values -peer groups also tend to reflect similar values as parents, and peers are more likely to discourage rather than condone antisocial conduct -two influences are more complimentary than contradictory [What is Aggression]

Output: Cross-pressures

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -we are at once physical, cognitive, social, and emotional beings, and all these developmental threads are interwoven in the whole developing person [What is Aggression]

Output: (Ch 14)Major Themes - Human Development is a Holistic Enterprise

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -it is an ongoing transaction between an active person and a changing environment each influencing the other in a reciprocal way, that steers development [What is Aggression]

Output: 1. We are active Contributors to our own development

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -resilient beings being the reason that earlier traits and developments often do not forcast later outcomes -they rarely make or break us -there are opportunities throughout life to undo damage done by early traumas, to teach us new skills, and to redirect our lives -when damaging early experiences are offset by later favorable experiences, we can expect plastic beings to display adaptive outcomes [What is Aggression]

Output: There is Much Plasticity in Human Development

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -clear that multiple causal forces representing both nature and nurture conspire to direct human development -nature needs nurture to be expressed behaviorally, and nurture always acts on nature [What is Aggression]

Output: The Nature-Nurture Distinction is a FALSE Dichotomy

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -development ALWAYS proceeds in normative and idiosyncratic directions, and such diversity is even adaptive from an evolutionary point of view, because species w/ highly diverse characteristics are more likely to survice catastrophic changes in their environments [What is Aggression]

Output: Both normative and idiosyncratic developments are important

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -social and personality development simply takes different forms in different cultures, SES, racial, and ethinic groups -each person's development is influenced by social changes and historical events occuring during his lifetime -knowledge of human development is largely time-bound -importance of contextual influences -recognize changes in family and gender roles, technology, & social innovations yet to come -no way of development or parenting is ideal for everyone [What is Aggression]

Output: We Develop in a Cultural and Historical Context

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -many disciplines have stuff to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of social and personality development [What is Aggression]

Output: Development is Best Viewed from Multiple Perspectives

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -exerts most influence on kids -children need love, guidance, and limits from involved parents who are highly concerned with helping to underwrite developmental successes -Parents must also be adaptable/ goodness of fit [What is Aggression]

Output: Patterns of Parenting (and adult guidance) Clearly Matter

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -schools are crucial and kids affected by goodness of fit -technological influences such as TV, internet -society of one's peers is important for development of social skills and the growth of prosocial concern, cooperation and teamwork, healthy attitudes about competition, a sense of identity and belongingness apart from the family, and self-esteem [What is Aggression]

Output: Many social Forces Conspire to Shape Development

Child Development Test #3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Pretrial Process] Pretrial Process Overview

Output: (crime-arrest-preliminary hearing/ grand jury- arraignment) and then.. from Arraignment- to motion- to pre trial detention- to bail;ror, - to pretrial realities

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Pre-trial realitites

Output: -bail hearings can occur at almost any point - plea negotiations can occur at almost any point, depending on the evidence, confidence, etc. of both sides.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] arraignment

Output: - the first formal meeting between the prosecutor and the defendant's attorny - a formal court apperance in which the charges against the defendant are read, and the defendant, advised by his or her lawyer, enters a plea of either guilty or not guilty

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] motion

Output: -an application to a court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specific action -defense attorneys use pretrial proceedings to challenge the prosecution's evidence (ex. the defense may seek an order for the prosecution to share certain evidence)

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] pretrial detention

Output: -when crime is serious, crime is violent, person is a flight risk, or cannot afford to make bail - studies in philly and NYC have raised questions about the need to hold most defendants in jail -"the psychological and economic hardships faced by pretrial detainees and their families can be major and prolonged"

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Alternatives to Pretrial Detention

Output: Bail, ROR, citations

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Bail

Output: -a judge chooses an amount of money to be paid as a condition of pretrial release to ensure that the accused will appear in court as requires -no legal right (the 8th am. forbids excessiveness)

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Bail Problems

Output: judicial discretion, lack of time, critics argue that it discriminates against the poor

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] The Bail Reform Act (1984)

Output: authorizes preventative detention; upheld in united states v. salerno and cafero

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Bail Bondsmen

Output: private business people who are paid fees by defendants who lack the money to bail. state licensed and choose own clients.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Release on Recognizance

Output: pretrial release granted on the defendants promise to appear in court. The judge believes that the dfenedants ties to the community guaranteee that he or she will appear - nyc studies, only 15% failed to appear

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Citation

Output: a written order or summons, issued by cop, directing an alleged offender to appear in court at a specific time to answer a criminal charge

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Plea Negotiation

Output: a plea agreement is a guilty plea given by a defendant (rep by lawyer) to the prosecutor (who reps the state) in exchange for a previously negotiated agreement about penalties and punishment. This agreement must be accepted by a judge in order to be legally binding.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Plea Bargaining/ negotiation

