Input: [2] story where each aspect has a symbolic meaning [1]

Output: allegory

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] lacking definite shape or form, shapeless, formless [1]

Output: amorphous

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] repitition of consonant sounds [1]

Output: alliteration

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] reference to another work/ gamous figure [1]

Output: allusion

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] misplaced in time [1]

Output: anachronism

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] comparison, involves 2 or more symbolic parts, used to clarify action/ relationship [1]

Output: analogy

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] short narrative [1]

Output: anecdote

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] when inanimate objects are given human characteristics [1]

Output: anthropomorphism

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] when action produces smaller results than one had been led to expect [1]

Output: anticlimax

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] main character who is unheroic [1]

Output: antihero

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] direct contrast/ opinion [1]

Output: antithesis

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] short and usually witty saying [1]

Output: aphorism

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] person who denies or foresakes earlier religious conviction [1]

Output: apostate

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] use of deliberately old fashioned language [1]

Output: archaism

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mounted projectile firing guns or missile launchers [1]

Output: artillary

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] speech (usually short comment) made by actor to audience, as if stepping out of action on stage [1]

Output: aside

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] repeated use of vowel sounds [1]

Output: assonance

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene [1]

Output: atmosphere

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] sentence comprised of two or more parallel clauses [1]

Output: balanced sentence

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a long, narrative poem, usually in very regular meter and rhyme. Has naive folksy quality. [1]

Output: ballad

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pathos, evokes emotion (pity/ sympathy) [1]

Output: bathos

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] to show to be false, to contradict [1]

Output: belies

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] use of disturbing themes in comedy [1]

Output: black humor

2011-2012 AP English Vocab 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: rocky planets similar in overall composition to Earth [comparative planetology]

Output: terrestrial planets

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: giant gaseous planets similar in overall composition to Jupiter [comparative planetology]

Output: jovian planets

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: compounds that contain hydrogen and were common in the solar nebula [comparative planetology]

Output: hydrogen compounds

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a relatively small and rocky object that orbits a star [comparative planetology]

Output: asteroid

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the region of our solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in which asteroids are heavily concentrated [comparative planetology]

Output: asteroid belt

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a relatively small, icy object that orbits a star [comparative planetology]

Output: comet

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spacecraft that fly past a target object, usually just once, as opposed to entering a bound orbit of the object [comparative planetology]

Output: flyby

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spacecraft that go into orbit of another world for long-term study [comparative planetology]

Output: orbiter

cosmic perspective chapter 7 terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Indirect: The intestines are contained within the vaginal tunic. Direct: There is a rent in the vaginal tunic or peritoneum and the intestines are directly beneath the skin.

Output: What is the difference between a direct inguinal hernia, and an indirect inguinal hernia?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Direct inguinal hernias Congenital and hereditary Typically reducible Do not usually strangulate/incarcerate

Output: How do hernias in foals usually present?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Indirect inguinal hernias Acquired Non-reducible Herniated bowel gets strangulated/incarcerated Colic signs

Output: How do hernias in adult horses usually present?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Box stall rest Manual reduction of the hernia several times a day Possibly application of a truss (pressure bandage) Close monitoring for complications

Output: What is conservative treatment for a foal with a hernia?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: serious

Output: graves

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: The testicle and tunic are twisted to decrease the internal diameter of the inguinal canal, followed by a transfixation ligature around the tunic and spermatic chord, which is then anchored to the external abdominal oblique muscle. followed by removal of the testicle.

Output: What is the "twist and tack" technique?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: If the bowel is not incarcerated, laparoscopic herniorrhaphy may be performed using a mesh to occlude the internal inguinal ring. If the bowel is compromised, resection may be needed.

Output: What is the surgical treatment for adult horses with acquired inguinal hernias?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: False! Breeding stallions can still cover, as the contralateral testicle hypertrophies and almost 80% of the original sperm count is attained.

Output: True or false: Breeding stallions need to retire if one testicle is removed after a hernia.

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Unilaterally enlarged testicle Firm swelling of the testicle Pain on palpation Signs of colic

Output: What are the clinical signs of spermatic chord torsion?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Castration of the affected testicle

Output: What is the treatment for torsion of the spermatic chord?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Squamous cell carcinoma

Output: What is the most common neoplasia of the equine prepuce and penis?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: True: either through chronic irritation or unidentified carcinogens within smegma

Output: True or false: Smegma accumulation in the prepuce may predispose to development of SCC

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Pre-cancerous lesions that may progress into SCC

Output: What are squamous papillomas?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Sarcoids

Output: What virus related skin tumor is most common in horses?


Input: The horse urinates without extending its penis.

Output: What is the first sign of neoplasia on the penis or prepuce?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Chemotherapy (topical, intratumoral) Cryosurgery Circumcision Penis amputation En-bloc resection of penis and lymph nodes

Output: What treatments are available for neoplasia of the penis or prepuce?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Rupture is usually seen on the dorsal aspect of the bladder, where the wall is thinnest

Output: What aspect of the bladder is most likely to rupture in foals?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Urethral obstruction

Output: When might you see bladder rupture in an adult horse?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: 1-7 day old foals

Output: In what age horse is it most common to diagnose bladder rupture?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Initially no signs are noticeable After 1-3 days: Depression Anorexia Abdominal distention Colic

Output: What are the clinical signs of bladder rupture?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: False, Foals often strain to urinate and may urinate smaller amounts more frequently than normal.

Output: True or false: If the owners have seen the foal urinate, you can rule out bladder rupture.

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Hyponatremia Hypochloremia Hyperkalemia Hemoconcentration Metabolic acidemia Azotemia

Output: What lab abnormalities are seen with bladder rupture?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Creatinine levels 2x or greater in abdominal fluid than plasma.

Output: What would abdominocentesis show in a foal with a ruptured bladder?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: IV fluids Peritoneal drainage if distention is severe Correct electrolyte imbalances Consider postponing surgery if foal is severely compromised (catheterize bladder in the mean time) NSAIDS, abx

Output: What needs to be done preoperatively with a foal with a ruptured bladder?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Cystorrhaphy under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency.

Output: What is the procedure for repairing a ruptured bladder?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Distend bladder retrograde with sterile methylene blue

Output: What can you do if it is difficult to identify the rent in the bladder wall?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Ca carbonate uroliths with a spiculated surface

Output: What are the most common type of uroliths that horses get?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Stranguria Pollackuria Hematuria Weight loss Signs of colic

Output: What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: False, the horse will only be azotemic if there is a full obstruction.

Output: True or false: A horse with a urolith will always be azotemic

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Perineal urethrotomy Via laparotomy Via flexible endoscopy and snares Via nephrectomy

Output: What are some surgical treatment options for obstructive urolithiasis?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Urine acidification Don't feed alfalfa

Output: What treatment prevents urolith recurrence?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Urethral hemorrhage Cystitis Urethritis Urethral stricture Recurrence of urolithiasis

Output: What are some possible complications of urethrotomy?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Peritonitis Abdominal incisional dihiscence Cystitis Recurrence of urolithiasis

Output: What are some possible complications of cystotomy?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Azotemia that persists post-operatively.

Output: What can indicate permanent renal damage from uroliths?

Equine Male Urogenital Surgery Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the difference between an inguinal hernia and a scrotal hernia?


