Input: [THE CELL THEORY] RIBOSOME

Output: GRAINLIKE BODY MADE UP OF RNA AND ATTACHED TO THE INNER SURFACE OF AN ENDOPLASMIC PASSAGEWAY; A PROTEIN-MAKING SITE OF THE CELL

PRENTICE HALL LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 Flashcards - Cram.com

THEORY THAT STATES THAT ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS; CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN KIVING THINGS; AND LIVING CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER LIVING CELLS


Input: dynamic

Output: this principle deals with change. communication is constantly changing

GEB 3213 BUS COM CH2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the six principles of the communication process?


Input: continuous

Output: this principle states that the communication process never ends, including silence


Input: circular

Output: this principle highlights that communication typically involves mor than one person.


Input: unrepeatable

Output: this principle states that communication takes place in an environment that is constantly changing.

GEB 3213 BUS COM CH2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the six principles of the communication process?


Input: irreversible

Output: this principle states that you can not undo communication

GEB 3213 BUS COM CH2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the six principles of the communication process?


Input: complex

Output: this principle highlights that the communication process has multiple parts.


Input: [1] Definition: This is a form of sorrow involving the person's thoughts, feelings, behaviors occurring as a response to an actual or perceived loss. [2]

Output: Grief


Input: [1] Definition: The experience of parting with an object, person, belief or relationship that is valued. [2]

Output: Loss


Input: [1] This experience necessitates a reorganization of one or more aspects of a person's life. [2]

Output: Loss


Input: [1] Definition: Psychological process of reaction activated by an individual to assist in overcoming a great personal loss. [2]

Output: Mourning


Input: [1] Definition: Response to loss through death. [2]

Output: Bereavement


Input: [1] Definition: Subjective experience that a person suffers after losing a person with whom there has been a significant relationship. [2]

Output: Bereavement


Input: [1] Definition: Characteristic pattern of intellectual, psychological & physiologic responses a person makes to the impending loss. [2]

Output: Anticipatory Grief


Input: [1] Does the anticipatory grief process positive or negative effects? [2]

Output: Both, it has positive & negative.


Input: [1] Definition: Complicated form of grieving that entails social stigma. [2]

Output: Disenfranchised Grief


Input: [1] What are three examples of disenfranchised grief? [2]

Output: Death by: Suicide, HIV AIDS, & Abortion.


Input: [1] Definition: Grief that falls outside normal response range & may be seen as exaggerated, prolonged, or an absence of grief. [2]

Output: Dysfunctional Grief


Input: [1] Definition: There is no expression of grief following a significant loss. [2]

Output: Inhibited Grief


Input: [1] True or False? If a loss is only perceived it is not considered a loss. [2]

Output: False This defines perceived loss.


Input: [1] Definition: Study of death & those involved in the perideath experience. [2]

Output: Thanatology


Input: [1] In regards to awareness in loss & grief. This is characterized by everyone knowing & nobody talks. [2]

Output: Open-Aware


Input: [1] In regards to awareness in loss & grief. This is characterized by everyone knows & nobody talks. [2]

Output: Closed-Aware


Input: [1] In regards to awareness in loss & grief. This is characterized by nobody acknowledging or speaking about it. [2]

Output: Closed-Pretense


Input: [1] In regards to awareness in loss & grief. This is characterized by everyone acknowledging but no speaking about it. [2]

Output: Open-Pretense


Input: [1] What type of loss would be characterized by the loss of your house or business? [2]

Output: Loss of external objects


Input: [1] What type of loss would be characterized by moving? [2]

Output: Loss of known environment


Input: [1] What type of loss would be characterized by someone important to you passing? [2]

Output: Loss of significant other


Input: [1] What type of loss would be characterized by the loss of a body part? [2]

Output: Loss of an aspect of self


Input: [1] What type of loss would be characterized by pain or loss of control ? [2]

Output: Loss of own life


Input: [1] What are some factors that affect responses to grief & loss? [2]

Output: Age Significance Culture Spiritual Beliefs Gender Socioeconomic state


Input: [1] What are the three tasks of mourning? [2]

Output: Accept (reality of the loss) Share (in the process of working through the pain of grief) Adjust (to an environment in which the deceased is missing)


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: No understanding of death concept, believes death is reversible (temporary departure/sleep) Emphasizes immobility/inactivity as attributes of death. [2]

Output: Infancy to 5 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: understands death is final Believes own death is avoidable Associates death with aggression/violence Believes wishes or unrelated actions can be responsible for death [2]

Output: 5-9 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: Understands death as inevitable end of life. Begins to understand own mortality expressed as interest in afterlife or as fear of death [2]

Output: 9 to 12 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: Fears a lingering death. May fantasize that death can be defied, acting out defiance through reckless behaviors. Seldom thinks about death but views it in religious/philosophic terms. Reaches adult perception of death but unable to accept it emotionally May still hold concepts from previous dev stages [2]

Output: 12-18 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: Has attitude toward death influenced by religious or cultural beliefs. [2]

Output: 18-45 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: Accepts own mortality Encounters death of parents & some peers Experiences peaks of death anxiety Death anxiety diminishes with emotional well being [2]

Output: 45-65 years old


Input: [1] What age bracket in regards to the Development of Concept of Death does the following apply: Fears prolonged illness. Encounters death of family members & peers. Sees death as having multiple meanings. (free from pain, reunion with deceased friends/family) [2]

Output: 65+ years old


Input: [1] What do the following represent in relation to grief loss? Helps promote good mental & physical health after a loss. To fill the emptiness with other healthy interests. To be able to remember the lost object or person without intense pain. To be able to redirect emotional energy into one's own life. To be able to regain the capacity to love. (reaching out around you) [2]

Output: The goals of grieving


Input: [1] The following are examples of what? The dead will always be with us. There is an afterlife. There is no afterlife. Death is a natural event. Death is graduation. There is recovery for survivors. [2]

Output: Grief philosophies. ***These are highly individual & not standardized***


Input: [1] Major decisions that are made in this year of grief are not usually wise & are regretted. [2]

Output: First year.


