Input: effect of foreclosure on interests

Output: Foreclosure will terminate interests junior to the mortgage being foreclosed but will not affect senior interests. Once foreclosure of a superior claim has occurred, with the proceeds distributed appropriately, junior lienholders can no longer look to the property for satisfaction. Debtor-mortgagor is considered a necessary party and must be joined, particularly if they want a deficiency judgment. Failure to include a necessary party results in the preservation of that parties claim- their mortgage remains on the land. Foreclosure does not affect any interest senior to the mortgage being foreclosed.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: foreclosure- priorities.

Output: As a creditor, you must record. If you don’t record you have no priority. Once recorded priority is determined by the norm of first in time first in right.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: purchase money mortgage

Output:  A mortgage given to secure a loan that enables the debtor to acquire the encumbered land.  Super priority – after acquired collateral clause. Gives security interest in all real estate, whether now owned or hereinafter acquired.  Subordination agreement: allowed by private agreement a senior creditor may agree to subordinate its priority to a junior creditor.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: foreclosure redemption

Output: Redemption in equity: recognized up to the date of sale. Any time prior to the foreclosure sale debtor has the right to redeem the land and free it of the mortgage. Once a valid foreclosure has taken place, right to equitable redemption is gone. Exercised by paying off the missed payment/payments and interest and costs. If the mortgage contains an acceleration clause: the full balance and accrued interest and costs must be paid to redeem. Debtor/mortgagor may not waive the right to redeem in the mortgage itself.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: foreclosure statutory redemption

Output: **Not recognized in NY.**gives debtor-mortgagor a statutory right to redeem for some fixed period after the foreclosure sale has occurred. •After the sale. The amount to be paid is usually the foreclosure sale price, not the original debt. •Most states give the mortgagor the right to repossess during the statutory period. •When a mortgagor redeems, its nullifies the sale, is restored title.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: lateral support

Output: o If land is improved by buildings an adjacent landowners excavation causes that improved the land to cave in, excavator will be liable only if he acted negligently. o Strict liability does not attach unless P can show that because of D’s actions, P’s improved land would have collapsed, even in its natural state.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: water rights

Output: oRiparian doctrine: the water belongs to those who own the land bordering the water course. They are known as riparians, they share the right of reasonable use of the water. One riparian will be liable if their use unreasonably interferes with others use. oPrior Appropriation doctrine: the water belongs initially to the state, but the right to divert it and use it can be acquired by an individual, regardless of whether or not he happens to be a riparian owner. Rights are determined by priority of beneficial use. First in time, first in right. Any productive/beneficial use of the water (including agriculture) is sufficient to create the appropriation right. oGroundwater/percolating water: surface owner is entitled to make reasonable use of ground water, however the use must not be wasteful. oSurface water: (rain, springs, melting snow and have not yet reached a natural watercourse. Common enemy rule: A landowner may change drainage or make any other changes/improvements on his land to combat the flow of surface water. Many courts have modified the rule to prohibit unnecessary harm to others land.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Possessors rights

Output: o Right to be free from trespass and nuisance.  Trespass- invasion of land by physical objection. To remove a trespasser- bring an ejectment action.  Private nuisance- substantial and unreasonable interference with another use/enjoyment of land. Does not require tangible physical invasion (odors/noise sufficient).

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: Eminent domain

Output: oGovernments 5th amendment power to take private property for public use in exchange for just compensation. oExplicit takings: acts of government condemnation. *Implicit/regulatory taking: governmental regulation that, although not intended to be a taking, has the same effect. oRemedy: government must either: compensate an owner for the taking or terminate the regulation and pay owner for damages that occurred while it was in effect.

If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser, and we are in a notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins, regardless of whether or not she records before the first purchaser does. If the second purchaser is a bona fide purchaser and we are in a race-notice jurisdiction, the second purchaser wins if they record properly before the first purchaser does. *NY is race-notice.


Input: - Cash Flows

Output: What causes IRR to change?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: They are insignificant These reduce the amount of capital raised from the sale and increase the WACC

Output: Why do you choose not to use flotation costs?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: 1. Assume long term debt comes from the sales of bonds 2. Tax cost depends on firms debt rating/ Has outstanding debt – determine YTM and use for new debt 3. Can use bond rating and look at the cost that is similar to bonds in the market place

Output: What are are three guidelines for cost of debt?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: retained earnings

Output: What is internal equity?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: newly issued stock

Output: What is external equity?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: a mix of debt and equity

Output: What type of mix do firms typically use?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: use market value

Output: What value do you use for debt and equity?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: 1. Debt 2. Preferred Stock 3. Internal 4. External

Output: What is the order of riskiness of the component costs of capital?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: Floatation Costs

Output: Why is issuing new CS the most expensive way to raise capital?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: Debt least risky

Output: Why is debt the least expensive way to raise new capital?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: the relevant costs of capital

Output: What are marginal cost of funds?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: Equal to its investors required rates of return

Output: What are the firms component costs of capital equal to?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: The investor’s required rate of return on any investment is an opportunity cost. It is the rate of return that the firm must pay to compensate investors for the use of their money

Output: What is the appropriate discount rate?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: -the floatation costs take money away from the firm that it can invest with -it therefore has to take into account the loss of money to calculate the required rate of return

Output: How does flotation cost impact the firm’s cost of capital?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: - we are averaging of all the costs of capital used in the firm -the weights is the rate of return that a strives to achieve

Output: What exactly are we averaging and what do the weights mean?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: Cost of Capital is basically the amount money that costs the firm to return the money to its shareholders or the interest it has to pay to its debt holders / is also a opportunity cost WACC- is the weighted average of the cost of capitals for a firm expressed as a percentage Higher the WACC the more risk is involved in the project and the more it costs the firm and lower is vice versa. Lower WACC is better than higher

Output: What is the WACC and Cost of Capital and what does a lower or higher WACC mean?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: only use WACC to evaluate prjoects when projects are similar in riskiness to the firm's investments as a whole 1. accept higher return/risk projects incorrectly 2. reject lower risk/return projects incorrectly

Output: What happens if you use the WACC method for all the projects in a firm?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: No, it is not

Output: Is the WACC required return rate the same as the rr of a individual project?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: Long Term

Output: What are the length time used for sources used in WACC?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: It creates more risk

Output: What is the downfall of using cheap debt for financing?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: - find the cost of capital for each division and use that for each division

Output: How should firms use WACC when thery are in multiple industries with different risk characteristics?

What is weighted average cost of capital?


Input: [1] Cognition [2]

Output: The processes whereby we acquire and use knowledge


Input: [1] Language [2]

Output: A flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules gestures or symbols to convey information


Input: [1] Phonemes [2]

Output: The basic sounds that make up any language


Input: [1] Morphemes [2]

Output: The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words,prefixes and suffixes


Input: [1] Grammar [2]

Output: The language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within language.


