Input: -engine for the body -Metabolism -not much room to grow -swallowing displaces thyroid up for palpation [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: thyroid gland

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: TSH made by the pituitary gland [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: regulation of secretion from thyroid

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increased calcium drawn out which could lead to renal calcium [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: a benign tumor in the parathyroid gland could cause...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Alpha: make glucagon -Beta: make amylin (suppresses glucogon secretion after meals: use enzyme to produce an injection diabetic patient can give themselves after meals to decrease glucose and feel full -delta: makes somatastatin: breaks down carbs, proteins, fat and gastrin. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Endocrine pancreatic cells

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: adrenal cortex [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: middle of adrenal gland known as

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ACTH (from anterior pituitary) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: adrenal cortex stimulated by

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -glucocorticoids: cortisol-protects body during stress: ESSENTIAL to life -mineralocrticoids: aldosterone: helps conserve sodium an dplays in renin-angiotensin mechanism for BP: not enough causes BP to decrease, too much causes increase BP -Adrenal estrogen and androgen: females get androgen and males get estrogen in small doses. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: cortex secretes...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cortex and medulla [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: 2 parts of adrenal gland

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: catecholamines: fight or flight response: epinephrine and norepinephrine [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: medulla

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If glucose doesn’t reach your cells, they begin to weaken. Also, the unused sugar builds up in your blood stream damaging everything from your blood vessels to your organs. There are 2 common types of diabetes, referred to as ‘type 1′ and ‘type 2′. Broadly speaking, ‘type 1′ diabetes occurs earlier in life, usually in childhood, and basically means that your pancreas is not producing any insulin at all, or producing far less than your body needs. ‘Type 2′ diabetes occurs later in life, usually in your 40s, and occurs when your body is making insulin, but is not able to make proper use of it. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Description of Diabetes...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ADH and Oxytocin [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: two hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ADH [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: what hormone determines the concentration of urine?

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: thirsty, neurologic changes, convulsions [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of low sodium (hyponatremia)

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: syndrome of inappropriate ADH production [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: SIADH...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: holding too much fluid (by holding too much ADH), leads to hypertension, edema, water intoxication [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pathophysiology of SIADH

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hyponatremia! [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: commong problem associated with SIADH

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: give hypertonic fluid [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: treatment of SIADH

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -hot, tired out even though feeling hyper, tachycardia, more acne, anxious and irritable, pt can eat lots but never gain any weight. See this in elderly--can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of hyperthyroid

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: slow HR using a beta blocker identify where the problem is with a blood test and do a scan with use of dye give radioactive iodine for pt to drink and it kills the thyroid tissue: can lead to hypothyroidism [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: treatment of hyperthyroid

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: body produces antibodies to thyroid and causes hormones to spill out [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: graves...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pt has exopthlamus (bulging eyes) rash: comes and goes even after treatment. goiter! tachycardic and weight loss [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of graves

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: depression [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypothyroidism commonly mistaken for

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: weight gain, lethargic, cold, dry and brittle hair [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of hypothyroidism

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: general explanation [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: if the problem is pituitary making too much TSH, both levels will be high, but if the pituitary isn't making enough, both will be low. But if the problem is the thyroid, the levels will be opposite.

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: severe, absolute lack of insulin caused by loss of beta cell function. Can be GENETIC, AUTOIMMUNE OR ENVIRONMENTAL, most types are from beta cell autoantibodies and antibodies to insulin [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: patho of DM type 1

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: weight loss and 3 P's (polydipsia, polyuria and polyphagia) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of DM type 1

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypoglycemia at night followed by rebound hyperglycemia in the morning [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: somogyi effect

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: early morning rise in blood sugar with no hypoglycemia in the night. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: dawn phenomena

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they are both directly related to the increased level of glucose. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: what causes the microvascular and macrovascular problems associated with diabetes?

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -retinopathy (eyes): retinal ischemia resulting from blood vessel changes and RBC's aggregation, factors are age and length of diagnosis -nephropathy: most common cause of end stage renal failure. Microalbuminuria is the first manifestation of renal dysfunction, leading to proteinuria that is continuous; as kidney cont. to dysfunction we may see more hypoglycemia because they are unable to clear the insulin as quickly [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: examples of microvascular affects of diabetes type 2?

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: PAD (peripheral artery disease) and CAD (coronary artery disease) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: examples of macrovascular affects of diabetes type 2

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hyperfunction of adrenal cortex [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: cushings...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: excessive anterior pituitary production of ACTH leading to elevated cortisol; excessive cortisol despite the ACTH levels [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: patho of cushings

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: weight gain (moon face and buffalo hump), sodium and water retention, glucose intolerance, muscle wasting, weakness, bone loss, hyperpigmentations, HTN, suppressed immune system, hypokalemia. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of cushings

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -primary adrenal insufficiency -low level of cortisol secretion, rare, caused by autoimmune problems (more common in women). [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Addison's disease...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increase in respiration rate [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: increased level of CO2 in the blood causes...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mechanical movement of air in and out: not a good measure of how adequate breathing is. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: ventilation...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: actual getting oxygen to the tissues [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: perfusion...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: general information [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: there's usually a negative pressure in the lungs that sucks the tissue against the chest wall. with out this pressure, the alveoli shrivel and can't expand. -if something punctures the pleural cavity, air rushes in and positive pressure builds and shifts the stuff in the mediastinum. this is a tension pneumothorax and this is why we put in chest tubes.

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: space between the lungs -esophagus, trachea, heart and great vessels located there. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: mediastinum...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -subjective -sensation of shortness of breath [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: dyspnea

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: kussmaul cheyne-stokes [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: abnormal breathing patterns

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increased respiratory rate, breathe in a lot but only exhale a little: runners: increase oxygen, not blowing off enough carbon dioxide [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: kussmaul...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: periods of shallow breathing that lead to deep breathing leading to apnea -see it at end of life due to decreased blood flow to the brainstem: hypotensive [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: cheyne-stokes

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: less than 12 breaths/minute [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypoventilation

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: greater than 24 [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hyperventilation

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypocapnia which leads to resp. alkalosis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hyperventilation leads to

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypercapnia which leads to respiratory acidosis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypoventilation leads to

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: central: lips and face peripheral: nail beds-tissue! [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: cyanosis: central vs peripheral

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: enlargement of end of digit related to chronic decreased oxygen. leads to hypoxia in the tissue [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: clubbing

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: s/s of pulmonary disease: acute vs chronic: dry vs productive [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: cough

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: blood in sputum [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: heoptysis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: change in sputum; normal is thin and clear, anything else is abnormal [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: abnormal sputum

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: too much carbon dioxide [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypercapnia

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: not enough oxygen in the blood [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypoxemia

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -occurs with pt with resp history -PaOxygen drops to 50--will need ventilation or respiratory support -PaCarbon dioxide rises to 50--acute respiratory failure [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: acute respiratory failure

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: excess fluid, water in lung: crackles in lower lobes: pink, frothy sputum [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pulmonary edema

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inflammation of small bronchioles that lead to alveoli: seen in children less than 5 years old [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: bronchiolitis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: persistent, abnormal enlargment of bronchi: leads to CF [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: bronchiectasis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: air or gas in pleural space: lungs shrivel up to the mediastinum [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pneumothorax

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: presence of fluid in pleural space: NOT in lung [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: effusion

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: r/t obesity: multiple trauma: deformed chest wall, muscle wasting, immobility [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chest wall restriction