Input: [1] In the Kubler-Ross philosophy How many are there & what are the stages of grief? [2]

Output: 5 stages Denial Anger Depression Bargaining Acceptance


Input: [1] During this stage the individual acts as if nothing has happened and may refuse to believe that a loss has occurred. [2]

Output: Denial


Input: [1] During this stage the individual resists the loss& may act out to everyone & everything in the environment. [2]

Output: Anger


Input: [1] During this stage a postponement of the reality of the loss. The individual may attempt to make a deal with god. [2]

Output: Bargaining


Input: [1] During this stage occurs when the loss is realized & the full impact of it's significance is apparent. [2]

Output: Depression


Input: [1] During this stage one comes to terms with the situation rather than submitting to resignation or hopelessness. [2]

Output: Acceptance


Input: [1] What are some things that need to be assessed in regards to grief & loss? [2]

Output: Nature of the loss Meaning of the loss to client Client's usual pattern of coping w/ loss Availability of coping resources Other stressors (preceeding or concurrent w/ loss)


Input: [1] What are some physical symptoms associated with grief & loss? [2]

Output: Sleep patterns Appetite increase or decrease Tightness in throat & Chest Heart palpitations Pain in chest Frequent sighing Choking or SOB Loss of muscular power Empty feeling in abdomen Repeated somatic distress


Input: [1] Emotional symptoms associated with loss & grief would be? [2]

Output: Sadness Guilt Anger Loneliness Relief Anxiety Wishing to die Suicidal ideation


Input: [1] What are common substances abused associated with grief & loss? [2]

Output: Alcohol Illegal drugs Rx'd drugs Caffeine Nicotine


Input: [1] What social behaviors associated with grief & loss must be evaluated? [2]

Output: Ability to function in the family role Ability to function in a work role Ability to function in a social role


Input: [1] What are two nursing interventions a nurse can perform in relation to grief & loss? [2]

Output: Silence & listening Counseling referral (ex Clergy or Professional)


Input: [1] What makes a difference in relation to grief in how you interpret or implement for your client? [2]

Output: The stage of grief


Input: [1] What are some examples of nursing diagnoses used for grief & loss? [2]

Output: Spiritual distress r/t (highly common) Anticipatory grieving r/t Dysfunctional grieving r/t Impaired adjustment r/t (unable to work through grief process) Social isolation r/t (Big one)


Input: [1] What are a few examples of nursing goals in regards to grief & loss? [2]

Output: Establish a relationship of trust between nurse & family. Evaluate the clients & families level of trust & confidence. Maintain the therapeutic relationship crucial in the arena of nursing care.


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] positive

Output: Protons have a __________ charge

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] no

Output: neutrons have a _________ charge

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] negitive

Output: Electrons have a _________ charge

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] protons neutrons

Output: the ______ and the _______ are in the center or nucleus of the atom

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] electrons

Output: the ______ orbit the atom

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] protons electron

Output: each atom has an equal number of _________ as __________

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] neutral

Output: atoms are ______________ because of the because the negitive charge of the electrons and the positive charge of the protons.

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] center of atom. contains most of the mass

Output: nucleus

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] very light negatively charged particles. circle nucleus.

Output: electrons

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] positly charged particles found in nucleus. = # as electrons.

Output: protons

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] found in nucleus. no electric charge. neutral. aboutn same mass as protons

Output: neutrons

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] A- Atomic # B-Symbol C-Element Name D-Atomic Mass

Output: Read this sq of the periodic table: 6 A C B Carbon C 12.011 D

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] protons electrons

Output: Atomic # = # of _______ = # of _______

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] atomic mass

Output: mass # = ________ rounded

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] # of: protons electrons

Output: mass # - atomic # = ________ and ________

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] p-yes n-yes e-no

Output: do protons, neutrons, electrons, have weight?

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] n- negative p-positive n-neutral

Output: are protons, electrons, neutrons neg. pos. or not charged?

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] 1 atom of Iron 2 atoms of Sulfer

Output: read this formula: pyrite fool's gold FeS2

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [protons neutrons electrons] p-inside the nucleus n-inside e-outside

Output: Where are the protons, neutrons, and electrons found?

6th Grade Atom Quiz Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] retinal detachment

Output: Separation of the retina from its attachments at the back of the eye.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] sclera

Output: The tough, fibrous, white portion of the eye that protects the more delicate inner structures.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] sternocleidomastoid muscles

Output: The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] subcutaneous emphysema

Output: A characteristic crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, caused by the presence of air in soft tissues.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Output: The joint formed where the mandible and cranium meet, just in front of the ear.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] air embolism

Output: The presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] anisocoria

Output: Naturally occurring uneven pupil size.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] blowout fracture

Output: A fracture of the orbit or of the bones that support the floor of the orbit.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] conjunctiva

Output: The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] conjunctivitis

Output: Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] cornea

Output: The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] eustachian tube

Output: A branch of the internal auditory canal that connects the middle ear to the oropharynx.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] external auditory canal

Output: The ear canal; leads to the tympanic membrane.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] globe

Output: The eyeball.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] iris

Output: The muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye; pigment in this tissue gives the eye its color.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] lacrimal glands

Output: The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] lens

Output: The transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] mastoid process

Output: The prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1" posterior to the external opening of the ear.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] optic nerve

Output: A cranial nerve that transmits visual information to the brain.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] pinna

Output: The external, visible part of the ear.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] pupil

Output: The circular opening in the middle of the iris that admits light to the back of the eye.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] retina

Output: The light-sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electrical impulses, which are carried by the optic nerve to the brain.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] tragus

Output: The small, rounded, fleshy bulge that lies immediately anterior to the ear canal.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] turbinates

Output: Layers of bone within the nasal cavity.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [sternocleidomastoid muscles] tympanic membrane

Output: The eardrum; a thin, semitransparent membrane in the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of auditory ossicles.

Emt Terms in Chapter 25 Face and Neck Injuries Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.


Input: [renal damage] CN VIII damage

Output: aminoglycoside bad for fetus because


Input: [renal damage] vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Output: DES causes in fetuses...