Input: [1] Image [2]

Output: A mental representation of a sensory experience.


Input: [1] Concept [2]

Output: A mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences.


Input: [1] Prototype [2]

Output: According to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept.


Input: [1] Linguistic relativity hypothesis [2]

Output: Whorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks.


Input: [1] Problem Representation [2]

Output: The first step in solving a problem; it involves interpreting or defining the problem.


Input: [1] Divergent thinking [2]

Output: Thinking that meets the criteria of originality, inventiveness, and flexibility and is directed at generating many possible solutions.


Input: [1] Convergent thinking [2]

Output: Thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem.


Input: [1] Mental Set [2]

Output: The tendency to perceive and to approach problems in certain ways


Input: [1] Functional Fixedness [2]

Output: The tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with the process of problem solving.


Input: [1] Algorithm [2]

Output: A step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution.


Input: [1] Heuristics [2]

Output: Rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution.


Input: [1] Compensatory model [2]

Output: A rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria .


Input: [1] Representativeness [2]

Output: A heuristic by which a new situate is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model.


Input: [1] Availability [2]

Output: A heuristic by which a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory.


Input: [1] Confirmation bias [2]

Output: The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief.


Input: [1] Framing [2]

Output: The perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision.


Input: [1] Hindsight bias [2]

Output: The tendency to see outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome.


Input: [1] Counterfactual thinking aili [2]

Output: Thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened.


Input: [1] Intelligence [2]

Output: A general term referring to the ability abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior.


Input: [1] Triarchic theory of intelligence [2]

Output: Stember's theory that intelligence involves mental skills( analytical intelligence), insight and creative adaptability ( creative intelligence), and environmental responsiveness (practical intelligence).


Input: [1] Theory of multiple intelligences [2]

Output: Howard Gardener's theory that there is not one intelligence, but rather many intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others.


Input: [1] Emotional intelligence [2]

Output: According to Goleman, a form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others, and how well they can regulate and manage their emotional behavior.


Input: [1] Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale [2]

Output: Test of intelligence, developed from Binet and Simon's original scale, which set the average intelligence quotient(IQ) at 100


Input: [1] Intelligence quotient(IQ) [2]

Output: A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test on the basis of a score of 100 for average intelligence.


Input: [1] Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) [2]

Output: An individual intelligence test developed especially for adult; measures both verbal and performance abilities.


Input: [1] Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-Third Edition (WISC-III) [2]

Output: An individual intelligence test developed especially for school-aged children; measures verbal and performance abilities and also yields and overall IQ score.


Input: [1] Group tests [2]

Output: Written intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time.P


Input: [1] Performance tests [2]

Output: Intelligence tests that minimize the use of language.


Input: [1] Culture-fair tests [2]

Output: Intelligence tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another


Input: [1] Reliability [2]

Output: Ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores.


Input: [1] Split-half reliability [2]

Output: A method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into two parts and checking the agreement of score on both parts.


Input: [1] Validity [2]

Output: Ability to a test to measure what it has been designed to measure.


Input: [1] Content Validity [2]

Output: Refers to test's having and adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure.


Input: [1] Criterion-related-validity [2]

Output: Validity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure.


Input: [1] Mental Retardation [2]

Output: Condition of significantly average intelligence accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive behavior.


Input: [1] Giftedness [2]

Output: Refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership.


Input: [1] Creativity [2]

Output: The ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects.


Input: A market in which trades occur only at a particular time and place (i.e., when the market is called). [Call]

Output: Call market

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The interest rate that buyers pay for their margin loan. [Call]

Output: Call money rate

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shares that give the issuing company the option (or right), but not the obligation, to buy back the shares from investors at a call price that is specified when the shares are originally issued. [Call]

Output: Callable (or redeemable) common shares

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A price chart with four bits of data for each time interval. A candle indicates the opening and closing price for the interval. The body of the candle is shaded if the opening price was higher than the closing price, and the body is clear if the opening price was lower than the closing price. Vertical lines known as wicks or shadows extend from the top and bottom of the candle to indicate the high and the low prices for the interval. [Call]

Output: Candlestick chart

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cannibalization occurs when an investment takes customers and sales away from another part of the company. [Call]

Output: Cannibalization

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) A contract on an interest rate, whereby at periodic payment dates, the writer of the cap pays the difference between the market interest rate and a specified cap rate if, and only if, this difference is positive. This is equivalent to a stream of call options on the interest rate. 2) A combination of interest rate call options designed to hedge a borrower against rate increases on a floating-rate loan. [Call]

Output: Cap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A graph line that describes the combinations of expected return and standard deviation of return available to an investor from combining the optimal portfolio of risky assets with the risk-free asset. [Call]

Output: Capital allocation line (CAL)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An equation describing the expected return on any asset (or portfolio) as a linear function of its beta relative to the market portfolio. [Call]

Output: Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The allocation of funds to relatively long-range projects or investments. [Call]

Output: Capital budgeting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An investor’s expectations concerning the risk and return prospects of asset classes. [Call]

Output: Capital market expectations

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The line with an intercept point equal to the risk-free rate that is tangent to the efficient frontier of risky assets; represents the efficient frontier when a risk-free asset is available for investment. [Call]

Output: Capital market line (CML)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Financial markets that trade securities of longer duration, such as bonds and equities. [Call]

Output: Capital markets

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A capital rationing environment assumes that the company has a fixed amount of funds to invest. [Call]

Output: Capital rationing

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The mix of debt and equity that a company uses to finance its business; a company’s specific mixture of long- term financing. [Call]

Output: Capital structure

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Costs of inventories including costs of purchase, costs of conversion, other costs to bring the inventories to their present location and condition, and the allocated portion of fixed production overhead costs. [Call]

Output: Capitalized inventory costs

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Each component call option in a cap. [Call]

Output: Caplet

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A swap in which the floating payments have an upper limit. [Call]

Output: Capped swap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A wholly-owned subsidiary of a company that is established to provide financing of the sales of the parent company. [Call]

Output: Captive finance subsidiary

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount at which an asset or liability is valued according to accounting principles. [Call]

Output: Carrying amount (book value)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A group of firms that has entered into a collusive agree- ment to restrict output and increase prices and profits. [Call]

Output: Cartel

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In accounting contexts, cash on hand (e.g., petty cash and cash not yet deposited to the bank) and demand deposits held in banks and similar accounts that can be used in payment of obligations. [Call]

Output: Cash

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Accounting method in which the only relevant transactions for the financial statements are those that involve cash. [Call]