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: instability of a portion of chest wall: 4-5 ribs fractured in a row: lung will bubble up and cause instability with the ribs: needs stability: wrap the chest to treat and promote healing [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: flail chest

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: diffuse capillary injury seen in pts in the ICU caused by sepsis and multiple trauma [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -reversible -hyperresponsiveness to an allergen: leads to diffuse mucous production and inflammation of airway -expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, nonproductive cough during flare up: chest feels tight -tx with fast acting inhaler to open airway: ;makes cough become more productive and avoid triggers! [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Asthma

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: COPD

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -blue bloaters -productive cough for three months in 2 consecutive years (most often in the fall or spring): not reversible -pt will have bronchial edema, increased risk for infection -treat after assessing the sputum [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chronic bronchitis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -pink puffers -permanent enlargment of alveoli and lose recoil ability: this traps air and increases chest diameter: no fibrosis -prevention is key - [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: emphysema

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -symptoms are correlated with how much blood is being obstructed -chest pain and short of breath initially -caused by venous stasis, vessel injury, hypercoagulability, thrombus formation, dislodgement, occlusion of pulmonary circulation, clinical problems, tissue death -tx: clot busters: anticoagulants: heparin drips: 6-8 hours to therapeutic (3 days) then coumadin. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: PE: pulmonary embolism

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -acute laryngotracheobronchitis -common in children 6mo.-5years -caused by virus (parainfluenza, influenza A or RSV) -obstruction below epiglottis -barking cough, stridor -tx: clod air, will spontaneously resolve, may need nebulizing steroids [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: croup

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occurs in premis with an immediate onset -due to no surfactant production or very little -s/s: tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions -steroids increase production of surfactant. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: respiratory distress of the newborn

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: WHEEZING [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: asthmatic breath sounds =

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unknown cause most common between 3-4mo. -most common in premies, boys, multiple births [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1.2 million in the kidney -functioning aspect of the kidney [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: nephron

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: best indication of kidney function -tells us how well the blood is moving through the functioning units and how well they're filtering -if not filtering well, creatinine and BUN will be elevated in the blood stream. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: GFR

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -sodium reabsorbed and potassium secreted -principles cells: reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium -intercalulated cells: reabsorb bicarb and potassium: secrete H: leading to acid base imbalance [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: distal tubule

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: affects kidneys at the distal tubule by preventing the reabsorption of sodium which leads to increased water loss and increased potassium loss. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: lasix

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: loop of henle to the medulla of the kidney where urine is concentrated. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: proximal tubule joins the

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: turbulent blood flow in renal artery: indicative of increased blood pressure [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: bruit is

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: responsible for RBC production and supplies renal oxygen. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: erythropoeitin

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: calcium oxylate [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: kidney stones are most often made of

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: flank pain and hematuria [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: most common sign of kidney infection

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urine stasis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: risk factor for kidney infection

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: caused by obstruction in the ureter or bladder -causes urine to back up into kidney and cause renal failure [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Post renal kidney infection...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -e. coli -low back pain, confusion, dysuria, polyuria [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: UTI: cause and s/s

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pyelonephritis causes more systemic problems and s/s [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pyelonephritis vs uti

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: acute fever, flank pain, dysuria [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: peylonephritis s/s

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: scarring to the kidney which causes damage to the nephrons which leads to chronic renal failure [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chronic phylonephritis is most damaging because it causes

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -normochromic normocytic anemia -10-13% of nephrons are functioning: increased toxins in the body -fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to decreased function of distal tubules -decreased calcium causes parathyroid hormone to pull calcium out of bones. -uremia=protein breakdown accumulation in the blood: this is why we limit protein intake -increased incidence of GI bleed d/t uremia causing inflammation in the colon -pruritis d/t calcium and uremia build up. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chronic renal failure

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: diabetes [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chronic renal failure can be caused by what specific systemic disease

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -insufficiency: slow decrease in function -failure: slow decrease in function followed by systemic effects -end stage: decreased function to 10% [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: stages of chronic renal failure

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: impaired blood flow to the kidneys (post trauma) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: acute renal failure caused by

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -sodium and water loss: leads to hold on to water and potassium which leads to edema -pruritis due to urea and calcium levels -immunosuppresion -anemia: decreased production of erythropoietin which leads to RBCs -cardiac hypertension [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: chronic renal failure will have the following clinical s/s

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urethral meatus is on the under (ventral) surface of the penis: caused by adv. maternal age, environment [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: hypospadias

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: presence of urethral opening on the dorsal surfface (upper) of the penis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: epispadias

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: only have one kidney [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: renal agensis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -retrograde flow of urine back to the ureters: may need surgical repair -s/s: UTIs, fever, poor growth and development [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: vesicoureteral reflux

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Grade I: reflux into non-dilated distal ureter -Grade II: reflux into pelvis with out dilation -Grade III: reflux with dilated ureter -Grade IV: reflux with grossly dilated ureter and calyces -Grade V: massive reflux and tortuous dilation and effacement of calyces. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: five grades of vesicoureteral reflux

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -upper: stops air from getting in to the stomach -lower: stops gastric acid from getting up in the esophagus [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: 2 sphincters of the stomach

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: enzyme that initiates digestion of carbs [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: ptylin

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: movement that coordinates contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the esophagus (just the last 2/3, upper 1/3 is done manually) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: peristalsis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: duodenum to jejunum to ileum to ileocecal vavlve to large intestine [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: small intestine breakdown...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: functional unit of digestion system [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: villi

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: secum to appendix to colon (ascending-right side, transverse, descending-left side) to sigmoid to rectum to anus [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: large intestine breakdown

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lower left quadrant due to descending and sigmoid colon placement [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: common place to have pain due to colon

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: movement coordinated with contraction and relaxation of muscles in esophagus: just last 2/3; upper 1/3 is voluntary [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: peristalsis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: juodenum to jejunum to ileum to ileocecal valve to secum to appendix to (right side) ascending colon, transverse colon to (left side) descending colon to sigmoid to rectum to anus [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: intestines in order

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: left lower quadrant due to placement of the descending colon and sigmoid colon [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: most common place to have abdominal pain due to colon?

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bile salts (made in the gall bladder) + vit. k (synthesized in the liver) = clotting factors [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: gall bladders importance with clotting factors

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: decline in normal stool pattern [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: constipation

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: passing of water with stool not just loose stool -babies will have water rings around their stool [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: diarrhea

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they don't change quickly with acute blood loss [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: why aren't hematocrit and hemoglobin levels not the best way to judge blood loss?>

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: RF: smoking, increased age, meds (nsaids and asa), alcohol, chronic disease, h. pylori, stress -duodenal and gastric [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: PUD: peptic ulcer disease: risk factors and 2 types

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -duodenal: most common in young people: cause-H. pylori and NSAIDS: penetration of mucosal barriers: epigastric pain immediately after eating: WEIGHT LOSS -Gastric: seen in older pts. increase in mucosal barrier permeability to hydrogen ions (acid), they have 214/7 stomach aches that are relieved with eating but pain occurs 10-15 minutes after eating. [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: duodenal vs. gastric

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -obstruction in portal venous system or superior vena cava -caused most commonly by cirrhosis -increased pressure in the liver (pt won't necessarily have systemic HTN) -can lead to varices (similiar to aneurysm) in esophagus and can bleed out.) this also causes ascitis! [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: portal hypertension

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: fats (but the bile salts aren't even produced until about 30 minutes after the meal by the liver so this is why it takes so long for fats to be digested) [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: bile salts absorb

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: amylase and lipase [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pancreas secretes

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: damage, blocked pancreatic duct (autodigestion occurs) and it becomes enlarged and mushy: usually d/t chronic alcohol use -s/s are n/v, ascites and abdominal pain [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: acute pancreatitis is cause by...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter muscle -more common in full term white boys -leads to projectile vomiting and nothing else at wk 2 or 3 [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: pyloric stenosis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: meconium caused intestinal obstruction in a newborn. made up of intestinal secretion and amniotic secretions: kids have problems within the 1st 24 hours of life: they will vomit -first indication of possible cystic fibrosis [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: meconium ileus...