Output: emphasizes that the plea process is a set of exchange relationships among the prosecture, the defense, defendant, and sometimes the judge. -each actors have their own goals and find success in the outcome

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] plea bargain vs. plea agreement

Output: plea bargain may be misleading, often not a good deal for one or both sides. -each side gives up and receives something in return for the agreement ( ex defendant may decrease sentence and state increases control of criminal). -the "exchange" is more likley to be uneven than even, favoring whichever party has the upper hand.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] examles of uneven exchange

Output: - the prosecutor has the greater strength and power, charges can be increased to scare the defendant inot pleading guilty - a high level operative in an organized crime group may be able to obtain a minimal sentance and punishment, despite heinous crimes, in exchange for sharing damning and damaging information about others

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] why people plead guilty

Output: -dominance of the "informal court working group" made up of the prosecutre, defense attorney, and even judge, over the formal adversarial justice model

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] the greaty efficiency pleas give to the CJ stystem

Output: value to actors as individuals and value to the system - the current cj system, and court system in particular, could not work without pleas; it would collapse uner the pressure of every case going to trial

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] criticisms of plea bargaining

Output: 1.defendants give up some constitutional rights 2.reduces society's interest in appropriate punishments for crimes 3. hidden from judicial scrutiny 4. breeds disrespect and contempt of the law 5. unust to those who assert their right to a trial (i.e, federal sentencing and two-pt deduction for guilty plea 6. innocent people will plead guilty to acts they did not commit 7. public perception of lax justice or "getting off easy" often not true

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] criminal trials

Output: -although the vast majority of criminal sentences result from a plea, a jurty trial for a criminal charge is a fundamental right in U.S law - trials are, by definition and design, adversarial; the us criminal law system uses an adversarial process -despite the public belief, criminal trials are the exception, not the rule, as a resolution of a criminal case

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Overview of Trials: exceptions, not the norm

Output: juries, jury trial, the trial process, evaluating the jury system

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Juries perform six vital functions

Output: 1. prevent government oppression by safeguarding citizens against arbitrary law enforcement 2. determine whether the accused is guilty on the basis of the evidence presented 3. represent diverse community interests so that no one set of values or biases dominates decision making 4. serve as a buffer between the accused and the accuser 5. promote knowledge about the criminal justice system by learning about it through the jury duty process 6. symbolize the rule of law and the community foundation that supports the criminal justice system

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Jury Pool

Output: those called to jury duty and who arrive in court

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Voir Dire

Output: questioning the juries

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Theoretical Goal of Juries

Output: neutral jury; real goal: each side wants a jury sympathetic to their side or arguments

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Two reasons for rejection

Output: Challenge for cause (bias) and peremptory challenge.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Peremptroy Challenge

Output: the dismisal of jurors without stating cause for doing so

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Batson V. Kentucky

Output: Prosceturs can not use peremptory challenge based on race, (ultimately led to gender, ethnicity,)

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Miller-El V. Dretke

Output: is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that clarified the constitutional limitations on the use by prosecutors of peremptory challenges

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Juries continued

Output: -Historic and conemporary problems of REPRESENTATION; who is on, and who is off, juries - most of the concerns regarding unconstitutional exclusion involve race, but also involving other factors like gender, religion, etc. -manifests at various stages of jury selection - for jurisdiciton s that allow findings of guilt with less than unanimous juries, minority opinion can also be excluded

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] challenge for cause

Output: removal of a prospective juror by showing that he/she has some bias or some other legal disablilty.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Jury Trial

Output: trials are based on the idea that the prosecution and defense will compete as adversaries before - the rules of criminal law, procedure, and evidence govern the conduct of the trial - the judge sees to it that the rules are followed and that the jury impartially evaluates the evidence and reflects the community's interests -in a jury trial, the jury alone evaluates the facts in a case

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Juries: Facts & Controversies

Output: variations in juy size and unanimity allowed by different states. -jury nullification - convicting the innocent

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] The Trial Process

Output: 8 steaps 1) selection of the jury 2) opening statements by prosecution and defense 3) presentation of the prosecution's evidence and witnessses 4) presentation of the defense's evidence and witnesses 5) presentation of rebuttal witnesses 6) closing arguments by each side 7) instruction of the jury by the judge 8) decision by the jury

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Defenses to crimes

Output: - a criminal defense is a legal response to a criminal charge -the prosecutor has the burden of proof to prove the defendant GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT, the standard used by a jury to decide whether or not the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction - the defense can/will try to undermine the prosecutors proof and introduce reasonable doubt regarding one or more elements of the crime

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Defenses fall into two broad categories

Output: 1. denial of wrongdoing 2. recognition of wrongful act or consequence but legally acceptable explanation in mitigation.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Denial of wrong doing

