Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. cuidaría cuidarías cuidaría cuidaríamos cuidarían

Output: I would take care of you would take care of he would take care of we would take care of y'all would take care of they would take care of

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. trabajaría trabajarías trabajaría trabajaríamos trabajarían

Output: I would work you would work he would work we would work y'all would work they would work

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. tomaría tomarías tomaría tomaríamos tomarían

Output: I would take, I would drink you would take, you would drink he would take, he would drink we would take, we would drink y'all would take, y'all would drink they would take, they would drink

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. sugeriría sugerirías sugeriría sugeriríamos sugerirían

Output: I would suggest you would suggest he would suggest we would suggest y'all would suggest they would suggest

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. bailaría bailarías bailaría bailaríamos bailarían

Output: I would dance you would dance he would dance we would dance y'all would dance they would dance

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. ahorraría ahorrarías ahorraría ahorraríamos ahorrarían

Output: I would save you would save he would save we would save y'all would save they would save

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: [Traduce al inglés.] Traduce al inglés. cantaría cantarías cantaría cantaríamos cantarían

Output: I would sing you would sing he would sing we would sing y'all would sing they would sing

I-Poly Spanish Conditional 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

I would speak you would speak he would speak we would speak y'all would speak they would speak (also, talk)


Input: Is football a contact sport? [the position is called the QB]

Output: Yes it is


Input: How long is a gym unit? [the position is called the QB]

Output: A gym unit is at least 2 weeks long


Input: what is the position in football that you recieve the ball and run as fast and far as you can? [the position is called the QB]

Output: the position is called the running back


Input: how many yellow flags do you get in soccer before you get a red flag? [the position is called the QB]

Output: you get 2 yellow flags in soccer before you get one red flag


Input: how many players are in a game of hochey, but only on one team? [the position is called the QB]

Output: there are 5 players on the ice at once and there is one goalie.


Input: how many players are on the ice all together? [the position is called the QB]

Output: there are 10 players on the ice at once and 2 goalies


Input: what are the position names in hockey? [the position is called the QB]

Output: there are 3 positions. these are the goalie thethree forward which are the center and the left and right forward and there are two defence.


Input: IS fitness a unit in gym? [the position is called the QB]

Output: yes it is a unit


Input: what sport was invented in canada? [the position is called the QB]

Output: the first sport invented in canada was lacrosse.


Input: [1] shortened, usually in reference to a written or spoken work [2]

Output: abridged

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a. to look over reading material, sampling different parts. b. to look at in a leisurely, casual manner [2]

Output: browse

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a. a reference to or a quotation from an authority. b. an official award for honorable behavior. [2]

Output: citation

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a. a short but complete written summary. b. a collection that includes a variety of written works. [2]

Output: compendium

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a. in a reference book, a subject or word and the information about it. b. the means or place by which to come in. [2]

Output: entry

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the origin and history of a word [2]

Output: etymology

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a dictionary of geographical places. [2]

Output: gazetteer

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a word having the same pronunciation as another word but a different meaning [2]

Output: homonym

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] a. a dictionary b. the vocabulary of a particular subject or group [2]

Output: lexicon

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] the study of the sounds of a language [2]

Output: phonetics

Vocab for Achievement Lesson 1 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Signs and symptoms

Output: Cough impulse - transmits thrill Swelling of soft and diffuse Empties with minimal pressure and refills on release Venous hum on auscultation Bluish tinge Dissapears on lying down Usually substantial varicose veins elsewhere in the long saphenous system

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] How do you diagnse a saphena varix?

Output: doppler US

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] How do you treat a saphena varix?

Output: high saphenous ligation, varicose vein excision

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is the aetiology of psoas abscesses?

Output: Collection of pus in the ileopsoas mm compartment Can arise from haematogenous spread, contiguous spread from intraabdominal or pelvic process or nearby bony structures

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What are the organisms commonly found in psoas abscesses?

Output: S. aureus, mix or enteric organisms including aerobic and anaerobic gram -ve bacilli

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is the sign that can elicit tenderness of the psoas muscle

Output: Psoas sign - pain brought on by hip extension

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Clinical presentation of psoas abscess?

Output: Fever Lower abomdinal or back pain or pain referred to hip or knee + psoas sign - pain brought on by extension of the hip Hip pain is diminished with hip flexion inguinal mass limp, anorexia, weight loss

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is the most useful diagnostic test for psoas abscess?

Output: CT

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] How do you treat psoas abscess?

Output: CT guided drainage and antibiotics, surgical drainage if no clinical improvement after 2 days

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is a lipoma?

Output: Benign tumour of fat = commonest form of benign soft tissue tumours

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What are the characteristics of a lipoma?

Output: Soft and non tender Asymptomatic Fluctulant and lobulated Neither fixed to skin or deep tissues Usually do not enlarge quickly

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Management of lipoma

Output: Conservative Surgery if: painful, enlarging, pressure effects on adjacent structures, > 5cm, deep to the deep fascia (more likely to be malignant if in limbs)

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What are the 3 main causes of enlarged lymph nodes?

Output: Infective Neoplastic - lymphoma/other malignancies Reactive - CT, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, drugs

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Hwere do the inguinal lymph nodes lie?

Output: Horizontal group lies along the inguinal ligament A vertical group lies beside the great saphenous vein in the proximal thigh

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Which lymph nodes do tumours of the testis and scrotal cancer met to?

Output: They met to the paraaortic nodes and do NOT involve the inguinal nodes Scrotal cancer spreads to the inguinal nodes

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Differential of localised inguinal lymph nodes

Output: STIs Malignant melanoma of lower limb Anal or vulval or scrotal cancer

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Are lymph nodes reducible?

Output: no

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Symptoms of lymphadenopathy?

Output: Tender - reactive Non-tender - haematological disease Can be fixed or mobile Are not reducible soft or firm, rubbery, hard, discrete, matted

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What do nodes containing metastatic cancer feel like?

Output: hard, nontender, nonmovable

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What do nodes containing lymphoma feel like?

Output: large, discrete, symmetric, rubbery, firm, mobile, non tender

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is the most common peripheral aneurysm?

Output: femoral artery

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] How do femoral artery aneurysms present?

Output: Asymptomatic Local pain or pulsatile groin mass severe ischaemia of lower extremity - claudication, rest pain, gangrene (42% of patients)

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Indications for surgical management of femoral artery aneurysms?

Output: local symptoms, limb threatening sx > 2.5cm

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is a femoral neuroma?

Output: = a nerve cell tumour that arises either sponardically as cutaneous nodules or due to previous trauma Commonly associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] Symptoms of a femoral neuroma?

Output: Compression causes pain and paraesthesia in the distribution of the femoral nerve small, firm in texture

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is a cord lipoma?

Output: It is the most common benign tumour of the spermatic cord

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: [What is a saphena varix?] What is a hydrocele?

