Input: Calcitonin

Output: -Produced by parafollicular cells -Secretion triggered by HIGH calcium concentration in blood. -Calcitonin decreases calcium concentration by inhibiting osteoclasts -Primary target tissue-bone; decrease osteoclast activity, lengthens lifespan of osteoblasts


Input: Parathyroid Glands

Output: Embedded in the thyroid gland

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)

Output: Stimulated by a decrease in blood calcium. Increases blood calcium levels: -PTH stimulates osteoclasts -PTH promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and the formation of active vitamin D by the kidneys -Active vitamin D increases calcium absorption by the intestine. Target areas- kidneys, intestines, bones

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Adrenal Glands

Output: Near the superior poles of the kidneys

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Adrenal Medulla

Output: Composed of closely packed cells

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Adrenal Cortex(3 layers)

Output: Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Output: Prepare the body for physical activity. 80% Epinephrine and 20% Norepinephrine Stimulated by the sympathetic division in response to emotions, injury, stress, exercise and low blood glucose levels

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Effects of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine(7)

Output: -Increased release of glucose from liver -Increased fat release -Increased heart rate -Increased constriction of blood vessels in skin and vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscles -Increased BP -Decreased digestive functions

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Zona Glomerulosa

Output: Secretes Mineralocorticoids, or aldosterone

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Aldosterone

Output: Acts on the kidneys to increase blood levels of sodium by increasing sodium reabsorption and decreases blood levels of potassium and hydrogen levels by increasing K+ and H+ ion secretion.

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Zona Fasciculata

Output: Secretes glucocorticoids, or cortisol

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Cortisol

Output: -Low blood sugar levels or stress stimulate CRH secretion -CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH -ACTH releases cortisol Once cortisol levels are optimal it inhibits CRH and ACTH


Input: Cortisol Effects

Output: -Increases fat and protein breakdown -Increase glucose synthesis from amino acids -Decreases the inflammatory response

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: The Zona Reticularis

Output: Secretes androgens. In females androgens stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth and sex drive.

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Pancreas

Output: Located along the small intestine and stomach Both an exocrine and endocrine gland


Input: Pancreas(exocrine portion)

Output: Consists of a complex duct system ending in small sacs called acini(grape-like) that produce pancreatic digestive juices.

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Pancreas(endocrine)

Output: Consists of pancreatic islets. Each islet is composed of: -alpha cells, which secrete glucagon -beta cells, which secrete insulin -delta cells, which secrete somatostatin

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Insulin

Output: target tissues are the liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and hunger sensation in the hypothalamus -insulin increases uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells


Input: Glucose

Output: Is used for energy or stored as glycogen -Amino acids are used for energy or are converted to glucose or proteins


Input: Glucagon("Glucose-gone")

Output: Target tissue is mainly the liver -causes breakdown of glycogen and fats for use as an energy source

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Insulin Secretion

Output: Increases because of -elevated blood glucose levels -an increase in some amino acids -parasympathetic stimulation, and gastrointestinal hormones Sympathetic stimulation decreases insulin secretion

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Glucagon Secretion is stimulated by

Output: -Low blood glucose levels -certain amino acids -sympathetic stimulation

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Somatostatin

Output: Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Immediately after a meal

Output: -High glucose levels inhibit glucagon, cortisol, GH, and epinephrine, reducing the release of glucose from tissues. -Insulin secretion increases, increasing the uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fats are used for energy or stored

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Many hours after a meal

Output: 1. Blood glucose levels decrease 2. Glucagon, GH, cortisol and epinephrine levels increase 3. Insulin decreases, glucose is released from tissues 4. Adipose tissue releases fatty acids, triglycerides and ketones, for energy

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: During Short Term Exercise

Output: Short term: -Increased Sympathetic stimulation -Increased E and Glucagon -Decreased Insulin -Glycogen is broken down and glucose released -Increased breakdown of fat

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Prolonged Exercise(2 hours or more)

Output: -ACTH, Cortisol, and GH released -Increased protein breakdown in muscle -Increased breakdown of fat

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Testosterone(Male)

Output: -Released from interstitial cells of testes -Targets most cells -Response- secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Inhibin(Male)

Output: -Released from sertoli cells of testes -Targets anterior pituitary -Inhibits release of FSH

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Estrogen(Female)

Output: -Released form ovaries -Target most cells -Secondary sexual charateristics

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire) 1. Cause 2. Description 3. MC locations 4. tx

Output: Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire) 1. GABHS 2. unilateral, erythematous patch, sharply demarcated, hot; HALLMARK = raised border & peau d'organge 3. face, scalp, legs, abdomen, lymphangitis 4. PO/parenteral PCN, macrolides

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Inhibin(Female)

Output: -Released from ovaries -Targets anterior pituitary -Inhibits release of FSH

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Relaxin(Female)

Output: -Released from ovaries -Targets connective tissue cells -Increase flexibility of connective tissue in pelvis