Output: -denial of some or all of the elemtns of a crime -absolute denial- "i didn't do it"

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] affirmative defense example

Output: "i did it but im not legally culpable" i.e. distinction between actus reus and mens rea.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Affirmative defenses against crime reasons

Output: for those who go to trial, the majority Do Not usse - the defendant has the burden of proof for an affirmative defense -absence of mens rea does not guarantee a verdict of not guilty in every case

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] affirmative defense "reasons why"

Output: -self- defense - entrapment -necessity -duress (coercion) -mistake of fact (ignorance) -diminished capacity

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] ddiminished capacity

Output: immaturity, developmental disability; lack of mental capacity

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] mental illness/insanity

Output: frequencey and succes of use; public image v. reality - how widely or narrowly defines is that statue? states have begun to define enw categories. eg. guilty but mentally ill. -narrow definiiton in texas

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] trial v. appeal

Output: a request to a higher court that it review actions taken in a trial court - an appeal is based on a claim that one or more errors of law or procedure were made during the investigation, arrest, or tiral process -trials deal with facts and law, appeals only deal with law (legal challenges, allegatoins of legal erros that substantially affected the outcome.

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] prisons matter

Output: -increasing relevance of prisons in the US - prisons reflect and reinforce poverty and marginality -prison cultures influence the outisde -prisons may exacerbate crime -effects and legacies of imprisonment

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] American Imprisonment

Output: -huge racial distortion -woman are fastest growing group to face incarceration -mostly blacks -expanison in incarceration simultaneous with the decline in rehabilitation -major variation

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Us Prisons. vs the World

Output: marginality, poverty, numbers and policies they relfect

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Prisons refelct and reinforce poverty and marginatliy

Output: "most prisoners come from the poor, the minority groups, the uneducated, the unemployed, the mentally il.. Prison is the magnifying mirror which reflects and enlarges the unresolved social problems of the society which it serves."

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Prison Cultures Influence the Outside

Output: 1.Soviet union - russia 2. South africa and Robben island 3. Saggy Patns 4. Egypt

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Soviet union to Russia

Output: -oleinik argues that in Soviet prisons, a key position of power were inmate leaders called the "theif in law." - the theif-in-law's job it was to "maintian order" based on the prisoners illicit norms -this position migrated into the mainstream soceity, first to provide oversight in the informal market and later in the post-Soviet economy

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] South Africa and Robben Island

Output: toyi toyi, negotiation

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Egypt

Output: - Thought line of thinking for 9/11 began in prisons of Egypt. - Torture -Nurtured a movement - sayyed qutb, a leading islamist intellectual, suffers in prison fomred passion play for islam - Qutb's writings in prison smuggled out to become a core islmaist manifesto for emerging movement -from prison, qutb had been able to regenerate the secret apparatus

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Prison may exacerbate crime

Output: Children with a parent in prison are much more likely to commit crime themselves - crime is often cirbulre, victims become victimizers ( abused child= violent adults) -although victims do not always become perpetrators, it is rare the serious perpetrator was not also a victim

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Gangs

Output: especially important mechanism of increasing crime (ex. aryan warriors in nevada)

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Prison Issues

Output: ECONOMIC COSTS

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Social and Human costs

Output: frequent legal restrictions and almost universla unofficial barriers- effect on jobs, public housing,a nd the right to vote

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] Undermining democracy

Output: -racial inequality and hostility -exclusion from full citizenship

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: [Pretrial Process] What do Prisons Do?

Output: -lower levels of crime with lower levels of imprison ment -most ppl think prisons are necessary for violent, serious, and repeat offenders. -most poeple dont realize how many non-violent inmates we have

First Section of CJ TESt 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

-At each stage, key decisions are made that move some defendants to next stage and FILTER others out. - ideally force prosecutors and judgest o eview the available evidence and dismiss unnecessary charges against innocent


Input: avocado canned white tuna cauliflower cooked rolled oats green leafy vegetables milk peanut butter peas pork, beef, chicken potatoes raisins yogurt [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Food sources of Magnesium

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fish nuts organ meats pork, beef, chicken whole grain breads and cereals [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Food sources of Phosphorus

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: avocado bananas cantaloupe carrots fish mushrooms oranges pork, beef, veal potatoes raisins spinach strawberries tomatoes [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Food sources of Potassium

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: breads and cereal dark green vegetables egg yolk liver meats [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Food sources of Iron

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: eggs leafy vegetables meats protein-rich foods [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Food sources of Zinc

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aged cheeses Chianti wine yeast extracts figs overripe avocado smoked or fermented meat dried, cured, fermented or smoked fish fermented sausage - bologna, pepperoni, salami [Food sources of Calcium]

Output: Foods rich in Tyramine

NCLEX review - Nutrition Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A thiazide diuretic such as HydrocloroTHIAZIDE. hypokalemia and hypercalcemia

Output: The first line therapy for most hypertensive patients is _. Side effects include _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Hydrochlorothiazide

Output: _, although is used as the first line therapy in most hypertensive patients is contraindicated in patients who have renal dysfunction.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: renal dysfunction. This drug acts on the NaCl cotransporter found in the distal convoluted tubule, as well as induces PG E production (which enhances renal profusion).