Output: Cash basis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A financial metric that measures the length of time required for a company to convert cash invested in its operations to cash received as a result of its operations; equal to days of inventory on hand [Call]

Output: Cash conversion cycle (net operating cycle)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Very liquid short-term investments, usually maturing in 90 days or less. [Call]

Output: Cash equivalents

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The principle that dollar amounts indexed at the same point in time are additive. [Call]

Output: Cash flow additivity principle

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A variation of VAR that reflects the risk of a company’s cash flow instead of its market value. [Call]

Output: Cash flow at risk (CFAR)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The net amount of cash provided from operating activities. [Call]

Output: Cash flow from operations (cash flow from operating activities or operating cash flow)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A financial state- ment that reconciles beginning-of-period and end-of-period balance sheet values of cash; consists of three parts: cash flows from operating activities, cash flows from investing activities, and cash flows from financing activities. [Call]

Output: Cash flow statement (statement of cash flows)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A merger or acquisition that is to be paid for with cash; the cash for the merger might come from the acquiring company’s existing assets or from a debt issue. [Call]

Output: Cash offering

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The price for immediate purchase of the underlying asset. [Call]

Output: Cash price or spot price

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A liquidity ratio calculated as (cash [Call]

Output: Cash ratio

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A procedure used in certain derivative transac- tions that specifies that the long and short parties engage in the equivalent cash value of a delivery transaction. [Call]

Output: Cash settlement

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The difference between reported net income on an accrual basis and the cash flows from operating and investing activities compared to the average net operating assets over the period. [Call]

Output: Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The difference between reported net income on an accrual basis and the cash flows from operating and investing activities. [Call]

Output: Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A measure of near-term market volatility as conveyed by S&P 500 stock index option prices. [Call]

Output: CBOE Volatility Index

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A bank’s bank and a public authority that regulates the nation’s depository institutions and controls the quantity of money. [Call]

Output: Central bank

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A result in statistics that states that the sample mean computed from large samples of size n from a population with finite variance will follow an approximate normal distribution with a mean equal to the population mean and a variance equal to the population variance divided by n. [Call]

Output: Central limit theorem

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a company has a single risk management group that monitors and controls all of the risk-taking activities of the organization. Centralization permits economies of scale and allows a company to use some of its risks to offset other risks. (See also enterprise risk management.) [Call]

Output: Centralized risk management or companywide risk management

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A forecasting process in which the next period’s value as predicted by the forecasting equation is substituted into the right-hand side of the equation to give a predicted value two periods ahead. [Call]

Output: Chain rule of forecasting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A tenet of technical analysis that once a support level is breached, it becomes a resistance level. The same holds true for resistance levels; once breached, they become support levels. [Call]

Output: Change in polarity principle

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A list of accounts used in an entity’s accounting system. [Call]

Output: Chart of accounts

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A bond in which the amount received for delivering the bond is largest compared with the amount paid in the market for the bond. [Call]

Output: Cheapest to deliver

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a bankrupt company is allowed to enforce contracts that are favorable to it while walking away from con- tracts that are unfavorable to it. [Call]

Output: Cherry-picking

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A macroeconomist who believes that the economy is self- regulating and that it is always at full employment. [Call]

Output: Classical

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A balance sheet organized so as to group together the various assets and liabilities into subcategories (e.g., current and noncurrent). [Call]

Output: Classified balance sheet

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The bottom-line income reflects all changes in shareholders’ equity arising from other than owner transactions. In the absence of owner transactions, the change in shareholders’ equity should equal net income. No adjustments such as translation adjustments bypass the income statement and go directly to shareholders equity. [Call]

Output: Clean-surplus accounting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Instructions that indicate how to arrange the final settlement (“clearing”) of a trade. [Call]

Output: Clearing instructions

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An entity associated with a futures market that acts as middleman between the contracting parties and guarantees to each party the performance of the other. [Call]

Output: Clearinghouse

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The preference some investors have for shares that exhibit certain characteristics. [Call]

Output: Clientele effect

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A mutual fund in which no new investment money is accepted. New investors invest by buying existing shares, and investors in the fund liquidate by selling their shares to other investors. [Call]

Output: Closed-end fund

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Netting the market values of all derivative con- tracts between two parties to determine one overall value owed by one party to another in the event of bankruptcy. [Call]

Output: Closeout netting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ratio of a set of observations’ standard deviation to the observations’ mean value. [Call]

Output: Coefficient of variation (CV)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describes two time series that have a long-term financial or economic relationship such that they do not diverge from each other without bound in the long run. [Call]

Output: Cointegrated

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option strategy involving the purchase of a put and sale of a call in which the holder of an asset gains protection below a certain level, the exercise price of the put, and pays for it by giving up gains above a certain level, the exercise price of the call. Collars also can be used to provide protection against rising interest rates on a floating-rate loan by giving up gains from lower interest rates. [Call]

Output: Collar

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An agreement between two (or more) producers to restrict output, raise the price, and increase profits. [Call]

Output: Collusive agreement

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A listing in which the order of the listed items does not matter. [Call]

Output: Combination

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A method of allocating resources by the order (command) of someone in authority. In a firm a managerial hierarchy organizes production. [Call]

Output: Command system

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Unsecured short-term corporate debt that is characterized by a single payment at maturity. [Call]

Output: Commercial paper

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A bank commitment to extend credit up to a pre-specified amount; the commitment is considered a short-term liability and is usually in effect for 364 days (one day short of a full year). [Call]

Output: Committed lines of credit

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A contract in which the underlying asset is oil, a precious metal, or some other commodity. [Call]

Output: Commodity forward

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Futures contracts in which the underlying is a traditional agricultural, metal, or petroleum product. [Call]

Output: Commodity futures

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option in which the asset underlying the futures is a commodity, such as oil, gold, wheat, or soybeans. [Call]

Output: Commodity option

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A swap in which the underlying is a commodity such as oil, gold, or an agricultural product. [Call]

Output: Commodity swap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A type of security that represent an ownership interest in a company. [Call]

Output: Common shares

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Financial statements in which all elements (accounts) are stated as a percentage of a key figure such as revenue for an income statement or total assets for a balance sheet. [Call]

Output: Common size statements

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The restatement of financial statement items using a common denominator or reference item that allows one to identify trends and major differences; an example is an income statement in which all items are expressed as a percent of revenue. [Call]

Output: Common-size analysis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Analysis of an individual company. [Call]

Output: Company analysis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Factors related to the company’s internal performance, such as factors relating to earnings growth, earnings variability, earnings momentum, and financial leverage. [Call]