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -kwashiorkor: protein -marasmus: overall nutrients [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: child nutrition deficiencies

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) 35-45 2) 21-28 3) 7.35-7.45 [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: Acid Base Imbalance Ranges: 1) carbon dioxide 2) bicarb 3) pH

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: HA, lethargy, kussmaul respirations [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of metabolic acidosis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, shallow slow respirations, confjusion, convulstions, atrial tachycardia [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of metabolic alkalosis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: blurred vision, breathlessness, restlessness, apprehnsion -skin is warm and flushed: increased carbon dioxide causes the vasodilation [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of respiratory acidosis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities: coma: vasoconstriction decreases cerebral blood flow [Anterior pituitary located...]

Output: s/s of respiratory alkalosis

Pathophysiology Chapters 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the method of locating unkown position on a mapp called [2]

Output: Resections


Input: [1] What is method of locating unkown points on a mapp called [2]

Output: Intersections


Input: [1] 3 parts of a protractor are [2]

Output: Index point base line scaled outer edge


Input: [1] What are the 3 norths and how are they symbolized on a map [2]

Output: true north with a star Grid north with GM Maginec north with broken arrow


Input: [1] What graphic scale is most commonly used by marines [2]

Output: meters


Input: [1] How close with a 4 6 8 diget grid get you [2]

Output: 4 1000 6 100 4 10 10 1


Input: [1] Every 5th contour line from zero elevation is called [2]

Output: Index Contour line


Input: [1] What is the distance between contour lines called [2]

Output: Contour Interval


Input: [1] What do contour lines on a map show [2]

Output: Elevation and relief


Input: [1] Where is a map legend found [2]

Output: bottom left


Input: [1] What 4 things are the squad leaders responible for [2]

Output: Tactical employment fire discipline fire control maneuver of the squad


Input: [1] 3 phases of offensive combat [2]

Output: Prepatory phase conduct phase Consolidation reorganzation phase


Input: [1] What article of ucmj deals with the rights of the accused [2]

Output: Article 31


Input: [1] What are the punitive ariticles of the ucmj [2]

Output: 77-134


Input: [1] What is article 15 [2]

Output: NJP


Input: [1] What is article 91 [2]

Output: Disrespect or insurbordinate condut to an NCO


Input: [1] What are the 4 sources of miltary law [2]

Output: US Constition International Law UCMJ Court decisions


Input: [1] What is article 87 [2]

Output: Missing a movement


Input: [1] What is the purpose of NJP [2]

Output: To give the commander a essitenl and prompt means of maintaining good order and discipline


Input: [1] What is the purpose of a prliminary inquiry [2]

Output: Give the Commander pertinent information of the matter so that the officer with NJP authourity can decide whether not to due NJP


Input: [1] Origin [2]

Output: anchor point of agonist; attachment of a muscle that remain relatively fixed during muscular contraction


Input: [1] Insertion [2]

Output: Point of movement of agonist; moveable attachment of muscle


Input: [1] agonist [2]

Output: Generate specific movement


Input: [1] antagonist [2]

Output: oppositional modulation movement


Input: [1] Synergist [2]

Output: additional effort to support antagonist


Input: [1] fixator [2]

Output: stabilze origin of agonist


Input: [1] fulcrum [2]

Output: part of the lever system; the fixed point


Input: [1] First-class Lever [2]

Output: the fulcrum is in the middle


Input: [1] Second Class Lever [2]

Output: the load is in the middle


Input: [1] Third - Class Lever [2]

Output: the effort is in the middle


Input: [1] What are 5 ways muscles are named [2]

Output: Location Shape Orientation Number of heads Action


Input: [1] Mechanical Advantage [2]

Output: power lever; Condition that occurs when the load is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum; allows a small effort exerted over a relatively large distance to move a large load over a small distance


Input: [1] Mechanical Disadvantage [2]

Output: Speed Lever - condition that occurs when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum; the effort applied must be greater than than the load to be moved


Input: [1] epimysium [2]

Output: sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle


Input: [1] perimysium [2]

Output: Connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers


Input: [1] fascicle [2]

Output: bundles of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue


Input: [1] Direct Attachment [2]

Output: called a fleshy attachment) is where the perimysium and epimysium of the muscle unite and fuse with the periosteum of a bone, perichondrium of a cartilage, a joint capsule, or the connective tissue underlying the skin


Input: [1] Tendon [2]

Output: cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone


Input: [1] Raphe [2]

Output: the line of union of the halves of various symmetrical parts.


Input: [1] Apponeurosis [2]

Output: fibrous or membranous sheet connection a muscle and the part it moves


Input: [1] Ligament [2]

Output: band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones


Input: [Market Order] Limit Order

Output: The highest price you are willing to pay on buying; Or, the lowest price you are willing to accept on selling

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Market

Output: Becomes a market order once the activation (stop) is reached.

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Market - Buy Orders

Output: Activation Price must be above the current ask

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Market - Sell Orders

Output: Activation Price must be below the current bid

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Limit

Output: Enter two prices: Activation Price, and Limit Price

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Limit - Buy Orders [3] Protect against gap up on buy-to-cover

Output: Set Activation and Limit Price at current price for open

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Stop Limit - Sell Orders [3] Protect against gap down on sell order

Output: Set Activation and Limit Price at current price for open

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Bid

Output: Price someone wants to pay to buy a stock

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Market Order] Ask

Output: Price someong wants to get to sell a stock

Stock Market Trading Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] in our minds we carry a "______ ___ for various group situations. [2]

Output: social map


Input: [1] We have a mental image of the new group with an underlying pattern of social relationship called _____ ____. [2]

Output: social structure


Input: [1] we are not born with mental maps we must learn them from others give example [2]

Output: king, queen or jack=privileged 10,9,8,7= semi privileged 6,5,4= not privileged 3,2, and ace are inferior


Input: [1] What do sociologists mean by status? [2]

Output: people may refer to themselves as students, doctors, welders, secretary, mother, or sons


Input: [1] The labels refer to a status which is [2]

Output: a position a person occupies within a social structure


Input: [1] _____ ______ is neither earned nor chosen; itis assigned to us. [2]

Output: ascribed status


Input: [1] example of ascribed status [2]

Output: at birth, we are either a male or fe.do not choose our gender. in some societies, religion & social classes are ascribed by the family


Input: [1] ________ ______ is earned or chosen. [2]

Output: achieved status


Input: [1] _____ ______ is possible where people have some degree of control and choice [2]

Output: achieving status


Input: [1] An individual can decide to become a spouse or a parent. occupations are also achieved statuses in modern societies where people have freedom to choose their work. [2]

Output: achieved status


Input: [1] _____ ___ is all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time. [2]