Input: [renal damage] cause stained teeth

Output: tetracyclines in a fetus


Input: [renal damage] causes neural tube defects

Output: valproic acid in fetus


Input: [renal damage] lysine, arginine and proline, + charge to bind to DNA

Output: which amino acids are the nuclear localization signals


Input: [renal damage] p21 p27 p57 mediated by p53

Output: what inactivates cyclin-CDK


Input: [renal damage] cyclinD binds to CDK4 and phophyorylates Rb which comes off E2F and can progress S phase cyclin E binds to CDK2 which allows cells to go to S phase

Output: what cyclins, CDK are involved in G1--> S


Input: [renal damage] cyclin A binds to CDK 2--> mitotic phase cyclin B binds to CDK 1 activated by cdc25 breaks down nuclear envelope

Output: what cyclins, CDK are involved in G2-->M


Input: [renal damage] nuclear lamins

Output: what molecules provide the framework for DNA and nuclear envelope


Input: [renal damage] nuclear localization signal

Output: what maust be present on a protein in order for it to get into nucleus


Input: [renal damage] cyclins and CDK

Output: what types of proteins are responsible for fostering the progression through the cell cycle


Input: [renal damage] Rb and p53

Output: which tumor supressor proteins prevent S phase progression


Input: [renal damage] lack of mannose phophorylation so secretion out of cell not in lysosomes death young corneal clouding coarse facies +/- mental retardation

Output: whats I cell disease


Input: [renal damage] ubiquitin

Output: name a heat shock protein


Input: [renal damage] mannose 6 phosphate

Output: what molecule targets proteins in ER for lysosomes


Input: [renal damage] ubiquitin proteosome, lysosome, and Ca dependent enzymes

Output: how can cells break down proteins?


Input: [renal damage] liver ( hepatocytes) and adrenal cortex- hormone producing

Output: which cells have a lot of smooth ER


Input: [supraspinatus] distribution of pain that occurs when someone sleeps on their shoulder. Deltoid- abduction past 90 Degrees evening hours

Output: what is the sergeant patch distribution? what muscle is most affected? when is it felt?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] pop: weight lifters and elderly motion: seen in forward motion of the arms felt: anterior complex

Output: what population usually gets AC arthritis? when is the pain felt and where?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] pt: pain as deep and on the anterior portion pain: deep sharp intermittent pain that occurs w/ certain motions that they cannot delineate well and will become a dull ache. can occur in young pts when they fall hard on their shoulder

Output: how does the pt describe a labral tear? what type of pain is associated with this tear? who does this occur in?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] Check both arms and compare because most people don’t like you tweaking their biceps tendon.

Output: what must you do in biceps tendonitis?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] AROM test deltoid muscle- deltoid test abduction- supraspinatus test external rotators- teres minor and infraspinatus test internal rotators- deltoid, subscapularis, T major

Output: what do you do in a physical exam for a shoulder? what muscles correspond to each test?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)

Output: what shoulder issue is MC in diabetic pts?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] cervical spine problems

Output: if no deltoid muscle strenth, what should you think?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] empty can test

Output: which test is specific for supraspinatus?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] -take pt to 90 degrees and move shoulder forward and across. If there is inflammation in rotator cuff usually there will also be inflammation in the subacromial bursa and the greater tuberosity will pinch it.

Output: what is the hawkin's impingement sign?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] pt's tumb down and arm across their chest. pt moves arm superior and dr. resists, Positive test is pain d/t inflammation in the rotator cuff or labral tear. next do a speeds test to differentiate between the two.

Output: what is the o'briens test? what is this test indicative of? what do you do next?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] pt's arm is straight and slightly abducted and they move the arm up. if speeds test is negative then its a labral tear if speeds test is positive its a rotate cuff inflammation

Output: what is the speed's test? what does a negative speed test indicate? positive?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] labral tear

Output: Positive O breins + negative speeds test =

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] rotator cuff inflammation

Output: positive O'briens + positive speeds test =

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] MRI fyi w/o contrast --> rotator cuff tear w. arthrogram --> labral tear

Output: what test should you consider for a suspect labral tear or rotator cuff tear?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] conservative first- NSAIDs, PT, rest more aggressive later: cortisone shot, surgery

Output: how do you tx rotator cuff tears?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] weight lifters tx: NSAIDs, PT, injections, if injections don't work, you can do decompression surgery

Output: what population is acromioclavicular arthritis seen in? how do you tx it/

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] 1) new- less than 3 months is tendopathy (consider potential of rupture) 2) old- after 3 months called tendinosis (no inflammtory cells at this point--> boggy and difficult)

Output: what are the 2 types of bicep tendonitis? what are they called?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] touch US- see swelling in tendon sheath 2 tests: speeds test and yergason

Output: how do you diagnose biceps tendonitis on a physical?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] pronation and internal rotation (usually long head of biceps)

Output: what is yergason?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [supraspinatus] injury or repetitive trauma; tx: PT, rest, NSAIDs, US, injection, sometimes surgery

Output: what is the cause of biceps tendonitis? how do you tx it?

Y2B2b CS- shoulder Dz Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most commonly torn muscle in the rotator cuff?


Input: [1] allegiance [2]

Output: loyalty

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] moral [2]

Output: following God’s principles of right and wrong

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] irresponsible [2]

Output: not reliable

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] occasional [2]

Output: happening once and a while

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] fantasy [2]

Output: the product of imagination

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] wages [2]

Output: payment for work

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [1] contagious [2]

Output: catching

following God’s principles of right and wrong


Input: [function of muscle?] which muscle is continously active in standing posture

Output: quadratus lumborum

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] how would a force of 5lbs @ T1 affect the spine if no muscle support?

Output: would permanently displace the spine

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] what are 2 sources of muscle tension

Output: active tension-contractile element passive tension- elastic properties of muscle fiber and fascia

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] what are the thin and thick muscle fibers called?

Output: actin and myosin

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] what are 2 ways of producing tension in the elastic componenets of muscle

Output: active contraction passive stretch

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] what is difference between primary and secondary musculo-tendonous unit

Output: primary is parrallel w/ contraction secondary is is in series w/ contraction

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] benefits of elasticity/ distensibility of muscles

Output: allows return to resting position oofter contraction protects the contractile components from passive overstretching and injury shock absorbtion

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] viscoelastic effects when touching your toes?

Output: intial stretch is elastic further stretch elongation from viscosity of muscle tendon structure

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] The force actively caused by a contraction on the bony lever is called

Output: muscle tension

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] external force exerted on the muscle is the

Output: resistance load

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] rotational force vector at a joint? bending force vector @ joint?

Output: torque moment

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] 3 types of contraction

Output: isometric concentric eccentric

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] isometric contraction qualities?

Output: no change in muscle length little to no joint movement stabilization 1st type of rehab

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] Concentric contraction

Output: Muscle shortens (overcome resistance) Joint moves builds strength & endurance

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] Eccentric Contraction

Output: muscle lengthens while contracting deceleration and dampening of joint motion creates most tension..later rehab

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] what relationships effect the force production of a muscle

Output: length-tension (resting best) load velocity (fast moving) Force-time (how long is the muscle contracted for?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How is the tension length relationship for a whole muscle different from just that of a sarcomere

Output: sarcomere (active) has an ideal length @ resting length... Add in the passive elastic tension of other components and tension increases more with length

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] how does the number of joints crossed by muscle affect passive tension

Output: 1 joint- normally not stretched denough to affect daily activities 2 joints-significant stretch...i.e hamstring crossing hip and knee.