Output: Hydrochlorothiazide, although is used as the first line therapy in most hypertensive patients is contraindicated in patients who have_

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Loop diuretics (ie Furosemide) - These diuretics inhibit the Na/K/2Cl transporter found in the thick ascending loop of henle

Output: _ diuretics are indicated in patients with renal compromise, and are good for edema, but not very good for hypertension.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: loop diuretic It inhibits the Na/K/2Cl transporter found in the thick ascending loop of henle

Output: Furosemide is a _ diuretic. Where is it's site of action?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts on the Na/K/2Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Side effects include hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis ----Electrolyte Imbalance!

Output: What are some side effects of Furosemide?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Hydrochlorothiazide (a thiazide diuretic acting on the distal convoluted tubule Na/Cl) is ineffective. Furosemide (a loop diuretic acting on the thick ascending loop of henle Na/K/2Cl) is indicated in these patients

Output: In a patient who has poor renal function, _ is ineffective, but _ is effective.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Spironolactone Aldosterone and therefore Na reabsorption in the Collecting Duct It is used as an adjunct with other diuretics

Output: The primary Potassium sparing diuretic is _. This inhibits _ reabsorption in the _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: K sparing diuretic. It inhibits Aldosterone, and therefore Na reabsorption in the collecting duct, it is used as an adjunct with other diuretics Side effects include Hyperkalemia, and gynecomastia (therefore, in males, you should Rx Eplerenone instead for K sparing)

Output: Spironolactone is a _ diuretic. What are some of it's side effects?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Sweating Hypoglycemia triggers a sympathetic response and therefore most symptoms are blocked except sweating which uses cholinergic fibers, despite being SANS mediated

Output: The use of beta blockers can mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia, except one. What is it?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: coexisting conditions such as an MI, angina pectoris, CHF. Side effects include decreased libido, hypotension, bradycardia, increased triglycerides and cholesterol.

Output: Beta blockers are indicated for patients with _ What are some side effects of beta blockers?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: PropranOLOL asthmatics, because it causes bronchoconstriction.

Output: The primary Non selective Beta blocker is _. It is contraindicated in _ patients.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: First of all, you must know that propanOLOL is a beta blocker. Abrupt discontinuation of beta blockers causes reflex tachycardia, increased BP, and nervousness.

Output: Abrupt discontinuation of propanolol will cause _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: AtenOLOL, MetoprOLOL, AcebutOLOL. (All beta blockers end in OLOL) Selective beta 1 blockers - AMA

Output: What are examples of selective Beta 1 blockers?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: -PRIL EnalaPRIL captoPRIL

Output: All ACE inhibitors end in - _. The two main examples are _. These drugs are indicated in patients with _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: ACE inhibitors. (enalaPRIL, captoPRIL). These drugs prevent the formation of angiotensin II, reducing Na and water retention, therefore lowering BP. They help slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy d/t PG formation and vasodilation in kidney vascular efferents

Output: What Anti HTN class is indicated for patients with diabetes?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Loop diuretics such as Furosemide. These inhibit the Na/K/2Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop of henle

Output: What anti HTN class is indicated for patients who have renal compromise?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: ACE inhibitors (and Renin Inhibitors). This includes enelaPRIL, captoPRIL, and Aliskiren (renin inhibitor)

Output: _ are contraindicated in pateints with bilateral renal artery stenosis

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: These are both ARB's, and block Angiotensin II Receptors. They are contraindicated in pregnancy and hyperkalemia.

Output: LoSARTAN and valSARTAN block _. They are contraindicated in _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: ARbs include losARtan, and valsARtan. (both end in SARTAN, but remember the AR in ARBs)

Output: What are the examples for Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: mild hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephrotoxicity. They block ATII receptors at the At - 1 receptor, therefore inhibiting aldosterone secretion. Results in vasodilation and reduction in TPR.

