Input: [sudden] to place, put on, or spread something

Output: apply The physical therapist will apply a medication to the wound before covering the wound with a bandage.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] able to be heard

Output: audible The respiratory therapist noticed that when the patient was having difficulty breathing, the therapist could hear an audible wheezing sound.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] present on two sides

Output: bilateral The unlicensed assistive personnel reported to the nurse that the patient had bilateral weakness in the legs when walking.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] hard protective device applied to protect a broken bone while the bone heals

Output: cast The nurse instructed the child that he could not go swimming while the cast was on his broken arm.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] come to an end or bring to an end

Output: cease Because the patient's breathing had ceased, the paramedic began resuscitation measures.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] offsetting or making up for something

Output: compensatory When the patient's blood pressure decreased, which the paramedic recognized as a compensatory action.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] an undesired problem that is the result of some other event

Output: complication The physician told the patient that loss of eyesight is a possible complication of eye surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] do as directed

Output: comply The nurse asked the patient to comply with the instructions for taking the medication.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] rounded inward

Output: concave The dietician noticed that the patient was very thin, and the patient's abdomen appeared concave.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] breif, to the point

Output: concise When teaching a patient, the nurse tried to be concise, so the instructions would be easy to remember.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] degree of viscosity; how thick or think a fluid is

Output: consistency The respiratory therapist noticed that the mucus the patient was coughing was of a thin, watery consistency.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to draw together or become smaller

Output: constrict The nurse knows that the small blood vessels of the skin will constrict when ice is applied to the skin.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] dependent

Output: contingent The hygienist told the patient that a healthy mouth is contingent on careful daily brushing and flossing.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] shape or outline of a shape

Output: contour While bathing an overweight patient, the unlicensed assistive personnel noticed that the contour of the patient's abdomen was quite rounded.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to draw together, to reduce in size

Output: contract The physical therapist exercises the patient's muscles so they contract and expand.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] a reason why something is not advisable or why it should not be done

Output: contraindication The patient's excessive bleeding was a contraindication for discharge from the hospital.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] expel feces

Output: defecate The unlicensed assistive personnel helped the patient to the toilet when he needed to defecate.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] a deficiency or lack of something

Output: deficit The therapist explained that the patient will experience a fluid deficit if the patient continues to perspire heavily during exercise without drinking enough fluids.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] press downward

Output: depress The nurse will depress the patient's skin to see if any swelling is present.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] downward measurement from a surface

Output: depth The physician measures the depth of a wound by inserting a cotton swab into the wound.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] worsening

Output: deteriorating The dental hygienist explains that the condition of the patient's gums is deteriorating, and treatment by the dentist is needed right away.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] tool or piece of equipment

Output: device A thermometer is device used to measure the patient's body temperature.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] the distance accross the center of an object

Output: diameter When measuring a patient's blood pressure, the nurse knows that when the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the pressure in that blood vessel goes down.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to enlarge or expand

Output: dilate When shining a light in the patient's eyes, the nurse looks to see if both pupils dilate in response to the light.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to make a liquid less concentrated

Output: dilute So that the medication will be easier to swallow, the nurse uses fruit juice to dilute a foul-tasting drug.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] distinct,separate

Output: discrete The paramedic observed several discrete bruise marks on the patient's body

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] enlarged or expanded from pressure

Output: distended When a blood vessel is distended, it is easier for the laboratory technician to insert a needle to obtain a blood sample.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to lift up or place in a higher position

Output: elevate The paramedic decided to elevate the head of the stretcher in order to help the patient breathe more easily.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] produced within the body

Output: endogenous The nurse explained that endogenous insulin produced by the body's pancreas helps regulate the body's blood sugar levels.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to make worse or more severe

Output: exacerbate The physical therapist recognized that too much exercise would exacerbate the patient's breathing difficulties.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] more than what is neede or usual

Output: excess The dietician explained that an excess consumption of caffeine may cause unpleasant effects such as feeling nervous and on edge.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] produced outside the body

Output: exogenous The nrse explained that people with diabetes often need to receive exogenous forms of insulin because their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to increase in size or amount

Output: expand The unlicensed assistive personnel turns the patient frequently so that the size of the skin sore will not expand any further.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] contact

Output: exposure The nurse taught the parents of a newborn to avoid exposure to people with severe infections.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] located outside the body

Output: external The unlicensed assistive personnel measured the amount of blood in the external drain after the patient's surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] resulting in death

