Input: What's the appropriate clean needle technique?

Output: do not touch the shaft of the needle. only use non-expired needles, check each needle for visible flaws or defects; you can use the same tube to mark the points on one patient; when withdrawing the needle, don't press down at insertion site; a clean cotton swab is used to protect from body fluids. it is recommended to use gloves with withdrawing the needle; biohazard container is within reach to dispose needles immediately after patient use

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What do you do if your patient faints while having acupuncture needles?

Output: remove needles immediately and the patient is allowed to lie flat with head slightly lowered. Allow patient to recover on his/her time unless signs of distress are evident. You may needle or moxa recovery points and/or may use smelling salts. If patient doesn't recover in appropriate time, emergency protocol is followed.

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What do you do if the acupuncture needle is stuck in your patient?

Output: Ask the patient to relax their muscles, then massage around the point. If still stuck, insert another needle nearby to relax the muscle.

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What if the acupuncture needle breaks inside your patient?

Output: Patient is to remain still; remove with forceps if needle is exposed; try to expose the needle by pressing gently around the site and then removed by forceps; if the needle is completely under the skin ask the patient not to move and call 911.

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What are the procedures in the event of a needle stick injury?

Output: bleeding is encouraged from all sharps injuries; wound is washed well with soap and warm water; both parties proceed immediately to the nearest hospital emergency room; if gloves were worn they are taken the emergency room; both parties are with informed conset tested for HIV, HBV and HCV. The injured person may be offered meds such as Hep B vaccine, Hep B immune globulin and triple therapy for post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV. Most effective if administered less than 2 hours from injury. The registrant writes an incident report documenting the date and time of injury, result of all medical tests administered and names of any medications given. Keep a copy in patient file and a copy in a master incident report file.

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What are the contraindications for the use of electrical stimulation in acupuncture?

Output: pacemakers or other electronic implants Do not apply from one side of the chest across to the other side of the chest (front to back or side to side) in the region of the heart.

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What are the absolute contraindications for the use of moxa?

Output: when a patient is hot or febrile, hypertension (esp on the head and neck), directly on the face, breasts or over large blood vessels and tendons

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: What are relative contraindications for the use of moxa?

Output: abdominal area in pregnancy, patients with diabetes, if the patient has decreased temperature sensations

NPLEX 2: Ontario Jurispridence: Acupuncture Flashcards - Cram.com

No, unless there is a reasonable possibility of coming into contact with body fluids.


Input: [Current assets] Investments

Output: Assets not used in normal operations of business. Management does not plan to convert to cash in next year.

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: [Current assets] Property, plant, & equipment

Output: Long-term tangible assets like land and buildings used in continuing operations

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: [Current assets] Intangible assets

Output: Long-term assets with no physical substance like patents, copyrights, and goodwill

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: [Current assets] Current liabilities

Output: Obligations due to be paid or performed within one year or within the normal operating cycle, whichever is longer

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: [Current assets] Long-term liabilities

Output: Debts of a business that fall due more than one year in the future or beyond the normal operating cycle, which will be paid out of noncurrent assets

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: [Current assets] Gross Margin

Output: Difference between net sales and cost of goods sold; also called gross profit

Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be converted to cash, consumed, or sold within one year or its normal operating cycle, whichever is longer


Input: Simple Triage And Rapid Transport. [What is Triage?]

Output: What is START Triage?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ambulatory- able to walk Respitoray status Perfusion Status Mental Status [What is Triage?]

Output: What does ARPM in START TRIAGE stand for?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 30 rpm or lower. If the patient has a higher rpm level then 30 tag the patient RED and move to next [What is Triage?]

Output: In START Triage, how many Respirations per minute does a patient need to have for you to move to perfusion?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tag the patient RED and move to the next person. [What is Triage?]

Output: In START Triage, if your respirations are shallow or inadaquate what do you do?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A cap refill time of less then 2 seconds and a radial pulse present. If not then the patient is tagged red. [What is Triage?]

Output: What does a patient need in the START Triage on perfusion to NOT be tagged red?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: You need the patient to follow your commands, by having him squeeze your fingers when aked to. If he doesnt then you tag him red and move on. [What is Triage?]

Output: In START Triage if a patient has Respirations less then 30, Cap refill of less then 2 seconds and a radial pulse, what do you need (as in mental status) to NOT tag the patient RED?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Yellow. [What is Triage?]

Output: If the patient who you are avaluating his mental status squeezes your fingers when asked, what color do you tag him in the START Triage?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: JumpSTART Triage [What is Triage?]

Output: What type of triage should be used on anyone who looks like a child?

