Input: [Left Atrium] Radial (Vein)

Output: Drains blood from the forearm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Ulnar (Vein)

Output: Drains blood from the forearm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Brachial (Vein)

Output: Drains blood from the upper arm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Cephalic (Vein)

Output: Ascends along radial side of the forearm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Basilic (Vein)

Output: Ascends along ulnar side of the forearm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Medial Cubital (Vein)

Output: Lies anterior to the elbow. Vein where blood is mainly drawn from.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Subclavian (Vein)

Output: Drains superior part of body.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Brachiocephalic (Vein)

Output: Receives blood from the vertebral vein.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Azygos Vein

Output: Major contributor to superior vena cava. Receives blood from intercostals, esophagus and chest muscles.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Inferior Vena Cava (Vein)

Output: Collects blood from organs and structures inferior to diaphragm.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Great Saphenous Vein

Output: Drains the dorsal venous arch.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [Left Atrium] Internal Iliac Vein

Output: Drains the pelvic organs.

Circulatory System Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.


Input: [What is rain shadow] The amount of solar energy receieved at any place on the Earth is influenced by

Output: Both latitude and season

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] In order to maintain homeostasis, organisms live within a certain range of conditions called

Output: Environmental tolerance

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The following are fundamental resource required by all living organisms

Output: Nutrients, Liquid Water, appropriate Temperatures

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which biome is dominated by evergreen coniferous trees and stretches horizontally across all of North American and Eurasia

Output: Taiga

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The Last biome encounter at high latitudes is the arctic __, where persisten permafrost impedes growth

Output: Tundra

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The following are typical features of the rainforest

Output: Poor soil, primates, high rainfall, epiphytes, butresses on tress.

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Chemosyntehsis is the energy harvesting process in _____ communities.

Output: hydrothermal vent

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The development of terrestrial biomes is determined primarily by the interaction of

Output: Temperature and Rainfall

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Introduced Species can negatively impact natural communities because they may be new______ that the resident species have not evolved with.

Output: Predators, parasites, Competitors

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The erlationship between agiosperms and their pollinators is a type of

Output: Mutualism

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] An epiphytic plant and the tree it lives on is an example of

Output: commensalism

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Resource partitioning reduces the effects of

Output: interspecific competition

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Input: [What is rain shadow] All aspects of an organsm way of life is called its

Output: Ecological niche

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If A species A out-comeptes species B and drives it to extinction____ has occured

Output: competitive exclusion

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is the function of aposematic coloration

Output: it warns the predator of toxicity

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Co-evolution between the rough skinned newt and the western garter snake has resulted in

Output: the newt becoming toxic enough to kill human

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Plant defense mechanisms might include

Output: production of chemcials thorns,spines, or hairs

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following is an exmaple of symbiosis

Output: Heartworms living in a dog, algae live in association with coral polyps, nitrogen fixing bacteria live in association with plant roots, and lichens

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The energy that producers store and make avaiable to consumers over a given period of time is

Output: net primary productivity

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Detritus includes

Output: leaves that fall from trees, dead bodies of plants and animals, urinary wastes and feces from animals.

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following organism do feed directly on detritus

Output: fungi, bacteria, vultures, scavengers such as hyenas, and earthworms

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Nutrients are stored in____ in the ecosystem and must be retured there fore reuse

Output: reservoirs

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Phtosysnthsis is a key process in the _____ in most ecosystems

Output: carbon cycle

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The major reservior for nitrogen on Earth is_____

Output: atmosphere

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas. This means that

Output: it increases the heat trapping ability of the atmosphere

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The current increase in atmospheric CO2 levels is different from previous increase because____

Output: Previous increases were never high as the current increase

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] All the following cycle contian gaseous phase

Output: Nitrogen cycle, Carbon Cycle

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following is true concerning the nitrogen cycle

Output: Nitrogen fixation is mostly dependent on microooranisms

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Your ecological footprint is based on teh amount of ____ you use

Output: resources

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Most of Blacksburg is the____ watershed

Output: New River--> Gulf of Mexico

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The change in population size per individual per unti time (r) refers to what kind of relationship between birth rate and death rate

Output: the difference between them

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What environmental resistance limits population growth

Output: the population reaches an equilibrium size near the carrying capacity

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The rate at which a population reproduces and grows under ideal or optimal conditions is known as the

Output: biotic potential

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If a population's birth rate increase and death rate decrease, "r" will

Output: increase

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which populations may show exponential growth?

Output: Lemmmings that exhibit a four year boom and bust cycle, organims invaide new habitats, blue green algae that survive at low levles most of the year then reach high density during favorable growth periods

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following contributed to very low reproduction in the Peters Mountain Mallow population?

Output: Loss of pollinators due to herbicide spraying

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The cyarring capacity of the environment is determine by

Output: the sustainable supply of resources it provides

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The age structure diagram for the human population in the Mexico is pyramid shaped. This tyep of age structre represents a ____ population

Output: rapidly growing

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following statements fits the exponential population growth model?

Output: the model predices a continuously accelerating rate of increase (or decrease) as a function of the population size

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] WHich of the following is an ecosystem service that humans receive from a biologically diverse world

Output: recreation, flood control, pollination, medicine, oxygen replenishment

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] In yellowstone park, the removal of wolves had a wide-reaching negative effect on the level of biodiversity. Since the biodiversity of these communties depends on the presence of wovles, they are considered to be

Output: Keystone Species

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The characteristics of bacteria are_____.

Output: Binary fission, rods, spheres, sprials, mutualisms, decomposition, pathogens

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Your leftovers have a high likelihood of gorwing modly because fungi

Output: reproduce using highly mobile spores

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which statement about virsuses is true?

Output: They include some forms that are able to attack bacteria

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] A fungus that produces spores on basidia belongs to the group called

Output: club fungi

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Fungi affect humans in all the following ways

Output: Some fungi cause human diseases, some fungi cause disease of plants that are important to humans, fungi are used as a food and in food production, fungi produce some antibiotics.

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is the basic thread-like basic structural element of fungus?

Output: hypha

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] These are all correctly matched:

Output: Diatoms-silica shells Giant Kelp- brown algae Amoeba-pseduopods Green alage-relatives to land plants

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following is excreted by the urinary system?

Output: water, salts, urea, carbon dixoide, excess vitamins

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Urine leaves the bladder through a single narrow tube called

Output: urethra

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] the kidney is composed of millions of individual functioanl untis called

Output: nephrons

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] FIltrate is initially collected in the ____ before passing through the remaineder of the nephron tubule

Output: Bowman's capsule

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The process of tubular reabsorption

Output: occurs primarily in the proximal tubule to take nurtrients and water out of the tubule

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Urea is formed from ammonia which is a product of the breakdown of

Output: proteins

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] On a hot dry day, when you have experienced water loos and dehydration, your body will produced _____ urine due to an ____ release of ADH

Output: concentrated; increased

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] ___ is the most often used filter the blood when kidneys no longer function

Output: Hemodialysis

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which is the human body's first line of defense agaisnt microbial attack?