Output: fatal The emergency medical technicians arrived too late to save any lives at the scene of a fatal car accident.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] extreme tiredness, exhaustion

Output: fatigue The dietician explained to the patient that eating more iron-rich food may help reduce feelings of fatigue.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] limp, lacking tone

Output: flaccid After her stroke, the patient could not feed herself because her arms were flaccid.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] reddened or ruddy appearance

Output: flushed The therapist observed that the patient's face was flused after completing the exercises.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] wide open

Output: gaping In the emergency room, the nurse observed a gaping wound when examining a gunshot victim.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] sex of an individual, as in male or female

Output: gender Female gender places patients at higher risk for breast cancer.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] maintenance of body fluid balance

Output: hydration The nurse explains that adequate hydration helps keep skin soft and supple.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] measures contributing to cleanliness and good health

Output: hygiene The dental assistant teaches patients about good hygiene practices to maintain strong teeth.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] diminished or lacking some usual quality or level

Output: impaired The paramedic stated that the patient's impaired speech was obvious in the way she slurred her words.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] likely to occur soon

Output: impending The nurse observed the patient signing the consent form for the impending procedure.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] occurrence

Output: incidence In recent years there has been an increased incidence of infections that do not respond to antibiotics.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] reddened, swollen, warm, and often tender

Output: inflamed The nurse observed that the skin around the patient's ound was inflamed.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to swallow for digestion

Output: ingest The paramedic may contact the poison control center when providing emergency care for a child who has ingested cleaning fluid.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to begin or put into practice

Output: initiate The nurse decided to initiate safety measure to prevent injury because the patient was very weak.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] so gradual as to not become apparent for a long time

Output: insidious The physician explained that the cancer probably started years ago but had not been detected becaue its spread was so insidious.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] in place, unharmed

Output: intact The nurse observed that the bandage was intact after surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] located within the body

Output: internal

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] inserting or entering into a body part

Output: invasive The laboratory technician is careful when obtaining blood samples, because this invasive procedure may cause problems such as infection or bruising.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] changing rapidly and often

Output: labile Because the child's temperature was very labile, the nurse instructed the unlicensed assistive personnel to check the temperature frequently.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] present, but not active or visible

Output: latent The latent infection produced symptoms only when the patient's condition was weakened from another illness.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] difficult to arouse

Output: lethargic The unlicensed assistive personnel observed that the morning after a patient received a sleeping pill, the patient was too lethargic to eat breakfast.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] an indication or sign of a condition

Output: manifestation The dietician looked for manifestations of poor nutrition, such as excessive weight loss and poor skin condition.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] substance or ingredient that provides nourishment

Output: nutrient The dietician explains that fruits and vegetables contain nutrients that reduce the risk of some cancers.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] closed or obstructed

Output: occluded Because the patient's foot was cold and blue, the nurse reported that ht epatient's circulation to that foot was occluded.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] significantly important and dangerous

Output: ominous After a patient sustained a head injury, the paramedic noted that the patient's breathing was irregular, which was an ominous sign that the patient's condition was worsening.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] continuous

Output: ongoing The nurse instructed that patient that the treatment would be ongoing throughout the patient's entire hospital stay.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] given through or affecting the mouth

Output: oral The unlicensed assistive personnel reminded the patient not to take any fluids orally because he was scheduled for surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] obvious, easily observed

Output: overt The overt symptoms of the disease included vomiting and diarrhea.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] a characteristic or constant factor

Output: parameter The dietician explained that the number of calories needed for energy is one of the important parameters of a healthy diet.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] beginning suddenly or abruptly

Output: paroxysmal The respiratory therapist provided a breathing treatment to stop the patient's paroxysmal breathing difficulty.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] open

Output: patent The nurse checked to see whether the intravenous needle was patent before giving the patient a medication.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] producing a strong effect

Output: potent The medication was very potent, and it immediately relieved the patient's pain.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] capable of occuring or likely to occur

Output: potential Because the patient was very weak, the therapist felt the patient had a high potential for falling.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] preventive measure

Output: precaution The laboratory technician wore gloves as a precaution against blood contamination.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] rapid, uncontrolled

Output: precipitous The paramedic assisted the pregnant woman during a precipitous delivery in her home.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to make more susceptiable or more likely to occur

Output: predispose The dietician explains that high dietary fat intake predisposes some persons to heart disease.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] already present

Output: preexisting The nurse notified the physician that the patient has a preexisting condition that might lead to complications during the emergency surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] first of most significant