EMT TRIAGE AND MISC TERMS AND ABRV. Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: * Peak between the ages of 40-60 * In younger populations of athletes esp runners, aerobic exercise dancers(!) and ballet dancers

Output: In what populations (age, activity) is plantar fasciitis most commonly seen?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Repetitive microtrauma to the plantar fascia. Pathology of involved fascia usually reveals: * degeneration of fibrous tissue * with or without fibrobalst proliferation and * chronic inflammation

Output: What is thought to cause plantar fasciitis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: It's a thick fibrous band that starts at the medial tuberosity of the calcaneus,extends distally, dividing into 5 slips that insert into each metatarsal head. It tightens and elevates the longitudinal arch as well as inverting the hind foot during the push off phase of gait.

Output: Where is the plantar fascia & what is its function?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Usually can be done on Hx and Ex alone, but imaging studies (xray, but bone scan more useful - shows uptake at attachment of plantar fascia to calcaneus).

Output: How do you diagnose plantar fasciitis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Inferior heel pain, severe with first steps upon rising in the morning or following inactivity during the day * Pain usually lessens with weight bearing activity during the day, only to worsen wtih continued activity * painful walking barefoot or up stairs

Output: What symptoms of plantar fasciitis are you looking for when taking a history?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Maximal tenderness elicited on plapation over the inferior heel, corresponding to the site of attachment of the plantar fascia.

Output: What physical signs of plantar fasciitis are you looking for on Ex?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Calcaneal stress fractures * Spondyloarthropathies * RA * Gou5t * Neoplastic/infiltrative bone processes * Nerve entrapment/compression

Output: What are some DDx for plantar fasciitis/heel pain?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Ice, heat, massage, stretching of plantar fascia and calf muscles * Orthotics/night splint * foot strapping where appropriate * Short course of NSAIDs where appropriate * If necessary, local glucocorticoid injections

Output: How do you treat plantar fasciitis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Persistent inflammatory synovitis, usually involving peripheral joints in a symmetric distribution, with potential to cause: * cartilage damage * bone erosions * changes in joint integrity

Output: What are the key characteristic features of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Approx 1% of population (0.3-2.1%)

Output: What is the prevalence of RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Female (3x more common than in men) * Age (80% develop the disease between 35-50) * Genetic predisposition (4x the risk if you have a 1st degree relative with RA) - HLA - DR4 * Smoking in those with the HLA beta1 susceptibility allele

Output: What are some risk factors for RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: It remains unknown. Some theorise that it is caused by an infectious agent, but that agent would have to be ubiquitous considering the worldwide distribution (like EBV or mycoplasma).

Output: What causes RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Microvascular injury & increase in number of synovial lining cells (hypertrophic & hyperplastic) * Perivascular infiltration with mononuclear cells * Rheumatoid synovial cells express increased amounts of adhesion molecules * Presence of both B cells & Tcells (majority CD4, but some CD8+) * Antibodies to synovial tissue components (e.g. CCP) * Activated mast cells * Synovial fibroblasts activated (collagenase & cathepsins produced) * Osteoclasts at sites of bony erosion *

Output: Describe the pathogenesis of RA (after the unknown insult...)

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Prodrome (fatigue, anorexia, generalised weakness and vague MSK complaints) * Several joints become affected in a symmetrical fashion

Output: How does RA classically present?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: In about 10% of patients, onset is acute with: * fever * rapid development of polyarthritis * lymphadenopathy * splenomegaly

Output: How might acute onset RA appear?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: After periods of inactivity. Morning stiffness for >1 hour duration is almost invariable features of inflammatory arthritis.

Output: When is stiffness in RA most apparent?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Weakness * Easy fatiguability * Weight loss * Anorexia

Output: What constitutional symptoms may accompany RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Warmth * Swelling * Pain originating from the joint capsule (on stretching or distension). Limitation of motion due to pain. * Often the joint will be held in flexion to maximise joint volume & minimise distension of the capsule. * Later: fibrous or bony ankylosis or soft tissue contractures lead to fixed deformities. (Erythema is infrequent)

Output: What might you expect to see on examination of a joint with RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: It can affect any dairthrodial joint, but very commonly seen in: * PIPs * MCPs * Wrists (almost always) Distal interphalangeal joints are rarely involved.

Output: In which joints in the hand is RA most often seen?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Because synovitis of the wrist joints is a nearly uniform features of RA and may lead to median nerve entrapment (as well as limitation of motion & deformity)

Output: Why should you check for carpal tunnel syndrome in RA patients?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Usually limited to the upper cervical spine. Involvement of the lumbar spine is not seen, and lower back pain cannot be ascribed to RA (according to Harrisons)

Output: Is the axial spine commonly involved in RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. Laxity of supporting tissue structures 2. Damage/weakening of ligaments, tendons & joint capsule 3. Cartilage degradation 4. Muscle imbalance 5. Unopposed physical forces associated with use of affected joints

Output: What macroscopic changes occur in an RA joint over time?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. Radial deviation at the wrist Unlar deviation of the digits, often with palmar subluxation of the proximal phalanges (Z deformity) 2. Hyperextension of the PIPs, with compensatory flexion of the DIPS) - swan neck 3. Flexion contracture of the PIPs & extension of the DIPs (boutonnieres) 4. Hyperextension of the 1st insterphalangeal joint & flexion of the first MCPs) - loss of thumb mobility & pinch

Output: What are some typical hand changes with RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Rheumatoid nodules * Clinical weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscle * Rheumatoid vasculitis, which can potentially cause MI, & involve all organs * pleuropulmonary manifestations: interstitial fibrosis, peluropulmonary nodules,pneumonitis & arteritis

Output: What are some of the extra-articular manifestations of RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: On periarticular strucutres, extensor surfaces or other areas subjected to mechanical pressure: commonly, on olecranon bursa, proximal ulna & Achilles tendon & occiput. But also on pleura or meninges!!