Output: status set


Input: [1] a student might be a tennis player, a brother, a tutor, and a store clerk. [2]

Output: status set


Input: [1] ____ _____ are important because thery influence most other aspects of the person's. [2]

Output: master statuses


Input: [1] An expected behavior associated with a particular stsus is a ____. [2]

Output: role


Input: [1] Status describes _____, roles describe _________. [2]

Output: positions; behaviors


Input: [1] ____ are behaviors that individuals expect from others. [2]

Output: rights


Input: [1] _______ are behaviors tht individuals are expected to perform toward others. [2]

Output: obligations


Input: [1] ______ and ____ provide the basis for group life. [2]

Output: statuses; roles


Input: [1] When people interact with each other socially that they ____ in the roles attached to their statuses. [2]

Output: perform


Input: [1] ___ ______ is the actual conduct, or behavior, involved in carrying out (or performing) a role. [2]

Output: role performance


Input: [1] ___ ______ is the process of influencing each other as people relate. [2]

Output: social interaction


Input: [1] How does play-acting differ from social interactions? [2]

Output: Play-analogy is a valid one but is dangerous to take too far. Do not rehearse lines.


Input: [1] exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with the performance of a role in another. [2]

Output: role conflict


Input: [1] occurs when a person had trouble meeting many roles connected with a single status. [2]

Output: role strain


Input: [1] the ___ and ___ ___ of a society are greatly affected by the way the society provides for basic needs [2]

Output: culture; social structure


Input: [1] a ___ is composed of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture. [2]

Output: society


Input: [1] Hunting & gathering societies [2]

Output: go where food was, move around from place to place, all members related by blood and or marriage.


Input: [electrical gradient] resting potential

Output: osmotic and electrostatic pressure. result of negatively charged proteins in cell

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] sodium-potassium pump

Output: protein complex, repeatedly pumping 3 Na+ out of cell and 2 K+ in

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] temporal sumation

Output: overlap of EPSPs and IPSPs in time

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] spatial summation

Output: sumation of potentials of EPSP and IPSP across cell body and dendrites

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] saltatory conduction

Output: the jumping of action potentials from one node of ranvier to the other

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] graded potentials

Output: occur when a local neuron receives information from other neurons. membrane potentials that vary in magnitude without following the all-or-none law.

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] refractory period

Output: absolute, about 1 ms after AP relative, about 2-4ms after absolute

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: [electrical gradient] roel of glia and K+ in AP

Output: glia absorbs K+ outflow from AP and transports K+ to walls of nearby arteries. K+ ions dilate artrery walls and increase flow of blood to that region.

Phys Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

difference in electrical charge inside and outside of cell


Input: Courts that determine the facts and apply the law to the facts [Jurisdiction]

Output: Trial Courts

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The authority of a court to hear a case when it is initiated, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction [Jurisdiction]

Output: Original Jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Questions relating to what happened, who, what, when, where and how [Jurisdiction]

Output: Questions of fact

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Questions relating to the interpretation or application of the law [Jurisdiction]

Output: Questions of law

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A trial conducted without a jury [Jurisdiction]

Output: Bench Trial

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A defense requiring proof that the defendant would not have committed the crime but for police trickery [Jurisdiction]

Output: Entrapment

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Courts that determine whether lower courts have made errors of law [Jurisdiction]

Output: Appellate Courts

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The party in a case who has initiated an appeal [Jurisdiction]

Output: Appellant or petitioner

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The party in a case against whom an appeal has been filed [Jurisdiction]

Output: Appellee or respondent

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A trial court error that is not sufficient to warrant reversing the decision [Jurisdiction]

Output: Harmless error

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A decision is reversed when an appellate court overturns or negates the decision of a lower court [Jurisdiction]

Output: Reverse

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When an appellate court sends a case back to the trial court for a new trial or other action [Jurisdiction]

Output: Remand

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An opinion in which a majority of the court joins [Jurisdiction]

Output: Majority opinion

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An opinion that agrees with the majority's result but disagrees with its reasoning [Jurisdiction]

Output: Concurring opinion

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An opinion that disagrees with the majority's decision and its reasoning [Jurisdiction]

Output: Dissenting opinion

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The highest federal appellate court, consisting of nine appointed members [Jurisdiction]

Output: US Supreme Court

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The intermediate appellate courts in the federal system [Jurisdiction]

Output: US Court of Appeals

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The general jurisdiction trial courts in the federal system [Jurisdiction]

Output: US District Courts

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In the federal system, all courts other than the US Supreme Court [Jurisdiction]

Output: Inferior Courts

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A court's power to hear any type of case arising within its geographical area [Jurisdiction]

Output: General Jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A court's power to hear only specialized cases [Jurisdiction]

Output: Limited jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A court order requiring a person to appear to testify at a trial or deposition [Jurisdiction]

Output: Subpoena

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When an appellate court that normally sits in panels sits as a whole [Jurisdiction]

Output: En banc

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A means of gaining appellate review; in the US Supreme Court the writ is discretionary and will be issued to another court to review a federal question if four of the nine justices vote to hear the case [Jurisdiction]

Output: Writ of certiorari

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A court established by Article III of the US Constitution [Jurisdiction]

Output: Constitutional court

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Courts created under Congress's Article I powers [Jurisdiction]

Output: Legislative courts

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A court where a permanent record is kept of the testimony, lawyers' remarks, and judges' rulings [Jurisdiction]

Output: Court of record

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When only one court has the power to hear a case [Jurisdiction]

Output: Exclusive jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When more than one court has jurisdiction to hear a case [Jurisdiction]

Output: Concurrent jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The power of the federal courts to hear matters of federal law [Jurisdiction]

Output: Federal Question Jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The power of the federal courts to hear matters of state law if the opposing parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 [Jurisdiction]

Output: Diversity jurisdiction

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The transfer of a case from one state to another or from a state court to federal court [Jurisdiction]

Output: Removal

Chapt 5-Intro to Law Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the structures in the CNS?

Output: Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) and Cerebellum Spinal Cord

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the structures of the PNS?

Output: Autonomic Nervous System Cranial Nerves and ganglia Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia Enteric Nervous System

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the results of the growth and invagination of of the neural groove?

Output: 1. Neural groove closes to form neural groove 2. Neural tube gives rise to all structures in the CNS

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the neural crest arise from?

Output: Neural crest arises from neuroectoderm as neural tube closes

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the neurons cells of PNS?

Output: postganglionic sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons, sensory ganglion neurons, enteric neurons

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the glia cells of PNS?

Output: Schwann cells, satellite cells of ganglia

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the inner meninges?

Output: arachnoid and pia mater (dura comes from mesoderm)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the spinal cord develop from?

Output: Spinal cord develops from the caudal end of the neural tube

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What forms from the rostral portions of the neural tube?

Output: 3 primary vesicles: 1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the ventricular system develop from?

Output: The Ventricular system develops from the neural tube lumen

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the cervical flexure located at?

Output: Cervical flexure is at the junction of the rhombencephalon and spinal cord

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the cephalic flexure located at?

Output: The CEPHALIC flexure is located at the junction of the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: True or False. The Pontine flexure forms later in development subdividing the rhombencephalon

Output: True

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the 5 secondary vesicles that the Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide into?

Output: There are 5: 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: As the metencephalon grows dorsally what does it form?

Output: Growth on dorsal aspect of the metencephalon results in formation of cerebellum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What flexure causes a different orientation in the longitudinal axis of the forebrain relative to the brain stem and the spinal cord?