Output: primary The patient's primary concern was when he could return to work after the operation.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] of great importance

Output: priority The laboratory technician was gentle when inserting the needle because it is a high priority to ensure taht the patient does not experience excessive pain and discomfort during the procedure.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] the anticipated or expected course or outcome

Output: prognosis The physician explained that with treatment the patient's prognosis was for a long and healthy life.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] the underlying reason

Output: rationale To make sure that the patient will follow the diet instructions, the dietician explains the rationale for the low-salt diet.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to occur again

Output: recur To make sure that a tooth cavity does not recur, the dental hygienist instructs the patient to use toothpaste with fluoride regularly.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to limit

Output: restrict The unlicensed assistive personnel removed the water pitcher from the room to assist the patient in following instructions to restrict the intake of fluids.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to hold or keep

Output: retain The nurse administered a medication to prevent the patient from retaining excess body fluid, which might cause unpleasant swelling.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] location

Output: site The nurse selected a site to sarte the patient's IV based on comfort for the patient.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] condition

Output: status The paramedic recognized that the patient's status was unstable, which necessitated immediate transport to the nearest medical center.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] stringent, exact, complete

Output: strict The nurse stressed that the patient must follow instructions to maintain stric bed rest to prevent further injury.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to take in addition to or to complete

Output: supplement The dietician instructed the patient to supplement their diet with extra calcium tablets to help build strong bones.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] to stop or subdue

Output: suppress When the child's fever came down, the nurse checked to see if any medications had been given that would have suppressed the fever.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] being equal or the same in size, shape, and relative position

Output: symmetric (symmetrical) The paramedic observed that the movement of both sides of the patient's chest was symmetrical after the accident.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] anindication of a problem

Output: symptom The nurse recognized that the patient's weakness was a symptom of bleeding after surgery.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] adverse or negative

Output: untoward The patient became very confused, which was an untoward effect of the medication received.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] excrete or expel urine

Output: urinate The nurse instructed the patient to report any discomfort felt during urination.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] spoken, using words

Output: verbal The paramedic called in a verbal report on the patient's condition to the emergency room nurse while transporting the patient to the hospital.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] essential

Output: vital The paramedic knows that it is vital to learn what type of poison was taken when caring for a poisoning victim.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] excrete, or expel urine

Output: void The patient was instructed to void into the container so the nurse could observe the appearance of the urine.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: [sudden] ammount of space occupied by fluid

Output: volume The nurse recorded the volume of cough syrup administered to the patient.

Hesi A2- Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com

Abrupt The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain


Input: The presence of the ________ prevents the dissipation of the concentration gradient for Na+. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Na+/K+ pump

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the electrical potential of a membrane at rest closest to potassium's equilibrium potential than to sodium's equilibrium potential? [equilibrium potential]

Output: more potassium channels are open, allowing more potassium to move out of the cell

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: As a membrane's permeability to a particular ion increases, membrane potential will move ________ that ion's ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: closer to : equilibrium potential

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True/False: The membrane potential of a cell is determined exclusively by that cell's sodium and potassium permeability. [equilibrium potential]

Output: false

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True/False: The Nernst equation is used to calculate the resting membrane potential. [equilibrium potential]

Output: false

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Whether a membrane is depolarized to threshold or above, the amplitude of the resulting action potential is the same; in other words, once threshold is reached, the action potential will take place. This concept is known as __________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: the "all-or-none principle"

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more positive, is referred to as a ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: depolarization

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: opening of sodium channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The repolarization phase of action potentials in neurons is due primarily to ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: potassium flow out of the cell

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During which of the following states are the majority of voltage-gated sodium channels closed and incapable of opening? [equilibrium potential]

Output: during the absolute refractory period

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The all-or-none principle, associated with the action potential, states that ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: once membrane potential reaches threshold, an action potential will be generated and that action potential will always be the same magnitude

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In order for a neuron to move from the absolute to the relative refractory period, a majority of that neuron's sodium channels must have their ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: inactivation gates open

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In myelinated nerve fibers, where do action potentials occur? [equilibrium potential]

Output: nodes of Ranvier

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True/False: The magnitude of the action potential is dependent upon the extent to which the change in membrane potential is above threshold. [equilibrium potential]

Output: false

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated? [3] Yes, this region (first part of the axon) receives local signals (graded potentials) from the soma and dendrites and has a high concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels. [equilibrium potential]

Output: axon hillock

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels? [3] Yes, when the voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes into the cell causing depolarization. [equilibrium potential]