Output: Where can you find Rheumatoid nodules?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Chronic RA and * Splenomegaly and * Neutropenia On occasion, also: * Anaemia * Thrombocytopaenia. Usually in pts with high titres of rheumatoid factor.

Output: What is Felty's Syndrome?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Central zone of necrotic material, a midzone of palisading macrophages (expressing HLA-DR antigens) and outer zone of granulation tissue).

Output: What's in rheumatoid nodules?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Lymphoma (especially large B cell lymphoma).

Output: What cancer is associated with RA?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. Congenital (structural bony abnormality) 2. Neuromuscular (e.g. due to muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, polio, neurofibromatosis) 3. Idiopathic scoliosis (most common - there appears to be a genetic contribution to 'idiopathic' scoliosis)

Output: What are some different causes of scoliosis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Age at time of onset (infantile, juvenile, adolescent, adult). * Curvature according to side of convexity

Output: How is idiopathic scoliosis classified?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Output: What are the most common causative agents of infectious arthritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Mycobacterial or fungal infection

Output: What kind of infectious agent is more likely to cause subacute to chronic joint infection?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Syphilis, Lyme disease, and the reactive arthritis that follows enteric infections and chlamydial urethritis.

Output: Which infectious agents can cause episodic inflammation?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Rheumatoid arthritis.

Output: Which chronic disease predisposes you to getting infections in more than one joint?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Aspiration of the synovial fluid of the affected joint (if necessary, can use U/S guidance)

Output: What procedure should you perform in a case of suspected septic arthritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Synovial cell counts averaging 100,000/L (range, 25,000–250,000/L), with >90% neutrophils

Output: What synovial fluid findings might you expect with a bacterial infection?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: <30,000–50,000 cells/L (NB Normal synovial fluid contains <180 cells, predominantly mononuclear cells, per microliter)

Output: What synovial fluid findings might you expect in crystal-induced, rheumatoid, and other noninfectious inflammatory arthritides?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * First take synovial fluid aspirate, & blood cultures * Antibiotics (empiric, then directed by results of gram stain/cultures from synovial aspirate) - usually several weeks minimum (3 weeks for children, 4-6 weeks for adults) * Drainage of pus with washout (repeated as clinically indicated) facilitates diffusion of antibiotic into the joint & may protect articular surface

Output: How is bacterial septic arthritis treated?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone

Output: What agent do you treat a case of suspected gonococcal arthritis with?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * >90% with a single affected joint * Pain (uniform around the joint) * Effusion * Muscle spasm * Fever (but not in some subgroups, e.g. RA or renal/hepatic insufficiency or pts with immunosuppression) *

Output: How does septic arthritis commonly present?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Infections of the spine, sacroiliac joints, or sternoclavicular joints

Output: How does bacterial septic arthritis commonly present in an IVDU?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Peripheral blood leucocytosis * Raised ESR &/or CRP

Output: What changes might you expect to see on lab investigations (FBC, ESR, CRP)?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Turbid, serosanguineous, or frankly purulent

Output: What might you expect the synovial fluid to look like on aspiration of a bacterially septic joint?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Fever/chills * Rash (papules, often on the trunk & extensor surfaces), which progress to hemorrhagic pustules) * Migratory arthritis and tenosynovitis of hands, wrists, feet & ankles * May be followed by true gonococcal arthritis (single infected joint)

Output: How does a disseminated gonococcal infection present?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * >50,000 leukocytes/L, can be obtained with ease * gonococcus is only occasionally evident in gram-stained smears * cultures of synovial fluid are positive in <40% of cases. * Blood cultures are almost always negative. Easier to obtain gonococcus from infected mucosal sites.

Output: What do you expect to find on synovial fluid stain and blood cultures in gonococcal arthritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Common congenital malformation where one or both feet are excessively plantar flexed, with the forefoot swung medially and the sole facing inward.