Output: Company fundamental factors

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Valuation measures and other factors related to share price or the trading characteristics of the shares, such as earnings yield, dividend yield, and book-to- market value. [Call]

Output: Company share-related factors

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A company that has similar business risk; usually in the same industry and preferably with a single line of business. [Call]

Output: Comparable company

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A company’s plans for responding to the threats and opportunities presented by the external environment. [Call]

Output: Competitive strategy

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In probability, with reference to an event S, the event that S does not occur; in economics, a good that is used in conjunction with another good. [Call]

Output: Complement

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Informally, markets in which the variety of distinct securities traded is so broad that any desired payoff in a future state-of-the-world is achievable. [Call]

Output: Complete markets

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A method of revenue recognition in which the company does not recognize any revenue until the contract is completed; used particularly in long-term construction contracts. [Call]

Output: Completed contract

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rate of return required by suppliers of capital for an individual source of a company’s funding, such as debt or equity. [Call]

Output: Component cost of capital

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The process of accumulating interest on interest. [Call]

Output: Compounding

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from nonowner sources; includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners; comprehensive income equals net income plus other comprehensive income. [Call]

Output: Comprehensive income

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The expected value of a stated event given that another event has occurred. [Call]

Output: Conditional expected value

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Heteroskedasticity in the error variance that is correlated with the values of the independent variable(s) in the regression. [Call]

Output: Conditional heteroskedasticity

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The probability of an event given (conditioned on) another event. [Call]

Output: Conditional probability

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The variance of one variable, given the out- come of another. [Call]

Output: Conditional variances

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A range that has a given probability that it will contain the population parameter it is intended to estimate. [Call]

Output: Confidence interval

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A merger involving companies that are in unrelated businesses. [Call]

Output: Conglomerate merger

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A desirable property of estimators; a consistent estimator is one for which the probability of estimates close to the value of the population parameter increases as sample size increases. [Call]

Output: Consistency

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With reference to estimators, describes an estimator for which the probability of estimates close to the value of the population parameter increases as sample size increases. [Call]

Output: Consistent

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The combining of the results of operations of subsidiaries with the parent company to present financial statements as if they were a single economic unit. The asset, liabilities, revenues and expenses of the subsidiaries are combined with those of the parent company, eliminating inter- company transactions. [Call]

Output: Consolidation

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A swap in which the floating rate is the rate on a security known as a constant maturity treasury or CMT security. [Call]

Output: Constant maturity swap or CMT swap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A hypothetical U.S. Treasury note with a constant maturity. A CMT exists for various years in the range of 2 to 10. [Call]

Output: Constant maturity treasury or CMT

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Features of a firm’s technology that lead to constant long-run average cost as output increases. When constant returns to scale are present, the LRAC curve is horizontal. [Call]

Output: Constant returns to scale

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With respect to an index, the individual securities within an index. [Call]

Output: Constituent securities

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An index that measures the average of the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed “basket” of the consumer goods and services. [Call]

Output: Consumer Price Index (CPI)

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The value (or marginal benefit) of a good minus the price paid for it, summed over the quantity bought. [Call]

Output: Consumer surplus

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A situation in a futures market where the current futures price is greater than the current spot price for the underlying asset. [Call]

Output: Contango

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A market in which firms can enter and leave so easily that firms in the market face competition from potential entrants. [Call]

Output: Contestable market

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Derivatives in which the payoffs occur if a specific event occurs; generally referred to as options. [Call]

Output: Contingent claims

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A type of pattern used in technical analysis to predict the resumption of a market trend that was in place prior to the formation of a pattern. [Call]

Output: Continuation patterns

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A market where stocks are priced and traded continuously by an auction process or by dealers when the market is open. [Call]

Output: Continuous market

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A random variable for which the range of possible outcomes is the real line (all real numbers between -∞ and +∞ or some subset of the real line). [Call]

Output: Continuous random variable

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Time thought of as advancing in extremely small increments. [Call]

Output: Continuous time

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A market in which trades can be arranged and executed any time the market is open. [Call]

Output: Continuous trading market

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The natural logarithm of 1 plus the holding period return, or equivalently, the natural logarithm of the ending price over the beginning price. [Call]

Output: Continuously compounded return

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An account that offsets another account. [Call]

Output: Contra account

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount available for fixed costs and profit after paying variable costs; revenue minus variable costs. [Call]

Output: Contribution margin

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An investment where the investor exerts control over the investee, typically by having a greater than 50 percent ownership in the investee. [Call]

Output: Controlling interest

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The nonmonetary return offered by an asset when the asset is in short supply, often associated with assets with seasonal production processes. [Call]

Output: Convenience yield

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A conventional cash flow pattern is one with an initial outflow followed by a series of inflows. [Call]

Output: Conventional cash flow

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In technical analysis, a term that describes the case when an indicator moves in the same manner as the security being analyzed. [Call]

Output: Convergence

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An adjustment used to facilitate delivery on bond futures contracts in which any of a number of bonds with different characteristics are eligible for delivery. [Call]

Output: Conversion factor

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Debt with the added feature that the bond- holder has the option to exchange the debt for equity at prespecified terms. [Call]

Output: Convertible debt

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A type of equity security that entitles shareholders to convert their shares into a specified number of common shares. [Call]

Output: Convertible preference shares

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The outcome of a game in which the players make and share the monopoly profit. [Call]

Output: Cooperative equilibrium

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A measure of inflation based on the core CPI—the CPI excluding food and fuel. [Call]

Output: Core inflation rate

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The system of principles, policies, procedures, and clearly defined responsibilities and accountabilities used by stakeholders to overcome the conflicts of interest inherent in the corporate form. [Call]

Output: Corporate governance

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A person or organization seeking to profit by acquiring a company and reselling it, or seeking to profit from the takeover attempt itself (e.g. greenmail). [Call]

Output: Corporate raider

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A legal entity with rights similar to those of a person. The chief officers, executives, or top managers act as agents for the firm and are legally entitled to authorize corporate activities and to enter into contracts on behalf of the business. [Call]

Output: Corporation

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A number between +1 and -1 that measures the co- movement (linear association) between two random variables. [Call]

Output: Correlation

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The analysis of the strength of the linear relationship between two data series. [Call]

Output: Correlation analysis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A number between –1 and +1 that measures the consistency or tendency for two investments to act in a similar way. It is used to determine the effect on portfolio risk when two assets are combined. [Call]

Output: Correlation coefficient

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The periodic investment of a fixed amount of money. [Call]

Output: Cost averaging

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rate of return that suppliers of capital require as compensation for their contribution of capital. [Call]

Output: Cost of capital

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cost associated with holding some asset, including financing, storage, and insurance costs. Any yield received on the asset is treated as a negative carrying cost. [Call]