Output: voltage-gated Na+ channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________. [3] Yes, as the voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ rushes out of the cell, causing the membrane potential to become more negative on the inside, thus repolarizing the cell. [equilibrium potential]

Output: the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hyperpolarization results from __________. [3] Yes, the slow closing of the voltage-gated K+ channels means that more K+ is leaving the cell, making it more negative inside. [equilibrium potential]

Output: slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential? [3] Yes, the membrane goes from –70 mV to +30 mV. Thus, during the action potential, the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the outside of the cell. [equilibrium potential]

Output: 100 mV

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____. [3] Yes, more K+ moves out of the cell than Na+ moves into the cell, helping to establish a negative resting membrane potential. [equilibrium potential]

Output: K+; Na+

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell? [3] Yes, a positive ion is driven into the cell because the inside of the cell is negative compared to the outside of the cell, and Na+ is driven into the cell because the concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell. [equilibrium potential]

Output: both the electrical and chemical gradients

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons? [3] Yes, the resting membrane potential for neurons depends on the distribution of both Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane. The potential is closer to the equilibrium potential of K+ because the cell is more permeable to K+. [equilibrium potential]

Output: -70mV

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Na+–K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped? [3] Yes, Na+ is pumped out of the cell against its electrochemical gradient and K+ is pumped into the cell against its concentration gradient. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell. [3] Yes, both Na+ and Cl– are in higher concentrations outside the cell. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Na+ and Cl–

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the approximate resting membrane potential of neurons? [equilibrium potential]

Output: -70mV

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which of the following best describes the electrochemical forces acting on sodium and potassium ions at the resting membrane potential? a. the force on sodium ions move out of the cell, and the force of potassium ions is to move into the cell b. the force of sodium ions is to move into the cell, and the force on potassium ions is to move out of the cell. c. there is no force on either ion to move d. forces on both sodium and potassium ions are to move out of the cell e. forces on both sodium and potassium ions are to move into the cell [equilibrium potential]

Output: b. the force of sodium ions is to move into the cell, and the force on potassium ions is to move out of the cell.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to ________, which moves ________ the cell due to its electrochemical gradient. [equilibrium potential]

Output: potassium : out of

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If, under resting conditions, the membrane is much more permeable to sodium than potassium, what would happen to the resting membrane potential? [equilibrium potential]

Output: approach sodium's equilibrium potential

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If we apply an electrical stimulus to a muscle cell to cause it to contract, the magnitude of that stimulus must be strong enough to reach a critical value that is essential in initiating the process of contraction. This critical value is known as __________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: threshold

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which of the following represents a state of depolarization of a neuron? [equilibrium potential]

Output: -70mv to +30mV

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more negative, is referred to as a ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: hyperpolarization

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A ________ is a subthreshold change in membrane potential within the cell body that decays as it travels away from its point of origin. [equilibrium potential]

Output: graded potential

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If the graded potential remains above threshold once it reaches the ________, an action potential will be generated. [equilibrium potential]

Output: axon hillock

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid ________ of sodium that ________ the neuron's membrane. [equilibrium potential]

Output: influx : depolarizes

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The repolarization phase of the action potential in a neuron is driven by the ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: closure of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: For the sodium channel to open and allow sodium into the cell, ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: the activation and inactivation gates must be both opened

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The jumping of an action potential from node-to-node is called ________. [equilibrium potential]

Output: saltatory conduction

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True/False: Under resting conditions, the sodium channel responsible for generating an action potential is closed and incapable of opening. [equilibrium potential]

Output: false

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where do most action potentials originate? [3] The first part of the axon is known as the initial segment. The initial segment is adjacent to the tapered end of the cell body, known as the axon hillock. [equilibrium potential]

Output: initial segment

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus? [3] The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ diffuses into the cytoplasm [equilibrium potential]

Output: Voltage-gated Na+ channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What characterizes depolarization, the first phase of the action potential? [3] The plasma membrane, which was polarized to a negative value at the RMP, depolarizes to a positive value. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What characterizes repolarization, the second phase of the action potential? [3] The plasma membrane was depolarized to a positive value at the peak of the first phase of the action potential. Thus, it must repolarize back to a negative value. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What event triggers the generation of an action potential? [3] This is the minimum value required to open enough voltage-gated Na+ channels so that depolarization is irreversible. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus? [3] The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open very rapidly in response to threshold stimuli. The activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels are comparatively slow to open. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated axons? [3] An action potential is conducted continuously along an unmyelinated axon from its initial segment to the axon terminals. The term continuous refers to the fact that the action potential is regenerated when voltage-gated Na+ channels open in every consecutive segment of the axon, not at nodes of Ranvier. [equilibrium potential]

