Input: [Access] Premium Cost Sharing

Output: In employer based health insurance, employers do not pay 100% of the premiums, but require their employees to pay a portion of the cost

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Primary Care

Output: continuous basic and routine care. Basic and routine health care that is provided in an office or clinic by a provider (physician, nurse, or other health care professional) who takes responsibility for coordination of all aspects of a patient's health care delivery that is the patient's first contact with the health care delivery system and the first element of a continuing health care process.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Provider

Output: Any entity that delivers health care services and receives payments directly for those services; mostly serve those covered by insurance. Any individual or organization that provides services generally covered under health insurance (including Medicaid and Medicare), e.g. physicians, hospitals, dentists, laboratories, pharmacies, and providers of durable medical equipment

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Quad-function Model

Output: A model of a functional health care system; the four primary functional components: 1. FINANCING-helps obtain health insurance or pay for services 2.INSURANCE-protects insured from catastrophic risk and costly care, specifies how and where services received 3.DELIVERY-given by providers 4. PAYMENT-reimbursement of payment to providers for services delivered

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Reimbursement

Output: the amount insurers pay to a provider (portion of the actual charge); funds come from premiums paid to insurance companies or HMOs; the determination of how much to pay for a certain service

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Single-payer System

Output: another term for National Health Care system; a health care reform proposal to create a single organization, usually a government agency, to pay all medical claims

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Socialized Health Insurance

Output: health care is financed through government-mandated contributions by employers and employees

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Standards of Participation

Output: standards formulated by the government through health policy and regulation; providers must comply with the established standards to be certified in order to provide for Medicaid and Medicare patients

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Supplier-induced Demand

Output: Like provider-induced demand; when moral hazard induces a larger utilization which creates an artificial demand for services; physicians can only over prescribe care to their patients with their own economic interests in mind

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] System

Output: the main organizations and individuals involved in health care (educational and research institutions, medical suppliers, insurers, payers, and claims processors); very little standardization and components are functionally fragmented; two primary objectives of any health care system: 1. enable universal access 2. services must be cost effective and meet standards of quality

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Third Party

Output: The intermediary role of insurance; creates a wall between financing and delivery functions so that quality of care becomes a secondary concern. Under the current system, the payers for covered services, e.g. insurance companies, government. They are called third parties because they are neither the providers nor the recipients of medical services

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Uninsured

Output: those without private or public health insurance

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Universal Access

Output: Health insurance coverage for all citizens, as in a national health care program.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Utilization

Output: Extent to which health care services are actually used. For example, the number of physician visits per person per year is a measure of utilization for primary care services.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Why does cost containment remain an elusive goal in US health services delivery?

Output: Cost containment remains and elusive goal in US health services delivery because the system does not lend itself to standard budgetary methods of cost control. Each individual and corporate entity within a predominantly private entrepreneurial system seeks to manipulate financial incentives to its own advantage without regard to its impact on the system as a whole.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What are the two main objectives of a health care delivery system?

Output: The two main objectives of the healthy care delivery system are to one, enable all citizens to access health care services and two, these services must be cost-effective and meet certain established standards of quality.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Name the four basic functional components of the US health care delivery system. What role does each play in the delivery of health care?

Output: The four basic functional components of US health care delivery & functions: a.Financing- helps obtain health insurance or pay for services b.Insurance- protects insured from catastrophic risk and costly care, specifies how and where services received c.Delivery- given by providers d.Payment- reimbursement of payment to providers for services delivered

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What is the primary reason for employers to purchase insurance plans to provide health benefits to their employees?

Output: The primary reason for employers to purchase insurance plans to provide health benefits to their employees is that its in their best interest to keep their workers healthy and performing optimally; employers also get discount pricing because of group rates offered by insurance companies.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Why is it that despite public and private health insurance programs, some US citizens are without any coverage?

Output: 5. Despite public and private health insurance programs, some US citizens are uninsured because their low wages are enough to make them ineligible for federally funded programs, but they cannot afford premium cost sharing through their employers, if their employers even provide insurance.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What is managed care?

Output: Managed care is a system of health delivery which, 1. Seeks to achieve efficiencies through integration 2. Employs mechanisms to manage utilization 3. determines the price at which services are purchased

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Why is the US health care market referred to as "imperfect"?