Output: fluid remnant within the remnant processus vaginalis Noncommunicating - processus has closed proximally (Normal spermatic cord can usually be palpated above the level of the hydrocele)

dilation of the long saphenous vein in the groin, just proximal to its junction with the femoral vein


Input: formulate nursing diagnoses that require nursing care and is also used to identify health problems that require interdisciplinary care or immediate referral to other healthcare providers..

Output: The information from the nursing health assessment is used to:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the ﬁrst part of the assessment will involve questions about the patient’s health concerns, health habits, and lifestyle and that the information will only be shared with the patient’s other healthcare providers . Inform the patient that after the health history is completed, body structures will be examined.

Output: The health assessment involves explanation to the patient that

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: systematic collection of objective information. The physical assessment is usually conducted in a head-to-toe sequence or a system sequence but can be adapted to meet the needs of the patient.

Output: A physical assessment is the:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difﬁculty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness

Output: CAUTION Model for an assessment for risk factors for cancer:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: is used to auscultate heart, lung, abdomen, and cardiovascular sounds. The bell of the stethoscope is used to listento low-pitched sounds (such as heart murmurs). Use gentle pressure against the body part being examined when assessing low-pitched sounds. The diaphragm of the stethoscope is used to listen to high-pitched sounds such as normal heart sounds,breath sounds, and bowel sounds. Use ﬁrm pressure against the body part being examined when assessing high-pitched sounds.

Output: Equipment used during a Health Assessment: Stethoscope

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a lighted instrument used to visualize the interior structures of the eye. It consists of two parts: a body that contains the light source and a detachable head that contains lenses used to magnify the internal eye structures. Each lens is labeled with a positive (black) or negative (red) number, with units of strength called diopters. Red numbers are used for near-sighted (myopic) patients, black numbers for far-sighted (hyperopic) patients. The zero lens is used when either the examiner or the patient has refractive (visual) errors.

Output: Equipment used during a Health Assessment: Opthalmoscope

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: An otoscope is a lighted instrument used to examine the external ear canal and the tympanic membrane. A speculum,which is attached to the body of the otoscope, directs the light in a narrow beam to improve visualization of ear structures. Specula come in various sizes; use the largest speculum that will extend into the patient’s ear canal. Alternatively, the otoscope can be used to visualize the internal nares.

Output: Otoscope

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: used as a screening test for distant vision, consists of characters arranged in 11 lines of different-sized type; the line of largest characters is at the top of the chart and the line of smallest characters is at the bottom. Scores ranging from 20/10 (the smallest line of characters) to 20/200 (the largest line of characters) are shown in the left-hand column,and distances are in the right-hand column next to the numbers.

Output: Snellen Chart

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: A nasal speculum is used to visualize the lower and middle turbinates of the nose. A penlight or ﬂashlight is used for illumination. The blades of the speculum are inserted about 1 cm(1/2) into each nostril and opened so that they do not press on the septum. Alternatively, the otoscope can be used to visualize the internal nares. The light is provided by the scope, and the shortest, widest speculum that will ﬁt into the nostril is used.

Output: Nasal Speculum

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: A vaginal speculum is a two-bladed instrument used to examine the vaginal canal and cervix. The speculum is inserted into the vagina and the speculum blades are opened, allowing visualization and assessment of the vagina and cervix. The speculum must be warmed and lubricated with warm water or a water-soluble agent before insertion.

Output: Vaginal Speculum

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: A tuning fork is a two-pronged metal instrument used to test auditory function and vibratory perception.

Output: Tuning Fork

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: A percussion hammer (also called a reﬂex hammer) is an instrument with a triangular-shaped rubber head, used to test deep tendon reﬂexes. The handle of the hammer is held between the thumb and inde the broad end of the head on the selected body area. The quick, ﬁrm tap is made with a rapid downward and backward wrist action. The pointed end of the hammer is used for smaller areas.

Output: Percussion Hammer

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: During positioning, it is important to consider the patient’s age, culture, health status, mobility, physical condition, energy level, and privacy. Positioning patients who are weak or have physical limitations may require assistance. Uncomfortable or embarrassing positions should not be maintained for long periods. The assessment should be organized so that several body systems can be assessed with the patient in one position.

Output: Various body positions are used during a physical assessment:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Standing, Sitting, Supine, Dorsal Recumbant, Sims Position, Prone, Lithotomy and Knee-chest.

Output: The Body Positions used during an Assessment:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. These techniques are most often used in the sequence listed. BUT, When assessing the abdomen, the sequence is inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Auscultation follows inspection because percussion and palpation stimulate bowel sounds.

Output: The four primary assessment techniques are:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Bilateral body parts are normally symmetric;that is, they have the same size and shape as well as the same characteristics, such as pulses or movements.

Output: Bilateral body parts are always compared such as movement or pulses.

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: is the process of performing deliberate, purposeful observations in a systematic manner. The nurse observes visually but also uses hearing and smell to gather data throughout the assessment. Inspection begins with the initial patient contact and continues through the entire assessment. Each area of the body is inspected for size, color, shape, position, and symmetry, noting normal ﬁndings and any deviations from normal. Inspection, followed by palpation,may sequentially be used during the assessment of each body part.

Output: Inspection:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: uses the sense of touch. The hands and ﬁngers are sensitive tools and can assess: skin temperature, turgor (turgor is determined by various factors, such as the amount ofﬂuids in the body and age), texture, and moisture, as well as vibrations within the body (such as the heart) and shape or structures within the body (e.g., the bones).

Output: Palpation

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The dorsum (back) surfaces of the hand and ﬁngers are used for gross measure of temperature. The palmar(front) surfaces of the ﬁngers and ﬁnger pads are used to assess: texture, shape, ﬂuid, size, consistency, and pulsation. Vibration is palpated best with the palm of the hand.

Output: Palpation Using specific parts of the hand:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: For light palpation, apply pressure with the ﬁngers together and depressing the skin and underlying structures less than 1 cm (0.5") . Moderate palpation is conducted by depressing the skin surface 1 to 2 cm (0.5 to 0.75"). For deep palpation, press inward about 2 cm (1") . Deep palpation, which carries a risk of internal injury, should be used cautiously and only by experienced practitioners.

Output: Palpation. Light (gentle), moderate, or deep palpation may be used:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Two hands are used for bimanual palpation (e.g., palpating breast tissue); one hand applies pressure and the other hand feels the tissue or structure.

Output: Palpation. Bimanual

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: shape, size, consistency, surface, mobility, tenderness, pulsatile.

Output: Quality of Masses determined by Palpation

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the act of striking one object against another to produce sound. The sound waves produced by the striking action over body tissues are known as percussion tones. Percussion is used to assess the location, shape, size, and density of tissues. Both hands are used to produce sound waves. Characteristic sounds produced are: tympany(gastric air bubble) resonance(normal lung) hyperresonance(emphysematous lung) dull(liver) flat(thigh)

Output: Percussion

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the act of listening with a stethoscope to sounds produced within the body. Auscultation is performed by placing the stethoscope diaphragm or bell against the body part being assessed Used as the last step except for an abdominal exam.