Output: Losartan and Valsartan are indicated for _. What do they do?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Nifedipine and Verapamil

Output: What are examples of Calcium channel antagonists?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: It is a renin inhibitor. It inhibits the conversion of angiotensinogen to angI. This is usually given with a thiazide diuretic

Output: What is the MOA for Aliskiren?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Ca Channel antagonists, such as Nifedipine and Verapamil

Output: _ is indicated in patients with angina, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, asthma, and older patients

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: A1 adrenergic antagonist (PRAZOSIN)

Output: _ is used for symptomatic relief of BPH

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: LabetaLOL and carvediLOL These are both Alpha 1 and beta antagonists. They decrease HR and contractility by inhibiting beta receptors, and cause vasodilation and decrease TPR via alpha receptors

Output: _ and _ can be indicated in hypertensive emergencies and pheochromocytoma.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: The patient is in a hypertensive emergency, and needs LABETALOL OR CARVEDILOL

Output: Patient comes into the ER with a BP of 195/130 acute target organ injury. What should you prescribe?

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: cyanide toxicity. it is rapidly acting and works via increasing cGMP and causing arteriole and venous dilation (This is a vasodilator along with hydralazine and minoxidil)

Output: Nitroprusside can cause _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: hydralazine, minoxidil, and sodium nitroprusside

Output: Vasodilators include _, _, and _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: Clonidine and Methyldopa

Output: Centrally acting sympathomimetic agents include _ and _.

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: alpha 2 receptors decrease in TPR

Output: Clonidine has direct action on _ receptors resulting in a _

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: ACE inhibitors (PRILs) and ARBS (-sARtans). Methyldopa, Hydralazine, and Ca Channel Blockers (nifedipine, and verapamil)

Output: _ and _ are contraindicated in pregnancy. However, _ , _ and _ are widely used

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: ACE inhibitors (-PRILS) ARBs (sARtans)

Output: Diabetics are often prescribed _ and _ to control BP and slow renal deterioration

Pharmacology.Block 1 Anti HTN Flashcards - Cram.com

Thiazide diuretics work by _ in the _. The main example of this type of drug is _


Input: type of junction that uses a protein called cadherin, works like a belt to keep the pants from falling down as they expand and contract CHOOSE FROM: Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Adherens junction between cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of junction "spot welds" between cells. Hold tissue together against mechanical disruption, these junctions use cadherin between cells and between to form a continuous strong structure CHOOSE FROM: Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Desomsomes Junction between cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of junction found between cell and basement membrane. protein integrin is used to link hemidesmosome to basement membrane. on cell side-intermediate filaments anchor to cytoskeleton to integrins which connect to basement CHOOSE FROM: Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Hemidesmosome Junction between cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of junction, a protein connexin forms pore-like structures called connexons. a connexon allows small ions to pass from cell to cell. monomers and small polymers can pass between cells. connexons can seal off a sick cell CHOOSE FROM: Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosome, Gap Junction [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Gap junction between cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Type of tissue that forms a covering that protects the body. this covers lumen in intestinal tract choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: epithelial tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of tissue holds structure of body, used for strength and hold organs together. ex. bone and tendons are connective tissue choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of tissue that moves body parts around choices; epithelial, connective, muscular, or nervous [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: muscular tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of tissue that is in the CNS(brain and spinal cord) and PNS (ganglia and nerves) [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: nervous tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the two layers of the epithelium and which one is on top and which is on basement [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Free Apical surface-top basal surface- basement

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What two layers is makes up the basement membrane [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: basal lamina-nearest epithelial tissue reticular lamina- deeper than basal

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of tissue is below the basement membrane [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the three types of arrangements that can be found in the epithelial tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: simple- cells in single layers but all touch basement pseudostratified-appear to have layers but all touch basement stratified- have layers only lowest layer toush the basement

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the three types of shapes of epithelial tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: squamos- flat, wide "paving stone" cells cuboidal- cells are as wide as tall columnar- cells taller than wide

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: how many combinations can we make of epithelial tissues [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 8 combinations simple squamous epithelia simple cuboidal epithelia simple columnar epithelia pseudostratified columnar epithelia stratified squamous epithelia stratified cuboidal epithelia stratified columnar epithelia transitional epithelia

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe simple squamous epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: simple layer of flat cells ex lining of heart, air sacs, eardrum, lining of blood and lymph vessels, kidney filtration, one layer of serous membranes

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe simple cuboidal epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: single layer of cube-shaped cells ex. surface of ovaries, eye lens and pigement epithelium, many glands, kidney tubules often found where secretion and absorption take place

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe simple columnar epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: single layer of column-like cells nonciliated- GI tract, glandular ducts, gallbladder ciliated- respiratory tract, efferent ducts testes, canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, uterine tubes/uterus, paranasal sinuses

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: appeals to have layers/ all cells attached to basement membrane ciliated- upper respiratory airways nonciliated- glands, epididymis and urethra

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe stratified squamous epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: flat cells. most commone epithelia. makes up skin and mucous membranes

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe stratified cuboidal epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: two or more layers. sweat gland ducts, esophageal gland duct, and part of male urethra

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe stratified columnar epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: two or more layers, made up of tall cells, part of urethra, part of anal mucous membrane, excretory ducts of some glands, part of conjunctiva in eye