Input: Programs that are designed to spread from one system to another thorough self-replication and to perform any of a wide range of malicious activities. Require a host to infect. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Designed to exploit a single flaw in a system and then use that hole to replicate itself to other systems with the same flaw. Do not require host to infect. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Worms?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Form of malicious software that is disguised as something useful or legitimate. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Trojan Horses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Usually unwanted software that gathers information without authorization. Spyware uses it to target advertisements or steal identities. Adware uses it to direct advertisements. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Spyware and Adware?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Designed to be difficult to detect and analyze. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Armored Viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attach themselves to the boot sector of the hard drive [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Boot sector viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attaches themselves to a legitimate program and then creates a program with different file extension. When you try to run the original program, the companion program launches. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Companion viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Live in documents and emails and exploit scripting capabilities. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Macro viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attacks your system in multiple ways. Boot sector and executables and destroys application files. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Multipartite viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Modify and alter other programs and databases. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Phage viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Alter its own code in order to avoid being detected. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Polymorphic viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attacks or bypasses antivirus software. Anti-antivirus. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Retroviruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Attempts to avoid detection by masking itself from applications. Attach selves to boot sector. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Stealth viruses?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A type of malicious code that fools the OS into thinking that active processes and files don't exist. Rootkits render compromised systems completely untrustworthy. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Rootkits?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A network of robots or malicious software agents controlled by a hacker in order to launch massive attacks against targets. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What is a Botnet?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Programs or snippets of code that execute when predefined event occurs. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Logic Bombs?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - If attacks can alter BIOS and CMOS, they may be able to bypass security features. - Avoid by controlling physical access and using strong malware protection [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are the security risks associated with BIOS?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Can be used to bring malicious code or leak information - Only protection is to fully disallow USB devices [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are the security risks associated with USB Devices?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Can interact with internet and corporate network - Targets of hackers and malicious code - Eavesdropping [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are the security risks associated with Cell Phones?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - Storage system connected to LAN. - Don't always offer strong security such as authentication and authorization [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are the security risks associated with Network Attached Storage?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hotfixes are used during normal operations even though may require reboot. Install only if you are having problems. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Hotfixes?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Service packs and support packs are comprehensive set of fixes consolidated into a single product. More thoroughly tested than hotfixes, and should be installed [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Service Packs?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Patches are temporary quick fix to a problem. Corrects programming flaws and security vulnerabilities. More tested than hotfixes. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Patches?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Group Policies create restrictions that apply to workstations when users authenticate. Those are applied to the registry. Use security templates. New security requirements can be quickly distributed [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are Group Policies?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Used to maintain a hardened system Standardized minimum level of security that all systems in the org must comply with Is defined by the organizations security policy [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What are security baselines (or configuration baselines)?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mobile code that runs on client. Uses current users security privileges. Uses Authenticode for security which is a certificate technology. ActiveX components are saved to the desktop and can be run again later [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: Describe ActiveX vulnerabilities

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Run on web server and interact with client browser. All folders must have execute rights. Can leak information about server. May execute commands on server. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: Describe CGI vulnerabilities

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Small self contained java script that is downloaded from server and runs from browser. Run on the client but does not use current users security privileges. Run in restricted area of memory called the sandbox. It is considered safe in the sandbox. Errors can allow the aps to run outside the sandbox. Ability to execute instructions Resource Monopolization Unexpected Redirection [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: Describe Java applet vulnerabilities

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Feature designed into many email servers. Allows them to forward email to other email servers. Has helped generate a great deal of spam. “Open relays” can be used to send ads and other messages. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: Describe SMPT Relay vulnerabilities

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When hacker can input more data into the buffer than can be handled. Can cause system crashes, corrupt data, user privilege escalation, etc. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What is Buffer overflow?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A security application designed to monitor a local computer. Anti virus and anti spyware are examples of HIDs. Designed to run as software on a host computer system. Examine machine logs, system events and applications interactions. Don’t normally monitor network traffic on the host. If system is compromised, the log files may become corrupt or inaccurate. Must be deployed on each system that needs it. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What is Host Based Intrusion Detection (HIDS)?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The internet standard for encrypting and digitally signing email. Uses RSA. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What is S/MIME?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To encrypt and digitally sign email messages. It uses RSA and Diffie-Hellman. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What is PGP used for?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Allow file access, cache acces, file upload and email exposure. [What is Privilege Escalation?]

Output: What vulnerabilities are associated with Java scripts?

Security+ Domain 1 - Systems Security Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How is food moved through the digestive system?

Output: A process called peristalis. Progressive contractions of the smooth muscle propel food.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: Describe the process of digestion?

Output: Food is chewed and mixed with saliva from glands. Food is swallowed and travels down the esophagus to the stomach. Food is further digested in the stomach then the small intestine where further digested and absorbed (chemical digestion). Water is absorbed and stool formed in the large intestine. Stool passes from the body via the rectum.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: Describe the mouth and its function in digestion?

Output: Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication. Food is mixed with saliva which starts to break down the food into simple sugars.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the esophagus in digestion?

Output: The esophagus is an expandable hollow tube with a thick muscular wall that transports food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Sphincters control movement in and out of the esophagus.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

Output: The stomach is an expandable organ. In the stomach the food is churned and mixed with digestive juices forming a semiliquid mass called chyme. The pyloric sphincter lies between the stomach and the small intestine.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: Describe the role of the small intestine in digestion?

Output: It is the longest part of the digestive tract and the major site of food digestion and absorption of nutrients. Secretions lubricate and protect the walls.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Output: Duodenum (forms a 180 arch in the abdomen, the pancreas is located within this loop) Jejunum which has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions. Ileum is the last portion that travels on to become the large intestine or colon.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What are the roles of the sections of the small intestine?

Output: The Duodenum does most of the digestion and the jejunum and ileum absorb most of the nutrients.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the large intestine in digestion?

Output: The large intestine forms the stool and absorbs water back into the body.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the gallbladder in digestion?

Output: The gallbladder is a saclike organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile one of the digestive enzymes produced by the liver. The gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum via the cystic duct.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the liver in digestion?

Output: The liver is the largest internal organ. The livers many functions include storage of glucose, protein synthesis and filtering of body wastes from the blood.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is the role of the spleen and pancreas in digestion?

Output: The spleen is vascular and vital in flighting infection as well as in the removal of red blood cells from circulation. The pancreas makes insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes. The digestive enzymes travel via the main pancreatic duct to the duodenum.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What is synthesised in the large intestine?

Output: Synthesis of certain vitamins by the intestinal bacteria (especially Vitamin K and certain B Vitamins)

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What are the four sections of the large colon?

Output: -Cecum -Ascending Colon -Transverse Colon -Descending Colon

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: How much blood does the liver recieve?

Output: The liver receives approximately 1.5 l/min of blood from the portal vein and the hepatic artery.

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: What does the liver do?

Output: Plays a major role in: -Maintaining normal blood glucose level -Lipid and protein metabolism -Removing drugs and hormones -Storing vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K -Storing minerals (iron and copper) -Secreting bile

A & P Gastrointestinal System Flashcards - Cram.com

Known as the digestive system or GI tract. Stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of organs involved in the consumption, digestion and elimination of food.