Output: Auscultation

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: (1) pitch (ranging from high to low), (2) loudness (ranging from soft to loud), (3) quality (e.g., gurgling or swishing),and (4) duration (short, medium, or long).

Output: Auscultation Four characteristics of sound are assessed by auscultation:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: usually done in morning after report while in an acute setting. assess abdominal pain first but perform painful procedures last. Be objective when recording findings: DO NOT use terms: GOOD or NORMAL.

Output: Head to Toe Assessment

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The integument is comprised of the skin, nails, hair, and scalp. It provides data about self-care activities to maintain health, hygiene, and nutrition.Assessing for skin cancer is essential and provides the base for teaching skin cancer prevention. The skin, hair, and nails are assessed by inspection and palpation. Inspect the skin for color, vascularity, and lesions , and palpate for temperature,moisture, turgor, and texture.

Output: Assessing the Integument

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Changes in skin color include erythema, cyanosis, jaundice, and pallor.

Output: Assessing the Integument Inspecting for changes in skin color

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: (redness of the skin) is more often seen in the face and the neck. It is associated with sunburn, inﬂammation, fever, trauma, and allergic reactions.

Output: Erythema:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a bluish or grayish discoloration of the ski nin response to inadequate oxygenation. Cyanosis is assessed as a blue tinge in patients with white skin and as dullness in patients with dark skin.

Output: Cyanosis

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: is a yellow color of he skin resulting from liver and gallbladder disease, sometypes of anemia, and excessive hemolysis (breakdown ofred blood cells). It usually develops ﬁrst in the sclera of the eyes and then in the skin and mucous membranes. Jaundice in dark-skinned people is more difﬁcult to observe on the trunk of the body, but the sclera, oral mucous membranes,palms, and soles appear yellow to yellow-orange.

Output: Jaundice

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: rpaleness of the skin, often results from a decrease in the amount of circulating blood or hemoglobin, causing inadequate oxygenation of the body tissues. Depending on severity, pallor may be visible over the entire skin surface or only in the lips, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and conjunctiva. Pallor in dark-skinned people is seen as an ashen gray or yellow tinge.

Output: Pallor

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The skin is inspected for vascularity, bleeding, or bruising; these signs might relate to a cardiovascular, hematologic, or liver dysfunction.

Output: Inspecting skin for vascularity and lesions

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a collection of blood in the subcutaneous tissues, causing purplish discoloration.

Output: Ecchymosisis

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: are small hemorrhagic spots caused by capillary bleeding. If they are present, assess their location, color, and size.

Output: Petechiae.

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: areas of diseased or injured tissue such as: bruises, scratches, cuts, burns, insect bites, and wounds(breaks in the continuity of the skin). Assess lesions and wounds for size, shape, depth, location,and presence of drainage or odor. Assess Lesions by ABC's A- asymmetry B- border C- color D- diameter

Output: Skin Lesions are

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: primary or secondary.

Output: Skin Lesions are categorized as:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: those that may arise from previously normal skin.

Output: Primary lesions are

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: changes in primary lesions.

Output: Secondary Lesions result from

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the fullness or elasticity of the skin. It is usually assessed on the sternum or under the clavicle by lifting a fold of skin with the thumb and ﬁrst ﬁnger. Skin turgor is normal when the fold returns to its usual shape when released. When the patient is dehydrated, the skin’s elasticity is decreased,and the skin fold returns slowly. However, this may be a normal ﬁnding in older patients

Output: Turgor is

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: (excess ﬂuid in the tissues). Edema is characterized by swelling, with taut and shiny skin over the edematous area. Difﬁculty in lifting a skin fold may indicate edema. Edema may be the result of overhydration, heart failure, kidney failure, trauma,or peripheral vascular disease.

Output: Edema is

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: when the area of edema is palpated with the ﬁngers, an indentation (measured in mm for depth of the indentation) remains after the pressure is released; Edema may be graded as 0 (none), +1 (trace, 2 mm), +2 (moderate, 4 mm), +3(deep, 6 mm), or +4 (very deep, 8 mm).

Output: Pitting Edema

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: shape, angle, texture, and color. The nails should be somewhat convex and should follow the natural curve of the ﬁnger. The angle between the nail and its base should be about 160 degrees. The nails should be smooth, and the nail base, when palpated, should be ﬁrm and nontender.

Output: The nails are inspected for:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: indentations called Beau’s lines (from acute illness), infection, pain-less separation of the nail plate from the nailbed (onycholysis) due to infection or trauma, increased brittleness or thickness and angulation (from anemia or iron deﬁciency anemia), and clubbing (from long-term lack of oxygenation).

Output: Abnormal nail ﬁndings include:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the skull, face, eyes ,ears, nose and sinuses, mouth and pharynx, trachea, thyroid gland, and lymph nodes.

Output: Assessment of the head and neck includes:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: sitting position. Inspect and palpate the head for size and shape. The parts of the head and face should be in proportion to each other and symmetric. Inspect mouth and mucous membranes, inspect teeth and /or dentures, inspect pharnyx with tongue depressor and penlight. inspect tongue color and texture.

Output: Assess the structures of the head and neck with the patient in a

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The structures and functions of the eyes are assessed by using a penlight, an ophthalmoscope, and an eyechart. Inspection is the primary assessment technique used. Assessment includes the: external and internal eye structures, presence of discharge visual acuity, extraocular movements, and peripheral vision.

Output: Inspecting the Eyes

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Abnormal drooping of the upper eyelids which may be attributable to damage to the: oculomotor nerve, myasthenia gravis, or a congenital disorder.

Output: Ptosis

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: inward turning of the lower eyelid and lashes

Output: Entropion

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: outward turning of the lower eyelid and lashes

Output: Ectropion

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: pupil constriction can be caused by certain drugs.

Output: Miosis

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: pupil dilation can be caused by Injury to the eye, glau-coma, and certain medications.

Output: Mydriasis

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: reaction to light, accommodation and convergence

Output: Neurologically Assess the pupils for:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: abbreviation for: pupils equal, round, react to light, accommodation. While performing an assessment of the eyes, one evaluates the size and shape of the pupils, their reaction to light, and their ability to accommodate.

Output: Neurologically Assess the pupils PERRLA

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: •Ask the patient to look straight ahead at an object. •Bring the penlight from the side of the patient’s face and brieﬂy shine the light on the pupil. •Observe the pupil’s reaction; it normally rapidly constricts (direct response) .•Repeat the procedure and observe the other eye; it too normally will constrict (consensual reﬂex). •Repeat the procedure with the other eye.