Output: What is club foot (talipes equinovarus)?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. congenital - affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels of one or both feet 2. syndromic - associated with other deformities/chromosomal abnormalities (~10%) 3. positional - flexible, rather than rigid, and can be positioned into a neutral position easily by hand

Output: How is club foot classified?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * mild to severe deformity of the talus, which is small and abnormal in all of its relationships. * subluxation of the talo-calcaneo-navicular joint with under-development of the soft tissues on the medial side of the foot, and frequently of the calf and perineal muscles. * Shortening and fibrosis in the gastrocsoleus and its tendon, as well as in the posterior tibial muscle and tendon, also occur. * The ligaments of the forefoot are normal, but the forefoot is adducted and supinated. * Bony malposition and secondary contractures cause the foot to be held in a relatively fixed position, which is resistant to realignment.

Output: Describe the abnormalities in anatomy that occur in club foot.

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: The clubfoot, calf, and leg are smaller and shorter than the normal limb.

Output: Are club feet smaller, larger or the same size as the normal limb (if there is one)?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 80% of cases are idiopathic. * intrinsic: early fetal onset of neurologic, muscular, or connective tissue disease with long-term implications for the neonate * extrinsic: secondary to restriction to movement from multiple gestations, malpresentation, uterine cavity abnormalities.

Output: What causes club foot?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: A clinical finding of a twisted or rotated neck

Output: What does the term torticollis refer to?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Congenital Muscular Torticollis. Often in babies in breech position.

Output: What is the most common type of congenital torticollis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: By 2-4 weeks, after which time the child prefers to hold the head tilted to one side.

Output: When does congenital torticollis often become apparent?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * restriction of the range of motion of the neck, with the head tilted toward a shortened SCM and the chin rotated to the opposite side * A characteristic mass may be palpable in the inferior one-third of the affected SCM. The mass, well-circumscribed and firm, is often referred to as the "pseudotumor" or "tumor" of the SCM.

Output: What are the clinical features of congenital torticollis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: It may spontaneously resolve, or the child may develop a severe craniofacial abnormality.

Output: What happens if you don't treat c.m. torticollis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Passive stretching * Positioning & handling to encourage baby to develop the muscles on the affected side * Surgery may be necessary if severe.

Output: How is C.M.Torticollis treated?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Ijury or inflammation from a variety of conditions can cause spasm of cervical muscles or irritation of cervical nerves: * minor trauma to the neck * URTI *retropharyngeal abscess * vertebral subluxation * spinal epidural hematomacervical lymphadenitis * myositis * retropharyngeal abscess

Output: What can be some causes of acquired torticollis in children? Name 5.

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Retropharyngeal abcess or epiglottitis. Requires urgent evaulation.

Output: What should you be concerned about in a child with torticollis, plus stridor and/or drooling?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. Elderly osteoporotic patients who sustain a low energy fall (FOOSH: fall on an outstretched hand) 2. Young patients involved in sports who sustain a relatively high-energy fall

Output: In what populations are Colles fractures most prevalent?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Dinner fork deformity.

Output: What is the classic deformity apparent with a colles' fracture?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Neurovascular status (incl sensory & motor fx of the median, radial & ulnar nerves) * circulation (radial pulse, capillary refil of the nail beds) * range of motion of wrist if possible * check elbow & shoulder too

Output: What should be examined in a patient with suspected Colles' fracture?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Distal radius fracture with DORSAL displacement of the distal radius fragment

Output: What is a Colles' fracture?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Distal radius fracture with PALMAR displacement of the distal radius fragment

Output: What is a Smith's fracture?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Immediate closed reduction of any displaced fracture should be performed, after providing analgesia, to attempt to alleviate symptoms. If persistent, emergency surgical referral.

Output: How do you manage a Colles/Smith's Fracture with neurovascualr compromise?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Fractures with palmar displacement are commonly unstable and require orthopaedic referral.

Output: How are Smiths Fractures managed?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Use a well molded surgical tong/double sugar tong splint (sounds noice) NOT a circumferential splint * Analgesia as needed (NSAIDs and opioids may be used if appropriate) * Ice frequently * exercises/physio * Adequate follow up

Output: How do you manage a Colles' fracture that is not significantly displaced (less than 20 degrees dorsally displaced)?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Headache of new onset * tenderness or decreased pulse of the temporal artery * Abrupt onset of visual disturbances * Jaw claudication * Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica * Unexplained fever or anemia * Fatigue, unexplained weight loss * Elevated ESR and/or serum CRP

Output: What are some symptoms of temporal (giant cell) arteritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Temporal artery biopsy (but don't wait for the biopsy to be scheduled/results to come back to start treatment!) Resolution of the inflammatory infiltrate in GCA starts slowly, so you can still diagnose on biopsy taken several weeks after treatment is commenced. (Other emerging options include MRI/angiography)

Output: What is the gold standard for diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: A chronic vasculitis of medium and large vessels that occurs only in individuals older than 50 years of age

Output: What is Giant Cell Arteritis?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * With prednisone (start with 40-60mg dose, titrate up if not sufficient) * with low-dose aspirin to prevent TIA/Stroke/ visual loss, and maybe a PPI in patients at risk of side effects of NSAIDs