Output: continuous conduction

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An action potential is self-regenerating because __________. [3] The Na+ diffusing into the axon during the first phase of the action potential creates a depolarizing current that brings the next segment, or node, of the axon to threshold. [equilibrium potential]

Output: depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions? [3] At the peak of the depolarization phase of the action potential, the inactivation gates close. Thus, the voltage-gated Na+ channels become absolutely refractory to another depolarizing stimulus. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the function of the myelin sheath? [3] The myelin sheath increases the velocity of conduction by two mechanisms. First, myelin insulates the axon, reducing the loss of depolarizing current across the plasma membrane. Second, the myelin insulation allows the voltage across the membrane to change much faster. Because of these two mechanisms, regeneration only needs to happen at the widely spaced nodes of Ranvier, so the action potential appears to jump. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization? [3] Closing of voltage-gated channels is time dependent. Typically, the inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close about a millisecond after the activation gates open. At the same time, the activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest? [3] The large diameter facilitates the flow of depolarizing current through the cytoplasm. The myelin sheath insulates the axons and prevents current from leaking across the plasma membrane. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ions are unequally distributed across the plasma membrane of all cells. This ion distribution creates an electrical potential difference across the membrane. What is the name given to this potential difference? [3] The resting membrane potential is the baseline potential that can be recorded across the plasma membrane of an excitable cell prior to excitation. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Resting membrane potential (RMP)

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of the presence of what type of channel? [3] Leak channels for Na+ and K+ are ubiquitous, and they allow for the diffusion of these ions across plasma membranes. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Leak channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you? [3] The inside surface of the plasma membrane accumulates more negative charge because of the presence of Na+ and K+ gradients and the selective permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The inside surface of the plasma is much more negatively charged than the outside surface.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The plasma membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+. Why? [3] More leak channels translates into more leakiness. Thus the outward flux of K+ is greater than the inward flux of Na+. [equilibrium potential]

Output: There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane.

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The resting membrane potential depends on two factors that influence the magnitude and direction of Na+ and K+ diffusion across the plasma membrane. Identify these two factors. [3] The concentration gradient and the large number of K+ leak channels allow for rather robust K+ diffusion out of a cell. In contrast, the concentration gradient and the relatively few Na+ leak channels allow for much less Na+ diffusion into a cell. [equilibrium potential]

Output: The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from dissipating? [3] Also known as the Na+-K+ pump, or simply the pump, this transporter moves three Na+ out of the cell and two K+ into the cell for every ATP it hydrolyzes. This pumping action prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from running down as these ions passively move through leak channels. [equilibrium potential]

Output: Na+-K+ ATPase

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside? [equilibrium potential]

Output: potassium

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Voltage-regulated channels are located [equilibrium potential]

Output: in the membranes of axons

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Action potentials occur in the membrane of [equilibrium potential]

Output: axons

BIO 219: MAP #5 - Neurophysiology I and II: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If disturbed by plaque etc. it opens access to the underlying periodontium.

Output: What is the clinical significance of this junction?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Pre-eruption, eruption, and post-eruption.

Output: What are the 3 phases of dentogingival junction formation?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Pre-eruption - reduced enamel epithelium forms/condenses; eruption - fusion of REE and oral epithelium as well as their respective basal laminae; and post-eruption - complete fusion of REE and oral epithelium into junctional epithelium.

Output: What happens in each phase of this formation?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Touching occurs when the epithelium of the crown is retained while the root looses its; gapping occurs when the epithelial root sheet does not initially degenerate leaving no cementum but naked dentin; overlapping occurs when the cervical REE breaks down along with the epithelial root sheath and cementoblast cover the exposed enamel.

Output: How do the three cementum-enamel junctions come about?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Sulcular (crevicular) epithelium (free gingiva, separated from tooth by sulcus 0.5 mm deep) and junctional epithelium.

Output: What are the two subdivisions of the DG epithelium?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: A basal lamina is secreted over the enamel to allow hemidesmosomes to attach the epithelium to the tooth surface.

Output: How is the junctional epithelium held to the enamel layer?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Two.

Output: How many basal laminae (basement membranes) are present in the junctional epithelium?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Through fusion of the REE and oral epithelium.