Output: The US health care market is imperfect, or quasi-market, because costs are fixed by the government, buying power is consolidated in the hands of private health plans, which forces providers to form alliances, patients do not have adequate information about services and their price/quality, patients do not directly pay for their services, and finally, patients do not make the decisions about the purchase of health care services, they are directed by their physicians.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Discuss the intermediary role of insurance in the delivery of health care.

Output: The intermediary role of insurance in the delivery of health care is that of a third party. This intermediary influence creates a wall between financing and delivery functions so that quality of care becomes a secondary concern.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Who are the major players in the US health services system? What are the positive and negative effects of the often-conflicting self-interests of these players?

Output: The major players in the US health services system are physicians, administrators of health service institutions, insurance companies, large employers, and the government. One positive effect of their opposing self-interest is that they prevent any single entity from dominating the system. On the negative side, each player has a large stake in health policy reforms. In an environment where everyone is competing for their own self advancement, achieving comprehensive systemwide reforms and cost containment are nearly impossible.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What main roles does the government play in the US health services system?

Output: The main roles of the government in the US health services system is as a financer through Medicare and Medicaid the government finances medical costs for those unable to pay. The government also serves as a sort of regulator through certification and standards of participation with Medicare/Medicaid.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] Why is it important for health care managers and policy makers to understand the intricacies of the health care delivery system?

Output: It is important for health care managers and policy makers to understand the intricacies of the health care system because it can help officials be more attuned to their own positions/role/relationship to the rest of the health care environment. It can help to better understand changes and their potential impact on their own practices.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What kind of a cooperative approach do the authors recommend for charting the future course of the health care delivery system?

Output: A multifaceted system will be needed to plot the future progress of the American health care system. It will need to be a joint undertaking that involves a balanced representation of the key players in health service delivery.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What is the difference between national health insurance (NHI) and a national health system (NHS)?

Output: 13. Both National Health Insurance, NHI, and National Health System, NHS, are tax-supported, but in NHS the government manages the infrastructure for the delivery of medical care and in NHI health care is delivered by private providers.

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: [Access] What is socialized health insurance (SHI)?

Output: 14. Socialized Health Insurance is health care financed through government-mandated contributions by employers and employees

Chapter One Health Policy and Management Flashcards - Cram.com

The ability of an individual to obtain health care services when needed


Input: What is the difference b/t a direct provisional and an indirect provisional?

Output: -Direct provisionals are fabricated in the mouth -Indirect provisional are fabricated w/ a model outside of the mouth

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: What are the critical characteristic of hygienic pontic?

Output: -A fully convex surface that will resist trapping of food debris, and sufficient space b/t the belly of the pontic and the ridge to allow easy cleaning.

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: What are the advantages of a multi-unit fixed provisional compared to several single-unit provisionals?

Output: -Allows the patient to evaulate the estehtics of the multi-unit prosthesis and see what it feels like in the mouth, also maintains tooth position and prevents supraeruption of opposing teeth.

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: Is Protemp Garant an appropiate material for fabricating a long-span provisional FPD?

Output: -NO

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: What are the two types of provisional restorations?

Output: -Custom and prefabricated

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: What is the ideal properties of a properly constructed provisional restoration include:

Output: Convenient handling, biocompatibility, dimensional stability, ease of contouring, adequate strength, abrasion resistance, good esthetics, ease of adding and repairing, chemical compatibility w/ luting cements

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: Prefab provisionals take several forms:

Output: Simple aluminum cylinders, -Metal crowns that mimic the normal anatomic contour of teeth -Clear Celluloid shell (used as mould) -Pre-made tooth-colored polycarbonate crowns. -Custom provisional is best option

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: Provisional FPD is what?

Output: -Multi-unit provisionals that mimics the characteristics of final fixed partial denture a patient will receive.

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: What is the dimension of hygienic pontic?

Output: -1.0 -2.0 mm clearance (pontic tip to crest of ridge) -Facio-lingual dimension is reduced by 1.5-2.0 on either side (total of 3-4 mm)

Fixed Prosthodontics Lecture 15 Flashcards - Cram.com

-Protect the pulp, protect the margins and prevent leakage, maintain space, provide good esthetics


Input: [1] Acidosis [2]

Output: Excessive acidity of body fluids

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Anosmia [2]

Output: Absence of the sense of smell

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Apnea [2]

Output: Temporary loss of breathing

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Asphyxia [2]

Output: Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Epistaxis [2]

Output: Nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Hypoemia [2]

Output: Deficiency of oxygen in the blood

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Hypoxia [2]

Output: Deficiency of oxyen in tisuses

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Rhonchus [2]

Output: Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Stridor [2]

Output: High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Oximetry [2]

Output: Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoblobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pulmonary function tests [2]

Output: Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchage across the alveolocapillary membrane

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Spirometry [2]

Output: Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Aerosol Therapy [2]

Output: Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medications in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways.