Output: How is uncomplicated giant cell arteritis (that is, no signs of ischaemic organ damage) treated?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Aching and morning stiffness in the * shoulder and hip girdles * neck * torso

Output: What are some features of polymyalgia rheumatica?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * purpura * skin thinning * striae * skin cancers (SCC/BCC) * steroid acne * alopecia * hypertrichosis

Output: What are some AEs of Glucocorticosteroids relating to skin?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Redistribution of body fat with: * truncal obesity * buffalo hump * moon face Yes. It is related to dose/duration (uptodate)

Output: Describe Cushingoid appearance. Is the risk of Cushingoid dose and duration dependent?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Cataracts * Glaucoma (increased intraoccular pressure - usually in patients otherwised predisposed, e.g. Fam Hx) * Central serous chorioretinopathy (oedema formation that can separate the retina from the choroid!) Need to lower the dose of pred if these complications occur if at all possible.

Output: What are some Adverse Effects on the eye of Glucocorticosteroids?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Increased risk of: * MI * heart failure * stroke * peripheral insulin resistance * lipid abnormalities

Output: What are some adverse effects of glucocorticoids on the cardiovascular system?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Ulcer formation * Bleeding (less risk than that with NSAIDs - but be careful when the two are being used together! Think of prophylaxis) * Gastritis * Hepatic steatosis ALSO: can mask serious GI disease

Output: What are some adverse effects of glucocorticosteroids on the gastrointestinal system?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Cleft palate

Output: What fetal abnormality is associated with use of Glucocorticosteroids in pregnancy?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Osteoporosis * osteonecrosis * growth impairment in children * proximal myopathy

Output: What are some adverse effects of glucocorticosteroids on the musculoskeletal system?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Initially, euphoria. However, with large doses, can develop: * hypomanic symptoms * depressive symptoms * insomnia * memory impairment * akisthesia * psychosis

Output: What are some CNS/psychiatric AE's of glucocorticosteroids?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: 1. Augments hepatic gluconeogenesis 2. Inhibits uptake of glucose into adipose tissue 3. Alteration of receptor & post-receptor function

Output: What are 3 mechanisms by which glucocorticosteroids affect glucose metabolism?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Any patient: * on more than 20 mg of prednisone a day for more than three weeks or * who has clinical Cushing's syndrome

Output: In which patients can you assume there will be suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Have patient on lowest dose possible for the shortest period possible * Use non-systemic GCS where possible, e.g. inhaled/topical/intra-articular * Exercise to reduce mypoathy & osteoporosis * Vit D, Calcium, Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis * In postmenopausal women: estrogen therapy to minimize lumbar vertebral bone mineral loss

Output: What can you do to minimise adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * location of application * whether occlusive dressings are used (may increase absorption by 10 fold) * What agent is used with it, e.g. salicylic acid & dimethylsulfoxide increase absorption * Skin integrity (the more intact, the less it absorbs) * Age of skin (infants & kids absorb more because their stratum corneum is thinner)

Output: What factors affect absorption of glucocorticoids through the skin?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * rash, pruiritis (>5% children) * May increase chloride, uric acid, glucose; * may decrease sodium, bicarbonate, calcium (who would have thought?) * Anaemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia * Bilirubin increased, alkaline phosphatase increased * nephropathy * nausea, vomiting * headache?!

Output: What are some adverse effects associated with paracetamol?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Severe hepatic impairment

Output: What's a contraindication to use of paracetamol?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: * Chronic malnutrition * Alcoholics * G6PD deficiency: hemolysis may occur * hepatic impairment * severe renal impairment

Output: To which patients should you be cautious re use/recommendation of paracetamol?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Output: What is the maximum daily dose of paracetamol?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: Increase their anticoagulant effects. Monitor.

Output: What might paracetamol do when taken with Vitamin K Antagonists?

Where does plantar fasciitis pain originate?


Input: [Economics] Economic perspective

Output: The economic way of thinking

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Opportunity Costs

Output: To obtain more of one thing, society forgoes the opportunity of getting the next best thing.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Utility

Output: The pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Marginal analysis

Output: Comparisons of marginal benefits and marginal costs

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] 1. Observe real-world behavior and outcomes. 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment/Observation/Survey, etc. 4. Accept, reject, modify hypothesis 5. Continue tests, if favorable results, hypothesis -> theory

Output: Steps of Scientific Method

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Economic principle

Output: A statement about economic behavior or the economy that enables prediction of the probable effects of certain actions.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Other-things-equal assumption, Ceteris Paribus

Output: The assumption that factors other than those being considered do not change.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Microeconomics

Output: The part of economics concerned with decision making by individual customers, workers, households, and business firms.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Macroeconomics

Output: Examines either the economy as a whole or its basic subdivisions or aggregates, such as the government, household, and business sectors.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Aggregate

Output: A collection of specific economic units treated as if they were one unit.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Positive economics