UNCC Anatomy 2 Chapter 18 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Metabolism -Control of food intake and digestion -Tissue maturation -Ion Regulation -Water Balance -Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition -Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -Control of reproductive functions -Uterine contractions and milk release -Immune system regulation


Input: Melatonin

Output: -Released from Pineal Gland -Targets the hypothalamus -Inhibits GnRH -lights inhibit melatonin


Input: Thymosin

Output: -targets the immune tissue(lymphocytes) and is involved in the development of the immune system


Input: [speech community] Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Output: a theory starting that language shapes how people think and perceive

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] denotation,

Output: the direct explicit meaning of a word found in a dictionary

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] connotation

Output: the feeling or evaluations we personally associate with a word

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] coordinated management of meaning

Output: theory explain how people come to agree on the rules of meaning in an interaction

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] low-context

Output: culture in which messages are expected to be direct specific and detailed

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] high-context

Output: culture in which messages are indirect general and ambiguous

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] high power-distance culture

Output: culture in which power is distributed unequally

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] low power-distance cultures

Output: culture in which power is distributed equally

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] communication accommodation theory

Output: theory explaining how people adjust their language patterns to accommodate their partners during communication

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] convergence

Output: adapting to the language style of our partner

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] divergence.

Output: consciously speaking in a lanuage style diff. from that of our partner

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] culture

Output: the system of belifes values and attitudes shared by a particular segment of a population

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] culture shock

Output: psychological discomfort of adjusting to a new cultural situation

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] intercultural communication

Output: interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so diff. that the communication between them is altered

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] individualistic culture

Output: the extent to which people in a culture are integrated into groups

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] collectivist culture.

Output: a culture that emphasizes community collaborations shared interests harmony the public good and avoiding embarrassment

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] low uncertainty-avoidance culture

Output: a cluture characterized as being accepting and having a low need to control unpredictable people telationships or events

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] high uncertainty-avoidance culture

Output: a culture characterized as having a low tolerance for and high need to control

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] masculine culture

Output: a culture in which people expacted to adhere to traditional sex roles

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] feminine culture

Output: people regardless of sex are expected to assume a variety of roles based on the circumstances and their own choices

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] egocentricity

Output: selfish interests in ones own needs to the exclusion of everything else

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] intercultural empathy

Output: imaginartively placing yourself in another persons cultural world to attempt to experience what he or she is experiencing

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] listening process

Output: receiving constructing meaning form and responing to spoken and or nonverbal messages

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] types of listening

Output: appreciative discriminative comprehensive critical evaluative empathic

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] disclosure-privacy dialectic

Output: tension between sharing personal info and keeping personal info confidential

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] communication management theory

Output: thory that provides a frame work for understanding the decisions making processes people use to manage disclosure and privacy

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] Why is reciprocity important for developing relationships

Output: it is the mutual exchange of informations....so helps build trust

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] characteristics of intimate relationships

Output: warmth and affection trust self disclosure commitment shared symbols and rituals

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] female-male

Output: they are meaningful .

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] traditional

Output: couples who maintain a traditional ideology about their long term relationships are interdependent and engage in conflict

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] independent

Output: couples who share and ideology whose values differ from traditional ones are interdependent and engage in conflict

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] separate

Output: couples who share traditional ideology but are independent and avoid conflict

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] appreciative listening

Output: that focuses on the enjoyment of what is being said

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] discriminative listening

Output: listening that focuses on gaining and accurate understand of the message

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] comprehensive listening

Output: focuses on learning and remembering info

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] critical evaluative listening

Output: focuses on being able to judge or evaluate the inf heard

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] empathic listening

Output: focses on understand the feelings of the others

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [speech community] What are the five areas that make up the listening process

Output: attending understanding remembering critically evaluation responding

a group of people who share a common language


Input: [dermis & epidermis] regulate body temperature sense organ protective shield [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Integumentary System function


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Axial & Appendicular [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Skeletal System divisions


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Framework Produce blood cells [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Skeletal System functions


Input: [dermis & epidermis] smooth cardiac skeletal [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Muscle types


Input: [dermis & epidermis] movment [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Muscular system function


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Break down food [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Digestive System function


Input: [dermis & epidermis] mouth esophagus stomach intestines anus [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Digestive System path


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Produce hormones Control growth & other time taking functions [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Endocrine System function


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Transmit signals sense of touch [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Nervous System functions


Input: [dermis & epidermis] CNS & PNS [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Nervous System divisions


Input: [dermis & epidermis] central nervous system [Integumentary System parts]

Output: CNS stands for


Input: [dermis & epidermis] peripheral nervous system [Integumentary System parts]

Output: PNS stands for


Input: [dermis & epidermis] neuron [Integumentary System parts]

Output: functional unit of the Nervous System


Input: [dermis & epidermis] exchange gases [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Respiratory System function


Input: [dermis & epidermis] Transport: nutrients, O, CO(2) [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Circulatory System functions


Input: [dermis & epidermis] filter blood remove waste [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Function of the Urinary System


Input: [dermis & epidermis] nephron [Integumentary System parts]

Output: functional unit of the Kidney


Input: [dermis & epidermis] create gametes reproduce [Integumentary System parts]

Output: Function of the Reproductive System


Input: [Define Sterilization] Sterilization is usually reserved for_________. Why is this?