Output: Cost of carry

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A model for pricing futures contracts in which the futures price is determined by adding the cost of carry to the spot price. [Call]

Output: Cost of carry model

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cost of debt financing to a company, such as when it issues a bond or takes out a bank loan. [Call]

Output: Cost of debt

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: For a given period, equal to beginning inventory minus ending inventory plus the cost of goods acquired or produced during the period. [Call]

Output: Cost of goods sold

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The cost to a company of issuing preferred stock; the dividend yield that a company must commit to pay preferred stockholders. [Call]

Output: Cost of preferred stock

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A method of revenue recognition in which the seller does not report any profit until the cash amounts paid by the buyer—including principal and interest on any financing from the seller—are greater than all the seller’s costs for the merchandise sold. [Call]

Output: Cost recovery method

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The mix of a company’s variable costs and fixed costs. [Call]

Output: Cost structure

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An inflation that results from an initial increase in costs. [Call]

Output: Cost-push inflation

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The President’s council whose main work is to monitor the economy and keep the President and the public well informed about the current state of the economy and the best available forecasts of where it is heading. [Call]

Output: Council of Economic Advisers

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The risk that the other party to a contract will fail to honor the terms of the contract. [Call]

Output: Counterparty risk

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The interest rate promised in a contract; this is the rate used to calculate the periodic interest payments. [Call]

Output: Coupon rate

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A measure of the co-movement (linear association) between two random variables. [Call]

Output: Covariance

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A matrix or square array whose entries are covariances; also known as a variance–covariance matrix. [Call]

Output: Covariance matrix

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Describes a time series when its expected value and variance are constant and finite in all periods and when its covariance with itself for a fixed number of periods in the past or future is constant and finite in all periods. [Call]

Output: Covariance stationary

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option strategy involving the holding of an asset and sale of a call on the asset. [Call]

Output: Covered call

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A transaction executed in the foreign exchange market in which a currency is purchased (sold) and a forward contract is sold (purchased) to lock in the exchange rate for future delivery of the currency. This transaction should earn the risk-free rate of the investor’s home country. [Call]

Output: Covered interest arbitrage

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With respect to double-entry accounting, a credit records increases in liability, owners’ equity, and revenue accounts or decreases in asset accounts; with respect to borrowing, the willingness and ability of the borrower to make promised payments on the borrowing. [Call]

Output: Credit

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The evaluation of credit risk; the evaluation of the creditworthiness of a borrower or counterparty. [Call]

Output: Credit analysis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A contract in which one party has the right to claim a payment from another party in the event that a specific credit event occurs over the life of the contract. [Call]

Output: Credit derivatives

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The risk of loss caused by a counter- party’s or debtor’s failure to make a promised payment. [Call]

Output: Credit risk or default risk

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A statistical model used to classify borrowers according to creditworthiness. [Call]

Output: Credit scoring model

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option on the yield spread on a bond. [Call]

Output: Credit spread option

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A type of swap transaction used as a credit derivative in which one party makes periodic payments to the other and receives the promise of a payoff if a third party defaults. [Call]

Output: Credit swap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A variation of VAR that reflects credit risk. [Call]

Output: Credit VAR, Default VAR, or Credit at Risk

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fixed-income securities in which the holder of the security has the right to withhold payment of the full amount due at maturity if a credit event occurs. [Call]

Output: Credit-linked notes

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The perceived ability of the borrower to pay what is owed on the borrowing in a timely manner; it represents the ability of a company to withstand adverse impacts on its cash flows. [Call]

Output: Credit-worthiness

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The responsiveness of the demand for a good to a change in the price of a substitute or complement, other things remaining the same. It is calculated as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the good divided by the percentage change in the price of the substitute or complement. [Call]

Output: Cross elasticity of demand

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Trading systems that match buyers and sellers who are willing to trade at prices obtained from other markets. [Call]

Output: Crossing networks

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Netting the market values of all contracts, not just derivatives, between parties. [Call]

Output: Cross-product netting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Analysis that involves comparisons across individuals in a group over a given time period or at a given point in time. [Call]

Output: Cross-sectional analysis

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Observations over individual units at a point in time, as opposed to time-series data. [Call]

Output: Cross-sectional data

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The tendency for a government budget deficit to decrease investment. [Call]

Output: Crowding-out effect

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A function giving the probability that a random variable is less than or equal to a specified value. [Call]

Output: Cumulative distribution function

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Preference shares for which any dividends that are not paid accrue and must be paid in full before dividends on common shares can be paid. [Call]

Output: Cumulative preference shares

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: For data grouped into intervals, the fraction of total observations that are less than the value of the upper limit of a stated interval. [Call]

Output: Cumulative relative frequency

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Voting that allows shareholders to direct their total voting rights to specific candidates, as opposed to having to allocate their voting rights evenly among all candidates. [Call]

Output: Cumulative voting

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The notes and coins held by individuals and businesses. [Call]

Output: Currency

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ratio of currency to deposits. [Call]

Output: Currency drain ratio

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A forward contract in which the underlying is a foreign currency. [Call]

Output: Currency forward

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An option that allows the holder to buy (if a call) or sell (if a put) an underlying currency at a fixed exercise rate, expressed as an exchange rate. [Call]

Output: Currency option

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A swap in which each party makes interest payments to the other in different currencies. [Call]

Output: Currency swap

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Assets that are expected to be consumed or converted into cash in the near future, typically one year or less. [Call]

Output: Current assets, or liquid assets

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With reference to assets, the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid to buy the same or an equivalent asset today; with reference to liabilities, the undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to settle the obligation today. [Call]

Output: Current cost

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The risk associated with the possibility that a payment currently due will not be made. [Call]

Output: Current credit risk

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: For accounting purposes, the spot exchange rate on the balance sheet date. [Call]

Output: Current exchange rate

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Short-term obligations, such as accounts payable, wages payable, or accrued liabilities, that are expected to be settled in the near future, typically one year or less. [Call]

Output: Current liabilities

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Approach to translating foreign currency financial statements for consolidation in which all assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate. The current rate method is the prevalent method of translation. [Call]

Output: Current rate method

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A liquidity ratio calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities. [Call]

Output: Current ratio

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tax expenses that have been recognized and recorded on a company’s income statement but which have not yet been paid. [Call]

Output: Current taxes payable

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A company whose profits are strongly correlated with the strength of the overall economy. [Call]

Output: Cyclical company

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The shares (stock) of a company whose earnings have above-average sensitivity to the business cycle. [Call]

Output: Cyclical stock

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The actual surplus or deficit minus the structural surplus or deficit. [Call]

Output: Cyclical surplus or deficit

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The fluctuating unemployment over the business cycle. [Call]

Output: Cyclical unemployment

CFA Level I - 2011 - Glossary Part 02 (C) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity.