Output: Cephalic flexure

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the Prosencephalon divide into?

Output: 1. Telencephalon: Cerebral hemisphere 2. Diencephalon: Thalamus & hypothalamus

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the Mesencephalon divide into?

Output: The Mesencephalon does not dived it is the Midbrain

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the Rhombencephalon divide to form?

Output: 1. Metencephalon: Pons 2. Myelencephalon: Medulla

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What comprises the brainstem?

Output: Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the primary embryonic divisions of the central nervous system?

Output: Forebrain (prosencephalon) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) Caudal Neural Tube

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the secondary divisions of the Central nervous system?

Output: 1a. Telencephalon 1b. Diencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3a. Metencephalon 3b. Myelencephalon Caudal Neural Tube

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the CNS Divisions of the Central Nervous System?

Output: Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What cavities belong with what division of the CNS?

Output: lateral ventricles: Cerebrum Third ventricle: Diencephalon Cerebral aqueduct: Midbrain Fourth ventricle: Pons Fourth ventricle: Medulla Central Canal: Spinal cord

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Ipsilateral

Output: on the same side

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Contralateral

Output: pertaining to, situated on, or affecting the opposite side

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Afferent

Output: afferents arrives


Input: Efferents

Output: efferents exit


Input: What are the three planes that the brain is imaged in?

Output: Horizontal, Coronal, Sagittal

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the processes of the neuron that RECEIVE signals?

Output: Dendrites

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the processes of the neuron that SEND signals?

Output: Axons

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

Output: Glutamate

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS?

Output: GABA & glycine

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are some modulatory neurotransmitters of the CNS?

Output: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, peptides

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: True or False. Glia provides support to neurons and myelination of axons/nerves.

Output: True

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the Glia cells of the nervous system?

Output: 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Schwann cells

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the job of the Astrocytes?

Output: They have multiple support functions for the nervous system

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the job of the Oligodendrocytes?

Output: 1. produce myelin in CNS -a lipid membrane that wraps axons and makes the transmission over long distances possible (white matter)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the job of Schwann cells?

Output: 1. produce myelin in the PNS 2. Ensheath peripheral nerves

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the precentral gyrus made up of? Where is it located?

Output: The precentral gyrus is made up of the primary motor cortex The precentral gyrus is located just anterior to the central sulcus

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the Eponym for the primary motor cortex?

Output: Brodmann's area 4

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the postcentral gyrus and where is it located?

Output: The postcentral gyrus is just posterior to the central sulcus and it is composed of the primary somatosensory cortex

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the Eponym for the primary somatosensory cortex?

Output: Brodmann's area 3,2,1

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: How many anatomical lobes does the brain have? What are they?

Output: 4 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the border between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

Output: Central sulcus

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where are the temporal lobes in relation to the lateral fissure?

Output: The temporal lobes are found inferior to the lateral fissures

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where are the frontal and parietal lobes found in relation to the lateral fissure?

Output: The frontal and parietal lobes are found superior to the lateral fissure

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the corpus callosum located? What is one of its major functions?

Output: on the medial surface of the brain, it is the major white matter structure connecting the right and left cerebral cortex

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Is the corpus callosum composed of axons or cell nuclei?

Output: The corpus callosum is composed of axons

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What lobe is it considered part of?

Output: The cingulate gyrus is located just above the corpus callosum and is part of the frontal lobe

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the two major components of the diencephalon?

Output: thalamus and hypothalamus they are located just inferior to the corpus collosum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where does the brainstem lie in relation to the thalamus?

Output: The brainstem lies just inferior to the thalamus

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the brainstem comprised of?

Output: From superior to inferior the brainstem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the cerebellum found in relation to the brainstem?

Output: The cerebellum is found posterior to the brainstem.

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What separates the two lateral ventricles of the brain?

Output: The septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where do the lateral ventricles drain into?

Output: The lateral ventricles drain into the third ventricle.

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where does the third ventricle lie?

Output: the third ventricle lies between the thalami and hypothalami of each side of the brain

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the cerebral aqueduct drain?

Output: The cerebral aqueduct drains the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the fourth ventricle found?

Output: The 4th ventricle is found between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What is the large artery found on the ventral surface of the pons?

Output: Basilar artery

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What fuses to form the basilar artery?

Output: The paired vertebral arteries enter the cranial vault and fuse to form the basilar artery

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Before fusing what does the vertebral arteries give rise to?

Output: Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA): laterally Anterior spinal artery (medially)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply?

Output: PICA supplies the lateral medulla and large portions of the cerebellum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

Output: The anterior spinal artery supplies the medial medulla and anterior spinal cord (ventral)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the basilar artery supply?

Output: the basilar artery supplies the pons and portions of the cerebellum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries arise from?

Output: The AICA arise from the inferior poriton of the basilar artery

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the superior portion of the basilar artery give rise to?

Output: Superior cerebellar arteries (SCA)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: True or False. The basilar artery bifurcates to give rise to the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)

Output: True

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What does the superior cerebellar arteries supply?

Output: SCA supplies superior regions of the cerebellum

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What do the proximal branches of the Posterior cerebral arteries supply?

Output: The proximal branches of the PCA supply the midbrain

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What vessels comprise the posterior circulation of the brain?

Output: Basilar artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery: PICA Anterior spinal artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery: AICA Superior cerebellar arteries: SCA Posterior cerebral arteries: PCA

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What comprises the anterior circulation of the brain?

Output: Anterior cerebral arteries and Middle cerebral artery

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What gives rise the the anterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral artery?

Output: the internal carotid arteries enter the cranium and bifurcate to form the ACA and the MCA.

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the ACA located and identifiable at?

Output: in the longitudinal fissure

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: Where is the MCA emerging from?

Output: The MCA emerges from the lateral fissure

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What do the MCA and ACA supply?

Output: They supply different portions of the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: True or False. Both an infarct of the MCA and the ACA will cause paralysis and sensory loss

Output: True Due to loss of blood supply to primary motor cortex and to primary somatosensory cortex but in different parts of the body

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the arteries that supply the cerebellum named as?

Output: superior and inferior

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the arteries that supply the cerebrum named?

Output: anterior, middle, and posterior

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: What are the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain joined by?

Output: the anterior and posterior circulations are typically joined by small communicating arteries to form the Circle of Willis

Neuroanatomy Unit 1 Flashcards - Cram.com

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System


Input: rcc wilms oncocytoma adenoma angiomyolipoma transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or calyces mets, lung colon melanoma rcc lymphoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: solid renal neoplasm

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumors cystic/necrotic rcc multilocular rcc cystic wilm's tumor true cysts cortical cysts medullary cystic disease adult polycystic kidney disease cysts in systemic disease-vhl, ts endstage renal failure infectious cysts other hydronephrosis/duplicated renal artery aneurysm abscess [renal mass lesions]

Output: cystic renal masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: angiomyolipoma rcc milk of calcium cyst nephritis xgp emphysematous pyelonephritis focal nephritis candidiasis hematoma infarction lesions that mimic renal sinus fat duplicated collecting system [renal mass lesions]

Output: hyperechoic renal mass

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumors tcc rcc lymphoma bellini duct carcinoma other renal artery aneurysm renal sinus hemorrhage complicated parapelvic cyst [renal mass lesions]

Output: renal sinus mass

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: renal mets infarction lobar nephritis [renal mass lesions]