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Lavage [2]

Output: Irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid.

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ABG [2]

Output: Arterial blood gas(es)

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] COPD [2]

Output: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CT [2]

Output: Computed tomography

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] DPI [2]

Output: Dry power inhaler

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] FVC [2]

Output: Forced vital capacity

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] MDI [2]

Output: Metered dose inhaler

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] NMT [2]

Output: Nebulized mist treatment

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] RDS [2]

Output: Respiratory distress syndrome

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SOB [2]

Output: Shortness of breath

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] URI [2]

Output: Upper respiratory infection

quiz 5a Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age. [peer groups]

Output: age grading

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large. [peer groups]

Output: baby boom

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: guidelines for behavior that vary from one individual to another; more commonly found in less industrialized societies. [peer groups]

Output: particularistic norms

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: guidelines for behavior that apply to all members of a community; more common in industrialized societies. [peer groups]

Output: universalistic norms

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the separation of boys and girls into different cliques, common during late childhood and early adolescence. [peer groups]

Output: sex cleavage

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age. [peer groups]

Output: cliques

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity. [peer groups]

Output: crowds

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships. [peer groups]

Output: participant observation

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings. [peer groups]

Output: ethnography

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a group against which an individual compares him- or herself. [peer groups]

Output: reference groups

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organized peer groups of antisocial individuals. [peer groups]

Output: gangs

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention. [peer groups]

Output: iatrogenic effects

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned. [peer groups]

Output: instrumental aggression

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive. [peer groups]

Output: reactive aggression

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip. [peer groups]

Output: relational aggression

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as delierately hostile. [peer groups]

Output: hostile attributional bias

Chapter 5 Peer Groups Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The presence of S2 in the heart indicates:

Output: Closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves: Heart sounds are related to closure of the different heart valves. S1 occurs as the bicuspid and tricuspid valves (separating the atria and ventricles) close at the beginning of ventricular systole. S2 represents the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of ventricular systole. Ventricular diastole would not produce any sounds since the mitral valves are open and the pulmonic and aortic valves are closed. A pericardial friction rub is a �grating� noise associated with inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac, not closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the normal respiratory rate for 4 month old infant?

Output: Normal respiratory rates for a 4-month old infant range from 25-50 breaths per minute. In general, the first manifestation of respiratory distress in infants and young children is tachypnea. Bradypnea would then indicate a pateint who's respiratory system is failing and who is becoming critically hypoxic and acidotic.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is "N.R." correct infusion of fluid for a patient in hypovolemic shock?

Output: Fluids should be infused at 20cc/kg to maintain a blood pressure of at least 90-100mmHg. Too much crystalloid will promote increased blood pressures and increased bleeding.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What abnormalities in the red blood cells occur to promote vascular occlusion at the capillary bed during times of serious trauma and irreversible shock?

Output: Creation of rouleaux formations Lack of oxygen causes blood to become acidotic. Acidotic blood then causes the red blood cells to stack-up into misshaped chains resulting in rouleaux formation causing the red cells to become inflexible, promoting vessel occlusion. When the post capillary sphincters open during the final stage of the shock syndrome, the rouleaux formations can cause microemboli to occur in various regions of the body.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What makes a crush injury life threatening?

Output: The term crush injury describes a collection of traumatic insults that includes both crush injury itself and crush syndrome. In crush injury, a body part that is compressed, possibly by a heavy object, sustains deep injury to the muscles, blood vessels, bones, and other internal structures. Damage can be massive, despite minimal signs displayed on the skin itself. Crush syndrome is the term used to describe the systemic effects of a large crush injury. If the pressure that causes a crush injury remains in place for several hours, the resulting destruction of skeletal muscle cells leads to the accumulation of large quantities of myoglobin (a cell protein), potassium, lactic acid, uric acid, and other toxins. When the pressure is released, these products enter the bloodstream. They circulate, causing a severe metabolic acidosis. These materials are also toxic to the kidneys and heart. Crush syndrome is thus a potentially life-threatening trauma event.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What are the two most important catecholamines?