Output: inanimate objects. Sterilizing parts of the human body would call for such harsh treatment that it would be highly dangerous and impractical.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Sepsis

Output: without microbial activity. in living tissues and blood.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Antisepsis

Output: a procedure to control growth and replication of microbes on living tissues

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of an antiseptic technique

Output: -Using rubbing alcohol on the skin before getting a shot -Using mouthwash after brushing to prevent microbial growth

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Disinfection

Output: a physical procedure used to kill vegetative cells on inanimate objects

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Sanitation

Output: A chemical process used to reduce microbial activity to safe levels in non-clinical settings. Sanitizer, non-toxic to people

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define: -cide, -cidal

Output: lethal to microbes (fungicide, bactericide, sporicidal, etc)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define: -stais, -static

Output: controls as long as the agent is present, but does not kill the bacteria (bacteriostatic, fungistatic)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of a -static technique

Output: maintaining the pH balance of your pool

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List 6 factors that affect the activity of antimicrobial agents or procedures

Output: -time (longer the disinfectant, the better chance of disinfection) -microbial load (how many) -spore formers -interfering matters -pH -heat

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List 4 modes of action antimicrobial agents utilize

Output: -alteration of the cell wall (blocks synthesis and breaks surface down) -alteration of the cell membrane (utilizes its selective permeability and lowers surface tension) -disruption of synthetic process (denaturing-the property to disrupt the structure of a microbe) alteration of protein functioning- stops peptide bonds from forming and inhibits them from multiplying)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of sepsis

Output: infected wounds, blood infection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of asepsis

Output: cleansing the skin with iodine prior to surgery using sterile needles

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of an antiseptic

Output: antibacterial soap, chlorhexidine

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of disinfection

Output: 5% bleach, boiling water

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of sanitation

Output: dishwashing, laundering clothes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give an example of sterilization

Output: autoclaving, ionizing radiation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List two methods of Dry Heat disinfection

Output: sterilization and incineration (direct exposure to heat)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the minimum require temperature for dry heat. For how many hours?

Output: 160 C or 320 F 2 hours

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the 4 methods of moist heat

Output: Boiling (disinfects) Pasteurization (does not sterilize) Intermittent (or fractional) Autoclaving (sterilizes)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the min. required temp. for boiling (moist heat disinfection) and for how long you would need to boil a microbe in order to kill most pathogens.

Output: 100 C 30 minutes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain intermittent (or fractional) sterilization and for how long must be applied to be effective in eliminating most pathogens?

Output: also called tyndalization. this technique requires a chamber to hold the materials in a boiling water bath, repeatedly, exposing the items to free flowing steam. 3 days, 30 minutes per day

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain pasteurization

Output: a technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid's flavor and food value.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the three temperatures/times required for pasteurization

Output: 62 C/30 min (batch method) 72 C/15 sec (flash method) 82 C/3 sec

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain autoclaving. List the required temp, time, and pressure.

Output: sterilization through the use of moist heat under pressure. but infective in sterilizing substances that repel moisture (oils, waxes, and powders) 121 C, 15 minutes, 15 psi

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the characteristics of cold disinfection

Output: -retards activity of microbes but does not kill it -preservation (freezing -20 C and refrigeration 4 c) - does not sterilize

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain filtration

Output: used to prepare liquids that cannot withstand heat. -removes microbes from air and liquid

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 2 types of filters utilized in filtration

Output: -HEPA air filters- used to provide a flow of sterile air to hospital rooms and sterile rooms - Milipore filters-liquids

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the three pore sizes used in filtration

Output: 0.45um 0.22 um 0.02 um

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is ultrasound used for, in terms of microbes?

Output: useful for decontamination, preliminary cleaning *not useful for killing microbes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain the two types of radiation, and give examples of each.

Output: -non-ionizing: excites atoms by raising them to a higher energy state leading to abnormal bonds ex. ultraviolet ionizing: ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causing ions to form . Ex. gamma, x-rays

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is irradiation?

Output: bombardment with radiation *kills harmful substances in foods

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is non-ionizing radiation most widely used for? why? what is the source of uv radiation?

Output: surface sterilization bc it does not penetrate, air disinfection, water purification. -germicidal lamp

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Which type of radiation disrupts the DNA sequence?

Output: ionizing

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is ionizing radiation most widely used for? Is it deep penetrating?

Output: used in sterilization of foods, medical supplies, packaged plastic devices and in bone and skin grafts deeply-penetrating

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the fundamental principle of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Output: energy content is inversely proportional to wavelength

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the 4 halogens

Output: bromine flourine chlorine iodine

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Why are halogens the active ingredient in so many antimicrobial agents?