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe transitional epithelia [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: shape of cells changes depending on state of stretch. several layers ex. bladder nearby urethra and ureters. full bladder: squamous cells empty bladder: cuboidal cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is another name for unbranched gland [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: simple glands

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is another name for branched gland [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: compound glands

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is another name for tube-like gland [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: tubular gland

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is another name for grape-like gland [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: acinar "alveolar" gland

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is another name for grape-like and tube-like gland [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: tubulacinar gland

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name the three types of exocrine glands [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine glands

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describe steps in formation of secretory product Merocrine Secretion [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 1. instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2. synthesized in rough ER, 3. packaged in Golgi Complex, 4. formed into secretory vesicle, 5. released. protein is formed in RER. it's packages into vesicles in Golgi complex that can fuse with cell membrane on demand to release cell's secretory product

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describe Apocrine secretion's steps in formation of secretory product [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 1. instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2. synthesized in rough ER, 3.packaged in golgi,4.formed into vesicle, 5.end of cell breaks off and dissolves. vesicles gather together in a little cell life raft which is broken open and releases vesicle product. male prostate and female mammory glands secrete their products this way

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe holocrine secretion steps in formation of secretory product [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 1.instruction transcribed to mRNA in nucleus, 2.synthesized in rough ER, 3.packaged in Golgi complex, 4a. cell dies releasing product, 4b. lost cell replaced by division of stem cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: cells loosely arranged with a lot of space between abundant extracellular matrix-substance secreted by cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the two embryonic connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the five types of mature connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does connective tissue in embryo do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: rapidly dividing cells are gathering together into organs and tissues so they must be able to move freely

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what does connective tissue in mature human [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: connective tissue holds things in place does not want to allow movement of cells

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define fibroblasts [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: most numerous of connective tissue cell and secrete fibrous components

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define adipocytes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: fat cells, store triglycerides

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define mast cells [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: important in inflammation, produce histamine

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define White Blood Cell [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: include immune cell

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define macrophages [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: fixed or wandering destroy invaders

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: define plasma cells [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: fromed from WBC secrete special proteins (antibodies) help attack invaders

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fibroblasts [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: lay down protein fibers. collagen is made by fibroblasts. elastin and reticular fibers are also products

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of embryonic connective tissue almost fluid in consistency cells are widely spaced [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: mesenchyme

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of embryonic connective tissue in umbilical cord, jelly-like connective tissue "wharton's jelly" [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: mucous connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Areolar of loose connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: most common found in layers supporting skin mucous membranes support and surround organs

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: adipose of loose connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: fat found under skin around heart and kidney in yellow bone marrow and forms cushins in joints and eye sockets

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reticular loose connective tissue [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: loose meshwork of reticular cells, forms stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes and basement membrane

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of dense connective tissue "white shiny sheet" made up of collagen fibers in regular bundles with a few fibroblasts found in tendons, ligaments, and sheetlike tendons-aponeuroses dense structure and lack of blood supply slow to heal [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: dense regular connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of dense connective tissue has fibroblasts and collagen fibers collagen runs in many different directions found in fascia-which form sheets between muscles found in deeper part of skin, in "peri-" tissues that surround bone, cartilage, and heart [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: dense irregular dense connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of dense connective tissue made up of many oriented elastic fibers and few scattered fibroblasts found in lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, and vocal cords ligaments between vertebrae and ligaments of penis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: elastic dense connective tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of cartilage most abundant shiny bluish-white substance consists of fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes, chonrocytes are enclosed in lacunae [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: hyaline cartilage

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of cartilage that collagen fibers are coarser and gathered together into thick bundles, found in pubic symphysis, discs, padding of kness (menisci) and where tendon inserts into cartilage [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: fibrocartilage

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis, external ear, and tubes that connect ear to mouth (eustachian tube) [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: elastic cartilage

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of bone that is complex and regular structure consists of osteons [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: compact bone

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of bone is irregular structure; spikes of mineralized tissue have ample space between for redbone marrow [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: spongy bone

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is plasma made of [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: salt wat and proteins

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe lymph and what it does [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: filtrate of blood with most of the cells and some protein removed. WBC move around in lymph to guard against invaders

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of membrane lines interface between the body cavities and the outside world. the connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is called lamine propria. example digestive tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract mucous, serous, cutaneous membranes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: mucous membrane

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of membrane forms lining between body wall and internal organs example parietal layer, serous fluid, and visceral layer mucous, serous, cutanerous membranes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: serous membrane

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: type of membrane that skin covers outside of body mucous, serous, cutaneous membranes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: cutaneous membrane

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of membrane lines space between two bones forming a joint. lubricates joints [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: synovial membrane