Output: Distinguish between the free gingival, attached gingival and the mucogingival junction.

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: Free gingiva extends down to the end of the sulcus; attached gingiva is attached to alveolar bone; and the mucogingival junction is the junction between the attached gingiva and the alveolar mucosa.

Output: The rich vascularization of the gingival around the cervix of the tooth is supplied by vessels from 3 regions. What are they?

Histo Dentinogingival Junction Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the dentogingival (DG) junction?


Input: hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that acts primarily on the adrenal cortex, thus stimulating its growth and secretion of corticosteroids [acute phase proteins]

Output: adrenocorticotropic hormone


Input: morphologic changes from acute insult to the GI that allow entry of bacteria from the gut lumen into body; assoc w systemic inflammatory response that may contribute to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [acute phase proteins]

Output: bacterial translocation


Input: hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine rel by adrenal medulla in response to shock and higher glucagon/insulin ratio; stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis, fat mobilization and gluconeogenesis [acute phase proteins]

Output: catecholamines


Input: glucocorticoid released by adrenal cortex [acute phase proteins]

Output: cortison


Input: proinflammatory pro released by macrophages that act as mediators of shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and sepsis; examples include tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 [acute phase proteins]

Output: cytokines


Input: initial response to bodily insult characterized by lower blood pressure, cardiac output, body temp, oxygen consumption; assoc w hypovolemia, hypoperfusion, and lactic acidosis [acute phase proteins]

Output: ebb phase


Input: a neuroendocrine response to physiologic stress that follows the abb phase; characterized by hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism [acute phase proteins]

Output: flow phase


Input: system for determining the degree of neurologic insult and a patients level of consciousness by assessing responses to eye opening and motor and verbal response [acute phase proteins]

Output: glasgow coma scale


Input: amino acid that is the preferential fuel for enterocytes in the gut mucosa, especially during stress; it enhances cell mass and the height of the mucosal villi [acute phase proteins]

Output: glutamine


Input: anabolic agent mediated by IGF-1; thought to accelerate growth in children and improve protein synthesis in injured patients [acute phase proteins]

Output: growth hormone


Input: component of gut intestinal mucosal barrier that may protect against multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; contains 40% of immune effector cells in body [acute phase proteins]

Output: gut-associated lymphoid tissue


Input: relating to physiologic processes involving blood flow in circulation; blood pressure and cardiac output are key components in hemodynamic stability [acute phase proteins]

Output: hemodynamic


Input: loss of intestinal peristalsis or lack of effective coordinated peristalsis [acute phase proteins]

Output: ileus


Input: cytokine mediator induced by tumor necrosis factor and produced by endothelial cells and monocytes; induces fever by stimulating prostaglandin production [acute phase proteins]

Output: interleukin-1


Input: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; from direct injury traume, disease or response to inflammation; the response usually is in an organ remote from original site of infection or injury [acute phase proteins]

Output: MODS


Input: systematic response to the identifiable infectious agent [acute phase proteins]

Output: sepis


Input: sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium; hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance characterized by failure of circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs [acute phase proteins]

Output: shock


Input: fat composed of rearranged triglycerides that contain both med & long chain FA; may improve hepatic pro synthesis and reduce pro catabolism and energy expenditure [acute phase proteins]

Output: structured lipid


Input: SIRS; sepsis that occurs without evidence of invasive bacterial or fungal infection; can result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [acute phase proteins]

Output: systemic inflammatory response syndrome


Input: cytokine produced by activated cells, kupffer cells in liver, and macrophages that is stimulated by endotoxin or by bacterial, viral, and fungal infection; initiates an inflammatory response and stimulates skeletal muscle catabolism [acute phase proteins]

Output: tumor necrosis factor


Input: the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Zygote

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Embryo

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Fetus

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Teratogens

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: biological growth processes that enable orderly changed in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Maturation

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Cognition

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Schema

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Assimilation

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Accommodation

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Sensorimotor Stage

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Object Permanence

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Piagent's theory, the stage (from about 2, to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Preoperational Stage

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the principle (which Piagent believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Conservation

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Piagent's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Egocentrism

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Theory Of The Mind

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Piagent's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Concrete Operational Stage

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Piagent's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which perople begin to think logically about abstract concepts. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Formal Operational Stage

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Stranger Anxiety

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Attachment

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Critical Period

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process by which certain animals form attachements during a critical period very early in life. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Imprinting