Output: Focuses on facts and cause-and-effect relationships

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Normative economics

Output: Economic policy which incorporates value judgments about what the economy should be like or what particular policy actions should be recommended to achieve a desirable goal.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Economizing problem

Output: The need to make choices because economic wants exceed economic means, scarcity

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Budget line

Output: A schedule or curve that shows various combinations of two products a consumer can purchase with a specific money income.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Economic resources

Output: All natural, human, and manufactured resources that go into the production of goods and services.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Land

Output: All natural resources ("gifts of nature") used in the production process.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Labor

Output: Consists of the physical actions and mental activities that people contribute to the production of goods and services.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Capital

Output: Includes all manufactured aids used in producing consumer goods and services.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Investment

Output: Spending that pays for production and accumulation of capital goods

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Entrepeneurial ability

Output: The ability to combine land, labor, and capital to produce a good or a service, make the strategic business decisions, make innovations, and to bear risk.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Factors of production, "inputs"

Output: Land, labor, captial, and entrepeneurial ability.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Full employment

Output: The economy is employing all of its available resources

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Fixed resources

Output: The quantity and quality of the factors of production are fixed

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Fixed technology

Output: The state of technology (the methods used to produce output) is constant

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Two goods

Output: The economy is producing only two goods.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Consumer goods

Output: Products that satisfy our wants directly

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Capital goods

Output: Products that satisfy our wants indirectly by making possible more efficient production of consumer goods

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Production possibilities curve

Output: A curve that displays the different combinations of goods and services that society can produce in a fully employed economy, assuming a fixed availablity of supplies of resources and fixed technology

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Law of increasing opportunity costs

Output: As the production of a particular good increases, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit rises.

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [Economics] Economic growth

Output: A larger total output

The social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity.


Input: [1] AXIAL [2]

Output: Relating to the head, neck and truck, the axis of the body.

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] APPENDICULAR [2]

Output: Relating to the limbs, and their attachements to the axis

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ABDOMINAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the anterior body truck region, inferior to the ribs Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ACROMIAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the point of the shoulder Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ANTEBRACHIAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the forearm Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ANTECUBITAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] AXILLARY [2]

Output: pertaining to the armpit Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] BRACHIAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the arm Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] BUCCAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the cheek Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CARPAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the wrist Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CEPHALIC [2]

Output: pertaining to the head Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CERVICAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the neck region Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] COXAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the hip Anterior/Ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CRURAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the leg anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] DIGITAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the fingers or toes anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] FEMORAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the thigh anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] FIBULAR (PERONEAL) [2]

Output: pertaining to the side of the leg anterior/ventral and posterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] FRONTAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the head anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] HALLUX [2]

Output: pertaining to the great toe anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] INGUINAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the groin anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] MAMMARY [2]

Output: pertaining to the breast anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] MANUS [2]

Output: pertaining to the hand anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] MENTAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the chin anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] NASAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the nose anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ORAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the mouth anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ORBITAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the bone eye socket anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PALMAR [2]

Output: pertaining to the palm of the hand anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PATELLAR [2]

Output: pertaining to the anterior of the knee (kneecap) region anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PEDAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the foot anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PELVIC [2]

Output: pertaining to the pelvis region anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] POLLEX [2]

Output: pertaining to the thumb anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PUBIC [2]

Output: pertaining to the genital region anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] STERNAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the region of the breastbone anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] TARSAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the ankle anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] THORACIC [2]

Output: pertaining to the chest anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] UMBILICAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the navel anterior/ventral

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CALCANEAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the heal of the foot Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] DORSUM [2]

Output: pertaining to the back Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] GLUTEAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the buttocks Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] LUMBAR [2]

Output: pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips, the loin Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] OCCIPITAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head, or base of the skull Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] OLECRANAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] OTIC [2]

Output: pertaining to the ear Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PERINEAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] PLANTAR [2]

Output: pertaining to the sole of the feet Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] POPLITEAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the back of the knee Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SACRAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the region between the hips (V of but cheeks) Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SCAPULAR [2]

Output: pertaining to the scapula, or shoulderblade area Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] SURAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the calf, or posterior surface of the leg Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] VERTEBRAL [2]

Output: pertaining to the spinal column Posterior/Dorsal

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Superior/Inferior [2]

Output: Above/Below refer to placement along the axis of the body, superior is always above other structurs, and inferior is always below. the nose is superior to the mouth.