Input: A life insurance policy option that provides policy proceeds to insured individuals over their lifetimes, in the event of a terminal illness. This is in lieu of a traditional policy that pays beneficiaries after the insured’s death. Such benefits kick in if the insured becomes terminally ill, needs extreme medical intervention, or must reside in a nursing home. The payments made while the insured is living are deducted from any death benefits paid to beneficiaries. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ACCELERATED DEATH BENEFITS


Input: Coverage for accidental injury, accidental death, and related health expenses. Benefits will pay for preventative services, medical expenses, and catastrophic care, with limits. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ACCIDENT AND HEALTH INSURANCE


Input: A form of insurance that pays damages equal to the replacement value of damaged property minus depreciation. (See Replacement cost ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ACTUAL CASH VALUE


Input: An insurance professional skilled in the analysis, evaluation, and management of statistical information. Evaluates insurance firms’ reserves, determines rates and rating methods, and determines other business and financial risks. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ACTUARY


Input: Extra charges covered by homeowners policies over and above the policyholder's customary living expenses. They kick in when the insured requires temporary shelter due to damage by a covered peril that makes the home temporarily uninhabitable. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ADDITIONAL LIVING EXPENSES


Input: An individual employed by a property/casualty insurer to evaluate losses and settle policyholder claims. These adjusters differ from public adjusters, who negotiate with insurers on behalf of policyholders, and receive a portion of a claims settlement. Independent adjusters are independent contractors who adjust claims for different insurance companies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ADJUSTER


Input: Assets recognized and accepted by state insurance laws in determining the solvency of insurers and reinsurers. To make it easier to assess an insurance company’s financial position, state statutory accounting rules do not permit certain assets to be included on the balance sheet. Only assets that can be easily sold in the event of liquidation or borrowed against, and receivables for which payment can be reasonably anticipated, are included in admitted assets. (See Assets ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ADMITTED ASSETS


Input: An insurance company licensed and authorized to do business in a particular state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ADMITTED COMPANY


Input: The tendency of those exposed to a higher risk to seek more insurance coverage than those at a lower risk. Insurers react either by charging higher premiums or not insuring at all, as in the case of floods. (Flood insurance is provided by the federal government but sold mostly through the private market.) In the case of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, adverse selection concentrates risk instead of spreading it. Insurance works best when risk is shared among large numbers of policyholders. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ADVERSE SELECTION


Input: Selling insurance through groups such as professional and business associations. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AFFINITY SALES


Input: Companies that market and sell products via independent agents. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AGENCY COMPANIES


Input: Insurance is sold by two types of agents: independent agents, who are self-employed, represent several insurance companies and are paid on commission, and exclusive or captive agents, who represent only one insurance company and are either salaried or work on commission. Insurance companies that use exclusive or captive agents are called direct writers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AGENT


Input: An insurance company incorporated under the laws of a foreign country, as opposed to a foreign insurance company that does business in states outside its own. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ALIEN INSURANCE COMPANY


Input: Property insurance that is usually bought in conjunction with fire insurance; it includes wind, water damage, and vandalism coverage. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ALLIED LINES


Input: Alternative to going to court to settle disputes. Methods include arbitration, where disputing parties agree to be bound to the decision of an independent third party, and mediation, where a third party tries to arrange a settlement between the two sides. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION / ADR


Input: Mechanisms used to fund self-insurance. This includes captives, which are insurers owned by one or more non-insurers to provide owners with coverage. Risk-retention groups, formed by members of similar professions or businesses to obtain liability insurance, are also a form of self-insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ALTERNATIVE MARKETS


Input: Covers the cost of administering an annuity contract. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUAL ANNUITY CONTRACT FEE


Input: Summary of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial operations for a particular year, including a balance sheet. It is filed with the state insurance department of each jurisdiction in which the company is licensed to conduct business. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUAL STATEMENT


Input: The person(s) who receives the income from an annuity contract. Usually the owner of the contract or his or her spouse. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITANT


Input: The conversion of the account balance of a deferred annuity contract to income payments. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITIZATION


Input: A life insurance product that pays periodic income benefits for a specific period of time or over the course of the annuitant’s lifetime. There are two basic types of annuities: deferred and immediate: Deferred annuities allow assets to grow tax deferred over time before being converted to payments to the annuitant. Immediate annuities allow payments to begin within about a year of purchase. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY


Input: The period during which the owner of a deferred annuity makes payments to build up assets. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY ACCUMULATION PHASE OR PERIOD


Input: Covers the cost of customer services for owners of variable annuities. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES


Input: In certain types of annuities, a person who receives annuity contract payments if the annuity owner or annuitant dies while payments are still due. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY BENEFICIARY


Input: An agreement similar to an insurance policy for other insurance products such as auto insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY CONTRACT


Input: The person or entity that purchases an annuity and has all rights to the contract. Usually, but not always, the annuitant (the person who receives incomes from the contract). [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY CONTRACT OWNER


Input: The guarantee that if an annuity contract owner dies before annuitization (the switchover from the savings to the payment phase) the beneficiary will receive the value of the annuity that is due. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY DEATH BENEFITS


Input: Covers administrative and mortality and expense risk costs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY INSURANCE CHARGES


Input: The fee paid for the management of variable annuity invested assets. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT FEE


Input: The insurance company that issues the annuity. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY ISSUER


Input: Legal document providing detailed information about variable annuity contracts. Must be offered to each prospective buyer. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY PROSPECTUS


Input: The cost of an annuity based on such factors as the age and gender of the contract owner. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANNUITY PURCHASE RATE


Input: Laws that prohibit companies from working as a group to set prices, restrict supplies or stop competition in the marketplace. The insurance industry is subject to state antitrust laws but has a limited exemption from federal antitrust laws. This exemption, set out in the McCarran-Ferguson Act, permits insurers to jointly develop common insurance forms and share loss data to help them price policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ANTITRUST LAWS


Input: The dividing of a loss proportionately among two or more insurers that cover the same loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: APPORTIONMENT


Input: A survey to determine a property’s insurable value, or the amount of a loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: APPRAISAL


Input: Procedure in which an insurance company and the insured or a vendor agree to settle a claim dispute by accepting a decision made by a third party. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ARBITRATION


Input: The deliberate setting of a fire. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ARSON


Input: Bonds that represent pools of loans of similar types, duration and interest rates. Almost any loan with regular repayments of principal and interest can be securitized, from auto loans and equipment leases to credit card receivables and mortgages. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES


Input: Property owned, in this case by an insurance company, including stocks, bonds, and real estate. Insurance accounting is concerned with solvency and the ability to pay claims. State insurance laws therefore require a conservative valuation of assets, prohibiting insurance companies from listing assets on their balance sheets whose values are uncertain, such as furniture, fixtures, debit balances, and accounts receivable that are more than 90 days past due. (See Admitted assets) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ASSETS


Input: Facilities through which drivers can obtain auto insurance if they are unable to buy it in the regular or voluntary market. These are the most well-known type of residual auto insurance market, which exist in every state. In an assigned risk plan, all insurers selling auto insurance in the state are assigned these drivers to insure, based on the amount of insurance they sell in the regular market. (See Residual market ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ASSIGNED RISK PLANS


Input: There are basically six different types of coverages. Some may be required by law. Others are optional. They are: 1. Bodily injury liability, for injuries the policyholder causes to someone else. 2. Medical payments or Personal Injury Protection (PIP) for treatment of injuries to the driver and passengers of the policyholder’s car. 3. Property damage liability, for damage the policyholder causes to someone else’s property. 4. Collision, for damage to the policyholder’s car from a collision. 5. Comprehensive, for damage to the policyholder’s car not involving a collision with another car (including damage from fire, explosions, earthquakes, floods, and riots), and theft. 6. Uninsured motorists coverage, for costs resulting from an accident involving a hit-and-run driver or a driver who does not have insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AUTO INSURANCE POLICY


Input: The price an insurance company charges for coverage, based on the frequency and cost of potential accidents, theft and other losses. Prices vary from company to company, as with any product or service. Premiums also vary depending on the amount and type of coverage purchased; the make and model of the car; and the insured’s driving record, years of driving and the number of miles the car is driven per year. Other factors taken into account include the driver’s age and gender, where the car is most likely to be driven and the times of day – rush hour in an urban neighborhood or leisure-time driving in rural areas, for example. Some insurance companies may also use credit history-related information. (See Insurance score) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AUTO INSURANCE PREMIUM


Input: Commercial airlines hold property insurance on airplanes and liability insurance for negligent acts that result in injury or property damage to passengers or others. Damage is covered on the ground and in the air. The policy limits the geographical area and individual pilots covered. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: AVIATION INSURANCE