Output: External barriers

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Cell-mediated immuntiy is provided by

Output: T cells

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Which type of cell secretes antibodies

Output: plasma cells

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Input: [What is rain shadow] What tyep of cell stimulates both humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

Output: helper T cell

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Input: [What is rain shadow] How are antigens recognized by T cells?

Output: T-cell receptors recognize and bind to antigens

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] During conal selection, what is cloned?

Output: a particular B-cell that is selected by the particular antigen

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Whichpart of your immune system targets cancer cells?

Output: Cell mediated immunity

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of

Output: memory cells

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Input: [What is rain shadow] These are all part of the inflammatory response

Output: presence of histamine, sweeling, mast cells, and redness

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] An extreme allergic response known as anaphylactic shock is teh result of

Output: an incorrect response by the person's immune system, the production of the wrong type of antibodies in response to an allergen, the massive release of histamine resulting in large fluid loss from capilarries

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The following connective tissue are found in skin

Output: dermis, adipose tissue, and blood

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of these are likely locations for epithelial tissues

Output: lining the mouth, lining the uterine tubes, in capillairies, lining the trachea

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] With teh exception of blood and lymph, connective tissues contain flexible, fibrous stands of

Output: collagen

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Sensory receptors in the skin are classified as ___ tissue

Output: nervous

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Input: [What is rain shadow] The hypothalamus is the ____ involved in the homeostatic control of body temperature

Output: control center

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If the action by effectors is to intensify a change in the body then ____ feedback has occured

Output: positive

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Input: [What is rain shadow] The following are functions of the skin

Output: Protection, Maintenance of body temperature, Synthsis of Vitamin D3

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Reptriles, amphibians, and most fish are invertebrates are ___ since they gain most of their heat from the environment

Output: ectotherms

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The sounds of the heart are result of

Output: the closing of teh valves in the heart

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] BLood from throughout the body returns to the heart and enters the

Output: right atrium

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which is the correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle

Output: atrai contract-> ventricle contract--> heart relaxes

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Contraction of the left ventricle forces blood into

Output: the aorta

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The contraction of the heart is initiated by the

Output: SA node

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following components of blood plasma participate in blood clotting?

Output: fibrinogen

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which cellular component of the blood carries large quantities of the protein hemoglobin

Output: erythrocytes

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following vessels have valves inside?

Output: veins

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which vessels are composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells

Output: capillaries

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following groups has a 4 chambered heart?

Output: birds

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is the function of a lymph node?

Output: the filter lymph and destroy foreign particles

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following are part of the lymphatic system?

Output: lymph, lymph vessles, spleen, and thymus

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] To reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease you should reduce

Output: your weight, your blood holestorl, your blood pressure if it is high

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The hormone involved in regulating red blood cell production is

Output: EPO

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which is the best answer to the question "how does breathing support cellular respiration?"

Output: All of the body cells need oxygen for cellular respiration and produced carbod dioxide as waste

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Air moves by ___ through the nostrils, down the trachea, through the bronchi, and bronchioles and into the alveoli

Output: bulk flow

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following protects your respiratory tract from foreign materials?

Output: nosehair, mucus, cilia, and epiglottis

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] In the lungs carbon dixoide and oxygen exchange occurs by

Output: diffusion

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] In the lungs, an enormous surface area for gas exchagne is provided by the

Output: alveoli

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Input: [What is rain shadow] After passing through the larynx, inhaled air enters the

Output: Trachea

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Input: [What is rain shadow] In the blood, oxygen is attached to ___ for transport

Output: hemoglobin

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] ____ in the medulla of the brain recieves information on blood carbon dixodie levels and adjusts breathing rate accordingly

Output: the respiratory center

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] All the following are truw

Output: nicotine--Stimulate--increases the heart rate Carbon monoxide--impair oxygen delivery Nicorine--addictive

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Input: [What is rain shadow] During inhalation

Output: The thoracic cavity volume increases

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] A person who's diet is deficient in one or more of the 9 essentail amino aicds woul be

Output: malnourished

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Input: [What is rain shadow] which of the following nutrients do not provide energy for animals?

Output: vitamins

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which task of the human digestive system take place in the stomach?

Output: mechanical and cehmcial breakdown

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following secretions aid in chemical breakdown in the samll intestine?

Output: pancreatic juice and bile

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] A wad of food called a bolus would travel

Output: from the mouth to stomach

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Peristalis is

Output: coordinated contractions of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which structure mixes food with secretion to form chyme

Output: stomach

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The function of villi and microvilli is to increase the ____ in the _____.

Output: surface area, small intestine

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The digestive organ with the lowest pH is the

Output: stomach

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The process used by sporophytes to produce spores is called

Output: meiosis

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which stage in the plant life cycle are diploid

Output: sporophyte

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What feautres do green algae have in common with plants

Output: store food as starch, photosynthetic pigments, cellulose cell walls

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Two features that evolved in land plants to protect against desiccation and allow gas exchange

Output: cuticle and stomata

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] You discover a plant that has root like structures, swimming sperm and disperses with spores. No vascular tissue, seed bearing strucutres or pollen are found. This plant would most likely be placed with the

Output: sporophtes

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is the advantage of producing seeds?

Output: Protects the embryo and maintains dormancy

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Gymnosperm differ from ferns in that gymnosperns

Output: produce seeds, and have pollen

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which plant group is the most diverse and has domianted the Earth for more than 100 million years

Output: angiosperms

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Plant gametophytes produce

Output: gametes

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Input: [What is rain shadow] Which process is rueqired to restore diploid life stage during alternation of generations?

Output: Fertilization

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Dermal tissue might have

Output: stomata, cuticle, leaf hairs, root hairs, and cork

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which tissue type is found in a typical plant leaf

Output: dermal, vascular, and ground

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which plant tissue makes up the bulk of the stem in a non-woody plant?

Output: gound tissue

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which tissue makes up the bulk of the stem in a woody plant

Output: vascular tissue

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which tissue is composed of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma, and schlerenchyma

Output: xylem tissue

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which is the priamry site of photosynthesis

Output: leaf ground tissue consisting of parenchyma cells with chloroplasts

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] ___ cells are active in cell division and allow for plant growth

Output: Meristem

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] In primary growth, shoots grow taller and roots grow longer by activity of the _____

Output: apical meristem

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If you were studying a plant which had only primary growth and no secondary growth, it would not have any

Output: development of thicker woody branches

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Based on how growth rings form,trees in which of these locations are likely to NOt have obvious gorwth rings in their secondary xylem?