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] Hows does Load/force velocity relationship differ in concentric vs. eccentric contractions?

Output: Concentric: greater load=slower velocity of muscle shortening Eccentric: greater the load=faster shortening of the muscle

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How does the force time relationship relationship work how is the timing for contractive compared to elastic components

Output: The longer the contraction time the greater the force developed (up to max tension) 10 msec contractive, 300msec elastic(tendon) to bone

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] besidesthe 3 mechanics properties, what other 4 factors effect muscle force production?

Output: 1.architecture 2. temperature 3. fatigue 4. pre-stretching

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How does muscle architecture effect force?

Output: shorter fatter muscles create more force. ie. the more sarcomeres lie in parallel, the greater the physiological cross sectional area (PSCA)

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How does pre-stretched plyometric position effect concentric contraction

Output: performs more work when starting from a pre-stretched state. Some elastic energy is used like a sling shot.

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How does temperature affect muscle force.

Output: increase enzymatic activity thus efficiency. prestretch elasticity. blood flow increase

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] 3 effects of physical training

Output: activation of motor pathways increase in cross sectional area of fibers relative % of fiber types may change

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] Another name for resting tension

Output: Muscle tone

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] 2 components of muscle tone?

Output: basic viscoelastic properties of CT associated w/ muscle ( no EMG activity) activation degree of crantractile components ( EMG activity)

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] another name for viscoelastic properties

Output: Thixotrophy

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] Thixotrophy effects in muscle...

Output: The more a muscle is moved adn the faster....the less stiff (resistant) it is. after 10 mins rest 3x stiffening...

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] What is sticking together in thixotrophy of muscles

Output: actin and myosin filaments

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [function of muscle?] How is high viscosity of resting muscle helpful?

Output: Helps maintain posture without expending energy.

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Circuit Court] Fines collected in circuit court for the violation of State laws are transferred to the State Treasury where they are deposited in the Literary Fund.

Output: What happens to the money that Courts receive as a result of the fines charged against a defendant?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] • You are a plaintiff because you filed a civil suit • You are a complainant because you have caused criminal charges to be brought against someone • You are a defendant because someone is suing you or you have been charged with a traffic violation or a criminal offense • You are a witness who has been called to testify

Output: What are the four reasons that you would appear in court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The judge will examine your financial status, and based on the results and your financial statement under oath the judge may assign an attorney to represent you.

Output: If you are indigent, what procedure will a Virginia judge go through to provide you with an attorney?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Civil suits involving amounts of money up to $15,000. Unlawful detainer (eviction) suits that include a request for rent can be heard by the General District Court if the amount of rent requested is more than $15,000.

Output: What two types of civil suits may the Virginia District Court hear?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] A misdemeanor is any charge which carries a penalty of no more than one year in jail or a fine of up to $2,500 or both. The General District Court decides cases in which a person is charged with a misdemeanor.

Output: What are misdemeanors and which court handles them?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The General District Court holds preliminary hearings in felony cases. Preliminary hearings in felony cases are held to determine whether there is enough evidence to justify holding the defendant for a grand jury hearing.

Output: What jurisdiction does a General District Court have in regards to felonies and why?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] • Paying the fines and court costs in full to the clerk of the court if so ordered by the judge. • Surrendering your driver’s license to the clerk if so ordered by the judge. • Serving time in jail if so ordered by the judge. • Comply with alternative sentence as ordered by the judge.

Output: If you are found guilty of a crime in Virginia, how must you satisfy your sentence? (four answers)

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] General District Court

Output: A civil suit for less than $4, 500 would be heard in what court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Circuit Court

Output: A civil suit for damages in excess of $15,000 would be heard in what court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] If the civil suit is for damages over $15,000

Output: Under what grounds would a District judge send a civil suit to the Circuit Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] You must file a notice of appeal with the clerk of the General District Court within 10 days after the judgment or conviction by the General District Court.

Output: What must you do to appeal your case to a Circuit Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Criminal felonies and civil cases involving more than $15,000

Output: Over what situations does the Circuit Court have exclusive jurisdiction?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Civil cases involving between $4,500 and $15,000

Output: What type of cases does the Circuit Court share with District Courts?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Delinquents, juveniles accused of traffic violations, children in need of services, children in need of supervision, children who have been subjected to abuse or neglect, family or household members who have been subjected to abuse, adults accused of child abuse or neglect, or of offenses against members of their own family, adults involved in disputes concerning the support, visitation, parentage, or custody of a child, abandonment of children, foster care and entrustment agreements, court-ordered rehabilitation services, and court consent for certain medical treatments

Output: What type of cases do Juvenile and Domestic Relations handle?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The court has the authority to try a full range of cases both civil and criminal.

Output: What is meant by the statement -“The Circuit Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction in Virginia?”

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Elected for an 8 year term by a majority vote of both houses of the General Assembly

Output: What is the tenure of Circuit Court judge and how is he/she selected?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The clerk is elected to an 8 year term by the voters of the locality. The clerk handles administrative matters for the court and also has authority to probate wills, grand administration of estates, and appoint guardians.

Output: How is the Clerk of the Circuit Selected and what is the clerk’s responsibility?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Civil cases

Output: Over what type of cases does the Circuit Court share concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] In criminal cases, the circuit court has jurisdiction over the trial of all felonies and of those misdemeanors originally charged in the circuit court.

Output: What is the Circuit Court’s jurisdiction in criminal cases?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The circuit court has jurisdiction over juveniles age 14 and older who are charged with felonies and whose cases have been certified or transferred by the judge of a juvenile and domestic relations district court for trial in a circuit court.

Output: What jurisdiction does the Circuit Court have over juveniles over 14?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The circuit court has appellate jurisdiction over all appeals from general district court in civil and criminal cases and from juvenile and domestic relations district court in matters originating in that court.

Output: What is the appellate jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of Virginia?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] To consider indictments prepared by the Commonwealth’s Attorney and to investigate and report concerning any condition which involves or tends to promote criminal activity

Output: What are two purposes for convening a regular grand jury?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The grand jury hears only the Commonwealth’s side of the case and does not determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Output: What does a grand jury do?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] A special grand jury may be empanelled by the circuit court at any time upon the court’s own motivation or upon the recommendation of a minority of the members of a regular grand jury.