Output: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is Addison's Disease?

Output: Chronic adrenal insufficiency; a rare endocrine disorder wherein the adrenal glands produce insufficient steroid hormones glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Always check the (blank) level of any patient with adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's Disease.

Output: blood glucose level

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Typical "fight or flight" responses (sympathetic nervous system) are:

Output: Our senses sharpening. Pupils dilate (open out) so we can see more clearly, even in darkness. Our hairs stand on end, making us more sensitive to our environment (and also making us appear larger, hopefully intimidating our opponent). The cardio-vascular system leaping into action, with the heart pump rate going from one up to five gallons per minutes and our arteries constricting to maximize pressure around the system whilst the veins open out to ease return of blood to the heart. The respiratory system joining in as the lungs, throat and nostrils open up and breathing speeding up to get more air in the system so the increased blood flow can be re-oxygenated. The blood carries oxygen to the muscles, allowing them to work harder. Deeper breathing also helps us to scream more loudly! Fat from fatty cells and glucose from the liver being metabolized to create instant energy. Blood vessels to the kidney and digestive system being constricted, effectively shutting down systems that are not essential. A part of this effect is reduction of saliva in the mouth. The bowels and bladder may also open out to reduce the need for other internal actions (this might also dissuade our attackers!). Blood vessels to the skin being constricted reducing any potential blood loss. Sweat glands also open, providing an external cooling liquid to our over-worked system. (this makes the skin look pale and clammy). Endorphins, which are the body's natural pain killers, are released (when you are fighting, you do not want be bothered with pain–-that can be put off until later.) The natural judgment system is also turned down and more primitive responses take over–this is a time for action rather than deep thought.

National Registry Practice Tests (notable information) Flashcards - Cram.com

B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: When questions concerning the non-traumatic "LLQ" pain on a NR test, (blank) should be highly considered if it's in the answer options.

Output: Diverticulitis

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Hemorrhage associated with a (blank) is typically dark colored since the blood is partially digested within the GI tract.

Output: peptic ulcer

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Gallstones do not cause rectal bleeding. (true or false)

Output: True

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The transmission of rubella to the non-immunized pregnant female has a high probability of causing (blank) to the baby.

Output: congenital birth defects

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A (blank) seizure results when the electrical discharge form one cerebral hemisphere causes repetitive clonic movement to the opposite side of the body.

Output: simple partial motor

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A (blank) seizure occurs when both cerebral hemispheres are involved and results in clonic movements to the entire body, as well as a loss of consciousness and post ictal phase.

Output: generalized or grand mal

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: An (blank) seizure is caused by uncontrolled electrical discharge from both hemispheres and is evidenced by a brief loss of consciousness. It is sometimes accompanied by fluttering of the eyelids and/or brief loss of motor tone, but not global clonic movement.

Output: absence (petit mal)

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) are related to psychological disorders and describe sharp bizarre movements of the body and can often be interrupted by commands such as �stop it!�

Output: Pseudo-seizures

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Why would it be important to transport a conscious, alert patient with a brain tumor in a semi-fowlers position instead of supine?

Output: vomiting often accompanies brain tumors.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Because the kidney is responsible for the regulation of electrolyte balances, acute renal failure can result in electrolytic imbalances, the most dangerous being (blank) because it can precipitate a variety of lethal cardiac dysrhythmias, up to and including asystole.

Output: hyperkalemia

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Name the three stages of stress.

Output: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Morphine sulfate is supplied in a prefilled syringe with 10mg/2ml. What is the concentration equivalent to? 5mg/2cc 5mg/cc 5ml/cc 5ml/2cc

Output: 5mg/cc is exactly equal to 10mg/2cc or 10mg/ml. CC's are the same thing as ml's.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the preferred method for the administration of epinephrine for the anaphylactic patient who presents with a moderate reaction? Subcutaneous Percutaneous Transdermal Intramuscular

Output: IM injections is the preferred injection method. The subcutaneous route provides slow uptake, especially in the patient who has already begun to display poor peripheral perfusion. If the peripheral perfusion is significantly diminished or absent, the drug should be administered via the intravenous route for immediate absorption and distribution.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What respiratory problem is often associated with Marfan's syndrome?

Output: Spontaneous pneumothorax

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The clinical signs of a rapid loss of consciousness and motor coordination, coupled with violent muscle spasms, and uncontrolled jerking is hallmark to a (Blank).