Output: Central America

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If bark were stripped from around at tree in a process known as girdling

Output: the plant would be uanble to transport sugars to the roots

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The majority of water and dissolved minerals absorbed by aplant is first taken up by the

Output: root hairs

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which root process requires active transport

Output: Uptake of most minerals

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which of the following is teh driving forec behind water movement within the xylem

Output: Transpiration through the stomata

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] When ____ cells swell with water, the ___ will open

Output: gaurd cells, stomata

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The evaporation and loss of water through the leaves of a plant is called

Output: transpiration

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] How do sugar molecules enter the seive tube members of the phloem

Output: active transport

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] If leaves are a source of sugars and the fruit is a sink for sugar, what region of the phloem has teh highest concentration of sugars and water

Output: the pholem in the leaf end

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Mechanisms of seed and fruit dispersal include

Output: wind and air curretns, water mechanical expulsion, buried by ants, attached to animal fur and hoof, in the digestive tract of animals,

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] When a bee gets nectar from a flower, the bee picks up pollen from the ___ and carries it to another flower

Output: anthers

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Reproduction in flowering plants uses double fertilization which means

Output: one sperm nucleus fuses with one egg, and another sperm nucleus fuses with two haploid nuclei to form the endosperm

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which structres are haploid

Output: microspores, megaspores, pollen grains

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Male gametophytes develop inside the

Output: anther

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The close evolution of angiosperms and pollinators is called

Output: coevolution

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The primary function of a flower's ___ are to attract pollinators

Output: petals

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Protective coverings for the flower bud are called

Output: sepals

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Where does an embryonic plant obtain food

Output: from the endosperm

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The function of the furit is

Output: dispersal of the seed

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] As fruits and seeds develop, all of the following transitions occur

Output: an embryonic plant growth from teh zygote, a seed coat forms around the embryo and its food supply, the ovules become the seed

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Many "vegetables" such as squash and tomatoes are actually furits because they

Output: develop from the ovary of the flower

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] a dormant seed

Output: allows an embryo to become inactive and survive environmental fluctuations

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Many desert angiosperms require large amoutns of rain to remove ____ from their seeds to break dormancy

Output: abscisic acid

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Roots turn downward in a process known as

Output: positive gravitropsim

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Positive phototropism in stems is due to the effect of

Output: auxin

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Flowering in many angiosperms is influenced by

Output: the length of day versus night

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Pytochrom is a ___ that helps plant detect light

Output: pigment

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Flowering in short night plants would mostly likely occur

Output: near the summer solstice

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] The benefit to a plant of coordinating fruit ripening and seed maturation is

Output: seeds do not get removed from the plant before they are mature

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel because teh rotting (over-ripe) apple produces

Output: ethylene

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which plant cehcmical may trigger flowering?

Output: Florigen

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] A shoots apex effect of keeping the lateral buds dormant is termed apical

Output: dominance

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] At the close of the grwoin season, ____ occurs in leaves of some trees and is followed by abscission

Output: senesence

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is teh evolutionary advantage to tobacco plants of producing nicotine

Output: Defense agaisnt hervibory

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] What is responsible for ensuring that the relative growth rate of the roots does not overwhelm the grwoth rate of the shoots and vice versa

Output: auxin and cytokinin

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: [What is rain shadow] Which type of signal is responsible for the rapid movment of plant leaves of the mimosa?

Output: Electrical

The desert area on the leeward side of the mountain


Input: Coracoid process of the scapula

Output: What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Tuberosity of the radius and aponeurosis of the biceps brachii

Output: What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Flex the elbow Supinate the forearm Flex the shoulder

Output: What is the action of the biceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Distal half of anterior surface of humerus

Output: What is the origin of the brachialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna

Output: What is the insertion of the brachialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Flex the elbow

Output: What is the action of the brachialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Output: What is the origin of the brachioradialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Styloid process of radius

Output: What is the insertion of the brachioradialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Flex the elbow Assist to pronate & supinate the forearm when these movements are resisted

Output: What is the action of the brachioradialis?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

Output: What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Posterior surface of distal half of the humerus

Output: What is the origin of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Posterior surface of proximal half of the humerus

Output: What is the origin of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Olecranon process of the ulna

Output: What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: All Heads: Extend the elbow Long Head: Extend the shoulder Adduct the shoulder

Output: What is the action of the triceps brachii?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Output: What is the origin of the anconeus?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Olecranon process and lateral edge of proximal ulnar shaft

Output: What is the insertion of the anconeus?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: Extend the elbow

Output: What is the action of the anconeus?

Elbow Flexors & Extensors by sschlais Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?


Input: an individual representing a company to customers by performing one or more of the following activities: prospecting, communicating, selling, servicing, info gathering, and relationship building [personal selling]

Output: salesperson

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: analysis, planning, implementation, and control of sales force activities. It includes designing sales force strategy and structure and recruiting, selecting, training, supervising, compensating, and evaluating the firm's salespeople [personal selling]

Output: sales force management

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sales force organization that assigns each salesperson to an exclusive geographic territory in which that salesperson sells the company's full line [personal selling]

Output: territorial sales force structure

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a sales force organization under which salespeople specialize in selling only a portion of the company's products or lines [personal selling]

Output: product sales force structure

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a sale force organization under which salespeople specialize in selling only to certain customers or industries [personal selling]

Output: customer sales force structure

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: outside salespeople who travel to call on customers in the field [personal selling]

Output: outside sales force

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inside salespeople who conduct busines from their offices via telephone, the Internet, or visits prospective buyers [personal selling]

Output: inside sales force

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: using teams to people from sales, marketing, engineering, finance, technical support, and even upper management to service large, complex accounts [personal selling]

Output: team selling

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: standard that states the amount a salesperson should sell and how sales should be divided among the company's products [personal selling]

Output: sales quota

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: steps that salespeople follow when selling, which include prospecting and qualifying, preapproach, approach, presentation and demonstration, handling objections, closing, and follow-up [personal selling]

Output: selling process

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson or company identifies qualified potential customers [personal selling]

Output: prospecting

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson learns as much as possible about a prospective customer before making a sales call [personal selling]

Output: preapproach

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson meets the customer for the first time [personal selling]

Output: approach

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson tells the "value story" to the buyer, showing how the company's offer solves the customer's problems [personal selling]

Output: presentation

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson seeks out, clarifies, and overcomes customer objections to buying [personal selling]

Output: handling objections

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the step in the selling process in which the salesperson asks the customer for an order [personal selling]

Output: closing

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the last step in the selling process in which the salesperson follows up after the sale to ensure customer satisfaction and repeat business [personal selling]

Output: follow-up

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a produce or service [personal selling]

Output: sales promotion

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sales promotion tools used to boost short-term customer buying and involvement or to enhance long-term customer relationships [personal selling]

Output: consumer promotions

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: creating a brand-marketing event or serving as a sole or participating sponsor of events created by others [personal selling]

Output: event marketing

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sales promotion tools used to persuade resellers to carry a brand, give it shelf space, promote it in advertising, and push it to consumers [personal selling]

Output: trade promotions

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sales promotion tools used to generate business leads, stimulate purchases, reward customers, and motivate salespeople [personal selling]

Output: business promotions

Marketing Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Judiciaries Characteristics of France

Output: Judges play a much greater role in determining whether charges should be brought. Assume many of the roles a prosecuting attorney would. Constitutional Court was created to settle constitutional disputes. The Council is empowered to rule on the constitutional matter at the request of the government, the head of either house of the legislature, or a group of 60+ legislators from either house. The Council can only rule on legislation before it goes into effect. Based on Civil Law.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Judiciaries Characteristics of China

Output: Based off of Civil law. No real code has been laid out. Routinely protect officials from the law. Very violent and eager to employ capital punishment. Lacks coherence.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Judiciaries Characteristics of India

Output: India has a supreme court like the United States. 26 justices appointed by the president. It is a constitutional court based off common law with the authority of judicial review. However, its power has been limited by the parliament’s ability to reverse court decisions by amending the Constitution. It is the ultimate interpreter of the constitution and the laws of the land. It has appellate jurisdiction over all civil and criminal proceedings involving substantial issues concerning the interpretation of the constitution

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Judiciaries Characteristics of Brazil

Output: Brazil employs code law, a system in which judges apply the penal code rather than broadly interpret laws based on historical precedent. The Brazilian judiciary is viewed as less powerful than its American counterpart. The Brazilian judiciary has also been reticent to challenge the ongoing use of presidential emergency decrees. In Brazil, only a Federal Supreme Court exists; there is no Supreme Court like in the States. The list includes several specific functions of the Court, such as: to judge and declare the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of laws (judicial review).