Output: Neurologically Assess the pupils Testing Pupillary Reaction

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: •Hold the foreﬁnger, a pencil, or other straight object about 10 to 15 cm (4"to 6") from the bridge of the patient’s nose. •Ask the patient to ﬁrst look at the object, then at a distant object, then back to the object being held. The pupil normally constricts when looking at a near object and dilates when looking at a distant object.

Output: Neurologically Assess the pupils Testing for Accommodation

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Move your ﬁnger toward the patient’s nose to assess convergence. The patient’s eyes should normally converge (assume a cross-eyed appearance).

Output: Neurologically Assess the pupils Testing for Convergence

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: tests for equality in hand and foot strength. muscle tone assessed by gait, coordination, balance.

Output: Neuro Assessment of Motor Functions

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: blink-using a cotton ball near eyes gag reflex swallow reflex Babinski-plantar response-toes bend or curl in an adult/ fanning of toes indicates opposite side brain damage. fanning of toes normal for an infant. Deep tendon Reflex

Output: Neuro Assessment Reflexes

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: 4+ = Very brisk, hyperactive; often indicative of disease; often associated with clonus (rhythmic oscillations between ﬂexion and extension) 3+ = Brisker than average; possibly but not necessarily indicative of disease2+ = Average; normal 1+ = Somewhat diminished; low normal 0 = No response

Output: Grading of Reﬂexes on a 0 to 4+Scale

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a tremor.

Output: Clonus

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Pain - a sternal rub is used Temperature- heat and cold Touch- -eyes closed Positioning-

Output: Testing Sensory Perception

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: cerebral function, cranial nerve function, cerebellar function, motor and sensory function, and reflexes.

Output: Neurologic assessment includes

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: level of awareness, level of consciousness, behavior and appearance, memory, abstract reasoning, and language. On initial contact, begin to evaluate the patient’s orientation to person, place, and time,as well as cognitive abilities and affect (whether the patient knows who he or she is, where he or she is, and the day or month or year). Observe the patient’s appearance, general behavior, ability to speak clearly, and respond to questions. Note any variation in responses. Assess the patients overall appearance. The patient should have a clean, neat appearance with erect posture; should be oriented to person, place, and time; should have memory recall (both short-term and long-term memory); and should be able to demonstrate coherent and logical thought processes.

Output: Mental status assessment includes:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a standardized assessment tool that assesses level of consciousness. Three parameters are evaluated: eye opening, motor response, and verbal response. Scores are given in each category, and a total score is recorded, with higher scores indicating a more normal level of functioning. A score of 7 or less deﬁnes coma.

Output: The Glasgow Coma Scale is:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Assess awareness by evaluating orientation to time, place,and person. The following questions may be used: •Time:What is today’s date? What day of the week is it?What season of the year is this? What was the last holiday? •Place:Where are you now? What is the name of this city? What state are we in? •Person:What is your name? How old are you? Who came to visit you this morning?

Output: Assessing Awareness

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: :•Awake and alert: fully awake; oriented to person, place,and time; responds to all stimuli, including verbal commands •Lethargic: appears drowsy or asleep most of the time but makes spontaneous movements; can be aroused by gentles haking and saying patient’s name •Stuporous: unconscious most of the time; has no spontaneous movement; must be shaken or shouted at to arouse;can make verbal responses, but these are less likely to be appropriate; responds to painful stimuli with purposeful movements •Comatose: cannot be aroused, even with use of painful stimuli; may have some reﬂex activity (such as gag reﬂex); if no reﬂexes present, is in a deep coma.

Output: Level of consciousness is described as follows:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: tests auditory acuity presence of external lesions presence of discharge palpate external structures for tenderness.

Output: Ear Assessment

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The Weber test is used to assess for bone conduction of sound - the result of a problem with the transmission of sound waves through the outer and middle ear. tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead.

Output: Ear Assessment Weber Test

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The Rinne test is used to compare bone and air conduction of sound and test nerve function. Tuning fork is placed behind ear.

Output: Ear Assessment Rinne test

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Assessment of the nose involves examining the externalnose, the nares, and the turbinates. Assess the nose for patency by occluding one nostril at atime and asking the patient to inhale and exhale. Examine the mucous membranes for colorand the presence of lesions, exudate, or growths. Also,inspect the nasal septum for intactness and deviation. The frontal and maxillary sinuses, located in the frontal and maxillary bones, respectively, are palpated for pain and edema.

Output: Nose Inspection

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: check amount texture distribution

Output: Hair Assessment

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: inspect for: symmetry ROM: chin-chest, flrxion and extension, hyperextension Palpate trachea and thyroid test swallow reflex.

Output: Neck Assessment

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: shape, symmetry rate and rhythm of respirations palpate for tenderness.

Output: Chest Inspection

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: width should be double the diameter(sternum to spinal column) Check for Barrel Chestedness.

Output: Anteroposterior Diameter of Chest

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: patient breathes through mouth while sitting up. Auscultate at intercostal spaces anteriorlally and posteriorally using the diaphram end of stethoscope. 18 landmarks posteriorally & 10 landmarks anteriorally. Listen for the duration, pitch, and intensity of the sounds.

Output: Assess Lung by Auscultation

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: heard over the trachea are high-pitched, harsh sounds, with expiration being longer than inspiration.

Output: Lung Sounds Bronchial sounds

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: are heard over the mainstem bronchus and are moderate “blowing” sounds, with inspiration equal to expiration.

Output: Lung Sounds Bronchovesicular sounds

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: are soft, low-pitched sounds, heard best over the base of the lungs during inspiration, which is longer than expiration.

Output: Lung Sounds Vesicular breath sounds

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: are not normally heard in the lungs.

Output: Lung Sounds Adventitious breath sounds

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a general term used to refer to noisy,strenuous respirations.

Output: Stertorous breathing is

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a harsh, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration when there is a narrowing of the upper airway, such as the larynx or trachea. Infants or young children with croup often manifest stridor when breathing.(whooping cough)

Output: Stridor is

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: ﬁne to coarse crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions; they are most often heard on inspiration. Crackles are described as “ﬁne” when they are made by air passing through moisture in small air passages and alveoli and as “coarse” when they are made by air passing through moisture in the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea.

Output: Crackles are

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Coarse crackles that can also be during expiration over bronchi.

Output: Rhonchi.

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: continuous sounds that originate in small air passages that are narrowed by secretions, swelling, or tumors. They may be inspiratory or expiratory and are high-pitched sounds.

Output: Wheezes are

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: a grating sound caused by an inﬂamed pleura rubbing against the chest wall.

Output: Pleural friction rub is

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the sputum should be assessed for color,consistency, and amount.

Output: f a productive cough occurs during assessment of the thorax and lungs

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The examiner’s hands are placed symmetrically on the patient’s back with the ﬁngers at the level of T9 or T10. As the patient inhales, the examiner’s hands should move apart symmetrically.