Output: wedge shaped renal lesion

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inflammation glomerulonephritis glomerulosclerosis-htn, dm aids related nephropathy interstitial nephritis: SLE, vasculitis ATN HUS multipl myeloma endstage renal disease medullary or cortical nephrocalcinosis infantile polycystic kidney disease [renal mass lesions]

Output: diffusely hyperechoic kidneys

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumors cysts rcc infection tb metastatic calcification medullary nephrocalcinosis cortical nephrocalcinosis collecting system calculi [renal mass lesions]

Output: renal calcifications

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: angiomyolipoma lipoma replacement lipomatosis [renal mass lesions]

Output: fat in kidney

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: normal variant perirenal hemorrhage (trauma, anticoagulants, adrenal hemorrhage) cyst rupture sle polyarteritis nodosa [renal mass lesions]

Output: hypoechoic perirenal fat

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor tcc papilloma leukoplakia, malakoplakia mobile filling defect blood clot sloughed papilla calculus fungus ball other vascular impression, collateral vessels artificial overlying bowel gas [renal mass lesions]

Output: filling defect in colecting system

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pyelonephritis obstruction (chronic) sickle cell disease TB cirrhosis, ethanol analgesic, phenacetin renal vein thrombosis diabetes [renal mass lesions]

Output: papillary necrosis POSTCARD

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prerenal (15%) RAS hypotension renal (70%) acute glomerulonephritis ATN-radiodine, ab, anesthesia, ischemia, transplants acute cortical necrosis-pregnancy related, sepsis, dehydration tubular precipitation-uric acid, hemolysis, myeloma acute interstitial nephritis-antibiotics papillary necrosis-analgesic, sickle cell, DM renal vein thrombosis postrenal obstruction-stone, stricture [renal mass lesions]

Output: delayed (persistent ) neprhogram (same ddx as renal failure))

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: striations medullary sponge kidney early papillary necrosis pyelosinus or pyelovenous backflow in obstruction\ interstitial edema focal collections late papillary necrosis calyceal diverticulum cavity from cyst rupture abcess [renal mass lesions]

Output: extracalyceal contrast agent

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: obstruction (calculi, tumor, acute, chronic) papillary necrosis congenital megacalyces calyceal diverticulum reflux [renal mass lesions]

Output: dilated calyces/collecting system

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor cystic diseaes (APCKD) malignancy leukemia lymphoma multiple myeloma inflammation (acute) glomerulonephritis interstitial nephritis collagen vascular disease ATN Metabolic amyloid DM storage disease, acromegaly Vasular bilateral renal vein thrombosis [renal mass lesions]

Output: bilaterally enlarged kidneys

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chronic inflammation-pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis bilateral RAS reflux (chronic infection) [renal mass lesions]

Output: bilaterally small kidneys

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia addison disease milk alkali sarcoid carcinomatosis hyperparathyroidism, secondary myeloma immobilization D vitamin thiazides [renal mass lesions]

Output: hypercalcemia PAM SCHMIDT

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor rcc other-lymphoma, tcc, wilms adrenal tumors gonadal tumors pancreatic carcinoma extraluminal compression or renal vein by retroperitoneal tumors renal disease (often with nephrotic syndrome) membranous glomerulonephritis SLE amyloidosis other hypercoagulable states extension of ovarian vein, IVC thrombosis trauma, surgery transplant rejection [renal mass lesions]

Output: renal vein thrombosis

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: functional-primary megaureter mechanical stensosis ureteral stricture bladder outlet obstruction urethral stricture [renal mass lesions]

Output: dilated ureter due to obstruction

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: other diuresis [renal mass lesions]

Output: dilated ureter secondary to reflux

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor tcc mets lymphadenopathy inflammatory tb-corkscrew appearance schistosomiasis-compl. is scc pelvic disease-chrohns, pid congenital ectopic ureterocele primary megaureter congenital stenosis metabolic, drugs morphine methysergie, retroperitoneal fibrosis trauma iatrogenic radiation vascualr aortic, iliac artery aneurysm ovarian vein syndrome lymphocele other endometriosis-smooth, extrinsic stone [renal mass lesions]

Output: ureteral stricture TIC MTV

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: wall ureteritis cystica allergic mucosal bullae pseudodiverticulosis vascular impression multiple papillomas melanoma mets subureotheliala hemorrhage lulminal calculi (lucent, opaque) blood clot sloughed papillae fungus ball air bubbles [renal mass lesions]

Output: multiple ureteral filling defects

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: congenital ureteritis cystica tb [renal mass lesions]

Output: ureteral diverticula

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lateral deviation bulky retroperitoneal adenopathy primary retroperitoneal tumors aortic aneurysm retroperitoneal fluid collection malrotated kidney ovarian/urterine masses medial deviation posterior bladder diverticulum uterine fibroids retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with aortic aneursym, methysergide, idiopathic, malignancy-related postoperative (node dissxn) enlarged prostate (j-shaped ureter) retrocaval ureter (only on right) [renal mass lesions]

Output: deviated ureters

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor tcc lymphoma inflammation radiation cystitis infectious cystitis inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis, focal diverticulitis outlet obstruction benign prostatic hyperplasia urethral stricture neurogenic [renal mass lesions]

Output: bladder wall thickening

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor primary-tcc, scc mets endometriosis polyps infection pid parasite infection-schistosomiasis related to infection- leukoplakia, malakoplakia, cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis luminal calculi blood clot foreign bodies bph [renal mass lesions]

Output: bladder filling defect

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: primary tcc scc adenocarcinoma pheochromocytoma from bladder wall rare-rhabdomyosarcoma, leiyomyosarcoma, primary lymphoma secondary mets hematogenous-melanoma>stomach>breast direct ext-prostate>uterus>colon lymphoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: bladder neoplasm

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chronic bacterial infection chronic bladder catheterization bladder outlet obstructin schistosomiasis renal calculi [renal mass lesions]

Output: bladder calculi

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: schistosomiasis cytoxan radiation interstitial cystitis tb tcc [renal mass lesions]

Output: bladder wall calcification SCRITT

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: instrumentation, catheter bladder fistula-diverticulitis, crohn's, colon carcinoma emphysematous cystitis [renal mass lesions]

Output: air in bladder

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: physiological normal variant iliopsoas hypertrophy fluid hematoma (usually pelvic fracture) abcess masses pelvic lymphoma pelvic lipomatosis retroperitoneal fibrosis [renal mass lesions]

Output: teardrop bladder

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urethral diverticulum urethral tumor periurethritis pubic bone lesion [renal mass lesions]

Output: the femal prostate

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor adenoma 50% mets 30% pheochromocytoma 10% lymphoma neuroblastom <2yo fatty lesions myelolipoma lipoma cystic tumors simple cyst pseudocyst after previous hemorrhage other lesions hemorrhage tb wolman's disease bilateral masses mets lymphoma bilateral pheochromocytoma in men 2, vhl, and neurofibromatosis granulomatous masses-tb, histo [renal mass lesions]

Output: adrenal masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor-neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma infection-tb, histo, waterhouse-friederichson syndrome trauma-hemorrhage congenital-wolamn's disease [renal mass lesions]

Output: adrenal calcifications

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gastric fundus accessory spleen retroperitoneal varices other lesions liver mass gallbladder mass renal mass by CT gastric fundus or fundal diverticulum varices tortuous splenic artery pancreatic tail medial splenic lobulation [renal mass lesions]