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Judiciaries Characteristics of Nigeria

Output: Nigeria inherited a legal system that combined British Common Law along with an assortment of traditional or customary laws that were used to handle local matters during the colonial period (including Sharia in law in the Muslim North). This system fostered a court system that maintained a degree of legitimacy and independence, even during periods of military rule. The Supreme Court, the highest court of the land, has both original and appellate jurisdictions. The Court has exclusive original jurisdiction in any justifiable dispute between the Federation and a State or between States. The Court also has exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of Appeal.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is Judicial review?

Output: The right of courts to strike down legislation that contradicts the constitution

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is Common Law

Output: the law derived from judicial decisions, including judicial decisions made in England dating back to ancient english times

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is Stare Decisis

Output: Maintain what has been decided and do not alter that which has been. The principle of following judicial precedent principle of the law whereby once a decision (a precedent) on a certain set of facts has been made, the courts will apply that decision in cases which subsequently come before it embodying the same set of facts. A precedent which is binding; must be followed.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Precedent:

Output: A law established by following earlier judicial decisions.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Common Law: Role of the Judge

Output: Supposed to be impartial

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Common law: Role of the Lawyers

Output: Question, present evidences, defend, attack etc.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Roman/Civil Law:

Output: Civil law is a legal system inspired by roman law, the primary feature of which is that laws are written into a collection, codified and not determined as in common law by judges.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Legal Codes:

Output: A code is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted, by a process of codifications

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Roman/Civil Law: Role of the Judge

Output: Involved in cross examination, pre trial , questions characters

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Roman/Civi Law: Role of Lawyers

Output: No real significant role but to present facts

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is Ethnic Identity

Output: o Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others. o Often based on customs, language, religion, or other factors. o Usually assigned at birth. People do not choose their ethnicities o Not set in stone o Ethnic identity defines how individuals identify with their community o Rarely are society and ethnicity one and the same. Societies are made up of various ethnic groups. o Ascription- the assigning of a particular quality at birth o Not inherently political o Usually called “ethnicity”

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is national Identity

Output: o Based on the concept of a nation: a group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations, especially self-government and sovereignty. o Often (but not always) derived from ethnic identity. o Inherently political. o The basis for nationalism: pride in one’s people and belief that they have a unique political destiny. o Implies a demand for greater freedom through sovereignty, as in a colony’s revolt against its colonial master. o Involves issues of equality, such as secessionist movements that argue that independence would eliminate unequal treatment at the hands of some other group.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is ethnic conflict

Output: Can be defined as conflict between ethnic groups that struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other’s expense. Each may hope to increase its own position by gaining greater control over existing political institutions like the state or government. Example- Afghanistan seen frequent ethnic conflict

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is National Conflict

Output: Clashing with others in the quest to form an independent state. Violence is a common tool, using or bypassing the coercive powers of the state. Example- The American Revolution, the American colonies broke away from Great Britain to form a separate country

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is: Societies

Output: Made up of Various ethnic groups. Ethnicity is social, not political, people might self identigy themselves with an ethnic group without drawing any particular conclusions about politics on that basis.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Citizenship.

Output: o An individual’s relationship to the state; the individual swears allegiance to the state, and the sate in turn provides certain benefits or rights. o Purely political and thus more easily changed than ethnic identity or national identity. o The basis for patriotism: pride in one’s state and citizenship. o Citizenship and patriotism define our emotional and legal relationship to the state. o Can convey certain obligations, such as the duty to serve in the armed forces or pay taxes. o Gained at birth, has qualities separate from those of ethnic or national identity. o Citizenship is an identity built on a relationship to the state

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Patriotism

Output: Pride in ones state and citizenship


Input: Political Ideologies

Output: o Political ideologies are specific values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics. o Comprise the basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics regarding freedom and equality o Are more universal, as they assume that there is no ideal way to balance freedom and equality o Not specific to one country or time o Distinct from political attitudes o Ideologies were viewed as alternatives to traditional sets of values such as religion; they were seen as based on rational thought rather than spiritual notions of good and evil. o Ideologies are concerned with the ideal relationship between freedom and equality for all individuals and the proper role of political institutions in achieving or maintaining this relationship. o 5 primary ideologies- liberalism, communism, social democracy (socialist), fascism, anarchism

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define Nation:

Output: Group of people who share some or all the following characteristics: common languages, shared history, shared religion, common ethnic background, and an economic system.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define Nation State:

Output: a Sovereingn state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Describe the Top down view of ethnic and national conflict:

Output: Conflicts are generated by elites Conflict could be stopped by controlling political leaders responsible Use of outside force can be effective

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Describe Bottom up view of ethnic and national conflict:

Output: Conflict is generated by long standing friction between groups. Animosity must burn itself out Use of outside force will be ineffective

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Describe Political Attitudes (basic)

Output:  Concerned with the speed and methods of political change.  Generally classified as radical, liberal, conservative or reactionary.  Particularistic: Relative to the specific context of a given country. A view that is “radical” in one country may be “conservative” in another. Distinct from political ideologies

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Radicals

Output: believe in dramatic change, believe the current system is broken and must be replaced

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Liberals

Output: like radicals, believe much can be changed, but believe in evolutionary change, they do not require a system change

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Conservatives

Output: question whether any change is even necessary. Fine with what is going on

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Reactionaries

Output: Seek to restore political, social and economic institutions. Go back to previous regime.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture:

Output: Political culture refers to what people believe and feel about government and how they think people should act towards it. To understand the relationship of a government to its people, and how those people are going to act toward that government and others, it is necessary to study what those people believe about themselves and government

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Consensual Political Culture:

Output: The citizens agree on the appropriate means for making decisions and on how to solve problems

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Conflictual Political Culture:

Output: Citizens are sharply divided on both regime and on the solutions to major problems

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Participant

Output: Very active, high expectations, high levels of awareness about the political system. More than vote

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Subject

Output: Higher levels of awareness, but low levels of participation. usually only vote

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: What is Socialization

Output: The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture. Simply the process of acquiring values, beliefs and expectations about the political system.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Direct Socialization

Output: explicit communication of info, values or feelings towards plitics

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Define: Indirect Socialization

Output: When political views are inadvertently molded by our experiences

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: The agents of Socialization.