Output: They are microbicidal and not just microbistastic, and sporicidial with longer exposure

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of halogens as a disinfectant?

Output: they oxidize and halogenate proteins (denaturing)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the three types of chlorines used in disinfection and their function.

Output: chlorine, hypochlorites, chloramines they are sanitizers and disinfectants, and are weakly sporicidial

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the 2 types of iodines (halogen)

Output: iodophors iodine tinctures

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are idiophors? List the two types of idophors. Which are antiseptics/disinfectants?

Output: iodine + detergent betadine (antiseptic) and wescodyne (disinfectant)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain what a tincture does. What is its percentage?

Output: antiseptic, 2-3% in alcohol

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Phenols consist of _______

Output: one or more aromatic carbon rings with added functional groups

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are the functions of phenol and phenolics? sporicidal or non-sporicidal?

Output: membrane active agents causing lysis and disrupting transport not sporcidal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the three types of phenols and phenolics.

Output: -triclosan: additive in microbial soaps -chlorophene: disinfectant -bisophenol: hexachlorophene- restricted for use against staph

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic. List its characteristics.

Output: -effective on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria ("broad spectrum") -low toxicity and persists longer

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the compound of chlorhexidine that is used as a surgical scrub and a wound cleanser

Output: hibiclens

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Ethanol and Propanol are most effective at what concentration?

Output: 70%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Characteristics of alcohols

Output: -membrane-active agents, dissolving lipids and denaturing proteins -bacteriocidal and fungicial, NOT sporicidal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Alcohols do not inactivate some viruses. Name two in particular.

Output: hepatitis A polio

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define soaps

Output: long chain salts of fatty acids, some with microbial additives

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Hydrogen peroxide is bacteriocidal at ____ and is sporicidal at _____

Output: 3% 6-35%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are anionic detergents? List an example.

Output: a detergent with its active portion negatively charged. (so it attracts to + charges) not highly active sodium lauryl sulfate

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are cationic detergents?

Output: detergents whose active portion is positively charged (attracts neg. charged bacteria_

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List two types of cationic detergents and their features

Output: Quats- antiseptic benzalkonium chloride Roccal- disinfectant that is wide spectrum but inactivated by organics

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are the roles of aldehydes? sporcidal or non?

Output: they react with functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids sporicidal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the properties of formaldehydes

Output: sporicidal, corrosive, allergenic

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the properties of glutaraldehyde. Name two specifically used for clinical setting spores.

Output: sporicidal in 3-10 hours Cidex and Sporicidin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is ethylene oxidine? sporicidal or non?

Output: slow acting, highly penetrable gas sporcidal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is ethylene oxidine used for?

Output: sterilization of complex equipment (as in surgical settings)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of heavy metals?

Output: modification of proteins, precipitate proteins from fluids.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are the three given heavy metals?

Output: silver nitrate mercurials copper sulfate

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is silver nitrate used for?

Output: a bacteriocidal, prophylactic use in eyes of newborns (now replace by erythromycin)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Mercury is bacteriostatic. List the three types of mercurials and its uses

Output: -metaphen and merthiolate: most recently replaced by idophors -thimerisol: preservative in vaccines that is blamed for autism

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is copper sulfate used for?

Output: an algicide (antimicrobial against algae)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of acids? Name two types.

Output: denatures proteins lactic acid and acetic acid (vinegar)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of alkalis? Name two types.

Output: denature proteins sanitizers- lye and lime

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of oxidizing agents? Name three types.

Output: oxidize hydrogen peroxide peracetic acid ozone (03)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the basic dye. What is it used for?

Output: gentian violet. used on fungi and gram POSITIVE bacteria

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the acidic dye. What is it used for?

Output: acridine orange. used to alter nucleic acid synthesis.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Antibotics are __________. How do they differ from disinfectants and antiseptics?

Output: naturally-occurring they control microbes once they get inside of us

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are semisynthetics? What do they do?

Output: modified antibotics increase spectrum of activity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are synthetics?

Output: man-made chemotheraputic agents

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are antimicrobics?

Output: refers to ALL antimicrobical drugs regardless of origin.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Therapeutic

Output: treatment ex. trying to cure infection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Define Prophylaxis. Give an example of an prophylactic procedure.

Output: prevention ex. being exposed to someone who has TB. Getting treatment to reduce risk of contraction.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the 4 desirable characteristics of antimicrobial drugs

Output: -selective toxicity (they should be able to kill microbes but not damage host cells) -spectrum (broad vs. narrow) -solubility (should be soluble) -long half-life (bc overtime, effectiveness of drug diminishes) -non-allergenic

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List 5 mechanisms of action antimicrobial drugs utilize.

Output: -cell wall synthesis (osmotic lysis since humans lack a cell wall) -protein synthesis inhibition (binds to prokaryotic ribosome) -Antimetabolites (competitive inhibitors) -Nucleic acid inhibition (inhibits replication and transcription. can not penetrate through eukaryotic nucleus) -membrane active agents (surface infections, toxic to humans, disrupt integrity of the cell)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the two antimetabolites that garner a synergistic effect on bacteria

Output: sulfonamides trimethoprim

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Penicillins are distinguishable by their ___ _____ ring

Output: beta-lactam

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the spectrum of general penicillins?