Output: Palpating the posterior thorax excursion.

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The techniques used for cardiovascular assessment are inspection, palpation, and auscultation. Necessary equipment includes a stethoscope with a bell and diaphragm and a sphygmomanometer. The patient may be in a sitting position or in a supine position with the head raised about 30 degrees

Output: Assessing the Heart

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The portion of the body over the heart and lower thorax, encompassing the aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, and apical areas, and Erb’s point.

Output: Precordium

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: located at about the fourth or ﬁfth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line.

Output: Apical impulse

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: determine the heart sounds caused by closure of the heart valves. Ask the patient to breathe normally. Use systematic auscultation, beginning at the aortic area, moving to the pulmonic area, then to Erb’s point, then to the tricuspid area, and ﬁnally to the mitral area Use the diaphragm of the stethoscope ﬁrst to listen to high-pitched sounds. Then use the bell to listen to low-pitched sounds. Focus on the overall rate and rhythm of the heart and the normal heart sounds

Output: Auscultation of the heart is used to:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: The sequence of techniques used to assess theabdomen is inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Percussion and palpation are done after auscultation because they stimulate bowel sounds. Ask the patient to breathe slowly and deeply through the mouth during the examination to promote relaxation. Ask the patient to empty the bladder. Position the patient in the supine position with the head slightly elevated and arms at the sides. Place small pillows under the head and knees for comfort. Make sure that the patient is warm and comfortable to help prevent contraction of the abdominal muscles, which makes palpation difﬁcult.

Output: Assessing the Abdominal Cavity

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower

Output: the Abdomen can be divided into four quadrants:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the liver, the gallbladder, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys, the urinary bladder and also contains the female reproductive organs.

Output: The abdominal cavity contains the:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: the return of bowel sounds (e.g., after surgery) and retention of urine in the urinary bladder.

Output: Abdominal assessments are also used to assess:

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: abnormal sounds heard over a blood vessel as blood passes an obstruction. Using the bell of the stethoscope, auscultate over the abdominal aorta, femoral arteries, and iliac arteries.

Output: bruits are

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Percuss the abdomen in all four quadranst in a systematic, clockwise manner to identify ﬂuid, masses, or air. Note the distribution of sounds. Normally, tympany, the dominant percussion tone, is heard over the abdomen while dullness is heard over the liver and a full bladder. Abnormal ﬁndings include decreased tympany and increased dullness,possibly caused by ﬂuid or a mass.

Output: Percussing the abdomen

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: Point of Maximum Impulse (PMI) related to contraction at the apex of the underlying left ventricle

Output: PMI

Taylor - Fundamentals of Nursing - ADN 1 Exam #3 Chapter 25 -Health Assessment Flashcards - Cram.com

Conducting a health assessment involves:


Input: [Who am I ?] Where am I taking You ? [I am Soham.] I am taking you on a journey to the city of Dubai. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: You do know where Dubai is ?


Input: [Who am I ?] How are we going ? [I am Soham.] We are going on a boat . [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to do a boat !


Input: [Who am I ?] Where are we passing from ? [I am Soham.] We are in a boat passing through Maktoum bridge which opens up. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a bridge.


Input: [Who am I ?] What are you trying to sea in the sea ? [I am Soham.] Oh the fish [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a fish.


Input: [Who am I ?] What are you looking for ? [I am Soham.] the trees [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a tree.


Input: [Who am I ?] Are you ready to get down from the boat ? [I am Soham.] Great ! you are on the beach . Can you see the warriors on the beach? [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a warrior


Input: [Who am I ?] What is that sound ? [I am Soham.] Its a dog running after the ball. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a dog.


Input: [Who am I ?] Oh do you know a giraffe walk ? [I am Soham.] We can see that in Dubai Zoo. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to do the giraffewalk .


Input: [Who am I ?] Do you know where is the zoo? [I am Soham.] Its in Jumeirah and we can see King Cobra ? [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a Cobra.


Input: [Who am I ?] Shall we rent a bicycle to go to zoo ? [I am Soham.] Lets take a watertaxi to bur dubai and then rent a cycle to go to zoo. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a bicycle.


Input: [Who am I ?] Where are we going ? [I am Soham.] We are on Jumeirah road after the Jumeirah Mosque. [I am your angelguide.]

Output: Show me how to be a mosque .


Input: Infection of surfaces exposed to the external environment and normally protected by mucus are common along with atopic disease. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: IgA deficiency

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is spread by two primary routes in the adult population. _______ contact and _______ contact [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Sexual; parental

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: _________ results from an inability to distinguish self from nonself, causing the immune system to carry out immune responses against normal cells and tissue. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Autoimmunity

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Assessment of ht exact symptoms of allergy is important in helping identify the underlying ________ [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: allergen

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The best way to identify the specific allergies in a child with food allergies is the use of a _____________ or an elimination diet. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Food diary

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Congenital immunodeficiencies usually manifest after the first ________ months of life. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: six

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a child is stung by a bee, the immediate action should be to apply ___________ to the site to minimize the absorption of the venom. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: ice

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The neutralization of pathogens through ingestion by white blood cells. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Phagocytosis

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Secretion by cytotoxic cells that contain or prevent migration of antigens [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Lymphkines

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: antigen

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Responsible for retaining the formula for ability to produce specific immunoglobulins [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Memory cells

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A hypersensitivity reaction to a foreign serum antigen or drug. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Serum sickness

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A nonantigenic substance that becomes antigenic when combined with a higher weight molecule. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Hapten formation

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: T cells that reduce the production of immunoglobulins against a specific antigen [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Suppressor cells

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An antigen that can be readily destroyed by an immune response [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Immunogen

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When antibodies are formed in response to a particular antigen; acquired through T lymphocyte activity. [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: cell mediated immunity

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cells capable of resisting foreign invaders [Hypogammaglobinemia]

Output: Immunocopetent cells

NUR 205 Ch 42 Ped's Immune disorder Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Protein Stability] Unfolded proteins

Output: Do not stay in one state, fluctuate between many unstable states. Depends on polar, hydrophobic, etc. Usually not much secondary structure.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Factors/forces that determine protein stability

Output: Hydrophobic effect, conformational entropy, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, steric repulsion, trosional strain.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Hydrophobic Effect

Output: Free energy is lowered if water is not in contact with hydrophobic residues with which it cannot H-bond. For this the free energy of a protein is lowered (desirable) if hydrophobic residues are folded to the inside of the protein with the polar molecules to the outside in contact with the aqueous environment (body).

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Conformational Entropy

Output: Loss in conformational entropy is one of the most important factors in destabilizing proteins. Conformational entropy refers to the number of conformational states (structures) a protein adopts in a given thermodynamic state. Folded proteins have little conformational entropy while unfolded ones can have large numbers of conformations. Nature trends towards entropy and therefore pushes proteins in this direction. More at greater temps (denaturing with heat).