Output: Family, School, peers, media, religion, professionals, community, arts and entertainment.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Social unifying

Output: international conflict that brings a nation together

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Social divisive

Output: ex. subcultures

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of UK

Output: More socially and morally liberal than the US. Outlawed capital punishment and legalized abortion and homosexuality. Handguns are banned. Far less emphasis on religion and traditional family values. Very pragmatic and tolerant . Not concerned with overarching ideological principles, would much rather tinker with a particular political problem. Growing more multiracial and Eurocentric, along with becoming more concerned with worldly issues. Ethnic: relatively homogeneous, Protestant, Catholic, Muslim. Increasing racial tension with immigration rates growing. 2 million immigrants will enter in the next decade. Muslim, Britain, Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of France

Output: Two round electoral system and semi presidentialism have all played a part in creating a system in which individual political leaders, rather than ideological groupings have been central. Most common forms of political activity is mass protest. Populism and faith in the power of mass action is combined with a strong sense of national and patriotic identity and a pride in the state. Ethnic: Secularism is big, no religion receives state support. Over 80% are catholic, rising Muslim population. Overall a relatively homogenous society. Census does not record ethnic or religious data. 10% of people are foreign born. Largest Muslim population in Europe besides turkey.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of China

Output: View themselves as a homogeneous society. 90% Han Chinese. Mandarin is the official language of government and education. Communist ideology still maintains strong rural influence but reflect a growing diversity of info and ideas. Mainly from new capitalist movements. Confucianism and Maoism are things of the past, it is now largely depoliticized . Nationalism and patriotism are very prominent. For better or worse, booming trade and tourism have release a flood of western ideas and values.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of India

Output: Political authority has become more decentralized. A important voice of the Indian society is the Media establishment, one of the largest in the world. A third of the population is illiterate. Radio and TV networks are even more important conduits of info. Under a lot of government scrutiny. The culture defies generalization. They tend to identify themselves through politics locally, and through family, occupational and regional associates. On the other hand, despite the cultural diversity, they continue to support the Indian democracy

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of Brazil

Output: Extremely diverse population, Native Americans, African Slaves, Europeans. 40% are mixed race and 80% claiming African ancestry. Strong association between race and wealth. Lighter skinned are more wealthy, darker are disproportionately among Brazils poorest. There is a low level of support for democracy as a system. Only 43% approve. Brazilians are more willing to blame their legislators than their presidents for the persistence of corruption.

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: Political Culture of Nigeria

Output: Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa and Fulani peoples. One third belongs to none of those groups. Diversity has created significant problems. Communal violence has risen and the state is no longer able to suppress the public as it please and as the struggle for control over the state has returned to the populace. Conflicts have taken thousands of lives. Mainly Christian vs. Muslim. Considered the most unpatriotic people in the world. They exhibit a high degree of pride in their broader national identity. Express strong opposition to a political system dominated by a single party or leader

Comparative Politics Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Judiciary plays a relatively minor role. No Judicial review because any law passed by the legislature is by definition constitutional. Role of the court is to ensure that parliamentary statutes have been followed. Based on Common Law.


Input: [blood to head] blood from head to heart [Carotid Artery]

Output: Jugular Vein

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [blood to head] blood to body [Carotid Artery]

Output: Aorta

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [blood to head] blood from body to heart [Carotid Artery]

Output: Vena Cava

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [blood to head] blood to lungs [Carotid Artery]

Output: Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [blood to head] blood from lungs to heart [Carotid Artery]

Output: Pulmonary Vein

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [blood to head] blood to heart muscle [Carotid Artery]

Output: Coronary Artery

Cardiovascular System Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Decision rules used to determine whether a software item or feature passes or fails a test. [Outputs]

Output: Pass/Fail Criteria

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A sequence of edges from the program graph that represents a path through the program. [Outputs]

Output: Path Expressions

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A test method satisfying the coverage criteria that each logical path through the program be tested. Often, paths through the program are grouped into a finite set of classes and one path from each class is tested. [Outputs]

Output: Path Testing

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Validates that both the online response time and batch run times meet the defined performance requirements. [Outputs]

Output: Performance Test

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A tool to measure system performance. [Outputs]

Output: Performance/Timing Analyzer

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A method of control put in place within each stage of the development process to promote error identification and resolution so that defects are not propagated downstream to subsequent stages of the development process. The verification, validation, and testing of work within the stage that it is created. [Outputs]

Output: Phase(or Stage)Containment

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Managerial desires and intents concerning either process (intended objectives) or products (desired attributes). [Outputs]

Output: Policy

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Analyzes production data to identify, independent from the specifications, the types and frequency of data that the system will have to process/produce. This verifies that the specs can handle types and frequency of actual data and can be used to create validation tests. [Outputs]

Output: Population Analysis

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The step-by-step method followed to ensure that standards are met. [Outputs]

Output: Procedure

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The work effort that produces a product. This includes efforts of people and equipment guided by policies, standards, and procedures. The process or set of processes used by an organization or project to plan, manage, execute, monitor, control, and improve its software related activities. A set of activities and tasks. A statement of purpose and an essential set of practices (activities) that address that purpose. [Outputs]

Output: Process

CSTE Week 2 Vocabulary Page A9 (CBOK v6.2) Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Loss of visual field and accuity as a result of compresion of the optic chiasm

Output: Symptom of pituitary growth


Input: Neural process grows down from the diencephalon becoming the median eminence and neurohypophysis consisting mostly of hypothalamic neurons

Output: Posterior Pituitary Origin


Input: Rahtke's Pouch grows up from roof of mouth forming the adenohypophysis

Output: Origin of anterior pituitary


Input: Prolactin (PRL) Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Output: Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary


Input: Stimulates secretion of Thyroid Hormone

Output: Function of TSH


Input: Stimulates release of cortisol

Output: Function of ACTH


Input: Corticotroph Adrenal Glands

Output: ACTH Cell Type and target


Input: Thyrotroph Thyroid Gland

Output: TSH cell type and target


Input: Somatotroph All Tissues

Output: GH cell type and target


Input: hypophyseal-portal circulation

Output: Vessels from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary


Input: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Output: Hypothalamic Hormone Stimulating ACTH


Input: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Output: Hypothalamic Hormone Stimulating TSH and PRL


Input: Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Output: Hypothalamic Hormone Stimulating GH


Input: Somatostatin

Output: Hypothalamic Hormone Inhibiting GH


Input: Secretion is in pulses to maintain Anterior Pituitary sensitivity. Constant stimulation downregulates Anterior Pituitary receptors

Output: Release characterisitics of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones


Input: Direct Effect (Adult): Metabolic; Binds receptor on adipocytes stimulating lypolysis Indirect Effect (Adolescence): Stimulates IGF-1 production in liver which causes cellular growth

Output: Function of GH


Input: Binds GHR releasing associated JAK2 tyrosine kinase initiating phosphorylation cascade. Phosphorylation of STAT Transcription Factors causes gene transcription

Output: Molecular action of GH


Input: Increases Amino Acid uptake, Protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, Chondroitin Sulfate, Collagen, Cell Size and number= Linear Growth

Output: Effects of GH on Chondrocytes


Input: Increases Plasma Glucose and FFA's Decreases Plasma Amino Acids and Urea

Output: Effects of GH on Metabolism


Input: Increases Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis Decreases Glucose uptake = Increase Lean Body Mass