Output: narrow: gram positives and neisseria

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the two forms of penicillin

Output: -penicillin V (oral and acid resistant) -penicillin G (potent)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name limitations of penicillin

Output: -narrow spectrum -destroyed by pencilinase (beta-lactamase produced by bacteria) -allergenic Semisynthetic penicillins combat all these problems

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain cephalosporons

Output: -alternatives to penicillin -cell wall synthesis inhibitors -broader spectrum -concentrate in urine

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain aminoglycosides

Output: -inhibit protein synthesis -mostly broad spectrum

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is streptomyocin?

Output: the large spectrum aminoglycoside gram negatives and mycobacterium (causes TB)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is neomyocin?

Output: a topical aminoglycoside used in neosporin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are some limitations of aminoglycosides?

Output: -otooxicity and nephrotoxicity -one step resistance

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain the effects of chloramphenicol

Output: -protein synthesis inhibitor -reserved for severe infections (rock mountain syndrome, typhoid, meningitis) *can cross blood-brain barrier

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List some side effects of chloramphenicol

Output: -aplastic anemia (removes stem cells in bone marrow) -gray syndrome in children

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the characteristics of tetracycline

Output: -inhibits protein synthesis -broad spectrum -used on rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and as acne treatment

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List some drawbacks of tetracycline

Output: -superinfections (clodistrum dificile and candida albicans) -tooth discoloration -sensitivity to sunlight

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the characterestics of macroclides

Output: -inhibits protein synthesis -erythromyocin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is a nosocomial infection?

Output: an infection acquired in the hospital

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is vancomycin? List two types of strains resistant to vancomyocin

Output: a cell wall synthesis inhibitor VRE VRSA

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What does rifampin do? Name one use.

Output: --inhibits RNA synthesis used on Mycobacterium TB

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Sulfa drugs are man-made antimicrobics. What do they do? Are they broad spectrum or narrow? They can also be used with another drug for a synergistic effect. Name the drug.

Output: -competitive enzyme inhibitors (blocks synthesis of folic acid made by bacteria) -broad spectrum -trimethroprim

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Name the drug lethal to growing TB, used as a prophylactic.

Output: Isoniazid (INH)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Why are anitfungal and antiviral agents so limited in their effectiveness?

Output: they are limited due to toxicity to eucaryotes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List some important considerations for all levels of defense

Output: -genetic determinants (immune response gene) -dietary factors (proteins, vitamins, etc)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List five actors in the "1st line of defense".

Output: -anatomic barriers (keratinized skin) -secretions (stomach acid, bile, mucus) -macrophages (alveolar macrophage in lungs) -enzymes (lysozyme in tears) -mechanical actions (peristalsis, cilia, flushing in urine)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List 4 mechanisms of resistance

Output: -altered permeability of membranes (prevents drug from entering the cell) -enzymes which destroy the drug -altered metabolic pathways that evade the mechanism of drug -biochemical modification of drug by microbe

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List 3 ways in which resistance develops

Output: -mutations -transfer of genes via plasmids (R/resistance factors) through conjugation, transduction or transformation - antibiotics select for resistant microbes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Gram ______ bacteria are inherently resistant to some penicillins. Why?

Output: negative they have naturally-occuring beta lactamases

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Give another term and explain the procedure for the disk dilution assay.

Output: Kirby-Bauer test bacterium is spread over a plate and disks are dropped onto the bacterial lawn. "zone of inhibition" is measured. semiquantative and indicates which drugs might be effective

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the tube dilution assay used for?

Output: to determine dosage of a drug

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain the MIC

Output: minimum inhibitory concentration smallest concentration (highest dilution) of a drug that visibly inhibits growth. smallest effective dosage.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the MLC? MBC?

Output: minimum lethal concentration minimum bacteriocidal concentration

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the two major divisions of leukocytes

Output: granulocytes (lobbed nucleus) agranulocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Function of neutrophils? What is their make up?

Output: important for phagocytosis 55-90%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Function of basophils? What is their make up?

Output: mast cells that recruit other inflammatory cells and responsible for histamine and allergenic stimulus 0.5%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the three granulocytes

Output: basophils eosinophils neutrophils

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Function of eosinphils? What is their make up?

Output: attacks large eukaryotic pathogens as well as involved in inflammation and allergic reaction

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] List the two types of agranulocytes

Output: monocytes lymphocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Function of monocytes? What is their make up?

Output: macrophages. largest of all blood cells, cytoplasm contains digestive enzymes 3-7%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Functions of lymphocytes? What is their make up?

Output: B & T cells- cells of the specific immune response 20-35%

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What do natural killer cells do?

Output: non-specifically destroy tumor cells and virus infected cells by releasing proteases and phospholipases

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What type of immunity are B cells responsible for? Which important cell bodies are they known for producing?