Input: A form of variable annuity contract with no initial sales charge but if the contract is cancelled the holder pays deferred sales charges (usually from 5 to 7 percent the first year, declining to zero after from 5 to 7 years). The most common form of annuity contract. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: B-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY


Input: Provides a snapshot of a company’s financial condition at one point in time. It shows assets, including investments and reinsurance, and liabilities, such as loss reserves to pay claims in the future, as of a certain date. It also states a company’s equity, known as policyholder surplus. Changes in that surplus are one indicator of an insurer’s financial standing. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BALANCE SHEET


Input: A company that owns or controls one or more banks. The Federal Reserve has responsibility for regulating and supervising bank holding company activities, such as approving acquisitions and mergers and inspecting the operations of such companies. This authority applies even though a bank owned by a holding company may be under the primary supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency or the FDIC. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BANK HOLDING COMPANY


Input: Temporary authorization of coverage issued prior to the actual insurance policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BINDER


Input: Coverage for more than one type of property at one location or one type of property at more than one location. Example: chain stores. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BLANKET INSURANCE


Input: Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers injuries the policyholder causes to someone else. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BODILY INJURY LIABILITY COVERAGE


Input: Often called Equipment Breakdown, or Systems Breakdown insurance. Commercial insurance that covers damage caused by the malfunction or breakdown of boilers, and a vast array of other equipment including air conditioners, heating, electrical, telephone, and computer systems. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BOILER AND MACHINERY INSURANCE


Input: A security that obligates the issuer to pay interest at specified intervals and to repay the principal amount of the loan at maturity. In insurance, a form of suretyship. Bonds of various types guarantee a payment or a reimbursement for financial losses resulting from dishonesty, failure to perform and other acts. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BOND


Input: An evaluation of a bond’s financial strength, conducted by such major ratings agencies as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BOND RATING


Input: Total amount of insurance on an insurer's books at a particular point in time. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BOOK OF BUSINESS


Input: Insurance for the loss of property due to burglary, robbery or larceny. It is provided in a standard homeowners policy and in a business multiple peril policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BURGLARY AND THEFT INSURANCE


Input: Commercial coverage that reimburses a business owner for lost profits and continuing fixed expenses during the time that a business must stay closed while the premises are being restored because of physical damage from a covered peril, such as a fire. Business interruption insurance also may cover financial losses that may occur if civil authorities limit access to an area after a disaster and their actions prevent customers from reaching the business premises. Depending on the policy, civil authorities coverage may start after a waiting period and last for two or more weeks. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BUSINESS INCOME INSURANCE (also known as BUSINESS INTERRUPTION INSURANCE)


Input: A policy that combines property, liability and business interruption coverages for small- to medium-sized businesses. Coverage is generally cheaper than if purchased through separate insurance policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: BUSINESSOWNERS POLICY / BOP


Input: A form of variable annuity contract where the contract holder pays no sales up front or surrender charges. Owners can claim full liquidity at any time. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: C-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITIES


Input: The supply of insurance available to meet demand. Capacity depends on the industry’s financial ability to accept risk. For an individual insurer, the maximum amount of risk it can underwrite based on its financial condition. The adequacy of an insurer’s capital relative to its exposure to loss is an important measure of solvency. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAPACITY


Input: Shareholder’s equity (for publicly-traded insurance companies) and retained earnings (for mutual insurance companies). There is no general measure of capital adequacy for property/casualty insurers. Capital adequacy is linked to the riskiness of an insurer’s business. A company underwriting medical device manufacturers needs a larger cushion of capital than a company writing Main Street business, for example. (See Risk-based capital, Surplus, Solvency ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAPITAL


Input: The markets in which equities and debt are traded. (See Securitization of insurance risk ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAPITAL MARKETS


Input: A person who represents only one insurance company and is restricted by agreement from submitting business to any other company, unless it is first rejected by the agent’s captive company. (See Exclusive agent ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAPTIVE AGENT


Input: Insurers that are created and wholly-owned by one or more non-insurers, to provide owners with coverage. A form of self-insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAPTIVES


Input: Equal to 365 days of insured coverage for a single vehicle. It is the standard measurement for automobile insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CAR YEAR


Input: A system of coordinating medical services to treat a patient, improve care, and reduce cost. A case manager coordinates health care delivery for patients. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CASE MANAGEMENT


Input: Term used for statistical recording purposes to refer to a single incident or a series of closely related incidents causing severe insured property losses totaling more than a given amount, currently $25 million. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE


Input: Risk-based securities that pay high interest rates and provide insurance companies with a form of reinsurance to pay losses from a catastrophe such as those caused by a major hurricane. They allow insurance risk to be sold to institutional investors in the form of bonds, thus spreading the risk. (See Securitization of insurance risk ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE BONDS


Input: A percentage or dollar amount that a homeowner must pay before the insurance policy kicks in when a major natural disaster occurs. These large deductibles limit an insurer’s potential losses in such cases, allowing it to insure more property. A property insurer may not be able to buy reinsurance to protect its own bottom line unless it keeps its potential maximum losses under a certain level. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE DEDUCTIBLE


Input: Probability of catastrophic loss, based on the total number of catastrophes in a state over a 40-year period. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE FACTOR


Input: Using computers, a method to mesh long-term disaster information with current demographic, building and other data to determine the potential cost of natural disasters and other catastrophic losses for a given geographic area. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE MODEL


Input: Reinsurance (insurance for insurers) for catastrophic losses. The insurance industry is able to absorb the multibillion dollar losses caused by natural and man-made disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and terrorist attacks because losses are spread among thousands of companies including catastrophe reinsurers who operate on a global basis. Insurers’ ability and willingness to sell insurance fluctuates with the availability and cost of catastrophe reinsurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CATASTROPHE REINSURANCE


Input: Separate insurance provided to cover cell phones for damage or theft. Policies are often sold with the cell phones themselves. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CELL PHONE INSURANCE


Input: A professional designation given by The American College to financial services professionals who complete courses in financial planning. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CHARTERED FINANCIAL CONSULTANT / ChFC


Input: A professional designation by The American College for those who pass business examinations on insurance, investments, and taxation, and have life insurance planning experience. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CHARTERED LIFE UNDERWRITER / CLU


Input: A professional designation given by the American Institute for Property and Liability Underwriters. National examinations and three years of work experience are required. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CHARTERED PROPERTY/CASUALTY UNDERWRITER / CPCU


Input: A form of insurance that pays claims presented to the insurer during the term of the policy or within a specific term after its expiration. It limits liability insurers’ exposure to unknown future liabilities. (See Occurrence policy ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CLAIMS-MADE POLICY


Input: Short for Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. A federal law under which group health plans sponsored by employers with 20 or more employees must offer continuation of coverage to employees who leave their jobs and their dependents. The employee must pay the entire premium. Coverage can be extended up to 18 months. Surviving dependents can receive longer coverage. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COBRA


Input: In property insurance, requires the policyholder to carry insurance equal to a specified percentage of the value of property to receive full payment on a loss. For health insurance, it is a percentage of each claim above the deductible paid by the policyholder. For a 20 percent health insurance coinsurance clause, the policyholder pays for the deductible plus 20 percent of his covered losses. After paying 80 percent of losses up to a specified ceiling, the insurer starts paying 100 percent of losses. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COINSURANCE


Input: Property that is offered to secure a loan or other credit and that becomes subject to seizure on default. (Also called security.) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COLLATERAL


Input: Bars the introduction of information that indicates a person has been compensated or reimbursed by a source other than the defendant in civil actions related to negligence or other liability. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COLLATERAL SOURCE RULE


Input: Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers the damage to the policyholder’s car from a collision. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COLLISION COVERAGE