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of muscle is voluntary and striated. we "choose" to use this muscle. multiple nuclei visible. fused to form a long thin tube of myofiber called syncytium [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Skeletal muscle

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of muscle is involuntary and striated. Fibers are joined in branches, not parallel. one or two nuclei per fiber [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: cardiac muscle

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what type of muscle is involuntary and nonstriated. single cells with one nucleus and cytoskeleton is arranged in random fashion so it does not appear striated. example; gut tube is lined with smooth muscle for easy digestion [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: smooth muscle

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of skin is comprised mostly of dead cells, which have expelled their nucleus and all organelles and have become bags of protein called keratin choose from;epidermis, dermis, and SubQ [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: epidermis

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of skin has living layer of tissue under epidermis contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, adn living skin cells. hair roots are in the dermis and some muscle(arrector pili) choose: epidermis, dermis, and subQ [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: dermis layer

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of skin has areolar and adipose connective tissue choose: epidermis, dermis, and subQ [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: subQ layer

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the superficial layers from deepest to superficial [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum before signaling get legal counsel

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of the 5 layers contains a single row of cuboidla and columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered tonofilaments [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum basale

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of the 5 layers contains 8-10 rows of many-sided keratinocytes with bundles of tonofilaminets armlike processes of melanocytes and langerhan cells [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum spinosum

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer fo the 5 layers contains 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes which organelles begin to degenerate. protein keratinocytes converts tonofilaments into keratin and lamellar glanules which release lipid-rich water-repellent secretions [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum granulosum

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of the 5 layers presents only in fingertips, palms, and soles. 3-5 rows of clear flat dead keratinocytes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum lucidum

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what layer of the 5 layers has 25-30 rows of dead flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum corneum

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: keratinocytes are constantly made in the stratum____ and as cells are pushed more superficially they lose their ____ and _____ [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: basale. nucleus and organelles

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: thin skin lacks which stratum layer [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: stratum lucidum

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: thick skin is also called [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Glabrous

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the two regions of the dermis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: papillary and reticular regions

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which region of the dermis is 1/5 of the thickness of the dermis and has ridges that penetrate into epidermis and contain blood vessels and sensory structures known as Meissner corpuscles and free nerve ending. it has a tight attachment to the epidermis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Papillary region of dermis

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which region of the dermis is 4/5 of dermis. nerves and blood vessels run through the dermis here and also hair roots and glands. [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: reticular region

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stretching of connective tissue can cause tears which is called .. [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: striae or stretch marks

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Pheomelanin skin pigment [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: yellow to red

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: eumelanin skin pigment [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: brown to black

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What amino acid is melanin made from [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: tyrosine in an organlled called melanosome

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name the three skin pigments [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what pigment has red pigment in blood that gives skin a pinkish cast. little melanin is stored in melanocytes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: hemoglobin

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what pigment forms deposits on skin, precursor to vitamin A and is found in intensely colored fruits and veggies [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: cartone

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the four cells types found in epidermis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: dead keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, and merkel disc

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Keratins and lipids help make a .. [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: waterproof seal

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the function of epidermis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: offers protection, but damage does not hurt living tissue

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the function of dermis [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: living tissue but capable of healing, protects against temp changes and dehydration

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the function of subq layer [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: insulation of blood vessels

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: superficial or deep wound? wounds that do not penetrate the epithelium. dividing cells of stratum basale migrate into wound the normal process of division produces nucleated keratinocytes and these get pushed upward by the newly-divided keratinocytes as they mature to corneocytes [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: superficial wounds

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: superficial or deep wound? penetrate blood vessel. blood fills the wound then clots into a semi-solid mass. monocytes in clot mature into macrophages. neutrophils and macrophages work to destroy invaders. cells of stratum basale migrate to replace epidermis. fibroblasts lay new fiber [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: deep wounds

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if sweat glands release fluid to the surface to cool skin by evaporation. blood vessels dilate and shed more heat to the environment. this makes the skin appear pink or red, what is that body trying to do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: body wants to shed heat

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: head is conserved, sweat glands stop production and blood vessels constrict. blood stays internal to the dermis behind insulated layer of fat. skin may appear pale of blue. what is the body trying to do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: body is too cold

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the two primary thermoregulatory mechanisms [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: circulation and sweating

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what common disease of aging skin has dilated blood vessels and pimples around nose and cheeks. no known cause [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: rosacea

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what do eccrine sweat glands do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: are needed as effectors in homeostatic loops for thermoregulation. these glands lie in dermis and open to skin surface through a duct. secrete a sweat that in thin dilute solution of salt water, urea, uric aced, ammonia, amino acids, glucose

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what do apocrine sweat glands do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: similar to eccrine but more viscous. they don't open to the skin but associated with hair follicles. they are stimulated to release their product during emotional stress and sexual excitement. these sweat glands are developed with puberty. line in subQ layer.