Output: Effects of GH on Muscle


Input: Decrease Glucose uptake Increase Lypolysis = Decrease Adipose cell size

Output: Effects of GH on Adipose


Input: 10 Pulses per day Nocturnal peak 1hr after stage 3/4 Highest levels during puberty 50% drop on levels every 7 years after puberty

Output: Secretion of GH


Input: Pre-pubescent GH deficiency Retarded Skeletal growth Poor muscle development Excessive subcutaneous fat

Output: Cause and Effect of Dwarfism


Input: Lethargy Central Obeisity Increased CV disease Decreased Bone Density

Output: SX of adult GH deficiency


Input: Pre-pubescent GH excess typically from pituitary tumors Glucose intolerance/hyperinsulinism CV hypertrophy

Output: Cause & Effect of Gigantism


Input: Post-pubescent GH excess Coursening of features from bone and connective tissue overgrowth Think Skin Decreased Subcutaneous fat Glucose intolerance and diabetes

Output: Cause & Effect of Acromegaly


Input: Follicular cells (Cuboidal Epithelial) arranged in a sphere arround a lumen, the Colloid, where Thyroid hormone is stored. TSH stimulates enlargement of follicular cells forcine thyroid hormone out of the Colloid

Output: Thyroid functional anatomy


Input: Iodide Metabolism Tyrosine Iodination Coupling of iodinated molecules with thyroglobulin (by TPO)

Output: Three steps of Thyroid hormone synthesis


Input: Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)

Output: Hormones of the Thyroid


Input: I- enters follicular cells by secondary active transport via electrochemical gradient and a 2NA-1I Symporter in the basal membrane (Called an iodide trap)

Output: Iodide Metabolism


Input: Tyrosine is glycosylated and exocytosed into the colloid Iodide is carried into the colloid by pendrin. Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Oxidizes and incorporated Iodide into tyrosine to produce either 3-Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) or 3,5-Diiodotyrosine (DIT)

Output: Tyrosine iodination


Input: Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) couples either two DIT or one MIT and one DIT to produce Thyoxine or Triiodothyronine respectively

Output: Coupiling of Iodinated molecules


Input: Once released from the thyroid, 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine is activated in the periphery by either 5'-monodeiodinase to 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine (T3) or 5-monodeiodinase to 3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (Reverse T3/rT3)

Output: Conversion of T4 to T3


Input: Cortisol inhibits 5'-monodeiodinase shunting convertion of T4 from T3 to rT3. Fasting, Malnutrition, Physical Trauma (Burn injury). Deactivates T4 to an inactive form to slow metabolism, decrease temperature and enzyme activity, and conserve energy.

Output: What causes decrease in conversion of T4 to T3 and increase in T4 to rT3


Input: T4/T3 are hydrophobic, require transport molecules 70% bound to Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) 29% bound to albumin Very low levels of free hormone, but free hormone is active and responsible for effects and feedback

Output: Binding proteins of T4/T3


Input: ↓ in free T4 is reversed by dissociation of bound T4 Change in [TBG] is compensated for by ↑/↓ T4 release by thyroid **Alterations in TBG do not disturb ratio if Thyroid gland is normal

Output: Regulation of Free/Bound T4 ratio


Input: Stimulates growth and vascularity of thyroid gland Stimulates most steps in thyroid hormone synthesis Iodide Uptake and oxidation Iodination and coupling Edocytosis of colloid Thyroglobulin Proteolysis

Output: Effect of Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH)


Input: T4/T3 has a negative feedback effect on the Anterior pituitary Repression of TSH gene Suppression of TSH release Down-regulation of TRH Receptors

Output: Regulation of TSH


Input: Anterior Pituitary: Growht Hormone (GH) Thyoid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Pancreas: Insulin (SS from delta cells) Glucagon

Output: What hormones does Somatostatin Inhibit


Input: Liver

Output: Where is Thyroxin Binding Globulin (TBG) synthesized?


Input: 6 Days T4 has a much higher binding affinity for Thyroxin-binding hormone (TBG)

Output: What is the half-life of T4 and why is it so long?


Input: T3 has a much higher binding affinity for active receptors

Output: Why is T3 the biologically active hormone?


Input: T4 is a better mimic of biological conditions (Biologically more T4 produced) T4 has a longer Half-Life

Output: When treating hypothyroidism, why is it better to give synthetic T4 than T3?


Input: T4/T3 enters the cell via carrier mediated transport →T4 is converted to T3 in the target cell → T3 binds to nuclear receptors causing DNA transcription and protein synthesis.

Output: MOA of T4/T3


Input: Stimulates bone and CNS maturation ↑BMR ↑Mitochondiral # and size ↑O2 consumption ↑Na-K ATPase ↑Protein Synthesis and Degredation (Net Catabolic) ↑Heat Production ↑Metabolism ↑Glucose Absorbtion ↑Glycogenolysis ↑Gluconeogenesis ↑Lipolysis ↑Cardiac output ↑HR and SV ↑SBP and ↓DBP

Output: Physiological effects of T3 on target cells


Input: Actions of T4/T3 resemble those if increased SNS activity Reinforces CV respose to Epi/NE by ↑β-adrenergic receptor number, Coupling to Adenylate Cyclase, ↑cAMP

Output: Describe Sympathomimetic effect of Thyroid Hormones


Input: Adolescent Hypothyroidism Impaired growth of cerebral and cerebellar cortex Impaired proliferation of axons and dentrides Impaired myelinization

Output: Cause & Effect of Creatinism


Input: ↓BMR → cold intolerance Lethargy Somnolence (Dowsiness) Mental Slowness Muscle Aches Decreased Reflexes Decreased Sweating Weight Gain Myedema (Mucopolysaccharide acculumation under eyes causing edema) Goiter Amenorrhea Constipation

Output: S/SX of Adult Hypothyroidism


Input: Primary (Thyroid Failure) Secondary (Pituitary/Hypothalamic Failure) Iodide Insufficiency

Output: Causes of Hypothyroidism


Input: Increases TSH or TSH like peptide (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins TSI)

Output: What causes formation of a goiter?


Input: Hyperthyroidism Exopthalamos (Forward displacement of eyes), Lid Retraction Pretibital Myxedema (Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate accululation in dermis) ↑BMR → Heat Intolerance Restlessness Palpatations Muscle Weakness Bruit over thyroid Goiter

Output: Cause & Effect of Graves Disease


Input: Primary Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) Autoimmune disease involving TSH receptor, Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI) Secondary Hyperthyroidism Excess TSH/TRH Hypersecreting Thyroid Tumor

Output: Causes of Hyperthyroidism


Input: Measure TOTAL T4/T3 and TSH levels in blood

Output: Lab tests for Thyroid function


Input: Zona Glomerulosa-Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) Zona Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Zona Reticularis- Androgens

Output: What are the layers and associated hormone classes of the adrenal cortex


Input: Catecholamines (Epi/NE)

Output: What Hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medulla?


Input: Stimulates all steps in synthesis of Cortisol, Adrenal Androgens, and Aldosterone ** Only CORTISOL feeds back Stimulates cell hyperplasia via IGF-1

Output: What does ACTH effect?


Input: Preproopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Output: Precursor of ACTH


Input: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Peptide (CLIP)

Output: For what hormones is ACTH a precursor for?