Output: Simple Squamous epithelium location


Input: Secretion and absorption

Output: Simple Cuboidal epithelium function


Input: Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

Output: Simple Cuboidal epithelium location


Input: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by cilliary action

Output: Simple columnar epithelium function


Input: nociliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.

Output: Simple columnar epithelium location


Input: secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Output: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function


Input: nonciliated type in males sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Output: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location


Input: nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of skin a dry membrane.

Output: Stratified squamous epithelium location


Input: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Output: Stratified squamous epithelium function


Input: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Output: Stratified cuboidal epithelium location


Input: protection

Output: stratified cuboidal epithelium function


Input: protection; secretion

Output: stratified columnar epithelium function


Input: small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Output: stratified columnar epithelium location


Input: stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine

Output: transitional epithelium function


Input: line the ureter, bladder, and part of the urethra

Output: transitional epithelium location


Input: [Legal responsibility] Law based on the U.S. constitution [Liability]

Output: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Law that is derived from society's acceptance of customs and norms over time. Also called case las or judge made law [Liability]

Output: Common law

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Law created by law-making bodies such as congress and state assembl ies. Also called statutory law [Liability]

Output: Legislative law

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Law that is enacted by governmental agencies at either the federal of state level [Liability]

Output: Administrative law

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Division of the legal system that deals with wrongs committed against society and it's members. [Liability]

Output: Criminal law

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Incident, investigation, filing of complaint, answering of a complaint, discovery, trial, decision, appeal, settlement. [Liability]

Output: Civil law

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Range of duties and skills paramedics are allowed and expected to perform. [Liability]

Output: Scope of practice

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Spouse abuse, child abuse and neglect, elder abuse, sexual assault, gunshot and stab wounds, animal bites, communicable disease [Liability]

Output: Commonly mandated reports

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Exemption from legal liabilty [Liability]

Output: Immunity

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Laws that provide immunity to certain people who assist at the scene of a medical emergency [Liability]

Output: Good Samaritan laws

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Deviation from accepted standards of care recognized by law for the protection of others against the unreasonable risk of harm [Liability]

Output: Negligence

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Duty to act, breach of that duty, actual damage, proximate cause [Liability]

Output: The four elements of negligence

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A formal contracted or informal legal obligation to provide care [Liability]

Output: Duty to act

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] An action or inaction that violates the standard of care expected from a paramedic [Liability]

Output: Breach of duty

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] The degree of care, skill, and judgement that would be expected under like or similar circumstances by a similarly trained, reasonable paramedic from the same community. [Liability]

Output: Standard of care

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A breach of duty by performance of a wrongful or unlawful act [Liability]

Output: Malfeasance

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A breach of duty by performance of a legal act in a manner that is harmful or injurious [Liability]

Output: Misfeasance

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A breach of duty by failure to perform a required act or duty [Liability]

Output: Nonfeasance

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A legal doctrine invoked by plaintiffs to support a claim of negligence. Latin meaning "the things that speaks for itself" [Liability]

Output: Res ipsa loquitur

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Refers to compensable physical, psychological, or financial harm [Liability]

Output: Actual damages

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Action or inaction of the paramedic that immediately caused or worsened the damage suffered by the patient [Liability]

Output: Proximate cause

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] An intentional false communication that injures another person's reputation or good name [Liability]

Output: Defamation

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] The act of injuring a persons character, name, or reputation by false statement in writing or by mass media [Liability]

Output: Libel

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Acts of injuring a person's character, name, or reputation by false of malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of those statements [Liability]

Output: Slander

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A patient granting permission for treatment [Liability]

Output: Consent

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Consent to treatment granted by the authority of a court order [Liability]

Output: Involuntary consent

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Termination of paramedic- patient relationship without assurance that an equal or greater level of care will continue [Liability]

Output: Abandonment

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] An act that unlawfully places a person in apprehension of immediate bodily harm [Liability]

Output: Assault

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] The unlawful touching of an individual author his consent [Liability]

Output: Battery

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Intentional and unjustifiable detention of a person without his consent of other legal authority [Liability]

Output: False imprisonment

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] The minimal amount of force necessary to ensure that an unruly or violent person does not cause injury to himself of others [Liability]

Output: Reasonable force

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A document created to ensure that certain treatment choices are honored when a pt is unconscious or otherwise unable to express his choice of treatment [Liability]

Output: Advance directive

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] Living will Durable POA DNR offers Organ donor cards [Liability]

Output: Advance Directives

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Legal responsibility] A legal document that allows a person to specify the kinds of medical treatment he wishes to receive should the need arise [Liability]

Output: Living will

chapter 2 Medical/legal aspects of advanced prehospital care Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Adjectives [2]

Output: Describing word usually connected to a noun, add emphasis.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Alliteration [2]

Output: Repeating and playing upon the same letter. Adds emphasis and reinforces meaning, often used to create highly emotive language.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Anecdote [2]

Output: A short account or story of an entertaining incident. Usually makes the reader sympathetic and receptive to the point.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Association [2]

Output: Words that create meaning beyond the litteral word. Suggests or influences the reader to respond in a certain way.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Attacks/Praise [2]

Output: The writer attacks or praises an opponent or idea. This shows the writers contention and place the reader in agreement with the writer.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bias [2]

Output: One sidedness in presentation of view/opinion. Can subjectivly influence the reader by intentionly only presenting one side of the argument.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cliches [2]

Output: Worn-out, over used expressions. Are farmiliar to the reader therefore can offer a shortcut to the meaning.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Colourful words and discriptive language [2]

Output: Words that are hightened, vivid, full of interest. Produce a picture and or an emotion which engages the reader by grabing their attention.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Connotations of words [2]

Output: Implied meanings of words, meanings or associations that words carry beyond their literal meanings. Through careful choice of words different effects are gained and different responses.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Emotional appeals [2]

Output: When the reader plays on peoples emotions such as fears, insecurities, hopes and things that are valued. This can manipulate the reader to take notice of an issue by triggering an emotional response.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Emotive Language [2]

Output: The deliberate use of strong emotive words to play on readers' feelings. This evokes a strong emotional response in order to force agreement from the reader. Such strong language is used to manipulate the readers point of view.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Evidence [2]

Output: Information, facts or statements used to support the writers point of view. Add weight to backup the readers point of view.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Exaggeration/Hyperbole [2]

Output: Overstatment, magnifying the importance. Exaggeration makes a point dramatic to reinforce it. It gains attention and can arouse strong or extream emotional response.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Generalisation [2]