Output: A special grand jury may be empanelled by the Circuit Court for what two reasons?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The venire must reflect the composition of the community as a whole and may not be discriminatory by race, color, creed, or sex.

Output: In regards to jury selection, what must the venire reflect?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] If the trial judge believes that an impartial jury panel cannot be obtained locally, he may order a change of venue.

Output: What are the grounds for a change of venue?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] In a change of venue, the entire case is transferred to another jurisdiction within the Commonwealth and tried therein.

Output: If venue is granted, what happens?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Death penalty and disbarment are appealed to the Supreme Court

Output: 29. What rule governs appeals from the Circuit Court in regards to: A. Death penalty and disbarment?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Traffic infractions, criminal and domestic relations cases are appealed to the Court of Appeals.

Output: 29. What rule governs appeals from the Circuit Court in regards to: B. Traffic infractions, criminal (not death penalty) and domestic relations cases?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] It was created in order to increase the appellate capacity of the court system and expedite the appellate process.

Output: Why was the Court of Appeals of Virginia created?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The Court of Appeals sits in panels of at least three judges. The chief judge assigns judges to the panels and rotates the composition of the panels in order to promote homogeneity of case law and to prevent regionalization of the appellate court system. Each panel independently hears and determines petitions for appeal, appeals granted, and the other cases assigned to the panel.

Output: What does it mean to say that the Court of Appeals sits in panels?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] • Where there is a dissent in a panel to which a case was originally assigned and an aggrieved party requests an en banc hearing and at least three other judges of the Court vote in favor of such a hearing • If a judge of a panel certifies that a decision of that panel conflicts with a previous decision of the Court or of any panel and three other judges agree • In any case in which a majority of the Court, upon its own motion, determines it is appropriate to sit en banc

Output: Under what circumstances would the Court of Appeals sit en banc?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] • any final judgment, order, or decree of a circuit court involving affimrance or annulment of a marriage, divorce, custody, spousal or child support, or control or disposition of a child, as well as other domestic relations cases • any final decision of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission • any final decision of a circuit court on appeal from a decision of an administrative agency • any interlocutory order granting, dissolving, or denying an injunction or adjudicating the principles of a cause in any of the cases listed above

Output: Appeals to the Court of Appeals come as a matter of right from what type of cases?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] • Final orders of conviction in criminal and traffic matters except where a death penalty is imposed • Final decisions of a circuit court on an application for a concealed weapons permit • Certain preliminary rulings in felony cases when requested by the Commonwealth

Output: The Court of Appeals has authority to consider petitions of appeal from what types of cases?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, and habeas corpus in any case over which the Court would have appellate jurisdiction. Also, it has original jurisdiction to issue a writ of actual innocence.

Output: The Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction to issue what type of writs?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] When the Court of Appeals has rejected a petition for appeal, dismissed an appeal, or decided on an appeal, its decision is final, without appeal to the Supreme Court in the following cases: Traffic infraction and misdemeanor cases where no incarceration is imposed, cases originating before any administrative agency or the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission, and cases involving affirmance or annulment of a marriage, divorce, custody, spousal or child support, cases involving the control or disposition of a juvenile, and all other domestic relations matters.

Output: Decisions from the Court of Appeals are final in what cases?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Each petition for appeal in a criminal case is referred to a judge of the Court for review to determine if an appeal should be awarded. The judge may grant the petition for appeal in whole or part. An appellant may request a panel of three judges of the Court of Appeals to review a petition for appeal that was denied, either in whole, or part, by the judge who initially reviewed the petition. As long as oral argument was preserved in the petition for appeal and a reply brief was not filed, the appellant may present oral argument on the petition for appeal before a panel of three judges.

Output: Upon what grounds may a petition for review be used to send a case from the Court of Appeals to the Virginia Supreme Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] To review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals

Output: What is the primary function of the Virginia Supreme Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] Cases involving the State Corporation Commission, the disbarment of an attorney, and review of the death penalty

Output: What three types of cases have an automatic right of appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: [Circuit Court] The Court’s original jurisdiction is limited to cases of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, and writs of actual innocence.

Output: What is original jurisdiction of the Virginia Supreme Court?

Virginia Legal System Flashcards - Cram.com

In what Virginia Court would a jury trial be held?


Input: quadratus lumborum [function of muscle?]

Output: which muscle is continously active in standing posture

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: would permanently displace the spine [function of muscle?]

Output: how would a force of 5lbs @ T1 affect the spine if no muscle support?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: active tension-contractile element passive tension- elastic properties of muscle fiber and fascia [function of muscle?]

Output: what are 2 sources of muscle tension

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: actin and myosin [function of muscle?]

Output: what are the thin and thick muscle fibers called?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: active contraction passive stretch [function of muscle?]

Output: what are 2 ways of producing tension in the elastic componenets of muscle

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: primary is parrallel w/ contraction secondary is is in series w/ contraction [function of muscle?]

Output: what is difference between primary and secondary musculo-tendonous unit

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: allows return to resting position oofter contraction protects the contractile components from passive overstretching and injury shock absorbtion [function of muscle?]

Output: benefits of elasticity/ distensibility of muscles

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: intial stretch is elastic further stretch elongation from viscosity of muscle tendon structure [function of muscle?]

Output: viscoelastic effects when touching your toes?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: muscle tension [function of muscle?]

Output: The force actively caused by a contraction on the bony lever is called

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: resistance load [function of muscle?]

Output: external force exerted on the muscle is the

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: torque moment [function of muscle?]

Output: rotational force vector at a joint? bending force vector @ joint?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: isometric concentric eccentric [function of muscle?]

Output: 3 types of contraction

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: no change in muscle length little to no joint movement stabilization 1st type of rehab [function of muscle?]

Output: isometric contraction qualities?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Muscle shortens (overcome resistance) Joint moves builds strength & endurance [function of muscle?]

Output: Concentric contraction

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: muscle lengthens while contracting deceleration and dampening of joint motion creates most tension..later rehab [function of muscle?]

Output: Eccentric Contraction

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: length-tension (resting best) load velocity (fast moving) Force-time (how long is the muscle contracted for? [function of muscle?]

Output: what relationships effect the force production of a muscle

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sarcomere (active) has an ideal length @ resting length... Add in the passive elastic tension of other components and tension increases more with length [function of muscle?]