Input: Cortisol is secreted diurnaly and under stress Secretion is pulsatile , amount of secretion does not vary, frequency of secretion pulse varies

Output: Describe secretion of Cortisol


Input: Can override the negative feedback inhibition Stress enhances CRH-ACTH release

Output: What effect doe stress have on cortisol release?


Input: 70 Minutes Mostly transported by Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (CBG), also by Abumin, 5% unbound

Output: What is the half-life of cortisol and how is it transported in the blood?


Input: Adrenal steroids diffuse into the cell → Receptor bound to Heat-Shock Proteins (HSP) is activated, HSP released → Activated receptor binds to and activated steroid response element → gene transcription and protein synthesis

Output: Cortisol MOA


Input: (Most of Cortisols effects are Permissive, not initiate but enhances) 4 important functions: Stimulates Gluconeogenesis in response to low blood glucose Increases protein and lipid breakdown (For GNEO) Anti-inflamatory effect Immunosuppressive

Output: Effects of Cortisol


Input: ↑Blood Glucose (cost of protein and lipids) Mobilizes protein and lipids ↑GNEO and responsiveness to glucagon and Epi ↓ Insulin dependant glucose uptake in muscle and adipose ↓Blocks Insulin-suppresion on hepatic glucose production Permissive for lipolytic effects of catecholamines ↑Body Fat ↑appetite (CNS effect) Stimulates lipogenesis in adipose of face and trunk causing accumulation in those areas ↑Protein breakdown by inhibiting AA utilization =Cortisol is a catabolic, anti-anabolic, diabetogenic hormone

Output: Cortisol effect on metabolism


Input: Accentuates hyperglycemia and accelerates protein loss

Output: Stress induced Cortisol cumulative effect


Input: Basal levels are required for normal contractility Excess levels cause muscle atrophy through protein wastage

Output: Cortisol effect on Muscle


Input: Decreases bone formation ↓Vitamin D synthesis and blocks its action(Ca absorbtion from GI) ↑Urinary Ca excretion ↑Apoptosis of Osteoblasts and osteocytes Stimulates osteoclasts increasing bone resorbtion

Output: Cortisol effect on Bone


Input: Increases dietary Calcium absorbtion Increases dietary Potassium absorbtion Increased bone reabsorbtion of calcium and phosphate

Output: Actions of 1,25 Vitamin D


Input: Maintains normal BP Permits responsivenes to angiotensin ↓Permeability of vasculature (Can cause hypertension)

Output: Cortisol effects on vasculature


Input: ↑GFR by ↓ preglomerular resistance and ↑ plasma flow Feedsback and inhibits ADH (Vasopressin)

Output: Cortisol effect on kidneys


Input: Acts on receptors in the hippocampus (Memory), reticular activating system (state of arousal), and Autonomic Nuclei of the Brainstem altering perceptual and emotional function

Output: Cortisol effect on CNS


Input: Facilitates in utero maturation of lungs, GI, CNS, Retina, and Skin ↑Surfactant Synthesis

Output: Cortisol effect on development


Input: Inhibits many steps in inflamation and immune system responses

Output: Cortisol effect on immune system


Input: Hypersecretion of Cortisol Redistribution of body fat, Central Obeisity and Moon face with thin extremities Atrophy of skin and dermal connective tissue Thinning of bone Muscle wasting Easy Bruising Delayed Healing Hypertension Diabetes

Output: Cause & Effect of Cushing's Syndrome


Input: 1. ACTH Dependent (Results in Adrenocortical Hyperplasia) (Most common) a. Pituitary Microadenoma (Cushing's Disease) b. ACTH Ectopic Tumor c. CRH Ectopic Tumor 2.ACTH Independent (Results in Adrenocortical Atrophy) a. Adrenal tumor b. Iatrogenic (Induced by medical teatment)

Output: Two types of Cushing's Syndrome


Input: Dexamethasone Suppression test

Output: Hypercortisolism Diagnostic Test


Input: (Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid with high affinity for cortisol receptor) 1. 1-md overnight suppression test (Screening) Normal: Drop in Cortisol level Abnormal: No drop in Cortisol 2. 8-mg overnight suppression test (Diagnostic) Hypothalamic/Pituitary Hyperfunction-50% drop in Cortisol (ACTH Dependent) Adrenal Hyperfunction **or Ectopic ACTH tumor- No drop in Cortisol (ACTH Independent) 3.Tesing ACTH level will differentiate b/w Adrenal tumor and Etopic ACTH Tumor. High ACTH=Ectopic ACTH Tumor Low ACTH Adrenal Tumor

Output: Explain Dexamethasone Suppression Test


Input: Primary Adrenal Insufficiency- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex leads to deficiency in cortisol, adrenal androgens, aldosterone, and high ACTH due to loss of Negative Feedback Causes Hyperpigmentation, Weakness, Depression, Weighloss, Hypotension.

Output: Cause & Effect of Addison's Disease


Input: Excess amounts of ACTH becomes degraded into Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) causing hyperpigmentation

Output: What causes hyperpigmentation in Addison's Disease?


Input: Ususaly Iatrogenic and results in ACTH hyposecretion from receiving GCC medication excessively suppressing ACTH. Once off medication, there is a lack of ACTH available. Causes same symptoms as Addison's Disease without Hyperpigmentation

Output: Cause & Effect of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency


Input: ACTH Stimulation Test

Output: Hypocortisolism Diagnostic Test


Input: Test evaluates Adrenal Cortex ability to respond to ACTH 1.Rapid ACTH Test (Screening)- Injection of Cosyntropin (ACTH Analogue) Normal- Increase in Cortisol Abnormal- No increase 2. Prolonged ACTH Test (Diagnostic)- IV injection of ACTH Primary Adrenal Insufficiency-Low Cortisol (Gand is destroyed) Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency- Moderate increase in Cortisol (Sluggish Response)

Output: Describe ACTH Stimulation Test


Input: An enzyme blockage that results in low Cortisol levels results in High ACTH causing Adrenal Hyperplasia

Output: What causes Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?


Input: Promote Synthesis and Store Energy Insulin Growth Hormone (GH)

Output: Anabolic hormones


Input: Break down Fuel stores and release energy (ATP Production) Cortisol Glucagon Catecholamines

Output: Catabolic Hormones


Input: Exocrine: Produces digestive enzymes Endocrine: Produces Insulin (Beta-Cells), Glucagon (Alpha-Cells), and Somatostatin (Delta-Cells)

Output: Functions of the pancreas


Input: Consists of 2 polypeptides, Alpha and Beta connected by 2 disulfide bridges. Beta-chain contains core biological function (B24 + B25) Alpha-chain contains speces-specific sites

Output: Describe morphology of insulin


Input: Insulin is synthesized preproinsulin (Signal peptide+C-peptide+Insulin). Signal peptide and C-peptide are cleaved producing proinsulin ans insulin respectively.