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Anterior/Posterior [2]

Output: Front/Back in humans most structures are anterior, or the most forward. Features such as the spine are posterior the spine is posterior to the heart

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Medial/Lateral [2]

Output: Toward the midline/away from the midline the sternum is medial to the ribs, the ear is lateral to the nose

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Cephalad (cranial) / caudal [2]

Output: towards the head/toward the tail (*in humans, interchangeable with superior, inferior) in animals synonumous with posterior (caudal) and anterior (cephalad)

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dorsal/ventral [2]

Output: backside/bellyside (*in humans, interchangeable with anterior and posterior) in animal synonymous with superior (dorsal) and inferior (ventral)

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] proximal/distal [2]

Output: nearer the trunk/further from trunk or point of attachment

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] superficial (external)/deep (internal) [2]

Output: toward/away from body surface

BIO 143 - ex 1 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Assets not used in normal operations of business. Management does not plan to convert to cash in next year. [Current assets]

Output: Investments


Input: Long-term tangible assets like land and buildings used in continuing operations [Current assets]

Output: Property, plant, & equipment


Input: Long-term assets with no physical substance like patents, copyrights, and goodwill [Current assets]

Output: Intangible assets


Input: Obligations due to be paid or performed within one year or within the normal operating cycle, whichever is longer [Current assets]

Output: Current liabilities


Input: Debts of a business that fall due more than one year in the future or beyond the normal operating cycle, which will be paid out of noncurrent assets [Current assets]

Output: Long-term liabilities


Input: Difference between net sales and cost of goods sold; also called gross profit [Current assets]

Output: Gross Margin


Input: pleistocene overkill hypothesis

Output: overhunting of large animals by humans caused exticntion

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Mass extinction

Output: extinction of a large number of species within a short period of time, thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt. Much faster rate than background extinction. Number/diversification of species rebounds afterward. Mass extinctions mark the ends of geological time periods.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Background extinction

Output: ongoing extinction of individual species, normal evolutionary process

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Examples of Cause for Mass Extinction

Output: Asteroid impact. Flood basalt event (lava plume from massive volcanism). Sea-level drop.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Dating with isotopes:

Output: once an organism dies, their carbon begins to decay. Measuring ratio of carbon isotopes shows how many half-lives have occurred which tells when organism died.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Iridium

Output: Abnormally high amounts of iridium have been found in rocks dating to the K-T boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods (65 million years ago). This has led to a widely held view that an iridium-containing comet struck the Earth at that time, which led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other forms of life

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: 5 mass extinctions

Output: Extinction event Age x10 6 yr Families (%) Genera (%) Species (%) Cretaceous 65 - 15 35 + 8 Triassic 208 22 53 80 + 4 Permian 245 51 82 95 + 2 Devonian 367 22 57 83 + 3 Ordovician 439 26 60 85 + 3

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Trilobites

Output: Make great fossils. Were around for a very long time before mass extinction during cambrian period.


Input: Modern Extinction Rate

Output: recent historical rate of vertebrate extinctions is a little over 7,000 times greater than the background rate of extinction. 1,000-10,000 times more than at any time in the last 65 million years

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Evidence for extinction at k-t boundary

Output: rocks laid down precisely at the K-T boundary contain extraordinary amounts of the metal iridium. iridium is present only in the boundary rocks and therefore was deposited in a single large spike. iridium was scattered worldwide from a cloud of debris that formed as an asteroid struck somewhere on Earth.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Cambrian Explosion

Output: Vast increase in diverse forms of life. Existing small simple organisms diversified and became more complex. Fossils begin to appear

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Great Oxygen Catastrophe

Output: Life formed anaerobically. Some organisms did photosynthesis, creating oxygen, which was absorbed by oceans and rock. Eventually excess oxygen accumulated in atmosphere, causing mass extinction of anaerobic organisms, creation of ozone layer. Probably caused by photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: c3 and c4 grasses

Output: 2 types of carbon fixation used in plants. When the environment turned hot and dry, grasses went from being c3 to c4 to be more efficient (switched to an enzyme with less affinity to oxygen). Only opened stomates at night to reduce water loss. Horses co-evolved to have longer teeth that would hold up to the harder material of the c4 plants.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Cambrian Period

Output: 542 - 488 million years ago. Vast increase in life forms.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: 3 processes changed atmosphere

Output: Volcanos - bulk of the atmosphere was derived from degassing of mantle early in the Earth's history Chemical Reactions - creation of ozone layer Photosynthesis - Great Oxygen Catastrophe

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Ozone Layer

Output: Created during Great Oxygen Catastrophe, essential to life because protects from harmful UV radiation

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Characteristics of Life

Output: Cell Structure Metabolism Accurate Replication

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Miller-Urey Experiment

Output: Created basic building blocks of life under known conditions of early earth. Chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds (amino acids) from inorganic precursors.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: The Central Dogma

Output: (DNA > replication > )DNA - transcription > RNA > translation > PROTEIN. Only in special situations does RNA turn to RNA/DNA or DNA turn to PROTEIN. Protein can never be transferred into anything else.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Primordial Soup Hypothesis

Output: A liquid rich in organic compounds and providing favorable conditions for the emergence and growth of life forms. Oceans of primordial soup are thought to have covered the Earth during the Precambrian Eon billions of years ago. The organic compounds in the primordial soup, such as amino acids, may have been produced by reactions in the Earth's early atmosphere, which was probably rich in methane and ammonia. The complex self-replicating organic molecules that were the precursors to life on Earth may have developed in this primordial soup.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Prebiotic Molecule