Output: adrenal pseudotumors soft tissue density in location of adrenal glands on plain films

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor primary-germinal 95%, nongerminal 5% mets-prostate, kidney, leukemia, lymphoma infection orchitis, abcess, granuloma trauma-fracture, rupture, hemorrhage, torsion other-atrophy, dilated rete testes [renal mass lesions]

Output: solid testicular masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: epididymitis-diffuse or focal spermatocele, epididymal cyst hydrocele, hematocele, varicocele tunical or mesothelial cyst paratesticular hemorrhage, abcess hernia neoplasm (primary or mets) benign-adenomatoid tumor, fibroma, leiomyoma malignant-mesothelioma, sarcoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: extratesticular abnormalities

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cystic lesions utricle cyst cowper's duct cyst ejaculatory duct cyst prostatic retention cyst seminal vesicle cyst vas deferens cyst mullerian duct cyst [renal mass lesions]

Output: prostate

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: premenopausal molar pregnancy retain placenta, abortus degenerated placenta degenerated fibroid postmenopausal cystic glandular hyperplasia endometrial polyps endometrail carcinoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: hypoechoic structures in hyperechoic endometrium

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: acquired (cervical stenosis) tumors-cervical cancer, endometrial cancer inflammatory-endometritis, pid, radiation pregnancy related early iup pseudogestational sac blighted ovum congenital imperforate hymen vaginal septum vaginal atresia rudimentary uterine horn [renal mass lesions]

Output: fluid in uterine cavity

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: fibroids adenomyosis less common congenital uterine anomalies inflammation-pid, surgery endometriosis malignant tumors [renal mass lesions]

Output: uterine enlargement or distortion

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: endometrial hyperplasia or polyp cancer estrogen withdrawal adenomyosis submucosal fibroid cervical cancer [renal mass lesions]

Output: uterine bleeding

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hypoplasia nulliparity synechiae des exposure [renal mass lesions]

Output: small uterus

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: multiparity pregnancy molar pregnancy neoplasm [renal mass lesions]

Output: large uterus

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: nabothian cyst gartners duct cyst (vaginal wall) bartholin cyst-perineal cyst hydrometrocolpos [renal mass lesions]

Output: uterine and vaginal cystic masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: iud calcifications from fibroids, tb pyometra (gas) [renal mass lesions]

Output: shadowing structures in endometrial cavity

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: normal cysts (physiological) follicle, follicular cyst corpus luteum cyst too many follicles polycystic ovary, hyperstimulation syndrome theca lutein cyst (with high levels of bhcg) cystic adnexal masses hemorrhagic cyst endometrioma ectopic pregnancy cystadenocarcinoma toa [renal mass lesions]

Output: ovarian cystic masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hydrosalpinx [renal mass lesions]

Output: tube cyst

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: paraovarian cyst fluid in cul-de-sac pelvic varices lymphocele bowel pelvic abcess [renal mass lesions]

Output: other cysts

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ectopic pregnancy toa endometrioma, hemorrhagic cyst ovarian torsion tumor benign-dermoid malignant-adenocarcinoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: complex ovarian, paraovarian mass

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pyosalpinx [renal mass lesions]

Output: complex tubal mass

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pedunculated fibroid extruded IUD endometrial, cervical carcinoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: complex uterine mass

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pelvic abcess appendicitis diverticulitis hematoma pelvic kidneys iliac aneurysm [renal mass lesions]

Output: other complex masses

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: TOA endometrioma hemorrhagic cyst [renal mass lesions]

Output: masses with homogenous low-level echoes

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: benign tumor-fibroma, thecoma, endometrioma, germ cell tumor malignant ovarian tumors mets masses simulation ovarian tumor pedunculated fibroid lymphadenopathy [renal mass lesions]

Output: solid ovarian mass lesions

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: infection tumor-endometrial or tubal carcinoma endometriosis iatrogenic ligation [renal mass lesions]

Output: dilated tubes (hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, hematosalpinx)

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: polyp neoplasm silicone implant tubal pregnancy air bubble from injection [renal mass lesions]

Output: tubal filling defects (hsg)

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: SIN tubal diverticula endometriosis postoperative changes TB [renal mass lesions]

Output: tubal irregularity

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inflammatory bowel disease crohn's disease infectious collitis tumor intussusception always exclude pelvic kidney [renal mass lesions]

Output: pseudokidney sign on US

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: webs idiopathic plummer vinson syndrome rings congenital-vascular, muscular rings schatzki's ring strictures skin lesions (epidermolysis, pemphigoid), proximal 1/3 of esophagus tumor esophagitis (lye, barret's, infection) achalasia, scleroderma, chagas extrinsic compression vascular aortic arch, arch anomalies, aneurysm, left atrium left bronchus mediastinal tumors [renal mass lesions]

Output: luminal narrowing

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: achalasia scleroderma dilatation secondary to distal narrowing tumor, stricture chagas diabetic or alcoholic neuropathy bulbar palsy [renal mass lesions]

Output: megaesophagus

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: esophagitis tumor vomiting mallory-weiss boerhaaves tracheoesophageal fistula bronchopulmonary forgut malformation with communication to esophagus bronchogenic cysts extralobar sequestration [renal mass lesions]

Output: esophageal tears (contrast extravavasation, fistula)

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: neoplasm benign leiomyoma 50% pedunculated fibrovascular polyp cysts, papilloma, fibroma, hemangioma malignant squamous cell carcinoma 95% adenocarcinoma carcinosarcoma lymphoma mets foreign bodies varices uphill varices (phtn), predominantly inferior location downhill varices (SVC obstruction), predominantly superior location extrinsic lesions (lymph nodes, engorged vessels, aneurysms, cysts) [renal mass lesions]

Output: solitary filling defect

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: early forms of esophagitis neoplasm lymphoma varicoid carcinoma varices [renal mass lesions]

Output: thickened folds

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hiatal hernia esophageal diverticulum any esophageal lesion caused by a motility disorder or a stricture cancer achalasia scleroderma [renal mass lesions]

Output: air-fluid level

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: erosive (corrosives, alcohol, stress, drugs) granulomatous (crohns, sarcoid, syphillis, tb, histo) eosinophilic (peripheral eosinophilia 60%, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hyperplastic polyps) hypertrophic gastritis menetriers disease ZE syndrome idiopathic recurrent gastric ulcer ze syndrome peptic ulcer disease retained gastric antrum drugs miscellaneous radiation (>4000 rad, 6 months to 2 years after) ulcer corrosives rare pseudolymphoma suture line ulceration intraarterial chemo [renal mass lesions]

Output: gastritis

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gastritis (aphthoid type, tiny ulcer) erosive-nsaid, alcohol granulomatous-crohns infections-candidiasis, herpes, syphillis, cmv submucosal mets (lareg ulcer) melanoma, kaposi's>>all others ie breast lung pancreas lymphoma solitary, giant bull's eye (very large ulcer) leiomyoma sarcoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: target lesions of stomach

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: neoplasm adenocarcinoma lymphoma leiomyosarcoma mets kaposi's others endometriosis carcinoid benign tumors: leiomyoma>lipoma, fibroma, schwannoma polyps varices extramedullary hematopoiesis ectopic pancreas extrinsic compression spleen pancreas liver [renal mass lesions]

Output: filling defect of stomach

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Input: tumor lymphoma inflammation menetrier's disease ze syndrome gastritis associated with pancreatitis bile reflux gastritis eosinophilic gastroenteritis [renal mass lesions]