Output: Secretion of Insulin


Input: The liver removes 50% of insulin in a single pass (Insulin half-life= 4-6 minutes). The liver does not remove C-Peptide- C+I released in 1:1 ratio, diagnostically useful

Output: Clearance of Insulin


Input: Tyrosine Kinase Receptors 2A+2B subunits Receptors can be downregulated (internalized)(Diabetes) or Upregulated (Exercise and Fasting)

Output: Insulin Receptors


Input: ↓Lipolysis ↓Proteolysis ↓Gluconeogenesis

Output: Insulin physiologic effects


Input: Early Phase: Initial burst of insulin 10 minutes after a meal (Fusion of docked insulin granules) sensitizes receptors (Absent in DMII) Late Phase: Gradual increase in insulin (Mobilisation from pool)

Output: Biphasic Secretion of Insulin


Input: Metabolic Components Glucose Amino Acids Fatty Acids Ketones Hormonal Componenets Growth Hormone Glucagon Intesinal Nutrients GI Hormones (Incretins: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP))

Output: Factors Stimulating Insulin Secretion


Input: Incretins (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)) are released by the GI increase insulin release before glucose rises in blood and enhances Insulin reaction to glucose

Output: What effect does Incretins have on Insulin release


Input: Insulin Epinephrine Serotonin

Output: Factors Inhibiting Insulin Secretion


Input: Liver: Inhibits glucose production Muscle: Promotes glucose uptake and protein synthesis Adipose Tissue: Increases storage of fatty acids

Output: Major Tissues Insulin Acts on


Input: Glut1&3: Ubiquitous- Insulin Independent, Mediates basal glucose uptake, High glucose affinity Glut2:Pancreatic B-cells+Hepatic Cells- Insulin Independent, Low affinity for glucose (Regulatory Capacity) Glut4: SK Muscle, Heart, Adipose Tissue- Transporters are internally sequestered and require Insluin signal

Output: Glucose Transporters and function


Input: Glucose is transported into the cell vie Glut2 and converted to Pyruvate+ATP+NADPH Increase in ATP and NADPH closes K+ Channel Closing K+ causes depolarization and opening of voltage gated Ca++ channel Increased Ca++ trigger exocytosis of Insulin granules

Output: Steps of Insulin secretion regulation


Input: Sulfonylurea drugs close ATP-Sensitive K+ channels causing influx of Ca++ and exocytosis of Insulin granules

Output: How do Sulfonylurea drugs increase insulin release


Input: Insulin present: FFA's converted to VLDL and Triglycerides Insulin absent: FFA's converted into Ketone acids. May result in Ketoacidosis (Only brain is capable of utilizing Ketone Acids for ATP production (During starvation))

Output: What is the effect of insulin on FFA conversion in the liver?


Input: Absolute or Reative deficiency of insulin/excess of Glucagon Absolute-Lack of Insulin production Relative- Insensitivity to Inslulin Causes Hyperglycemia and 3 "Poly's" Polyurea- Excess glucose acts as osmotic diuretic Polydipsia- Dehydration from osmotic diuresis Polyphagia- Resistance of Insulin receptors in hypothalamus regulating appetite + Low Intracellular Glucose

Output: Characteristics of Diabetes Millitus


Input: High Fat Diet, Not High Sugar Diet Trans-fats increase risk Polyunsaturated fats decrease risk by increasing membrane fluidity

Output: Diet which predisposes DMII


Input: Obeisity causes increase in Tumor Necrosis Factor-A (TNF-A) causing inflamation and alters insulin receptor

Output: Link between obeisity and Diabetes


Input: High trans-fat diet High glycemic index foods (processed carbs and high fructose corn syrup) Meat & Iron Low Vitamin D (Vit. D reduces systemic inflamation) Low activity Smoking Genetics (More so than DM1)

Output: Risk factors for DMII


Input: Insulin Resistance- Euglycemia + Hyperinsulinemia (Excess insulin produced to control glucose) Impaired Glucose Tolerance- Hyperglycemia + Hyperinsulinemia (Cells increse resistance to high levels of insulin) Diabetic- Hyperglycemic+Hypoinsulinemic (Insulin production is exhausted and blood glucose is unregulated)

Output: Insulin and glucose levels in developing diabetes


Input: Post-receptor defect

Output: Most common cause of insulin resistance


Input: Tissues with Glut1 receptors allow high amounts of glucose into cells This causes Advanced Glycation End Products- Glucose molecules binding to cellular proteins causing disfunction High amounts of glucose in cells alters metabolism of glucose into deleterious forms.

Output: Pathophysiology of Hyperglycemia


Input: Kidney Failure Cardiovascular Disease Retinopathy Microvascular (Resulting in amputation)

Output: Complications of hyperglycemia


Input: Occurs during hypoglycemia <40mg/dl GH, Epi, NE, Cortisol, and Glucagon all act on the liver to increase glucose production

Output: What hormones are involved in the Counter-Regulatory response


Input: Mobilization of Glucose in the liver Increase Gluconeogenesis Increase Glycolysis Increases Ketogenesis in the liver Directs FFA to B-oxidation to Ketone Acids

Output: Effects of Glucagon


Input: Synthesized as preproglucagon, converted to proglucagon, and glucagon Increase synthesis Low Glucose Low FFA Epi/NE Inhibit Synthesis High Glucose+FFA Somatostatin Insulin

Output: Glucagon synthesis


Input: 1. Activates osteoclasts to release Ca++ from bone (resorption) 2. Icreases reabsorption in distal tubules (kidneys) 3. Activation of Vitamin D to increase Ca absorption from the GI tract.

Output: PTH increases serum Ca++ in what ways


Input: Regulation of blood Ca++ and PO4- by: Increasing bone resorbtion Increase kidney resorbtion of Ca++ Increase PO4- secretion in kidney Increase convertion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Output: What is the function of PTH


Input: Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity and is stimulated by hypercalcemia

Output: What is the function of Calcitonin


Input: Excess bone resorbtion and demineralization

Output: What can result from excess Vitamin D


Input: Increases transcription of Calcium binding protein, increasing intestinal absorbtion of Ca++ and PO4- Increases reabsorbtion of Ca++ in distal tubules

Output: Actions of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol


Input: PTH regulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for converstion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Occurs in the kidney)

Output: Vitamin D Regulation


Input: Secondary Hypoparathyroidism due to excess Vitamin D

Output: ↓ PTH, ↑ Ca, ↑ phosphate


Input: Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Vitamine D deficiency

Output: ↑ PTH, ↓ Ca, ↓ phosphate


Input: Primary Hypoparathyroidism: Surgical Removal of Parathyroid or Autoimmunity

Output: ↓ PTH, ↓ Ca, ↑ phosphate


Input: Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid Adenoma or Ectopic Parathyroid Secreting Tumor

Output: ↑ PTH, ↑ Ca, ↓ phosphate


Input: Phosphate and Calcium precipitate forming Hydroxyapatite in the osteoid matrix

Output: Composition of Bone


Input: A business owned by one person [sole proprietorship]

Output: Proprietorship

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: requirement that an owner is personally and fully responsible for all losses and debts of a business; applies to proprietorships, general partnerships. [sole proprietorship]

Output: Unlimited Liability

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stocks of goods held in reserve; includes finished goods waiting to be sold and raw materials to be used in production [sole proprietorship]

Output: Inventory

Economics Ch.3 Sec. 1 Key Terms Flashcards - Cram.com