Output: humoral response immunity antibodies

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What type of immunity are T cells responsible for? What is their role?

Output: cell-mediated immunity t-cells modulate immune functions and kills foreign cells directly

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Calor

Output: warmth heat given off by increased blood flow

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Rubor

Output: redness increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Tumor

Output: swelling increase fluid escaping into the tissues

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Dolor

Output: pain stimulation of nerve endings

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] In the complement system, how many serum proteins are there?

Output: 20 or more

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 4 functions of the complement system

Output: -enhance phagocytosis (opsonization) -promote inflammation and edema -promote lysis of foreign cells -promote immune adherence

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] In the complement system, what is the "classic" pathway?

Output: initiated by antigen-antibody binding

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] In the complement system, what is the "alternate" pathway?

Output: intiated by endotoxin complement proteins bind to internal cell wall and surface components of microbes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What are cytokines?

Output: regulatory proteins that affect behavior of other cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Interfeurons

Output: antiviral, induce changes in genetic expression

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Interleukins

Output: stimulate proliferation and activation of various immune cells that induce fever

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Colony stimulating factos (CSFs)

Output: stimulate growth and differentiation of some leukocytes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Immunocompetence

Output: the ability of the body to react with a wide spectrum of foreign substances

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Naturally acquired active immunity

Output: -antigens induce formation of antibodies -sensitization of allergens stimulate immune response -you illicit the immune response yourself

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Naturally acquired passive immunity

Output: -mother to child -conferred immunity (transplacental- ass antibodies to child during pregnancy) -colostrum contains secretory antibody from mother (breastmilk)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Artificially acquired active immunity

Output: -vaccination (vaccines illicit the immune response) -attenuated, killed or subunit vaccines (partial proteins from viruses)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Artistically acquired passive immunity

Output: -passive immunization (immunoprophalyxis) -preformed antibody (blood from someone who had the cirus) -anitserum, antivenom, etc

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Antigen

Output: substance that elicits an immune response

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Mosaic antigen

Output: complex antigen that may have multiple antigenic sites that evoke unique immune responses

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Autoantigen

Output: self-antigen * often mistaken for foreign Ag

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Alloantigen

Output: molecules that differ in the same species *responsible for blood incompatibilities

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Heterophile Ag

Output: similar Ag which occurs in unrelated groups of organisms

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Allergen

Output: Ag which evoke allergic reaction

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Hapten

Output: small foreign molecules too small to illicit an immune response unless coupled with self proteins

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 2 examples of Haptens

Output: penicillin urushiols from poison ivy

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] MHC is controlled by genes on chromosome __

Output: 6

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] MHC-1

Output: tissue type antigens, code for markers that display unique characteristics of self and allow for recognition of self molecules

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] MHC-II

Output: involved in immune recognition on surface of immune cells *code for immune regulatory receptors found in only macrophage, dendritic, and b cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] MHC-III

Output: regulate production of complement proteins in blood

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 3 characteristics of T cells

Output: -cell mediated immune response -thymus derived -long life span

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 3 characteristics of B cells

Output: --humoral immune response -bursa derived -short life span

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Immunoglobins

Output: large gylcoprotein molecules that serve as the specific receptors to B cells anf as antibodies

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 2 arms on the immunoglobin that bind the antigen. What is the rest of the molecule called?

Output: antigen-binding fragment/ Fabs crystallizable fragment (Fc) which binds phagocytic cells and fixes complement

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Events of the humoral response

Output: -macrophage ingests and processes Ag -presentation of Ag to B cells -activation of B cell clone (clonal selection)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 4 Roles of Immunoglobins

Output: -opsonins (enhance phagocytosis) -agglutinate particulate Ag (such as bacterial cells, clumping them together so that they become immobile) -complement fixation (promotes lysis of cells) -neutralize viruses and toxins (antibodies fill the surface receptors on the virus preventing them from attaching to the target)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Primary response

Output: -1st exposure -slower response times -lower levels of antibody produced -short-lasting

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Secondary resonse

Output: -repeated exposure -faster response times -higher levels of antibody produced -longer lasting

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Monoclonal antibody

Output: MABs, specific antibody produced to a specific antigen in a lab setting

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 2 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Output: -diagnostic tests -delivery of toxic chemicals to specific cells which express specific Ag

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] T cells involve the _____ ______ between macropages and T cells is required for T cell activation

Output: direct contact

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Helper T cells (CD-4)

Output: regulates immune reactions to antigens, as well as activate macrophages and increase phagocytosis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cytotoxic cells are also known by what name? What is their role?

Output: killer cells the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] perforins

Output: punches holes in membranes of target cells creating a passageway for granzymes to enter

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] granzymes

Output: perform apoptsis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] anaphalyxis

Output: common allergy

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Mechanism for anaphalyxis

Output: -IgE produced on first exposure -IgE attaches to surface of mast cells leading to the release of histamines

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Systematic anaphalyxis

Output: sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Localized anaphalyxis is also called____

Output: atopy

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Output: involve complement assisted lysis of cells by antibodies

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What two immunglobins mediate cytotoxic hypersensitivity?