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predicatable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Basic Trust

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Adolescence

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Puberty

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the body strustures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Primary Sex Characteristics

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, amle voice quality, and body hair. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Secondary Sex Characteristics

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the first menstral period. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Menarche

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Identity

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that somes from our group memberships. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Social Identity

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Intimacy

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Emerging Adulthood

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biooligyal changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Menopause

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Crystallized Intelligence

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Fluid Intelligence

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. [Developmental Psychology]

Output: Social Clock

Chapter 5 Development-From Exploring Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [competitive advantage] competitive marketing strategies

Output: Strategies that position the company against competitors to create the strongest possible advantage

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Identify competitors by product or service, assess competitors strengths and weaknesses, and select competitors to attack and avoid

Output: 3 steps to the competitor analysis? IAS

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Firms with the same product or service totinos, firm whose offering provides the same benefit other microwaveable meal providers, or firms competing for the same consumer dollars other food providers

Output: 3 possible answers to the question "who are my competitors?" example of each for digiorno pizza

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Overall cost leader- gain market share with low prices, differentiation- become leader by a new brand, focus- serve only one or a few market segments, and middle of the road- wide variety of consumers

Output: what are porter's 4 basic competitive strategies, ODFM

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] middle of the road, and differentiation

Output: 3 of porters 4 basic competitive strategies work, which doesn't? cirque de solei would be under which category

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Operational excellence- a lean value chain, customer intimacy- develop close relations, and product leadership- offering leadingedge products, offer superior value in one of the three and acceptable in the other two

Output: Whats treacy and wiersema's basic competitive strategies and whats their proposal? OCP

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Market leader 40, market challengers 30, market followers 20, and market nichers 10

Output: % and name of the 4 market share positions

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] the second mover advantage- see what made the leader successful and improve on it

Output: the market challenger has one major benefit over the market leader?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] a balanced focus between COMPETITOR and CUSTOMER developments

Output: Explain the concept of the market-centered company?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] the world

Output: whose the market in a global firm?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Tariffs- taxes on certain imported products designed to raise revenue, quotas- limits on amount of imports allowed, Nontariff trade barriers- biases against bids from foreign countries or restrictive product standards

Output: 3 restrictions to the international trade system?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] prices go up slightly to cover the extra costs

Output: how is international pricing typically affected by international trade restrictions

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] GATT- General agreement on tariffs and trade- reduces tariffs and other international barriers, and World trade organization- enforces GATT and mediates disputes

Output: 2 international trade systems that help with international trade?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] Economic Communities- the European Union and NAFTA- North American free trade agreement

Output: these are free trade zones 2 examples

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] raw materrial exporting economies

Output: these economies are rich in one or more natural resources but poor in other ways?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] industrializing economies

Output: manufacturing accounts for 10 to 20 percent of the country's economy

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] industrial economies

Output: major exporters off manufactured goods, services, and investment funds, these economies trade goods among themselves and also export them to other economies for raw materials

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] subsistence economies

Output: the vast majority of people in these economies engage in simple agriculture

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] the political environment

Output: Political stability and government bureaucracy make up the _____ __________ of international economies

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] cultural factors

Output: These are the business norms and cultural preferences, traditions, and behaviors of international markets

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] exporting, joint venturing- licensing or joint ownership, and direct investment- assembling facilities

Output: 3 ways to enter global markets? examples

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] inorder for smallest to largest, exporting, joint venturing, and direct investment

Output: how does the aamount of commitment, risk, control, and profit potential change between the three ways to go global?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] direct- the firm handles its own exports= more risk and investment, indirect- there is an independent international marketing intermediary

Output: describe direct and indirect exporting

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] standardized- same products and marketing approaches worldwide, or adapted- adjust the marketing mix to each target market

Output: 2 kinds of marketing mixes?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] same product, change product to meet local needs, and creating new product for a specific country

Output: What is straight product extension, product adaptation, and product invention when adjusting the product for an international market?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] high prices, deceptive practices, high pressure selling, harmful products, planned obsolescence, poor service

Output: 6 ways that marketers have harmed consumers HDHHPP

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] deception

Output: misrepresenting product info to mislead consumers?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] marketers know theres no value in selling bad products

Output: what is a marketers response to the criticism of selling unsafe products

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] environmentalism

Output: an organized movement of concerned citizens and government agencies to protect and improve peoples current and future lving environment

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] environmental sustainability

Output: a management approach that involves developing strategies that both sustain the environment and produce profits for the company

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] consumerism

Output: an organized movement of citizens and government agencies to improve the rights and power off buyers in relation to sellers

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] rights listed for consumers- expect performance, don't have to buy, and safety. Thought up by JFK

Output: What is the consumers bill of rights?