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Hydrogen Bonding

Output: H-bonding and the lack of H-binding have a great effect on protein stability. Polar molecules need to find partners with which to H-bond in the folded state as easily as the unfolded (very easy in aqueous environment).

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Electrostatic Interactions

Output: Charged aa can either stabilize or destabilize proteins depending on same or different charges. Important in DNA binding proteins because DNA is highly negative.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Steric Repulsion

Output: Atoms do not like to lie on top of each other and in a protein, this will not occur. Folding must occur to avoid steric repulsion. With mutations that change sterics, new folding may need to occur (often less favorable) or unfolding may occur.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Torsional Strain

Output: Bonds have a preferred angle. Some protein folding forces bonds out of these angles. Glycine is the most flexible aa due to its small (H) side chain, and is often used to avoid torsional strain. Mutations that change Gly to something else are destabilizing for the protein.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations and Protein Stability

Output: Mutations are usually neutral or deleterious to stability, rarely stabilizing.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations to surface vs. inside of protein

Output: Mutations to the surface of a protein usually have little effect on the protein unless it directly effects the function of the protein. Mutations to the interior of the protein are often destabilizing.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Small to big mutations in proteins

Output: Generally bad because can cause torsional strain or steric repulsion.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Big to small hydrophobic mutations in proteins

Output: Generally bad because less hydrophobic surface area buried in folding.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Hydrophobic to polar mutation in proteins

Output: Usually very destabilizing because polar molecules will want to interact with polar environment, not be buried in the interior of the protein.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations that switch out Glycine

Output: Usually destabilizing because causes torsional strain.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations that cause switch to a Proline

Output: Proline is large and will destabilize the protein if placed in an area with inappropriate torsional angles.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations that cause a change in a charged residue that interacts with other charged residues

Output: Usually destabilizing because charge interactions can change

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations that cause a change in a good H-bound polar residue

Output: Usually destabilizing unless replacement can make a similarly good bond.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Mutations that remove a group that interacts with a metal or co-factor

Output: Destabilizing.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] MSA

Output: Multiple Sequence Allignent. A way to try to find a destabilizing mutation. Homologous proteins from similar species are lined up so that they best match. In similar proteins, the regions that are less important in function are more likely to have mutations while areas that are crucial to function will have very few. A mutation in one of these crucial sequences will likely be deleterious.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Protein Drugs

Output: Proteins are often ineffective drugs in their natural form. For this, proteins are redesigned to increase effectiveness. They must be stable, soluble, remain in the blood stream, not attacked by immune system, and have desired activity.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] To increase protein solubility in protein drugs...

Output: 1. Exchange Cys for Ser to avoid sulfide bond aggregation. 2. Replace hydrophobic residues on exterior of protein for polar residues to reduce hydrophobic aggregation. 3. Alter the net charge and iso-electric point (pI). A protein with a net charge (pI does not equal the pH of the solution) will be more soluble.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] To increase protein stability for protein drugs...

Output: If protein is more stable, won't unfold, won't be cleaved, won't aggregate. 1. Remove free Cystines so they don't sulfide bond while in unfolded state. 2. Computational tools used to find useful mutations that will cause more stable folding. 3. Stop protein degradation by proteases by removing protease recognition sites and by shortening loops as they are often protease targets.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Pharmokinetics: slower clearance of protein drugs

Output: 1. Small proteins are more easily removed by kidney filtration. Increase molecular weight by binding protein to another protein, or to a carbohydrate. 2. As protein drug (ligand) is taken into a cell by a cell-surface receptor, it is often degraded. Histidines can be added to protein to cause change in charge upon entrance into the cell (endocytosis) and therefore release from the membrane receptor. Degradation is therefore reduced. 3. Higher pI of Insulin causes precipitation upon injection and therefore slower release in body. Also Insulin sometimes changed to monomeric active form before injection so that reaction is immediate and drug can be taken AT mealtime instead of an hour before.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Redesigning Activity

Output: Human Growth Hormone dimerizes its receptor upon binding with protein. Has two binding sites and is an activator or inactivator depending on which is bound. HGH has now been created with only one binding site or the other so that function is definite.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Immunogenicity

Output: Immune system attacks many altered protein drugs. Most protein drugs come from outside sources (non-human) and are attacked. Few have been successful for this reason. One success is Murine.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Basic Principles of Protein Folding

Output: How a protein folds is coded in its sequence. Needs only water to occur. More common for a protein to fold in random order but always the same way. Always a chance that it will fold in an unexpected way. This is more common with bigger and more complex proteins.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Misfolded Protein

Output: Proteins can misfold or fold in new and unexpected conformations. This is usually deleterious. A good example is amyloid fibrils found in BSE, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, and Alzheimer's. Structural unit is repeating beta sheets. Do not know if fibrils are cause of the disease, but they form rigid plaques that can block and damage cells. Contribute to disease at least.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Random folding and non-specific aggregation of protein

Output: Can happen as being created by ribosome. Can't fold until completed. Chaperones are fix for this.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Molecular Chaperones

Output: Over 20 proteins called chaperones created by body to help other proteins fold correctly.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Heat-Shock Protein 70

Output: Hsp-70. A chaperonin that keeps proteins unfolded until they are fully released by ribosome.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] GroEL Family of Chaperonins

Output: Cylindrical protein complexes comprise two rings stacked back to back. ATP and GroES are used as GroEL protein grabs unfolded protein, folds it, and releases it.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Fibril seeding

Output: Many fibrils caused by misfolding of proteins are formed by a nucleation process. Presence of a very small fibril can cause other proteins to aggregate. This is why protein misfolding can be infectious!

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: [Protein Stability] Cystic Fibrosis

Output: Caused by the misfolding of an ion channel protein. For this, there are not enough of these functioning proteins to regulate osmotic balance across the cell membrane.

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Proteins must be folded to be active. They are usually more stable while folded, but not too much. Therefore, it only takes a few mutations to unfold and render inactive a protein. Common in disease.