Output: A molecule that is believed to be involved in the processes leading to the origin of life.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Heterotroph

Output: eats other things


Input: Autotroph

Output: makes its own food


Input: conjugation

Output: one of three types of hoizontal gene transfer, transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact


Input: transformation

Output: one of three types of horizontal gene transfer, change in genetic makeup resulting from the direct uptake of exogenous DNA from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membrane

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: transduction

Output: one of three processes of horizontal gene transfer, process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: horizontal gene transfer

Output: processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into bacterial cell (transformation, transduction, conjugation)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: 3 domains of organisms

Output: eukarya, archea, bacteria

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: phylogeny (2 types)

Output: evolutionary development of a species (reticulate and divergent)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: reticulate phylogeny

Output: complicated net of species, happens when there can be horizontal gene transfer, can be found in archea and bacteria

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: divergent phylogeny

Output: tree like evolutionary history of species

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: endosymbiosis

Output: a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the other, the two typically behaving as a single organism. (this led to mitochondria and chloroplasts becoming organelles)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Primary endosymbiosis

Output: involves the engulfment of a bacterium by another free living organism.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Secondary endosymbiosis

Output: occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Evidence of bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Output: Have 2 or more plasma membranes Have own genome, replicate separately from host, single circular model, no histones associated with dna Have own protein synthesizing material Some genes transferred to nucleus

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Phagotrophs

Output: organisms that engulf solid material with cell membrane to digest


Input: Osmotrophs

Output: organisms who use the uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition


Input: Prokaryote

Output: unicellular organism with no nucleus (bacteria and archea)


Input: extremophiles

Output: Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: eutrophication

Output: The process by which a body of water becomes excessively rich in dissolved nutrients, resulting in increased primary productivity that often leads to a deficiency in dissolved oxygen. excessive plant growth and decay, favouring simple algae and plankton over other more complicated plants, and causes a severe reduction in water quality.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Output: Laboratory technique used to make numerous copies of specific DNA segments quickly and accurately

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Xenologous genes

Output: homologous due to horizontal gene transfer

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: What allows for the development of antibiotic resistance?

Output: Lateral/Horizontal gene transfer (prokaryotes)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Pathogen

Output: biological agent that causes disease in a host


Input: Endospore

Output: Method of gene preservation. Dormant form of bacteria which can withstand harsh environmental conditions for long periods of time in order to continue the species once conditions are favorable again


Input: Endosymbiosis: Vertical Transmission

Output: Passed from parent to offspring

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Endosymbiosis: Horizontal Transmission

Output: Found in environment

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Endosymbiosis: Mixture of horizontal and vertical transmission

Output: Passed from other members of species

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Mutualism

Output: symbiosis where both parties benefit. This is how Chloroplasts and Mitochondria became cellular organelles.


Input: Multicellulatiry benefits

Output: 1) Staying in one place and living in currents (being able to feed in currents, like a stream) 2) Can move where they want and more quickly 3) Can eat larger prey and escape predation 4) Cells can specialize (muscles, digestion, brain…)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Multicellularity problems

Output: basal metabolic rate and flux will limit cell size diffusion is slow large cells have greater metabolic needs cooperation(from kin selection) larger means need for circulatory system then circulatory tissue increased food demand

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: How is a multicellular colony different that a multicellular individual?

Output: Individual: once you get germ-soma differentiation

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Fick's law

Output: flux = -(permeability of a membrane)(area)(concentration gradient)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Basal metabolic rate

Output: minimum energy production for a cell to survive

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: synapomorphy

Output: A synapomorphy is a shared trait found among two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait.

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Colony vs Individual

Output: Individual once there is germ-soma differentiation

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: germline sequestration

Output: reduces mutation rate because of mitotic arrest, metabloic inactivity reduces oxidative activity

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Porifera and how they cope with diffusion time and rate

Output: "Pore bearer." Their bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes using specialized cells, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow. (SPONGES)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Platyhelminthes and how they cope with diffusion rate and time

Output: Exchange gases elusively by diffusion. This explains their flat shape to maximize surface area. (FLATWORMS!)

Rochester Bio 111 Exam 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

Magnetic anomolies: reversal of magnetic poles has left magnetic stripes in rock layers deposited and Midatlantic ridge splits mirror image of stripes alternating in magnetic direction because of sea-floor spreading. Plate boundaries: transform, convergent (mountains), divergent (sea-floor spreading, rifting). Distribution of species (amount of relatedness shows what order groups we separated, ex. related marsupials live on different continents) Evidence of original supercontinent: Pangea split into Gondwana (South: Africa, S. America, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar) and Laurasia during Jurassic period. Similar species are most closely related the more recent their respective landmasses separated


Input: Outgroup

Output: start with this species to build a cladogram