Output: A general statement that states that the case being discussed is true for a majority of people. This can appeal to our general sense of what is true and so sound authorative may pick up on prejudices in the reader and seem convincing.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Inclusive Language [2]

Output: Includes the reader by assuming that we all agree or disagree. Engages the reader and may gain sympathy or persuade the reader to reject an idea or individual.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Irony [2]

Output: Implied or intended meaning is different, often the opposite from the literal meaning. A powerful deviced that can be effective in humiliating the opponent, makes the point obviously.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Loaded Language [2]

Output: Words that re 'loaded' with associations. This is a shorthand way of belittling or discrediting someone by suggestng they are asociated with undesirable situations.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Metaphor [2]

Output: A comparison that describes one thing in terms of another. Can reinforce a point without mere repetition, can create intrest and engage reader.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pun [2]

Output: A play on words to suggest a different meaning. Positions the reader to enjoy a hoke and grabs their attention.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Reason and Logic [2]

Output: The use of an argument developed step by step with reasoning and evidence to support each main point. Shows both viewpoints to help establish the strength of one side.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Repitition [2]

Output: Repeated words, phrases,sentence patterns, ideas. Gives emphasis and prominence to a point, makes the reader remember this point.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rhetorical Questions [2]

Output: Questions that have the answer embedded in them, often using irony. Powerful device to manipulate the reader to agree because assumes the answer is obvious.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sensationalise [2]

Output: To exagerate abd over-dramatise an issue or point so that it assumes great importance in the publics mind, often evidence in headlines. Grabs the readers attention can invoke a sense of outrage or provke an extreme response.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Simile [2]

Output: One thing is likened to another using 'like' 'as... as' This clarifies and enhances an idea or situation.

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: External respiration

Output: What type of respiration occurs in the lungs, takes place between the air inhaled in the lungs and the blood flowing through the capillaries (pulmonary circulation)?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Internal respiration

Output: What type of respiration occurs all over the body, exchange of air between the capillaries and the cells and tissues of the body?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Voice Production Body Temperature Regulation Acid-base balance Olfactory sense

Output: What are four of the main respiratory system functions?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Upper Respiratory System Lower Respiratory System

Output: What two systems is the respiratory system divided into?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Nose to tracheal bifurcation.

Output: What is the upper respiratory system composed of?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Bronchi to alveoli.

Output: What is the lower respiratory system composed of?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Nasal Passages

Output: What is the area separated by Nasal Septum, filled with mucous membrane lined turbinates?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: meatuses (passageways)

Output: The nasal passage is divided into 3?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Paranasal Sinuses

Output: What is the area of air-filled pockets within the maxillary and frontal bones?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Pharynx

Output: What is the common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Laryngopharynx

Output: What is the ventral caudal respiratory pathway?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Esophagus

Output: What is the dorsal caudal digestive pathway?


Input: Voice production. Prevents foreign material from being inhaled. Controls airflow.

Output: What is the function of the Larynx?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Epiglottis Arytenoid Cartilages Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage

Output: What are the four components of the Larynx?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Epiglottis

Output: What is the triangular shaped cartilage structure that closes over the glottis (opening into the trachea) during swallowing.


Input: Arytenoid cartilages / Vocal cords!

Output: What open and close to create noise (phonation)?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Aspiration Pneumonia

Output: What is the condition caused by inflammation of the lungs produced by inhalation of foreign material?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Trachea

Output: What is the C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle connecting the ends of the "C" dorsally called?


Input: Gas exchange with the pulmonary circulation system at the alveolus.

Output: What occurs in the lower respiratory tract?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Bronchi Bronchial tree Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli

Output: What are the five parts of the lower respiratory tract?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Bronchioles

Output: What is the part of the lower respiratory system responsible for bronchoconstriction or dilation?


Input: Alveolus (Alveoli-plueral)

Output: Where does the air exchange system arranged in sacs take place?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Asthma Dyspnea and Cyanosis are signs.

Output: What is the disease causing the bronchial tree to become overly sensitive to certain irritants, more common in humans but also seen in cats?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Tracheal Collapse

Output: What is the problem called in toy and miniature dogs and mini horses, defect in the spacing of the tracheal rings, breathing difficulty during excitement or exercise?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Lobes! left lung 2 lobes right lung 4 lobes.

Output: The lungs are divided into?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Hilus

Output: What is the medial aspect of each lung where bronchi, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave called? (Fastened in place)


Input: Fluid accumulation - dependent lobes.

Output: What happens during prolonged recumbency, collapsed lobes due to pneumothorax or prenatal lungs are wet and solid?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Fetal lungs Alveoli do not expand until the first breath. After first breath, Surfactant will prevent expanded alveoli from closing again.

Output: What type of lungs have a solid consistency (like liver) and will not float in H2O because no air in alveoli.

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Newborn lungs.

Output: What type of lungs are light, spongy consistency and will float in H2O?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Alvelous!

Output: Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse back and forth across this thin layer?


Input: Surfactant

Output: What is the stuff called which reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing?


Input: Upper Respiratory Infection

Output: What does URI stand for?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Generally, not life threatening because of drainage of excess mucous / fluid possible.

Output: An upper respiratory infection is normally caused by sinusitis, "Colds" and is generally?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Bronchitis or Pneumonia

Output: What infection normally affects the lower respiratory tract?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: More life threatening as fluids accumulate in dead end air passages and impead gas exchange.

Output: Bronchitis or Pneumonia a lower respiratory tract infection is normally?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Mediastinum

Output: What is the area portion of the thorax in between the lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels?


Input: Negative Intra-thoracic Pressure Allows the lungs to expand!

Output: What is the partial vacuum that exists within the thorax called?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Inspiration

Output: What is the term related to inhalation, occurs when the diaphragm and inter costal (rib) muscles change position to increase the size of the thoracic cavity?


Input: Expiration

Output: What is the term related to exhalation, decreases the size of the thoracic cavity?


Input: Diaphragm External Intercostal Muscles

Output: What are the inspiratory muscles?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Internal Intercostal Muscles Abdominal Muscles

Output: What are the expiratory muscles?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Expiration is more passive. But require more work during air-trapping diseases or heavy exercise.

Output: Which is more passive? Inspiration or Expiration?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: It is due to diffusion! Molecules flow from high concentration to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Output: How is GAS exchange possible?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: The Medulla Oblongata

Output: What area of the brain controlls breathing?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Mechanical and Chemical!

Output: What are the two main types of respiratory controls?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Blood pH and CO2 levels!

Output: The Chemical Respiratory Control monitors what?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Respiratory acidosis! When detected increases respiratory rate!

Output: What is it called when increased CO2 lowers pH below basal level?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Respiratory alkalosis! When detected decreases respiratory rate!