Output: tonic-clonic seizure.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the healthy heart rate for a newborn?

Output: Typically between 120 and 160 beats per minute. Anytime the heart rate falls below 100 beats per minute, the newborn is distressed

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What does "natremia" mean?

Output: Presence of sodium in the blood.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the average amount of blood loss that could be expected during the monthly menstrual cycle, ?

Output: The average woman bleeds out a total of approximately 50 cc during her monthly flow

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: In a field delivery, where should the umbilical cord be cut?

Output: Approximately 10-15 cm from the baby

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the proper sequence of events immediately following delivery, as advocated by the American Academy of Pediatrics?

Output: Dry, warm, position, suction, and then stimulate the infant.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: you and your partner are using the "contact and cover" procedure for a psychiatric patient, of which you will assume the "cover" role. What is your responsibility as "Cover"?

Output: Observation of the scene for danger.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What must occur in order to be found guilty of negligence?

Output: To be found guilty of negligence, the patient must suffer some sort of harm or damage, either physically or emotionally. If harm does not occur, negligence cannot be proven. Regardless of whether the dosage of the drug administered was incorrect or the paramedic himself attached the cardiac monitor, the issue at hand is the administration of a medication that was not indicated. In this case, the expiration date of the medication has no bearing in determining whether or not the paramedic is negligent

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Is an "off duty" paramedic required to assist a patient who collapses in front of him?

Output: Healthcare ethics dictate that healthcare professionals help others and not do any harm. Morals describe personal beliefs, and may not always be in accordance with the ethical dictates of the profession to which an individual belongs. Since the paramedic is unsure of whether or not to intervene, a moral dilemma exists (should he render care or not help another in need). There is no duty to act, given that the paramedic is off duty, so breach of duty and negligence cannot be demonstrated. Since the paramedic has not provided care, abandonment does not exist either.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What does it mean when a medication is susceptible to the phenomena of first pass metabolism.

Output: First pass metabolism refers to the deactivation of a medication as it passes through the liver.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) is the passage of maroon colored stool [1]. It is distinguished from melena, which is stool with blood that has been altered by the gut flora and appears black/"tarry".

Output: Hematochezia

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is "conversion disorder"?

Output: Conversion disorder is a rare psychological disorder brought on by intense stress. The patient manifests physical symptoms with no underlying physical cause, literally converting a psychological issue into a physical problem.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What are the ss of cholecystitis?

Output: Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder that causes severe abdominal pain that is located on the upper right side or upper middle of the abdomen. The pain may: Be sharp, cramping, or dull Come and go Spread to the back or below the right shoulder blade Be worse after eating fatty or greasy foods Occur within minutes of a meal

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the normal average temperature for humans?

Output: 37 Celsius, 98.6 F

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is tactile fremitus?

Output: Fremitus is a palpable vibration on the human body.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is hyperpryxia?

Output: hyperpyrexia [hī′pərpīrek′sē·ə] Etymology: Gk, hyper + pyressein, to be feverish an extremely elevated temperature that sometimes occurs in acute infectious diseases, especially in young children. Malignant hyperpyrexia, characterized by a rapid rise in temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, rigidity, and blotchy cyanosis, occasionally occurs in patients undergoing general anesthesia. A high temperature may be reduced by sponging the body with tepid water, by giving a tepid tub bath, or by administering antipyretic medication, such as aspirin or acetaminophen.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: When taking the NR test, it often refers to patients who are breathing within the normal range but "shallow". This indicates that the patient needs (blank) assistance.

Output: BVM

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the purpose of oxygen in the blood?

Output: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during the production of ATP during fat and sugar catabolism. Without oxygen present, anaerobic respiration would occur producing far less energy than aerobic respiration. The difference is about 2 ATP molecules per glucose (pyruvate) molecule to 36 ATP molecules per glucose (pyruvate) in the presence of oxygen in the electron transport chain.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Which of the following correctly describes what will occur with an esophageal detection device (EDD) after it is applied to the endotracheal tube that is properly positioned in the trachea?

Output: It will quickly inflate due to the residual air in the trachea

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Classic sign of bronchitis?

Output: Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by frequent outbreaks of bronchitis over several years. The patient is classically overweight and cyanotic becomes dyspneic with very little movement.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is Lupus?