Input: Rousseau's ideal solution by which rights and duties of the state and the citizens are defined [coercion]

Output: social contract

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in collective decisions EVERYONE MUST AGREE- would ensure a pareto improvement in efficiency- a Voter would not favor a proposal if it promised to reduce his or her utility [coercion]

Output: unanimity

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the most common type of rule- would allow a minority to suffer losses in the majority, more than half of those voting, favored a proposal [coercion]

Output: majority rule

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: why self interested individuals might submit to binding decision rules even though some group decisions may not be in their best interest [coercion]

Output: voluntary acceptance of coercion

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: costs of time and effort that go into making choices if an individual is part of the decision group (these costs increase as the size of the decision group increases) [coercion]

Output: decision making costs

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: costs that arise when an individual is NOT part of the group. This term was coined by Buchanan and Tullock to describe how political processes can impose costs on unrepresented individuals, just as imperfect markets impose costs on unrepresented individuals [coercion]

Output: political externality costs

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: voice your concern to those that make decisions [coercion]

Output: voice

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if you are dissatisfied with the price or quality of a market good, you can usually exit by switching to another market good [coercion]

Output: exit

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: how to add votes [coercion]

Output: aggregation of preferences

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: noting a relation in which one element in relation to a second element and the second in relation to a third element implies the first element is in relation to the third element [coercion]

Output: transitivity

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a mathematical proof that shows there is no way to aggregate preferences without violating at least one of these five reasonable axioms of assumptions (next 5 definitions: pareto opt -indp of irre alt) [coercion]

Output: Arrow problem/ voters paradox/ vote cycling

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: everyone preferes ome alternative x to another alternative, the collective choice process should prefer x to y [coercion]

Output: Pareto optimality

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: no individual has full control over the collective choice process such that that individuals preferences over alternatives are always decisive, even when everyone else prefers just the opposite [coercion]

Output: non-dictatorship

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the collective choice process is capable of reaching collective decision for all possible combinations of individual preferences orderings of all alternatives [coercion]

Output: unrestricted domain

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the collective choice is rational; 1st in the sense that it can completely rank all alternatices bt stating x is preferred to y, or y is preferred to x, or x and y are equally desirable so we are indifferent; and second, that all rankings display the property of transitivity [coercion]

Output: rationality

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the eslection of either or two alternatives must depend on the individuals orderings over only those two alternatives, and not on individuals orders over other alternatives [coercion]

Output: independence of irrelevant alternatives

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: some person, group, precedent, or law decides that will be acted on, and by implication, what will not be acted on [coercion]

Output: agenda control

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the choice among X, Y, and Z must rest on a single underlying evaluative dimension by which all three voters mark various land uses [coercion]

Output: single dimensional issues

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Roughly speaking, a group of voters, consumers or agents have single-peaked preferences over a group of outcomes if: 1) they each have a ideal choice in the set; and 2) outcomes that are the farther from their ideal choice are preferred less. [coercion]

Output: single peaked preferences

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It posits that in a majority election, if voter policy preferences can be represented as a point along a single dimension, if all voters vote deterministically for the politician who commits to a policy position closest to their own preference, and if there are only two politicians, then a politician maximizes their number of votes by committing to the policy position preferred by the median voter. The median voter will be decision IF there is a single unifying dimension such as ideology or budget size, if all voters vote and if voting is repeated without limit [coercion]

Output: the median voter

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ideology is a key dimension that may lead to single peaked preferences, and thus stability in majority rule voting [coercion]

Output: ideology as a dimension

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: on the graph Utilty (Y) and Ideological Dimension (X), the intervals between P1, P2, and P3 are often referred to as spatial distances on an ideological spectrum [coercion]

Output: spatial distances

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the one voting procedure that offers pareto improvement; someone becomes better off and no one becomes worse off [coercion]

Output: Types of voting 1- Unanimity

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this type of voting would select that candidate ranked by the largest number of voters. it isnt very decisive and you may have to give up equality among voters [coercion]

Output: Types of voting 2- plurality rule

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this voting method takes into accound the entire range of voter preferences; each of these previous methods considers only the most-favored candidate. each candidate is compared with each other candidate; the one who defeats all others by the majority rule wins. the diadvantage if the possibility that no clear winner will emerge [coercion]

Output: Types of voting 3- Condorcet criterion

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this type of voting allows each voter to assign each of the m candidates a score of 1 -> m. the top candidate receives m points with the next best at m-1 [coercion]

Output: Types of voting 4- Borda count

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if there are ten candidates but a voter ranks only five, then their first preference will receive only five points; their second preference will receive 4 points, their next 3, and so on. This method effectively penalises voters who do not rank a full ballot, by diminishing the number of points their vote distributes among candidates. [coercion]

Output: modified Borda count

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a voter casts a vote for any and all candidates of whom he or she approves [coercion]

Output: approval voting

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the one voting-like procedure that offers promise for reaching efficient outcomes, but probably not outcomes that would please the majority is known as Demand Revealing Process [coercion]

Output: Demand Revealing Process

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an outcome is reached by adding up the dollar values for the various options; the one with the most dollars is the winner. A tax is then levied on each voter, based on her impact on the outcome [coercion]

Output: Clarke tax

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the most common and effective action for an intense minority is usually to form a coalition with another intense minority [coercion]

Output: coalition

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: winning coalitions that would cease to be wining if some member were subtracted [coercion]

Output: minimum winning coalition

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a promise between two voters (pr frequently, btw their representatives) to exchange votes; A promises to vote to please B on an issue of B's choice if B will do likewise on an issue of A's choice [coercion]

Output: logrolling

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: discourse that tries to provide reasons for or proof of some view: an attempt to convince through rational discussion [Applied Ethics]

Output: argument


Input: a branch of ethics that compares the different ethical beliefs of different groups of people [Applied Ethics]

Output: comparative ethics


Input: the claim that the argument is attemtpting to establish or prove; supposed to follow from the premises or starting assumptions [Applied Ethics]

Output: conclusion


Input: words that are employed in the description of human conduct, such as rightness and wrongness [Applied Ethics]

Output: deontic terms


Input: the study of ethical beliefs that have been held by different groups of people in different places and times [Applied Ethics]

Output: descriptive ethics or non-normative ethics


Input: subset of normative ethics that focuses on ethical priciples that apply throughout all situations [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical theory


Input: based on mistaken ideas: inconsistent with facts [Applied Ethics]

Output: false


Input: being without foundation or force in fact, truth or law [Applied Ethics]

Output: invalid


Input: branch of ethics that studies general ethical concepts and attempts to explain the meaning of terms such as right, wrong, good, adn bad [Applied Ethics]

Output: Metaethics


Input: consists of particular judgements about actions and people; makes prescriptive attempts to tell which things are right or wrong, good or bad [Applied Ethics]

Output: normative or prescriptive ethics


Input: the love of wisdom [Applied Ethics]

Output: philosophy


Input: claims that are to be accepted before an argument begins [Applied Ethics]

Output: premises and assumptions


Input: logically necessary; free from error, fallacy, or misapprehension [Applied Ethics]

Output: sound


Input: applies in some way to all rational beings [Applied Ethics]

Output: universalizable


Input: the philosophical study of the activity of evaluation [Applied Ethics]

Output: value theory


Input: the belief that ethical value is relative to culture or society [Applied Ethics]

Output: cultural or social relativism


Input: the belief that the study of ethics tries to describe necessary features of reality; the belief that principles of ethics apply and have always applied to everyone [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical absolutism


Input: the belief that ethical principles depend upon features that can vary at different times in different places [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical relativism


Input: the belief that ethical judgments apply to all humans equally, that there are universal ethical truths, and that these truths are the same for everyone [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical universalism