Output: IgG IgM

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 3 examples of cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Output: -automimmune disorders -transfusion reactions -erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh disease- mother has Rh- and child has Rh+ causing mom's antibodies to release erythroblasts causing massive destruction of child's cells. mother builds up an immunity after the first child, there second child is most aptly harmed)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Anaphalyxis is also called______

Output: type I or immediate hypersensitivity

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity is also called ______

Output: Type II

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Immune Complex Disease is also called ______

Output: Type III

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cellular/Delayed Hypersensitivity is also called ____

Output: Type IV

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Immune Complex disease

Output: Ag-Aby complexes deposit in capillary beds causing inflammatory response

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Which immunoglobins mediate immune complex disease?

Output: IgA, IgM, IgG

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] 3 examples of Immune Complex Disease

Output: -Rheumatoid arthritis -Lupus -glomerulonephritis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cellular hypersensitivity

Output: T cells respond to antigens (cytokines) which attract other cells to the antigen's location

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Reexposure of cellular hypersensitivity causes____-

Output: erythema and induration (redness, itching, inflammation)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Example of cellular hypersensitivity

Output: contact dermatitis (posion ivy, metal alloys)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] B cell deficiency. Give its formal name and characteristics

Output: Bruton's agammaglobulinemia absence of gamma gloubin (the fraction of serum containing Igs)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] T cell deficiency. Give its formal name and characteristics

Output: DiGerorge's syndrome congenital absence of immaturity of the thymus gland

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Severed Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Output: dysfunction in both systems, absence of lymphocyte stem cell or dysfunction of T and B cells later in life

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What is the role of regulatory T cells(CD 25+)?

Output: dampens immune response so as not to cause overregulation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain clonal selection

Output: Macrophages (dendritic cells) present Ag to B cell clones

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain t-independent/dependent cell participation in clonal selection

Output: -t dependent Ag requires T cell participation -t independent Ag foes not require T cell participation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Explain the process of clonal expansion

Output: after clonal selection, mitosis occurs inducing clonal expansion- plasma cells secrete Aby and and memory cells (for anamnestic response)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] IgM

Output: first antibody produced through clonal selection and contains a pentamer with joining chains of 10 antigen binding sites

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] IgG

Output: -most abundant in serum, -transplacental -monomer with two antigen binding sites

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] IgA

Output: -secretory antibody with secretory component (essential on mucosal surfaces) -monomer or dimer with 2 or 4 antigen binding sites

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] IgD

Output: receptor on surface of B cells that allows for activation of B cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] IgE

Output: responsible for anaphylaxis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] B cells produce antibodies while T cells produce_____

Output: cytokines

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] T cell activation

Output: -requires contact with antigen presenting cells (APC)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Role of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Output: to secrete interleukin-1, thus activating the T cell

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Basis of tuberculin test for TB diagnosis

Output: delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Role of regulatory cells

Output: -reduce risk of some immune activities (autoimmunity, transplant rejection, allergy) and suppresses immune functions

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What type of T cells specifically target cancer cells?

Output: cytotoxic

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Cytotoxic cells are said to combat which intracellular pathogens?

Output: virus-infected cells fungal infections and TB parasite infected cells

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] What autoimmune disorder destroys helper (CD4) cells?

Output: AIDS

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Helper cells work to enhance the activities of immune cells such as ___

Output: B cells cytotoxic cells macrophage

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Helper cells secrete this

Output: interleukin-2

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] How are variates of T cells identified?

Output: by CD antigens on cell surfaces

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Hemolysis

Output: antibodies attack foreign cells in blood transplants causing a major cross reaction

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Why is type O considered the universal recipient?

Output: there are no antigens on the surface of the cells causing no reactions

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [Define Sterilization] Why is type AB considered the universal donor?

Output: They do no contain neither A or B antigens

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com

Devoid of all live; the destruction of ALL forms of microbial life including endospores.


Input: [1] Repression [2]

Output: First Mechanism: Buried emotions come out in dreams, Freudian slips, etc.

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Intellectualism [2]

Output: Using abstract thinking as a way to tackle stressful problems. A form of detachment

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Reaction Formation [2]

Output: Expression of exaggerated emotions by acting opposite of normal

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rationalization [2]

Output: Self-servicing explanations of problems

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Displacement [2]

Output: Shifting emotions from their original object to a substitute object

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Suppression [2]

Output: Intentional blocking of recollection of certain memories/ideas

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Denial [2]

Output: Refusal to acknowledge reality

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Undoing [2]

Output: Making retribution for an unacceptable act. I.E. An over-eater running a mile after an eating binge

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Projection [2]

Output: Giving personal unacceptable emotions to other people or objects

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Sublimation [2]

Output: Making unacceptable impulses into acceptable ones. I.E. violent emotions channeled into playing the drums

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Identification [2]

Output: Taking on characteristics of someone/thing else so as to avoid feeling incompetent.