Output: How is the tension length relationship for a whole muscle different from just that of a sarcomere

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1 joint- normally not stretched denough to affect daily activities 2 joints-significant stretch...i.e hamstring crossing hip and knee. [function of muscle?]

Output: how does the number of joints crossed by muscle affect passive tension

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Concentric: greater load=slower velocity of muscle shortening Eccentric: greater the load=faster shortening of the muscle [function of muscle?]

Output: Hows does Load/force velocity relationship differ in concentric vs. eccentric contractions?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The longer the contraction time the greater the force developed (up to max tension) 10 msec contractive, 300msec elastic(tendon) to bone [function of muscle?]

Output: How does the force time relationship relationship work how is the timing for contractive compared to elastic components

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1.architecture 2. temperature 3. fatigue 4. pre-stretching [function of muscle?]

Output: besidesthe 3 mechanics properties, what other 4 factors effect muscle force production?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: shorter fatter muscles create more force. ie. the more sarcomeres lie in parallel, the greater the physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) [function of muscle?]

Output: How does muscle architecture effect force?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: performs more work when starting from a pre-stretched state. Some elastic energy is used like a sling shot. [function of muscle?]

Output: How does pre-stretched plyometric position effect concentric contraction

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increase enzymatic activity thus efficiency. prestretch elasticity. blood flow increase [function of muscle?]

Output: How does temperature affect muscle force.

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: activation of motor pathways increase in cross sectional area of fibers relative % of fiber types may change [function of muscle?]

Output: 3 effects of physical training

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Muscle tone [function of muscle?]

Output: Another name for resting tension

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: basic viscoelastic properties of CT associated w/ muscle ( no EMG activity) activation degree of crantractile components ( EMG activity) [function of muscle?]

Output: 2 components of muscle tone?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thixotrophy [function of muscle?]

Output: another name for viscoelastic properties

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The more a muscle is moved adn the faster....the less stiff (resistant) it is. after 10 mins rest 3x stiffening... [function of muscle?]

Output: Thixotrophy effects in muscle...

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: actin and myosin filaments [function of muscle?]

Output: What is sticking together in thixotrophy of muscles

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Helps maintain posture without expending energy. [function of muscle?]

Output: How is high viscosity of resting muscle helpful?

biomechanics muscles Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In seed plants, is the gametophyte or sporophyte independent?

Output: the sporophyte

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What advantages does sheltering female gametophytes inside the parent sporophyte offer?

Output: The gametophytes are not exposed to environmental stresses (drought, UV, etc.) and can obtain nutrients from the parent.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Why has the gametophyte generation been preserved rather than eliminated?

Output: possibly to filter out alleles affecting basic cell functions (because they won't survive anyway), but also to nurture the eventual growing gametophyte with its tissues

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How are spores and seeds similar and different?

Output: Both provide ways of withstanding harsh conditions, but the spore is unicellular while the seed is more complicated, with and embryo and a food package.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What types of spores do seed plants have?

Output: megaspores, made in megasporangia, are the female egg-containing gametophytes, while microspores, made in microsporangia, are the male sperm-containing gametophytes.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are integuments?

Output: layers of sporophyte tissue protecting the megasporangium and forming the seed coat

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Does a seed get fertilized?

Output: No, the pollen, megaspore and integuments become the seed.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Are seed plant sperm cells flagellated?

Output: in some gymnosperms but not in conifers or angiosperms

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How does pollination work?

Output: The microspore develops into a pollen grain, is released by the microsporangium, can travel long distances, and when it enters the vicinity of a megaspore, releases one or more sperm.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How is pollination an advantage over seedless vascular plants?

Output: The sperm can be transported a lot further in seeds than from seedless gametophytes.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is the extinct ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms called?

Output: progymnosperms

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Are gymnosperms and angiosperms monophyletic or paraphyletic?

Output: monophyletic

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What does gymnosperm mean?

Output: naked seed

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is the main difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Output: Angiosperms have enclosed ovaries for the ovules and seeds to develop in, while gymnosperm ovules and seeds grow on specialized leaves called sporophylls

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Which came first, gymnosperms or angiosperms?

Output: gymnosperms

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Did progymnosperms have seeds?

Output: some did

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: When did gymnosperms radiate?

Output: during the Carboniferous and early Permian

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What happened in the Permian?

Output: Pangaea formed, continental interiors dried up, some flora and fauna were taken over (mainly in the ocean), such as reptiles and gymnosperms.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are the four extant phyla of gymnosperms?

Output: ginkgo (Ginkgophyta), cycads (Cycadophyta), gnetophytes (Gnetophyta), and conifers (Coniferophyta)

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are the relative sizes of the four gymnosperm phyla?

Output: Coniferophyta is large, while the others are tiny.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are ginkgos?

Output: one extant species, Ginkgo biloba, which has deciduous fanlike leaves, is present in cities because it can tolerate air pollution, and grows seeds that stink when they decay.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are cycads?

Output: palmlike plants with sporophyll-filled cones

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are gnetophytes?

Output: There are three genera: Welwitschia (big straplike leaves in SW Africa), Gnetum (tropical trees and vines), and Ephedra (arid shrub known as Mormon tea)

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What does conifer mean?

Output: cone-carrier

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are conifers?

Output: Most are large evergreen trees, and all have cones, clusters of scale-like sporophylls.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: List 9 examples of conifers.

Output: pines, firs, spruces, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses, and redwoods

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How many conifer species are there?

Output: ~550, but they take up a lot of space

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Which conifers are adapted to dry conditions and how?

Output: Pines and firs have needle-shaped leaves with thick cuticles and buried stomata

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Which conifers are deciduous?

Output: the dawn redwood and tamarack

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What's special about conifers?

Output: Redwoods in northern California are more than 110 meters tall (only surpassed by eucalyptus trees in Australia), and bristlecone pines are very old, over 4k years old!

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Describe the life cycle of a pine.

Output: Trees bear two kinds of cones, ovulate and pollen, the pollen enters the micropyle, both the pollen and archegonium do meiosis, then fertilize, the scales of the ovulate cone break off, and the seed finds somewhere to grow into a seedling and eventually a mature pine.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is Douglas fir used for?

Output: house framing, plywood production, paper pulpwood railroad ties, boxes and crates.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How much can a sequoia weigh?

Output: giants can weigh 2500 tons

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What conifer is a "living fossil"?

Output: the Wollemia pine, discovered near Sydney, only 40 of which exist

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What phylum are all angiosperms in?

Output: Anthophyta

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How has angiosperm phylogeny changed in the last 10 years?