Output: What is it called when decreased CO2 increases pH above basal level?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Lactic acidosis from anaerobic metabolism. Vomiting with loss of HCI from stomach.

Output: What are a few things that can cause metabolic alkalosis or acidosis?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Atelectasis

Output: What is a collapsed lungs called?


Input: Pneumothorax

Output: What is air in pleural space called?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Apnea

Output: What is no breathing called?


Input: Tidal Volume

Output: What is the amount of air inspired and expired in one breath called?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Residual Volume

Output: What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Ventilation

Output: What is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs called?


Input: Perfusion

Output: What is the movement of blood between the vessels and a tissue bed called?


Input: External Respiration

Output: What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood called?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Internal Respiration

Output: What is the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells called?

Anatomy - Respiratory System Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the main function of the Respiratory System?


Input: Coughs!

Output: What is a protective relfex stimulated by irritation or foreign matter in the trachea or bronchi?


Input: Normally, the heart rate and pulse rate are the same but for patients who are in atrial fibrillation, there is a “pulse deficit” wherein the pulse rate is lower than the heart rate.

Output: What is a “pulse deficit” and what does its presence suggest?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: excessively rapid respirations

Output: Tachypnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath

Output: Dyspnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: difficult or painful breathing except in an erect sitting or standing position.

Output: Orthopnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Measure the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate while seated or recumbent and then while standing. It is abnormal if the blood pressure drops significantly upon standing. Orthostatic changes in blood pressure result from hypovolemia or disturbances in vascular control. If the heart rate is >120 beats/minute or increases by 30 beats/minute with standing and subsides with sitting then the patient may have a dysautonomia. In a standing position blood pools in the legs. Normally, changes in cardiac output and vascular resistant maintain blood pressure so you don’t pass out.

Output: How do you measure “orthostatic” changes in the blood pressure and heart rate? What do these tell you about the patient?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Output: normal blood pressure

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Output: normal heart rate


Output: normal respiratory rate


Input: For a given patient the auscultatory gap (AG) may exist at any pressure or not be present at all. Not accounting for the AG can result in inaccurate systolic or diastolic readings. If you inflate the blood pressure cuff to a pressure within the auscultatory gap you will measure an inaccurately low systolic pressure. Assuming you have reached the diastolic pressure when you are in fact in the AG will result in an inaccurately high diastolic pressure. Palpate the radial pulse and inflate the cuff and note the pressure at which the pulse becomes impalpable. Then inflate the cuff 30mmHg beyond the pressure at which the pulse was lost to avoid inaccurate blood pressure measurements.

Output: When measuring a blood pressure, what is the “auscultatory gap”

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Epistaxis is defined as acute hemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx.

Output: epistaxis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Rhinorrhea, or nasal discharge, is any mucus-like material that comes out of the nose.

Output: rhinorrhea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Amaurosis fugax is a brief, fleeting attack of monocular partial or total blindness that lasts seconds to minutes (although the uptodate source states that it can also be binocular). It is thought to result from plaque in the carotid artery breaking off and traveling to the retinal artery, creating a clot and causing a loss of vision for as long as the artery is blocked

Output: amaurosis fugax

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound.

Output: tinnitus

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Vertigo is a false sensation that the self, surroundings, or both are moving or spinning

Output: vertigo

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: It can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. -A patient with a unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss would hear the tuning fork loudest in the affected ear. The conduction problem masks the ambient noise of the room, whilst the well-functioning inner ear picks the sound up via the bones of the skull causing it to be perceived as a quieter sound in the unaffected ear. -unilateral sensorineural hearing loss would hear the sound loudest in the unaffected ear, because the affected ear is less effective at picking up sound even if it is transmitted directly by conduction into the inner ear.

Output: Weber Test

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: - compares perception of sounds as transmitted by air or by bone conduction through the mastoid. Thus, one can quickly suspect conductive hearing loss. -In a normal ear, air conduction is better than bone conduction -In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air -In sensorineural hearing loss, bone conduction and air conduction are both equally depreciated. In sensorineural hearing loss patients there may be a false negative Rinne.

Output: Rinne Test

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Macular star (of cotton-wool patches) Increased light reflex from arteries just above and below the optic disc Venous tapering at arterial-venous crossing Optic disc may have a blurred nasal border

Output: changes in the fundi: Hypertension

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Microaneurysms and haemorrhages Retinal thickening or edema in the area around hard exudates results in an enlarged blind spot and decreased visual acuity Neovascularization (new vessels); tiny, tortuous retinal vessels Distortion of the macula Cotton-wool patches

Output: changes in the fundi: Diabetes Mellitus

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Papilledema Loss of venous pulsations (also: intracranial compression of CN VI resulting in ophthalmoplegia and diplopia)

Output: changes in the fundi: Brain Tumor

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Nervousness Sweating, heat intolerance (warm & smooth skin) ↑systolic, ↓diastolic BP Tachycardia, atrial fibrillation Palpitations Hyperdynamic cardiac pulsations with accentuated S1 Frequent bowel movements Weight loss (increased appetite) Proximal muscle weakness & tremor Stare, lid lag, exophthalmos (Graves disease)

Output: Hyperthyroidism

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Fatigue Dry skin, cold intolerance with non-pitting edema and loss of hair ↓systolic, ↑diastolic BP Bradycardia, hypothermia Swelling of face, hands, legs ↓intensity of heart sounds Constipation Weight gain (with anorexia) Weakness, muscle cramps, arthralgias, paresthesias Periorbital puffiness, lateral sparseness of eyebrows, peripheral neuropathy Somnolence, impaired memory & hearing, carpal tunnel syndrome,

Output: Hypothyroidism

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: short, discrete, non-musical sound caused by previously deflated airway suddenly reinflated during inspiration. i. Seen in pneumonia, pulmonary edema (CHF), interstitial lung disease

Output: Rales (Crackles):

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: "continuous" sounds lower in pitch than wheezes that have a snoring quality. i. Usually caused by secretion in the airways. ii. present when an airway is partially obstructed owing to secretions, mucosal swelling iii. seen in COPD and bronchitis

Output: Rhonchi

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: continuous musical sound of long duration caused by rapid passage of air through narrowed or obstructed bronchus i. Seen in asthma, foreign body occlusion, tumor, COPD ii. May also be associated with prolongation of expiratory phase

Output: Wheeze:

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing against each other. Sounds like rubbing leather strap. i. See with pleuritis or pulmonary infarction

Output: Rub

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: blood in the sputum i. true hemoptysis: bronchial or lung source 1. from neoplasm, bronchitiss (bacterial, fungal, TB) ii. false hemoptysis: nasopharyngeal or oral source

Output: hemoptysis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?