Freudian Defense Mechanisms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [public opinion] George Gallup

Output: An American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] political socialization

Output: The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations (beliefs and values).

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] political ideology

Output: The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] tracking polls

Output: Continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] exit poll

Output: Poll conducted at selected polling places on Election Day.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] sampling error

Output: A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] What are the shortcomings of polls?

Output: Sampling error Limited respondent options Lack of information Failure to measure intensity

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] What have been some historical examples of attempts to influence public opinion in America?

Output: Paul Revere's Engraving of the Boston Massacre Thomas Paine's Common Sense, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison's Federalist Papers, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, U.S. Government propaganda during World War I, Embedding of reporters with U.S. troops during Iraq War

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] What factors influence political socialization?

Output: Family, school, peers, media, religion, race/ethnicity, gender, age, region, and impact of events.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] push poll

Output: Poll taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] poll

Output: Survey that can measure name recognition, ad effectiveness, public perception of candidates, and public opinion of issues

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] political party

Output: A group of office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who identify with a group label and seek to elect to public office individuals who run under that label.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] Governmental party

Output: Members of a political party who hold elected office.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] Organizational party

Output: Members of a political party who work directly for the political party.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] Party in the electorate

Output: People who identified themselves as members of a political party and vote in primaries and general elections.

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] Rational Choice Theory

Output: A political science theory that assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives; seeks to explain the actions of voters and politicians Voters want to maximize the chance that policies they favor will be adopted by government Parties want to win office Successful political parties rarely stray from the midpoint public opinion; centrist parties with many similarities

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] linkage institution

Output: Institutions that connect people to the government; Elections, Political Parties, Media, and Interest Groups

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [public opinion] What are the functions of a political party?

Output: Linkage institution Mobilize support for a candidate or issue Create stability and moderation in government Create unity and accountability in government Create national party platform - government's agenda

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.


Input: [1] Microbial contamination [2]

Output: sepsis

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] absence of significant contamination [2]

Output: asepsis

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] prevents contamination of culture, personnel, and the environment [2]

Output: antiseptic technique

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Eliminating ALL microbial life EVEN virus [2]

Output: sterilization

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Is commercial sterilization real sterilization [2]

Output: no

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Commercial sterilization [2]

Output: used for processing canned food kills everything except thermophilic spores

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Can thermophilic spores germinate at ambient temperature [2]

Output: no

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Can thermophilic spores survive commercial sterilization [2]

Output: yes

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What should you store canned foods at [2]

Output: under 40 degrees C

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] eliminating vegetative pathogens [2]

Output: disinfection

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the purpose of disinfection [2]

Output: to reduce the risk of infection or spoilage

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is antisepsis [2]

Output: eliminating vegetative pathogens from living tissues

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the difference between disinfection and antisepsis [2]

Output: different uses: one is on surfaces; one on tissues

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is disinfection plus cleaning [2]

Output: sanitization

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the purpose of sanitization [2]

Output: eliminate pathogens, organic debris, dirt

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is microbicide? [2]

Output: kills mos

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is germicide [2]

Output: kills germs

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What do microbicide/germicide do? [2]

Output: kill microbes

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is inhibiting but not killing microbes [2]

Output: microbistasis

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is microbial death rate [2]

Output: log rate death: drop by one log

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment depend on? [2]

Output: number of microbes, exposture time, susceptibility of the microbe, environmental conditions, and concentration/dose of the agent

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is very resistant to drying and chemical treatments [2]

Output: mycobacterium/ waxy layer

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is very resistant to all treatments [2]

Output: spores/ multiple layers

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Why are G- more resistant [2]

Output: outer membrane with selective permeability

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are some environmental conditions that affect antimicrobial treatment [2]

Output: temperature, pH, moisture, organic substances

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does a higher temp generally do [2]

Output: speed up reaction

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What are some organic substances that protect mos [2]

Output: sugar, fat, polysaccharide

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does chlorine work best in [2]

Output: acidic pH

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] In acidic env't, mos can be killed... [2]

Output: with a lower temperature

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the only exception to the fact that antimicrobial effect increases with the concentration or dosage [2]

Output: alcohol

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What must alcohol be used with [2]

Output: water

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What do microbial control agents do? [2]

Output: alternation of membrane permeability, damage to proteins, damage to nucleic acids

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the time to kill all cells in a culture with heat [2]

Output: thermal death time

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes [2]

Output: thermal death point

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the minutes it takes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature [2]

Output: decimal reduction time

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the commonly used time? [2]

Output: decimal reduction time

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does a longer TDT (thermal death time) mean? [2]

Output: harder and more resistant

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is the most commonly used method? [2]

Output: heat?

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What does moist heat do? [2]

Output: denature proteins

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] What is steam under pressure [2]

Output: autoclave

BIOL 221 Chapter 9 Flashcards - Cram.com