Output: It used to be split into monocots and dicots, but it seems some dicots diverged before the monocots split off; i.e. "dicots" was found to be paraphyletic

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are 7 examples of monocots?

Output: lilies, orchids, yuccas, palms, grasses, sugar cane, and grains

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What clade contains most dicots?

Output: the eudicots

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are 6 examples of eudicots?

Output: roses, peas, buttercups, sunflowers, oaks and maples

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are three dicots that branched off before monocots?

Output: Amborella, water lilies, and the star anise

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What does Amborella consist of?

Output: one species, Amborella trichopoda, a small shrub only found on New Caledonia

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is improved in angiosperm xylem over gymnosperm xylem?

Output: Along with tracheids, angiosperms have fiber cells and vessel elements.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Is gymnosperm or angiosperm pollination more 'random'?

Output: Gymnosperm pollination is more random.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is the primary purpose of a flower?

Output: reproduction

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What four types of modified leaves are present in a flower?

Output: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are sepals?

Output: green leaves at the bottom of a flower that hold the flower until it opens up

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are petals?

Output: brightly-colored leaves designed to attract insects to pollinate the flower

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Which components of a flower are directly correlated with reproduction?

Output: stamens and carpels

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are stamens?

Output: male sporophylls that make microspores in angiosperms

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are carpels?

Output: female sporophylls that make megaspores in angiosperms

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What's in a stamen?

Output: the stem-like filament and pollen-producing anther

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What's in a carpel?

Output: an ovary with ovules in its base and a style connecting it to the stigma where pollen is caught

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What's unique about angiosperm ovaries?

Output: The seeds are enclosed in them.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How many carpels does an angiosperm flower have?

Output: one, several, sometimes fused together at the base

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are fruits?

Output: mature ovaries

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What does a fruit do?

Output: protects dormant seeds and helps them get dispersed

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are three ways a fruit can function and examples of each?

Output: It can help the wind disperse the seed (dandelions), stick to animal fur and clothes (cockleburs) or be eaten by animals (berries)

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are pericarps?

Output: fruits' tough outer wall

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are simple fruits?

Output: fruits coming from one ovary, such as cherries or soybean pods

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are aggregate fruits?

Output: fruits that come from a flower with multiple carpels, such as a blackberry

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are multiple fruits?

Output: fruits that come from multiple flowers close together, such as pineapples

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Describe the life cycle of an angiosperm from maturation to just before fertilization.

Output: The anther makes microspores that develop into pollen grains which fly to the stigma of another flower, then start growing (germinate), extending a pollen tube down the style to the ovary, penetrating the micropyle pore into the ovary. Meanwhile, the ovules in the ovary have made the embryo sac, made of the egg and a couple other cells.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Describe the life cycle of an angiosperm from fertilization to maturation.

Output: The pollen tube releases two sperm cells one of which fertilizes the egg, while the other fertilizes the main cell of the gametophyte, making the triploid endosperm (food supply). The seed then germinates and develops into a mature plant if conditions are right

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is cross-pollination?

Output: transfer of pollen from one individual to another

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How do plants insure cross-pollination?

Output: The carpels and stamens can develop at different times, or can be more strategically positioned (stamens below carpels).

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are cotyledons?

Output: seed leaves that develop and store food when the seed germinates, one if it's a monocot and two if it's a dicot

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Why double fertilization?

Output: maybe so that the food supply keeps up with the seed's germination, so food and development are not wasted

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are the four components of an angiosperm seed?

Output: the embryo, endosperm, sporangium, and seed coat (which comes from the integuments)

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: When did angiosperms emerge?

Output: around 130 million years ago, taking over the world around 65 million years ago, marking the transition between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How have angiosperms and animals developed a mutualistic symbiosis?

Output: Angiosperms offered their fruit for the animals to eat in order to distribute its pollen far and wide.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How specific are angiosperms in attracting pollinators?

Output: Some target single species, but most go for taxonomic groups with desirable characteristics (like hummingbirds)

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is special about humans' relationship with plants?

Output: We have developed technology to maximize plant yields, affecting the plants directly.

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Where does almost all of our agriculture come from?

Output: angiosperms, including all fruits, vegetables and grains

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What is the most common cause of tropical rain forest destruction?

Output: slash-and-burn clearing for agriculture

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: At what rate is the tropical rainforest being cleared?

Output: 50 million acres per year, which would use it all up in 25 years

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: Overall, how many species are going extinct due to loss of habitat yearly?

Output: hundreds of species per year

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: What are 8 secondary compounds of plants that we use as medicines?

Output: atropine, digitalin, menthol, morphine, quinine, taxol, tubocurarine and vinblastine

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How many known plant species are there?

Output: 250k

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: How many plant species do humans use?

Output: around 2 dozen for almost all agriculture, and only 5k have been identified as potentially medicinally useful

Campbell: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards - Cram.com

continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, and pollen


Input: [2] Serious in intention, purpose, or effort [1]

Output: Earnest

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A minor or an incompetent person placed under the care or protection of a guardian or court [1]

Output: Ward

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An attitude of negativity or suspicion. Not positive [1]

Output: Cynicism

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] To sway from one side to the other; to change one's opinion from one view to another [1]

Output: Vacillate

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Of no importance or meaning. Not related to issue at hand [1]

Output: Immaterial

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Characterized by sudden and forceful energy or emotion; impulsive and passionate [1]

Output: Impetuous

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Brazen boldness in a social situation [1]

Output: Effrontery

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Demanding great effort or labor, difficult [1]

Output: Arduous

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] One who hates or mistrusts human society, groups, or individuals [1]

Output: Misanthrope

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A tendency to stress the negative or unfavorable, or take the gloomiest possible view [1]

Output: Pessimism

Vocab: Importance of Being Earnest Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is another name for subgingival plaque?

Output: Serumal plaque because it uses oral derived and serum sources of Ca ions. The serumal is darker pigmented due to Heme

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What pattern does plaque follow?

Output: It is usually symmetrical. What you see on one side of the mouth is what you are likely to find on the other.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Does calculus cause the irritation that leads to periodontal disease?

Output: No. It is not the calculus, but the bacteria that are the irritants that lead to periodontal disease.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is calculus?

Output: Mineralized plaque

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Which type of plaque forms first?

Output: Supra gingival from Ca ions in the saliva.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: How does calculus attach?

Output: Ca ions bind carboprotein complexes in plaque, then phosphates come out of saliva and CAPO4 moves from extracellular to intracellular. The calculus begins to form from the tooth side of the plaque and moves outward.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is calculus made from?