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the visible portion of hair made up of [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: medulla, cortex, and the outside covering or cuticle

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: brown or black color pigment hair is called [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: eumelanin

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: blonde or red color pigment hair is called [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: pheomelanin

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: white or gray occurs when [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: when pigment production is reduced or halted and air bubbles replace pigment

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what do the Meissner corpuscles and merkel disc sensory receptors do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: help us perceive light touch

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what do the free nerve endings do [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: mediate painful sensations

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle is [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: layered like an onion and responds preferentially to vibration

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what happens in the first state of the growth cycle of hair [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: growth (anagen) stage: hair matrix cells at base of follicle divide this pushes the hair a little further out of the root. lasts 2-6 years

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what happens in the second stage of the growth cycle of hair [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Regression (Catagen) stage: hair matrix stops dividing. lasts 2-3 weeks

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what happens in the third stage of the growth cycle of hair [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: Resting (telogen) stage: lasts 3 months. hair falls out at the end and is replaced by new hair

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what degree burn is only epidermis is involved, skin reddens, no permanent damage and skin returns to normal in about 1 week [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: first degree burn

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what degree burn is heat energy penetrates deeply and both epidermis and dermis is damaged. blood vessels leak fluid and form blisters as skin fill with filtrate blood. hair and glands are not typically damaged [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: second degree burn

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what degree burn is "full thickness" destroys all layers of skin. cells die and skin function is lost in area. Dead skin may be black, cherry red, or ash white [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: third degree burn

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what % of surface does an arm have in rule of nines [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 9%

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what % does the perineum have in rule of nines [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 1%

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what % does anterior trunk have in rule of nines [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 18%

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What percent does a thigh have in rule of nines [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 9%

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what year and who first demonstrated disinfection (noticed from working on cadavers and then delivering babies and the babies getting puerperal fever) [Tight Junction between cells]

Output: 1847 Ignatz Semmel

Module 7 Integument Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] What does the ANS do?

Output: The ANS shunts blood to needy areas, speeds or slows heart rate, adjusts blood pressure and body temperature, and increases or decreased stomach secretions.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Other names for ANS

Output: The ANS is also called the involuntary nervous system which reflects its subconcious control, or the general visceral motor system, which indicates the location of most of its effectors.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] The ANS uses a two-neuron chain to its effectors. Explain in detail how.

Output: The cell body of the first neuron, the pregnangloionic neuron, resides in the brain or spinal cord. Its axon, the pregnaglionic axon, synapses with the second motor neuron, the ganglionic neuron, in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. The axon of the ganglionic, called the postganglionic axon, extends to the effector organ.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Preganglionic Neuron

Output: Autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in the CNS and projects its axon to a peripheral ganglion

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Ganglion

Output: A collection of nerve bodies outside the CNS

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Ganglionic Neuron

Output: Autonomic Motor Neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its (posteganglionic) axon to an effector

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Pregnaglionic/ Postganglionic Axon (fiber)

Output: Preganglionic Axons are lightly myelinated, thin fibers, and postganglionic axons are even thinner and are unmyelinated. Most pre and post ganglionic fibers are incorporated into spinal or canial nerves.; Postganglion def. - Axon of a ganglionic neuron, an autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion; the axon projects to an effector

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Autonomic Ganglion

Output: Collection of sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglionic neuronal cell bodies

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Sympathetic Division

Output: The division of the ANS that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor (danger, excitement, etc.); the fight, fright, and flight subdivision.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Parasympathetic Division

Output: The division of the ANS that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Norepinephrine (NE)

Output: While all Somatic Motor neurons release ACh to make muscles contract, Neurotransmitters releaed into visceral effector organs by postganglionic autonomic fibers include NE secreted by most sympathetic fibers, and ACh released by parasympathetic fibers. Depending on the type of receptors present on the target organ, the organ's response may be either excitation or inhibition.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Dual Innervation

Output: The ANS uses the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions to serve the same visceral organs, but cause opposite effects. The sympathetic mobilizes the body during activity and the parasympathetic promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Easy way to remember Parasympathetic and Symathetic Divisions

Output: Parasympathetic is the D division: Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination). Sympathetic is the E division: Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Sympathtic and Parasympathetic Divisions differ in:

Output: 1. Their origion sites P- brain and sacral spinal cord S- thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord 2. The relative lengths of their fibers P-long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers S- has the opp. condition 3. The location of their ganglia P-located in the visceral effector organs S- lie close to the spinal cord

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.


Input: [Autonomic Nervous System] Craniosacral Division

Output: Parasympathetic Division is also called this b/c its preganglionic fibers spring from opp. ends of the CNS- the brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord.

The Autonomic Nervous System- Ch. 14 Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of our internal environment depends on the ANS which is a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.