Input: the ethical theory that holds that the ethical value of an action is relative not to the culture as a whole, but to the individual him or herself [Applied Ethics]

Output: individual relativism


Input: the belief that there is no such thing as ethical value at all [Applied Ethics]

Output: moral nihilism


Input: an ethical belief that doubts that ethical value exists [Applied Ethics]

Output: moral skepticism


Input: the belief that there is a standard external to the persom making ethical judgements against which those judgements can be helps [Applied Ethics]

Output: objectivism


Input: the belief that ethical judgments are relative to the individaul person, or subject, making the judgment [Applied Ethics]

Output: subjectivism


Input: unselfish regard for, or devotion to, the welfare of others [Applied Ethics]

Output: altruism


Input: the belief that one always ought to do what is in one's own self interest [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical egoism


Input: Plato's story about a shepherd that makes himself invisible in order to do self serving acts [Applied Ethics]

Output: Gyges' Ring


Input: principle that tells us that if we ought to do something, then it must be possible for us to do it [Applied Ethics]

Output: ought-implies-can


Input: the belief that all human motivation is self interested [Applied Ethics]

Output: psychological egoism


Input: terms used to describe a theory that is true by stipulative definition; substansively empty or meaningless [Applied Ethics]

Output: unfalsibliable or definitionally irrefutable


Input: ethical theory that says that what is right is what God commands [Applied Ethics]

Output: Divine Command Theory


Input: the belief that an ethical system is justified if it is the most coherent thing to believe of all the available options [Applied Ethics]

Output: coherentism


Input: the belief that an ethical principle is justified if all free and equal rational people would accept it [Applied Ethics]

Output: contractarianism


Input: a justifiaction of morality based on what promotes the "good life" [Applied Ethics]

Output: eudaemonism


Input: to justify something is to prove that it is just, right, or valid; gives reasons why we should care about morality [Applied Ethics]

Output: justification of morality


Input: the belief that the first principles of morality must be self-evident, obviously true, or impossible to deny [Applied Ethics]

Output: foundationalism


Input: the belief that an element of faith must be involved in accepting morality because we cannot prove anything [Applied Ethics]

Output: rational faith


Input: that belief that our acceptance of morality must be based on our sentimental dispositions and not on any rational proof [Applied Ethics]

Output: sentimentalism


Input: cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions; one metaethical theory holds that morality only makes sense within a tradition [Applied Ethics]

Output: tradition


Input: ethical theory that says that people attribute to ethical values such as queer properties that it is highly implausable that such values can actually exist [Applied Ethics]

Output: argument for queerness


Input: ethical theory that says that the vast differences between different people's ethical judgments are best explained by taking ethical beliefs to be functions of how people are socialized and not of their response to any real objective features of the world [Applied Ethics]

Output: argument from relativity


Input: the belief that ethical judgment involves an attempt to gain knowledge about the world [Applied Ethics]

Output: cognitivism


Input: the belief that an ethical judgment is simply the expression of an emotion and does not describe the world at all [Applied Ethics]

Output: emotivism


Input: the belief that the entire activity of ethical judgment is built upon erroneous belief that ethical value exists in the world [Applied Ethics]

Output: error theory


Input: the belief that ethical value does not exist so, consequently, ethical judgments do not make true claims [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical or moral anti-realism


Input: the belief that ethical value does exist and that some of our ethical judgments make true claims about it [Applied Ethics]

Output: ethical or moral realism


Input: the belief that ethical properties cannot be reduced to any other kind of property, and that ethicla properties have a unique kind of existance that cannot be grasped through the five senses and explained by science [Applied Ethics]

Output: intuitionism


Input: one of te most prominent error theorists; developed the arguement from relativity and the arguement from queerness [Applied Ethics]

Output: John Mackie


Input: the metaethical view that all ethical values are identical to natural properties [Applied Ethics]

Output: naturalism


Input: a line of thinking that says it is erroneous or fallacious to claim that an ethical property is identical to a natural property [Applied Ethics]

Output: naturalistic fallacy


Input: the belief that ethical judgment does not involve an attempt to gain knowledge about the world [Applied Ethics]

Output: non-cognitivism


Input: contention that any effore to define the good must fail, since it always remains possible to ask significantly whether or not the proposed definition is actually good [Applied Ethics]

Output: Open Question Argument


Input: ethical theories that prescribe a certain kind of conduct [Applied Ethics]

Output: Prescriptive Ethical Theories


Input: A belief that emphasizes that ethical judgments prescribes courses of actions and do not describe states of affairs in the world [Applied Ethics]

Output: prescriptivism


Input: A thin nonliving layer called the _____ anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue. [Define Epithelium]

Output: What is the basement membrane

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Close space between cells by fusing cell membranes Ex: Cells that line the small intestine [Define Epithelium]

Output: Function and location of Tight Junctions

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bind cells by forming spot welds between cell membranes Ex: Cells of the outer skin layer [Define Epithelium]

Output: Function and location of Desmosomes

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Form tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of substances [Define Epithelium]

Output: Gap Junctions function

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection, Secretion, Absorption, excretion [Define Epithelium]

Output: Epithelial Tissue Function

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells [Define Epithelium]

Output: Connective tissue function

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: movement [Define Epithelium]

Output: Muscle tissue function

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: transmit impulses [Define Epithelium]

Output: Nervous tissue function

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: secretion absorption surface of ovaries, lining of kidney tubules, ducts of certain glands [Define Epithelium]

Output: Simple cuboidal epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Filtration diffusion osmosis covers surface air sacs of lungs, walls of capilaries [Define Epithelium]

Output: Simple squamous epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection, secretion, absorption lining of uterus, stomach, intestines [Define Epithelium]

Output: Simple Columnar epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances lining of respiratory passages [Define Epithelium]

Output: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection outer layer of skin, linings of cavities [Define Epithelium]

Output: stratified squamous epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection Linings of larger ducts of mammary, sweat, salivary glands and pancreas [Define Epithelium]

Output: Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Protection and secretion Parts of male urethra and pharynx [Define Epithelium]

Output: Stratified columnar epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Distensibility, protection Inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra [Define Epithelium]

Output: Transitional epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Secretion Salivary, sweat and endocrine glands [Define Epithelium]

Output: Glandular Epithelium

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Secrete proteins which become fibers [Define Epithelium]

Output: Fibroblasts

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis [Define Epithelium]

Output: Macrophages

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Release substances that may help prevent blood clotting and promote inflammation [Define Epithelium]

Output: Mast Cells

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hold structures together [Define Epithelium]

Output: Collageneous fibers (white fibers)

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Provide elastic quality to parts that stretch [Define Epithelium]

Output: Elastic Fibers (yellow fibers)

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Form supportive networks within tissues [Define Epithelium]

Output: Reticular fibers

Anatomy Tissues CH 5 Flashcards - Cram.com