Output: ¾ is made up of Ca3PO4(2) (Calcium Phosphate)

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are 4 types of Calcium phosphate from most common in calculus to least common?

Output: Hydroxyapatite, Magnesium withlockite, octacalcium phosphate, and brushite.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: How does calculus grow?

Output: You start with CaPO4 saturation, then you get heterogeneous nucleation to form islands that coalesce and form rings with cyclical spacing. It grows in mass not like enamel with rods or prisms.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Where is the advancing disease front of calculus formation?

Output: Near the apices. The calculus at the top just gives a history of past calculus formation

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Where should you start when removing these calculus rings?

Output: You should always start at the bottom and work up. The blood and fluids might make it very difficult to see what is going on if you wait.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What one thing has improved dental treatments of calculus deposits more than any other?

Output: Cavitrons…we should use the heavy tips for the removal of these tenacious deposits.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is the most effective treatment for reducing inflammation associated with chronic periodontal disease?

Output: SRP to remove calculus.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are some possible iatrogenic issues?

Output: Restorative Margins, Open contacts/food impaction, Pontic form, RPD design, Post-orthodontic problems, and root fractures.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What can lead to overhangs in the margin on amalgam restorations?

Output: Failure to wedge

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Is it better to be over contoured or undercontoured?

Output: It is better to be undercontoured. Too large of a bulge can cause irritation

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What can cause food impaction?

Output: If there is no contact between the teeth and less than 1 mm/ slightly open contacts. If the space is more than 2mm then the food will exit laterally.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What can food impaction cause?

Output: Accelerated periodontal and carious lesions.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What can be done to hide papillary recession on anterior teeth?

Output: You could lengthen the contact point gingivally to cover the whole.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is the most important key to distributing the stress correctly on an RPD?

Output: The rest seat. The clasping arrangement also dictates torque

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Does crowding cause periodontal disease or aid in its progression?

Output: No. There is no cause and effect relationship.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What might equal periodontal pockets located on opposite sides of a tooth root in a patient that doesn’t have pockets in the balance of the mouth suggest?

Output: Root fracture.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is a common cause of root fracture?

Output: Build-up posts. We have to be careful when altering the stress loads in the teeth.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are some habits that might affect periodontal status?

Output: soft tissue trauma (recession due to brushing), Bruxing, Clenching, factitious habits, medications, and chemical irritation.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Does Clenching or Bruxing cause more periodontal issues?

Output: Clenching does. It is virtually bruxing without the movement.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What happens to the PDL with occlusal trauma?

Output: The PDL gets wider.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Can occlusal trauma cause periodontal disease?

Output: No, but it can be accelerated if gum disease is already going on.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are some examples of factitious habits?

Output: Floss notches and pipe chewer

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: How long on average do bruxers have their teeth in contact?

Output: 17 min per night compared with 2 min per day for a non-bruxer

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Which has worse outcomes, Bruxing or clenching?

Output: Clenching

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: How does occlusal trauma affect perio disease?

Output: A pre-existing gum disease is accelerated by occlusal trauma

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What 4 things need to be controlled to solve occlusal related trauma?

Output: Duration, direction, frequency and intensity of force

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What medications cause gingival hyperplasia?

Output: Dilantin (anticonvulsants), Cyclosporine (Immunosuppressants), Calcium Channel Blockers (a class of antihypertensives)

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is the largest single risk factor for periodontal disease?

Output: Smoking

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the effects of smoking?

Output: Decreased gingival blood flow, Cotinine and nicotine root contamination, Increased humoral destructive mediators, Cytotoxic to fibroblasts, Decreases chemotaxis of macrophages and PMNs, and Encourages growth of gram neg flora, some species more resistant to therapeutic control especially AA and B. Forsythus

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What can unerupted teeth cause?

Output: Erosion of tooth roots or leave defects in bone upon removal

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are enamel projections?

Output: Areas that should be cementum but are enamel. 8-28% of teeth, most common in mand. 2nd molars, then max. 2nd molars

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What kind of issue are root grooves?

Output: Home care issues when disease exposes the concavity of the root. Most common in max. 1st bicuspids on the mesial surfaces

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What effects do caries at proximal contacts have?

Output: Encourages food impaction and periodontitis development

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: How does active caries influence gingival health?

Output: Bacteria accumulate and complicate perio health

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What problems can occur with a misplaced frenum insertion?

Output: May interfere with normal oral hygiene, deflect gingival margin during function, receive traumatic injury or encourage food impaction

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What does the roll test check?

Output: Keratinized versus attached gingival

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: Can future outcome be predicted based on original diagnosis?

Output: No

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What group of people have depressed clinical signs of disease?

Output: Smokers, because of reduced blood flow

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the two mechanisms for defending gingival?

Output: Saliva and Gingival crevicular fluid

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What does saliva do?

Output: Cleanses exposed oral surfaces, buffers bacterial acids, and controls bacterial activity through lysozyme, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, IgA, Parotid Amylase, Antiproteases and glycoproteins

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the characteristics of gingival crevicular fluid?

Output: Contains crevicular leukocytes (PMNs), has outward flow, and concentrates some antibiotics like tetracycline

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the stages of gingivitis?

Output: Initial lesion 2-4 days, Early lesion 4-7 days, and Established lesion 14-21 days

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What is periodontitis often referred to as?

Output: As an Advanced gingival lesion. This is confusing b/c periodontitis is defined as loss of attachment while gingivitis is confined to the gingival.

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are some characteristics of an initial lesion?

Output: Mostly subclinical , increased intercellular spacing but not ulceration, Edema from dilation and inflammation adjoining the vessel, chemically mediated bacterial destructuion by PMNs

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What facilitates vessel widening in an initial lesion?

Output: Loss of perivascular connective tissue

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the clinical signs of initial gingivitis?

Output: GCF flow and edema

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: When is the maximum PMN migration?

Output: 6-12 days

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are the clinical signs of early gingival lesions?

Output: Erythema, BOP, and ulceration

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.


Input: What are some characteristics of early lesions?

Output: Rete peg formation, vessel proliferation below epithelial attachment, pocket wall relaxes creating space between sulcus wall and tooth, immunological cells – PMNs, and T-lymphocytes in CT at basement membrane sulcular epithelium

Adherence refers to the physical mechanism of attachement via fimbrae etc. and coaggrigation refers to the propagation by symbiotic growth.