Output: Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Which of the following assessment findings would indicate that the pericardial tamponade is severe? *Hypotension *Loud heart sounds *Abdominal pain *Flat jugular veins

Output: Pericardial tamponade describes a condition in which fluid, blood, or pus (depending on the casual condition) accumulates between the heart and pericardial sac. Since the pericardial sac is very fibrous and has difficulty expanding, the heart is compressed and cardiac output falls. This results in hypotension and is an ominous sign in a critical patient. Flat jugular veins are indicative of hypovolemia, not pericardial tamponade. In severe cases, jugular venous distention is seen in conjunction with tamponade since the heart is so compressed by fluid that it cannot accept returning blood. The blood then backs up into the jugular veins. Heart tones in tamponade are muffled and difficult to hear secondary to the increased volume of fluid between the pericardial sac and myocardium. There is no direct correlation between abdominal pain and pericardial tamponade. Additionally, abdominal pain is nonspecific and could indicate any of a number of conditions.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A person who has the complaint of chest pain, for two days that has been intermittent, but never completely resolved with hypotension is probably in which of the following: *Cardiogenic shock *Right sided heart failure *Left sided heart failure

Output: cardiogenic shock

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The presence of an S3 heart sound is suggestive of.....

Output: The presence of an S3 heart sound is suggestive of ventricular dysfunction, most commonly as the result of too much pressure in the left ventricle.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: A cardiac arrest patient received 150 mg of Lidocaine IVP for his ventricular dysrhythmia. Since he has not converted, what would the next dose of Lidocaine be?

Output: Repeat 150 mg

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Note: Here's a NR tricky-dickie heads up. An intravenous line at 30 cc/hour is a N.R. "tricky-dickie" way of saying (blank).

Output: TKO or KVO (To Keep Open or Keep Vein Open) and.... N.R. likes to use this term when they are offering treatment options for patients with pulmonary edema whom you think not to give fluids to but at 30 cc per hour... you're just keeping the vein open with the option of giving meds.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What are the signs associated with compensated shock?

Output: Compensated shock is often associated with early shock. The patient will develop pallor, thirst, anxiety, and increased heart rate. Often times hypotension and dropping heart rate are associated with decompensated shock. Once the patient has begun to decompensate, death is quickly approaching.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Decreased (blank) output is an early sign of shock.

Output: Urinary Output: As perfusion decreases one of the first signs of shock is decreased urinary output. The average adult should create about 30 cc per hour of urine. A Foley catheter should quickly be inserted in the patient to judge their distal perfusion status. If the patient is producing adequate urine output, his distal circulation is adequate. Vasodilation, decreased heart rate, and enhanced peristaltic activity are not correlated with hypoperfusion syndromes.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The most appropriate care for the patient's burns with less than 25% BSA of second degree burns is...

Output: wetting the area with tepid water and then cover the burns with sterile dressings.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: When a fractured bone is exposed, care must be taken to prevent further injury and infection. A good rule of thumb for the use of moist, sterile dressings is as follow:

Output: If the protruding part is normally on the inside of the body, cover it with a moist sterile dressing. Do not attempt to reinsert or reduce the exposed bone back into the body.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: What is the appropriate manner in which you should splint a dislocated knee?

Output: It should be splinted in the position in which it was discovered.

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: Epidural hematoma usually involve (blank) causing symptoms to develop very rapidly.

Output: arterial vessels

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) usually develops more slowly and does not cause herniation and compression of brain tissue.

Output: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) typically presents much like a stroke due to blood's direct irritation of the brain tissue.

Output: Intercerebral Hemorrhage

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: (Blank) typically involves veins that hemorrhage at a lower pressure and are therefore associated with a slower onset.

Output: Subdural hematoma

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The greater trochanter is the most proximal bony process of the (Blank).

Output: femur

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.


Input: The tragus is the cartilaginous triangular structure anterior to the external (Blank).

Output: ear canal

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B. Movement of sodium into the cell Rationale The QRS complex is indicative of ventricular depolarization. To depolarize, sodium rushes into the cell while potassium leaves, causing the originally negatively charged inner cell environment to become positive. Depolarization is followed by contraction of the myocardial cells and is responsible for the physical pumping of blood into the circulatory system. Ventricular repolarization describes the return of potassium to the inside of the cells and removal of sodium to the outside of the cell. Ventricular repolarization is evident on the ECG as the �T� wave and results in the inside of the cell regaining its negative charge and the outside its positive charge. Atrial depolarization occurs during the �P� wave of the ECG tracing. As stated, potassium leaves the cell during ventricular depolarization and does not enter it.