Input: Percentage of each premium dollar a property/casualty insurer spends on claims and expenses. A decrease in the combined ratio means financial results are improving; an increase means they are deteriorating. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMBINED RATIO


Input: A broad commercial policy that covers all liability exposures of a business that are not specifically excluded. Coverage includes product liability, completed operations, premises and operations, and independent contractors. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE / CGL


Input: Package policy that includes property, boiler and machinery, crime, and general liability coverages. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMMERCIAL MULTIPLE PERIL POLICY


Input: Short-term, unsecured, and usually discounted promissory note issued by commercial firms and financial companies often to finance current business. Commercial paper, which is rated by debt rating agencies, is sold through dealers or directly placed with an investor. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMMERCIAL PAPER


Input: Fee paid to an agent or insurance salesperson as a percentage of the policy premium. The percentage varies widely depending on coverage, the insurer, and the marketing methods. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMMISSION


Input: Enacted in several states on health insurance policies. Insurers are required to accept all applicants for coverage and charge all applicants the same premium for the same coverage regardless of age or health. Premiums are based on the rate determined by the geographic region’s health and demographic profile. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMMUNITY RATING LAWS


Input: See Crash parts; Generic auto parts [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPETITIVE REPLACEMENT PARTS


Input: A facility established by a state to sell workers compensation in competition with private insurers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPETITIVE STATE FUND


Input: A measure used by some state insurance departments to track consumer complaints against insurance companies. Generally, it is written as the number of complaints upheld against an insurance company, as a percentage of premiums written. In some states, complaints from medical providers over the promptness of payments may also be included. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPLAINT RATIO


Input: Pays for bodily injury or property damage caused by a completed project or job. Protects a business that sells a service against liability claims. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPLETED OPERATIONS COVERAGE


Input: Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers damage to the policyholder’s car not involving a collision with another car (including damage from fire, explosions, earthquakes, floods, and riots), and theft. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE


Input: The minimum amount of auto liability insurance that meets a state law. Financial responsibility laws in every state require all automobile drivers to show proof, after an accident, of their ability to pay damages up to the state minimum. In compulsory liability states this proof, which is usually in the form of an insurance policy, is required before you can legally drive a car. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COMPULSORY AUTO INSURANCE


Input: Liability of individuals, corporations, or partnerships for accidents caused by people other than employees for whose acts or omissions the corporations or partnerships are responsible. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CONTINGENT LIABILITY


Input: Synonym for insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: COVERAGE


Input: Sheet metal parts that are most often damaged in a car crash. (See Generic auto parts ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CRASH PARTS


Input: The promise to pay in the future in order to buy or borrow in the present. The right to defer payment of debt. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT


Input: A contract that enables a user, such as a bank, to better manage its credit risk. A way of transferring credit risk to another party. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT DERIVATIVES


Input: A technique to lower the interest payments on a bond by raising the issue’s credit rating, often through insurance in the form of a financial guarantee or with standby letters of credit issued by a bank. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT ENHANCEMENT


Input: Commercial coverage against losses resulting from the failure of business debtors to pay their obligation to the insured, usually due to insolvency. The coverage is geared to manufacturers, wholesalers, and service providers who may be dependent on a few accounts and therefore could lose significant income in the event of an insolvency. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT INSURANCE


Input: Life insurance coverage on a borrower designed to repay the balance of a loan in the event the borrower dies before the loan is repaid. It may also include disablement and can be offered as an option in connection with credit cards and auto loans. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT LIFE INSURANCE


Input: The number produced by an analysis of an individual’s credit history. The use of credit information affects all consumers in many ways, from getting a job, finding a place to live, securing a loan, getting a telephone, and buying insurance. Credit history is routinely reviewed by insurers before issuing a commercial policy because businesses in poor financial condition tend to cut back on safety which can lead to more accidents and more claims. Auto and home insurers may use information in a credit history to produce an insurance score. Insurance scores may be used in underwriting and rating insurance policies. (See Insurance score. ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CREDIT SCORE


Input: Term referring to property coverages for the perils of burglary, theft and robbery. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CRIME INSURANCE


Input: Protection against damage to growing crops from hail, fire, or lightning provided by the private market. By contrast, multiple peril crop insurance covers a wider range of yield-reducing conditions, such as drought and insect infestation, and is subsidized by the federal government. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: CROP-HAIL INSURANCE


Input: Part of a property or liability insurance policy that states the name and address of policyholder, property insured, its location and description, the policy period, premiums, and supplemental information. Referred to as the “dec page.” [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DECLARATION


Input: The amount of loss paid by the policyholder. Either a specified dollar amount, a percentage of the claim amount, or a specified amount of time that must elapse before benefits are paid. The bigger the deductible, the lower the premium charged for the same coverage. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEDUCTIBLE


Input: An annuity contract that is purchased either with a single tax-deferred premium or with periodic tax-deferred premiums over time. Payments begin at a predetermined point in time, such as retirement. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEFERRED ANNUITY


Input: A retirement plan under which pension benefits are fixed in advance by a formula based generally on years of service to the company multiplied by a specific percentage of wages, usually average earnings over that period or highest average earnings over the final years with the company. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN


Input: An employee benefit plan under which the employer sets up benefit accounts and contributions are made to it by the employer and by the employee. The employer usually matches the employee's contribution up to a stated limit. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN


Input: Customer assets that are held in a checking account. Funds can be readily withdrawn by check, “on demand.” [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEMAND DEPOSIT


Input: The conversion of insurance companies from mutual companies owned by their policyholders into publicly-traded stock companies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEMUTUALIZATION


Input: Financial institution that obtains its funds mainly through deposits from the public. Includes commercial banks, savings and loan associations, savings banks, and credit unions. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION


Input: In insurance, reducing regulatory control over insurance rates and forms. Commercial insurance for businesses of a certain size has been deregulated in many states. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DEREGULATION


Input: Contracts that derive their value from an underlying financial asset, such as publicly-traded securities and foreign currencies. Often used as a hedge against changes in value. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DERIVATIVES


Input: Policy designed to fill in gaps in a business’s commercial property insurance coverage. There is no standard policy. Policies are specifically tailored to the policyholder’s needs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIFFERENCE IN CONDITIONS


Input: The idea that a vehicle loses value after it has been damaged in an accident and repaired. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIMINUTION OF VALUE


Input: Property/casualty premiums collected by the insurer from policyholders, before reinsurance premiums are deducted. Insurers share some direct premiums and the risk involved with their reinsurers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIRECT PREMIUMS


Input: Method of selling insurance directly to the insured through an insurance company’s own employees, through the mail, or via the Internet. This is in lieu of using captive or exclusive agents. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIRECT SALES/ DIRECT RESPONSE


Input: Insurance companies that sell directly to the public using exclusive agents or their own employees, through the mail, or via Internet. Large insurers, whether predominately direct writers or agency companies, are increasingly using many different channels to sell insurance. In reinsurance, denotes reinsurers that deal directly with the insurance companies they reinsure without using a broker. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIRECT WRITERS


Input: Covers directors and officers of a company for negligent acts or omissions, and for misleading statements that result in suits against the company, often by shareholders. Directors and officers insurance policies usually contain two coverages: personal coverage for individual directors and officers who are not indemnified by the corporation for their legal expenses or judgments against them – some corporations are not required by their corporate or state charters to provide indemnification; and corporate reimbursement coverage for indemnifying directors and officers. Entity coverage for claims made specifically against the company may also be available. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS LIABILITY INSURANCE/D&O


Input: Money returned to policyholders from an insurance company’s earnings. Considered a partial premium refund rather than a taxable distribution, reflecting the difference between the premium charged and actual losses. Many life insurance policies and some property/casualty policies pay dividends to their owners. Life insurance policies that pay dividends are called participating policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DIVIDENDS