Output: giant rugal folds

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Input: tumor scirrhous cancer lymphoma mets (breast most common) pancreatic carcinoma inflammation erosive gastritis radiotherapy infiltrative disease sarcoid amyloid (rare) intramural gastric hematoma infection tb, syphillis [renal mass lesions]

Output: linitis plastica

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Input: tumor adenocarcinoma lymphoma mets inflammatory crohns peptic ulcer disease tb sarcoid other (less extensive) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis pylorospasm antral web [renal mass lesions]

Output: antral lesions

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Input: surgery and laparoscopy and other radiologic interventions perforated gastric or duodenal air cecal perforation from colonic obstruction pneumotosis coli air through genital tract in females perforated distal bowel (ie ibd, diverticulitis tumor) [renal mass lesions]

Output: free intraperitoneal air

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Input: benign neoplasm adenoma (<1cm) leiomyoma carcinoid villous adenoma-near papilla, high malignant potential malignant adenocarcinoma at or distal to papilla mets (direct invasion from stomach, pancreas, colon, kidney, etc. or hematgenous such as melanoma) other bulb ectopic gastric mucosa prolapsed antral mucosa brunner gland hyperplasia varices distal benign lymphoid hyperplasia ectopic pancreas annular pancreas papilla of vater tumor edema with impacted or passed gallstone choledochocele malignancy of duodenal lesions based on location -bulb 90% benign -2nd and 3rd portion 50% malignant -4th 90% malignant [renal mass lesions]

Output: duodenal filling defects

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Input: ulcer ulcer with contained perf malignant ulcer diverticulum pseudodiverticulum-ulcer scarring choledochoduodenal or cholecystoduodenal fistula true diverticulum medial, 2nd part of duodenum [renal mass lesions]

Output: luminal outpouchings

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Input: neoplastic adenocarcinoma lymphoma mets (direct invasion from colon, kidney, pancreas, gb) inflammatory intrinsic posbulbar ulcer duodenitis crohns disease extrinsic pancreatitis other annular pancreas intramural diverticulum duodenal duplication cyst duodenal hematoma aortic aneurysm (3rd portion) SMA syndrome [renal mass lesions]

Output: postbulbar narrowing

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Input: normal variant choledochocele papillary edema pancreatitis acute duodenal ulcer impacted stone ampullary cancer adenomatous polyp CA [renal mass lesions]

Output: papillary enlargement

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Input: postoperative (most common) vascular IBD inflammatory (often localized) pancreatitis appendicitis cholecystitis diverticulitis peritonitis metabolic hypokalemia hypocalcemia hypomagnesemia medication morphine, diphenoxylate [renal mass lesions]

Output: paralytic ileus

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Input: adhesions hernias tumors gallstones inflammation with strictures [renal mass lesions]

Output: mechanical SBO

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: whipple's amyloid giardiasis (largerly jejunum, graft vs host, gammaglobulinopathy cryptosporidiosis (jejunum) lymphoma, lymphangiectasia, lactase deficiency eosinophilic gastroenteritis mycobacterium avium complex [renal mass lesions]

Output: predominantly thick, irregular small bowel folds WAG CLEM

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Input: sprue obstruction or ileus scleroderma other medication morphine lomotil atropine pro-banthine vagotomy [renal mass lesions]

Output: predominantly dilated loops, normal folds SOSO

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Input: diffuse uniformly thickened folds focal: nodular thickening, analogous to thumbprinting [renal mass lesions]

Output: thick folds without malabsorption (edema, tumor, hemorrhage)

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Input: submucosal edema ischemia enteritis infectious radiation hypoproteinemia GVH reaction submucosal tumor lymphoma, leukemia infiltrating carcinoid causing venous stasis submucosal hemorrhage henoch-schonlein disease hemolytic uremic syndrome coagulopathies (ie hemophilia, vitamin k, anticoagulants) thrombocytopenia, DIC [renal mass lesions]

Output: thick folds without malabsorption (edema, tumor, hemorrhage)

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Input: mastocytosis lymphoid hyperplasia lymphoma metastases polyps crohns disease [renal mass lesions]

Output: mucosal nodules

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Input: adenoma (most common) leiyomyoma (second most common) lipoma hemangioma neurogenic tumors (usually in neurofibromatosis) other brunner gland hyperplasia heterotopic pancreatic tissue [renal mass lesions]

Output: benign small bowel tumors

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: metastases melanoma kidney breast kaposi lymphoma carcinoid (most common primary, 50% malignant and have mets at dx) sarcoma(sarcomatous degen of benign tumors such as leiomyosarcoma, lymphosarcoma) usually large ulcerating tumors adenocarcinoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: malignant small bowel tumors

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Input: occlusive disease emboli (afib, ventricular aneurysm) arterial thrombosis (atherosclerosis) venous thrombosis (portal hypertension, pancreatitis, tumor) nonocclusive disease (low flow) hypotension hypovolemia [renal mass lesions]

Output: mesenteric bowel ischemia

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Input: anxiety hyperthyroidism medication metoclopramide neostigmine quinidine metacholine partial SBO [renal mass lesions]

Output: shortened bowel transit time

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Input: nonneoplastic polypoid abnormalities of the colon normal lymphofollicular pattern pneumatosis coli colitis cystica profunda amyloidosis endometriosis ischemic colitis polyps polyposis syndromes benign neoplasm lipoma (common) leiomyoma (rare) malignant neoplasm adenocarcinoma mets lymphoma [renal mass lesions]

Output: colonic mass lesions

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hyperplastic polyps (90%) not true tumors no malignant potential adenomatous polyps (2nd most common) true tumors malignant transformation types tubular viloous tubulovillous hamartomatous polyps (rare; peutz-jeghers syndrome) [renal mass lesions]

Output: polyps

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Input: aphthoid ulcers (superficial) crohns disaese (50%) amebiasis behcet's syndrome cmv herpes deep ulcers inflammatory colitis UC crohns behcets infectious amebiasis tb salmonella shigella histoplasmosis AIDS, candida, herpes, cmv ischemic colitis radiation colitis [renal mass lesions]

Output: colonic ulcers

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: edema infectious colitis pseudomembranous colitis cmv colitis ecoli, shigella, salmonella, amebiasis neutropenic colitis (typhlitis) ibd tumor lymphoma, leukemia hemorrhage ischemia henoch-schonlein disease, thrombocytopenia, dic coagulopathies (ie hemophilia, vitamin k, anticoagulants) [renal mass lesions]

Output: colonic bowel wall thickening (thumbprinting) due to edema, tumor, or hemorrhage, luminal indentations size of thumb

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tumor adenocarcinoma saddle shapped if asym apple core if circum mets (common serosal implants-gastric, ovarian) inflammation diverticulitis focal inflammation ibd infectious: ameboma, tb other endometriosis pelvic abscess epiploic appendagitis [renal mass lesions]

Output: tumorlike colonic deformity

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: scirrhous adenocarcinoma lymphoma UC w or w/o ca crohns ischemic stricture radiation [renal mass lesions]

Output: long (>10cm) colonic narrowing

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Input: cathartic abuse (often right) uc, crohns amebiasis aging (usually left) [renal mass lesions]

Output: ahaustral colon

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: carcinoma 65% diverticulitis 20% volvulus 5% other impaction hernia [renal mass lesions]

Output: colonic obstruction

Dave's Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Radiology Flashcards - Cram.com