Input: Term used by a state to refer to any company incorporated there. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: DOMESTIC INSURANCE COMPANY


Input: A system of measuring insurers’ financial stability set up by insurance industry regulators. An example is the Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS), which uses financial ratios to identify insurers in need of regulatory attention. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EARLY WARNING SYSTEM


Input: The portion of premium that applies to the expired part of the policy period. Insurance premiums are payable in advance but the insurance company does not fully earn them until the policy period expires. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EARNED PREMIUM


Input: Covers a building and its contents, but includes a large percentage deductible on each. A special policy or endorsement exists because earthquakes are not covered by standard homeowners or most business policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE


Input: Total financial loss resulting from the death or disability of a wage earner, or from the destruction of property. Includes the loss of earnings, medical expenses, funeral expenses, the cost of restoring or replacing property, and legal expenses. It does not include noneconomic losses, such as pain caused by an injury. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ECONOMIC LOSS


Input: The sale of products such as insurance over the Internet. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ELECTRONIC COMMERCE / E-COMMERCE


Input: A kind of deductible or waiting period usually found in disability policies. It is counted in days from the beginning of the illness or injury. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ELIMINATION PERIOD


Input: Covers direct losses and damage to businesses resulting from the dishonest acts of employees. (See FIDELITY BOND ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EMPLOYEE DISHONESTY COVERAGE


Input: Federal legislation that protects employees by establishing minimum standards for private pension and welfare plans. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT / ERISA


Input: Part B of the workers compensation policy that provides coverage for lawsuits filed by injured employees who, under certain circumstances, can sue under common law. (See EXCLUSIVE REMEDY ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EMPLOYER’S LIABILITY


Input: Liability insurance for employers that covers wrongful termination, discrimination, or sexual harassment toward the insured’s employees or former employees. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES LIABILITY COVERAGE


Input: A written form attached to an insurance policy that alters the policy’s coverage, terms, or conditions. Sometimes called a rider. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ENDORSEMENT


Input: A form of insurance designed to cover losses and liabilities arising from damage to property caused by pollution. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAIRMENT LIABILITY COVERAGE


Input: In investments, the ownership interest of shareholders. In a corporation, stocks as opposed to bonds. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EQUITY


Input: Non-traditional fixed annuity. The specified rate of interest guarantees a fixed minimum rate of interest like traditional fixed annuities. At the same time, additional interest may be credited to policy values based upon positive changes, if any, in an established index such as the S&P 500. The amount of additional interest depends upon the particular design of the policy. They are sold by licensed insurance agents and regulated by state insurance departments. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EQUITY INDEXED ANNUITY


Input: A professional liability policy covering the policyholder for negligent acts and omissions that may harm his or her clients. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ERRORS AND OMISSIONS COVERAGE / E&O


Input: Funds that a lender collects to pay monthly premiums in mortgage and homeowners insurance, and sometimes to pay property taxes. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ESCROW ACCOUNT


Input: Property/casualty coverage that isn’t available from insurers licensed by the state (called admitted insurers) and must be purchased from a non-admitted carrier. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES


Input: A contract between an insurer and a reinsurer, whereby the insurer agrees to pay a specified portion of a claim and the reinsurer to pay all or a part of the claim above that amount. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXCESS OF LOSS REINSURANCE


Input: A provision in an insurance policy that eliminates coverage for certain risks, people, property classes, or locations. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXCLUSION


Input: A captive agent, or a person who represents only one insurance company and is restricted by agreement from submitting business to any other company unless it is first rejected by the agent’s company. (See Captive agent ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXCLUSIVE AGENT


Input: Part of the social contract that forms the basis for workers compensation statutes under which employers are responsible for work-related injury and disease, regardless of whether is was the employee’s fault and in return the injured employee gives up the right to sue when the employer’s negligence causes the harm. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXCLUSIVE REMEDY


Input: Percentage of each premium dollar that goes to insurers’ expenses including overhead, marketing, and commissions. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXPENSE RATIO


Input: Record of losses. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXPERIENCE


Input: Possibility of loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXPOSURE


Input: An endorsement added to an insurance policy, or clause within a policy, that provides additional coverage for risks other than those in a basic policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXTENDED COVERAGE


Input: Pays a certain amount above the policy limit to replace a damaged home, generally 120 percent or 125 percent. Similar to a guaranteed replacement cost policy, which has no percentage limits. Most homeowner policy limits track inflation in building costs. Guaranteed and extended replacement cost policies are designed to protect the policyholder after a major disaster when the high demand for building contractors and materials can push up the normal cost of reconstruction. (See Guaranteed replacement cost coverage ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: EXTENDED REPLACEMENT COST COVERAGE


Input: A reinsurance policy that provides an insurer with coverage for specific individual risks that are unusual or so large that they aren’t covered in the insurance company's reinsurance treaties. This can include policies for jumbo jets or oil rigs. Reinsurers have no obligation to take on facultative reinsurance, but can assess each risk individually. By contrast, under treaty reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a certain percentage of entire classes of business, such as various kinds of auto, up to preset limits. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE


Input: Insurance pools that sell property insurance to people who can’t buy it in the voluntary market because of high risk over which they may have no control. FAIR Plans, which exist in 28 states and the District of Columbia, insure fire, vandalism, riot, and windstorm losses, and some sell homeowners insurance which includes liability. Plans vary by state, but all require property insurers licensed in a state to participate in the pool and share in the profits and losses. (See Residual market ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FAIR ACCESS TO INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS PLANS / FAIR PLANS


Input: Package policy that protects the policyholder against named perils and liabilities and usually covers homes and their contents, along with barns, stables, and other structures. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FARMOWNERS-RANCHOWNERS INSURANCE


Input: Reserve balances that depository institutions lend each other, usually on an overnight basis. In addition, Federal funds include certain other kinds of borrowings by depository institutions from each other and from federal agencies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FEDERAL FUNDS


Input: Federal agency in charge of administering the National Flood Insurance Program. It does not regulate the insurance industry. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FEDERAL INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION / FIA


Input: Seven-member board that supervises the banking system by issuing regulations controlling bank holding companies and federal laws over the banking industry. It also controls and oversees the U.S. monetary system and credit supply. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD


Input: A form of protection that covers policyholders for losses that they incur as a result of fraudulent acts by specified individuals. It usually insures a business for losses caused by the dishonest acts of its employees. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIDELITY BOND


Input: A type of surety bond, sometimes called a probate bond, which is required of certain fiduciaries, such as executors and trustees, that guarantees the performance of their responsibilities. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIDUCIARY BOND


Input: Legal responsibility of a fiduciary to safeguard assets of beneficiaries. A fiduciary, for example a pension fund manager, is required to manage investments held in trust in the best interest of beneficiaries. Fiduciary liability insurance covers breaches of fiduciary duty such as misstatements or misleading statements, errors and omissions. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIDUCIARY LIABILITY


Input: States where insurers must file rate changes with their regulators, but don’t have to wait for approval to put them into effect. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FILE-AND-USE STATES


Input: Covers losses from specific financial transactions and guarantees that investors in debt instruments, such as municipal bonds, receive timely payment of principal and interest if there is a default. Raises the credit rating of debt to which the guarantee is attached. Investment bankers who sell asset-backed securities, securities backed by loan portfolios, use this insurance to enhance marketability. (See Municipal bond insurance) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FINANCIAL GUARANTEE INSURANCE


Input: A state law requiring that all automobile drivers show proof that they can pay damages up to a minimum amount if involved in an auto accident. Varies from state to state but can be met by carrying a minimum amount of auto liability insurance. (See Compulsory auto insurance ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAW


Input: Contract under which the ultimate liability of the reinsurer is capped and on which anticipated investment income is expressly acknowledged as an underwriting component. Also known as Financial Reinsurance because this type of coverage is often bought to improve the balance sheet effects of statutory accounting principles. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FINITE RISK REINSURANCE


Input: Coverage protecting property against losses caused by a fire or lightning that is usually included in homeowners or commercial multiple peril policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIRE INSURANCE


Input: Coverage for the policyholder’s own property or person. In no-fault auto insurance it pays for the cost of injuries. In no-fault states with the broadest coverage, the personal injury protection (PIP) part of the policy pays for medical care, lost income, funeral expenses and, where the injured person is not able to provide services such as child care, for substitute services. (See No-fault, Third-party coverage ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIRST-PARTY COVERAGE


Input: An annuity that guarantees a specific rate of return. In the case of a deferred annuity, a minimum rate of interest is guaranteed during the savings phase. During the payment phase, a fixed amount of income, paid on a regular schedule, is guaranteed. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FIXED ANNUITY


Input: Attached to a homeowners policy, a floater insures movable property, covering losses wherever they may occur. Among the items often insured with a floater are expensive jewelry, musical instruments, and furs. It provides broader coverage than a regular homeowners policy for these items. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FLOATER


Input: Coverage for flood damage is available from the federal government under the National Flood Insurance Program but is sold by licensed insurance agents. Flood coverage is excluded under homeowners policies and many commercial property policies. However, flood damage is covered under the comprehensive portion of an auto insurance policy. (See Adverse selection ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FLOOD INSURANCE


Input: Insurance purchased by a bank or creditor on an uninsured debtor’s behalf so if the property is damaged, funding is available to repair it. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FORCED PLACE INSURANCE


Input: Name given to an insurance company based in one state by the other states in which it does business. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANY


Input: Intentional lying or concealment by policyholders to obtain payment of an insurance claim that would otherwise not be paid, or lying or misrepresentation by the insurance company managers, employees, agents, and brokers for financial gain. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FRAUD


Input: A period of up to one month during which the purchaser of an annuity can cancel the contract with no penalty. Rules vary by state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FREE-LOOK PERIOD


Input: Number of times a loss occurs. One of the criteria used in calculating premium rates. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FREQUENCY


Input: A procedure in which a primary insurer acts as the insurer of record by issuing a policy, but then passes the entire risk to a reinsurer in exchange for a commission. Often, the fronting insurer is licensed to do business in a state or country where the risk is located, but the reinsurer is not. The reinsurer in this scenario is often a captive or an independent insurance company that cannot sell insurance directly in a particular country. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FRONTING


Input: Agreement to buy a security for a set price at a certain date. Futures contracts usually involve commodities, indexes or financial futures. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: FUTURES


Input: An automobile insurance option, available in some states, that covers the difference between a car’s actual cash value when it is stolen or wrecked and the amount the consumer owes the leasing or finance company. Mainly used for leased cars. (See Actual cash value ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GAP INSURANCE


Input: Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) accounting is used in financial statements that publicly-held companies prepare for the Securities and Exchange Commission. (See Statutory accounting principles / SAP ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES/GAAP


Input: Auto crash parts produced by firms that are not associated with car manufacturers. Insurers consider these parts, when certified, at least as good as those that come from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). They are often cheaper than the identical part produced by the OEM. (See Crash parts, Aftermarket parts, Competitive replacement parts, Original equipment manufacturer parts / OEM ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GENERIC AUTO PARTS


Input: Coverage for glass breakage caused by all risks; fire and war are sometimes excluded. Insurance can be bought for windows, structural glass, leaded glass, and mirrors. Available with or without a deductible. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GLASS INSURANCE


Input: Licenses for younger drivers that allow them to improve their skills. Regulations vary by state, but often restrict night time driving. Young drivers receive a learner’s permit, followed by a provisional license, before they can receive a standard drivers license. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSES


Input: Financial services legislation, passed by Congress in 1999, that removed Depression-era prohibitions against the combination of commercial banking and investment-banking activities. It allows insurance companies, banks, and securities firms to engage in each others’ activities and own one another. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT


Input: A single policy covering a group of individuals, usually employees of the same company or members of the same association and their dependents. Coverage occurs under a master policy issued to the employer or association. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GROUP INSURANCE


Input: Period during which the level of interest specified under a fixed annuity is guaranteed. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTEE PERIOD


Input: Basic death benefits guaranteed under variable annuity contracts. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTEED DEATH BENEFIT


Input: Often an option in an employer-sponsored retirement savings plan. Contract between an insurance company and the plan that guarantees a stated rate of return on invested capital over the life of the contract. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTEED INCOME CONTRACT / GIC


Input: A guarantee in a variable annuity that a certain level of annuity payment will be maintained. Serves as a protection against investment risks. Several types exists. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTEED LIVING BENEFIT


Input: Homeowners policy that pays the full cost of replacing or repairing a damaged or destroyed home, even if it is above the policy limit. (See Extended replacement cost coverage ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTEED REPLACEMENT COST COVERAGE


Input: The mechanism by which solvent insurers ensure that some of the policyholder and third party claims against insurance companies that fail are paid. Such funds are required in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, but the type and amount of claim covered by the fund varies from state to state. Some states pay policyholders’ unearned premiums – the portion of the premium for which no coverage was provided because the company was insolvent. Some have deductibles. Most states have no limits on workers compensation payments. Guaranty funds are supported by assessments on insurers doing business in the state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUARANTY FUND


Input: A new legal concept that holds gun manufacturers liable for the cost of injuries caused by guns. Several cities have filed lawsuits based on this concept. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: GUN LIABILITY


Input: A coverage that protects businesses engaged in electronic commerce from losses caused by hackers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HACKER INSURANCE


Input: A seller’s market in which insurance is expensive and in short supply. (See Property/casualty insurance cycle ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HARD MARKET


Input: The typical homeowners insurance policy covers the house, the garage and other structures on the property, as well as personal possessions inside the house such as furniture, appliances and clothing, against a wide variety of perils including windstorms, fire and theft. The extent of the perils covered depends on the type of policy. An all-risk policy offers the broadest coverage. This covers all perils except those specifically excluded in the policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE POLICY


Input: The typical homeowners insurance policy covers the house, the garage and other structures on the property, as well as personal possessions inside the house such as furniture, appliances and clothing, against a wide variety of perils including windstorms, fire and theft. The extent of the perils covered depends on the type of policy. An all-risk policy offers the broadest coverage. This covers all perils except those specifically excluded in the policy. Homeowners insurance also covers additional living expenses. Known as Loss of Use, this provision in the policy reimburses the policyholder for the extra cost of living elsewhere while the house is being restored after a disaster. The liability portion of the policy covers the homeowner for accidental injuries caused to third parties and/or their property, such as a guest slipping and falling down improperly maintained stairs. Coverage for flood and earthquake damage is excluded and must be purchased separately. (See Flood insurance, Earthquake insurance) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE POLICY


Input: Equal to 365 days of insured coverage for a single dwelling. It is the standard measurement for homeowners insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HOUSE YEAR


Input: A percentage or dollar amount added to a homeowner’s insurance policy to limit an insurer’s exposure to loss from a hurricane. Higher deductibles are instituted in higher risk areas, such as coastal regions. Specific details, such as the intensity of the storm for the deductible to be triggered and the extent of the high risk area, vary from insurer to insurer and state to state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: HURRICANE DEDUCTIBLE


Input: Coverage for expenses incurred as the result of an identity theft. Can include costs for notarizing fraud affidavits and certified mail, lost income from time taken off from work to meet with law-enforcement personnel or credit agencies, fees for reapplying for loans and attorney's fees to defend against lawsuits and remove criminal or civil judgments. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: IDENTITY THEFT INSURANCE


Input: A product purchased with a lump sum, usually at the time retirement begins or afterwards. Payments begin within about a year. Immediate annuities can be either fixed or variable. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: IMMEDIATE ANNUITY


Input: Losses that are not filed with the insurer or reinsurer until years after the policy is sold. Some liability claims may be filed long after the event that caused the injury to occur. Asbestos-related diseases, for example, do not show up until decades after the exposure. IBNR also refers to estimates made about claims already reported but where the full extent of the injury is not yet known, such as a workers compensation claim where the degree to which work-related injuries prevents a worker from earning what he or she earned before the injury unfolds over time. Insurance companies regularly adjust reserves for such losses as new information becomes available. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INCURRED BUT NOT REPORTED LOSSES / IBNR


Input: Losses occurring within a fixed period, whether or not adjusted or paid during the same period. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INCURRED LOSSES


Input: Provide financial compensation for losses. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INDEMNIFY


Input: Agent who is self-employed, is paid on commission, and represents several insurance companies. (See Captive agent ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INDEPENDENT AGENT


Input: A tax-deductible savings plan for those who are self-employed, or those whose earnings are below a certain level or whose employers do not offer retirement plans. Others may make limited contributions on a tax-deferred basis. The Roth IRA, a special kind of retirement account created in 1997, may offer greater tax benefits to certain individuals. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT/IRA


Input: A provision added to a homeowners insurance policy that automatically adjusts the coverage limit on the dwelling each time the policy is renewed to reflect current construction costs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INFLATION GUARD CLAUSE


Input: This broad type of coverage was developed for shipments that do not involve ocean transport. Covers articles in transit by all forms of land and air transportation as well as bridges, tunnels and other means of transportation and communication. Floaters that cover expensive personal items such as fine art and jewelry are included in this category. (See Floater) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INLAND MARINE INSURANCE


Input: Insurer’s inability to pay debts. Insurance insolvency standards and the regulatory actions taken vary from state to state. When regulators deem an insurance company is in danger of becoming insolvent, they can take one of three actions: place a company in conservatorship or rehabilitation if the company can be saved or liquidation if salvage is deemed impossible. The difference between the first two options is one of degree – regulators guide companies in conservatorship but direct those in rehabilitation. Typically the first sign of problems is inability to pass the financial tests regulators administer as a routine procedure. (See Liquidation, Risk-based capital ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSOLVENCY


Input: An organization such as a bank or insurance company that buys and sells large quantities of securities. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR


Input: Risks for which it is relatively easy to get insurance and that meet certain criteria. These include being definable, accidental in nature, and part of a group of similar risks large enough to make losses predictable. The insurance company also must be able to come up with a reasonable price for the insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURABLE RISK


Input: A system to make large financial losses more affordable by pooling the risks of many individuals and business entities and transferring them to an insurance company or other large group in return for a premium. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURANCE


Input: A group of insurance companies that pool assets, enabling them to provide an amount of insurance substantially more than can be provided by individual companies to ensure large risks such as nuclear power stations. Pools may be formed voluntarily or mandated by the state to cover risks that can’t obtain coverage in the voluntary market such as coastal properties subject to hurricanes. (See Beach and windstorm plans, Fair access to insurance requirements plans / FAIR plans, Joint underwriting association / JUA ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURANCE POOL


Input: Uses financial ratios to measure insurers’ financial strength. Developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Each individual state insurance department chooses how to use IRIS. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURANCE REGULATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM / IRIS


Input: Insurance scores are confidential rankings based on credit information. This includes whether the consumer has made timely payments on loans, the number of open credit card accounts and whether a bankruptcy filing has been made. An insurance score is a measure of how well consumers manage their financial affairs, not of their financial assets. It does not include information about income or race. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURANCE SCORE Studies have shown that people who manage their money well tend also to manage their most important asset, their home, well. And people who manage their money responsibly also tend to handle driving a car responsibly. Some insurance companies use insurance scores as an insurance underwriting and rating tool.


Input: Insurance written in an amount approximating the value of the insured property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INSURANCE-TO-VALUE


Input: Coverage where the distinction between job-related and non-occupational illnesses or injuries is eliminated and workers compensation and general health coverage are combined. Legal obstacles exist, however, because the two coverages are administered separately. Previously called twenty-four hour coverage. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INTEGRATED BENEFITS


Input: The process of bringing savers, investors and borrowers together so that savers and investors can obtain a return on their money and borrowers can use the money to finance their purchases or projects through loans. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INTERMEDIATION


Input: An insurer that sells exclusively via the Internet. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INTERNET INSURER


Input: Coverage designed to protect businesses from liabilities that arise from the conducting of business over the Internet, including copyright infringement, defamation, and violation of privacy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INTERNET LIABILITY INSURANCE


Input: Income generated by the investment of assets. Insurers have two sources of income, underwriting (premiums less claims and expenses) and investment income. The latter can offset underwriting operations, which are frequently unprofitable. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: INVESTMENT INCOME


Input: An annuity with two annuitants, usually spouses. Payments continue until the death of the longest living of the two. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: JOINT AND SURVIVOR ANNUITY


Input: Insurers which join together to provide coverage for a particular type of risk or size of exposure, when there are difficulties in obtaining coverage in the regular market, and which share in the profits and losses associated with the program. JUAs may be set up to provide auto and homeowners insurance and various commercial coverages, such as medical malpractice. (See Assigned risk plans, Residual market ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: JOINT UNDERWRITING ASSOCIATION / JUA


Input: Corporate bonds with credit ratings of BB or less. They pay a higher yield than investment grade bonds because issuers have a higher perceived risk of default. Such bonds involve market risk that could force investors, including insurers, to sell the bonds when their value is low. Most states place limits on insurers’ investments in these bonds. In general, because property/casualty insurers can be called upon to provide huge sums of money immediately after a disaster, their investments must be liquid. Less than 2 percent are in real estate and a similarly small percentage are in junk bonds. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: JUNK BONDS


Input: Insurance on the life or health of a key individual whose services are essential to the continuing success of a business and whose death or disability could cause the firm a substantial financial loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: KEY PERSON INSURANCE


Input: Coverage up to specific limits for the cost of ransom or extortion payments and related expenses. Often bought by international corporations to cover employees. Most policies have large deductibles and may exclude certain geographic areas. Some policies require that the policyholder not reveal the coverage’s existence. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: KIDNAP/RANSOM INSURANCE


Input: A form of variable annuity contract usually with short surrender periods and higher mortality and expense risk charges. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: L-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITIES


Input: A technique that consists of staggering the maturity dates and the mix of different types of bonds. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LADDERING


Input: The theory of probability on which the business of insurance is based. Simply put, this mathematical premise says that the larger the group of units insured, such as sport-utility vehicles, the more accurate the predictions of loss will be. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS


Input: Insurance for what the policyholder is legally obligated to pay because of bodily injury or property damage caused to another person. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIABILITY INSURANCE


Input: See Ordinary life insurance; Term insurance; Variable life insurance; Whole life insurance [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIFE INSURANCE


Input: Maximum amount of insurance that can be paid for a covered loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIMITS


Input: Type or kind of insurance, such as personal lines. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LINE


Input: Enables the state insurance department as liquidator or its appointed deputy to wind up the insurance company’s affairs by selling its assets and settling claims upon those assets. After receiving the liquidation order, the liquidator notifies insurance departments in other states and state guaranty funds of the liquidation proceedings. Such insurance company liquidations are not subject to the Federal Bankruptcy Code but to each state’s liquidation statutes. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIQUIDATION


Input: The ability and speed with which a security can be converted into cash. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIQUIDITY


Input: Coverage for bodily injury or property damage caused by an intoxicated person who was served liquor by the policyholder. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LIQUOR LIABILITY