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] false wants and too much materialism, too few social goods, and cultural pollution

Output: 3 criticisms of marketings? FTC

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] consumer-oriented marketing

Output: the philosophy of sustainable marketing that holds that the company should view and organize its marketing activities from the consumers point of view

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] customer-value marketing

Output: a principle of sustainable marketing that holds that a company should =put most of its resources into customer value building marketing investments

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [competitive advantage] societal marketing

Output: A principle of sustainable marketing that holds that a company should make marketing decisions by considering consumer wants, the companys requirements, consumers interests, and society's interests

this is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value than competitors do?


Input: [2] The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment [1]

Output: Sensation

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events [1]

Output: Perception

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Analysis that beings with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information [1]

Output: Bottom-up Processing

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations [1]

Output: Top-down Processing

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them [1]

Output: Psychophysics

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time [1]

Output: Absolute Threshold

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) [1]

Output: Signal Detection Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness [1]

Output: Subliminal

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or respone [1]

Output: Priming

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time [1]

Output: Difference Threshold

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The principal that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage [1]

Output: Weber's Law

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation [1]

Output: Sensory Adaptation

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Conversion of one form of energy into another [1]

Output: Transduction

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next [1]

Output: Wavelength

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light [1]

Output: Hue

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness [1]

Output: Intensity

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters [1]

Output: Pupil

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening [1]

Output: Iris

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina [1]

Output: Lens

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information [1]

Output: Retina

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina [1]

Output: Accommodation

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond [1]

Output: Rods

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retinal and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect detail and give rise to color sensations [1]

Output: Cones

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain [1]

Output: Optic Nerve

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there [1]

Output: Blind Spot

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster [1]

Output: Fovea

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement [1]

Output: Feature Detectors

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions [1]

Output: Parallel Processing

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (red, green, blue), and when stimulated, can produce any color [1]

Output: Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision [1]

Output: Opponent-Process Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The sense or act of hearing [1]

Output: Audition

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time [1]

Output: Frequency

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency [1]

Output: Pitch

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window [1]

Output: Middle Ear

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses [1]

Output: Cochlea

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs [1]

Output: Inner Ear

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated [1]

Output: Place Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch [1]

Output: Frequency Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound haves to the cochlea [1]

Output: Conduction Hearing Loss

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves [1]

Output: Sensorineural Hearing Loss

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea [1]

Output: Cochlear Implant

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts [1]

Output: Kineshesis

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance [1]

Output: Vestibular Sense

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass through the brain [1]

Output: Gate-Control Theory

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The principal that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste [1]

Output: Sensory Interaction

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An organized whole [1]

Output: Gestalt

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) [1]

Output: Figure-Ground

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups [1]

Output: Grouping

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance [1]

Output: Depth Perception

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals [1]

Output: Visual Cliff

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes [1]

Output: Binocular Cues

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object [1]

Output: Retinal Disparity

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone [1]

Output: Monocular Cues

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An illusion of movement created who two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession [1]

Output: Phi Phenomenon

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shape, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change [1]

Output: Perceptual Constancy

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object [1]

Output: Color Constancy

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field [1]

Output: Perceptual Adaptation

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another [1]

Output: Perceptual Set

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use [1]

Output: Human Factors Psychology

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The controversial clam that perceptional can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition [1]

Output: Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis [1]

Output: Parapsychology

PSY100 Introduction to Psychology Myers CH6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fill this in with Tammie's notes.

Output: What are the glands of the endocrine system?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: adipose cells thymus cells in walls of small intestine stomach kidneys heart

Output: Give some examples of tissues/organs that produce hormones

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: neural and endocrine

Output: What functions does the hypothalamus have?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Hormones Autocrines Paracrines

Output: What are the 3 chemical messengers?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: long-distance chemical signals in blood or lypmh

Output: Describe basically hormones.

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: exert effects on same cells that secrete them

Output: Describe basically Autocrines

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: locally acting chemicals affect cells other then those that secrete them

Output: Describe basically Paracrines

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Blood and lymph

Output: Where are hormones found in?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Amino-acid based Steroids

Output: What are the 2 classes of hormones?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Cholesterol

Output: What are steroids made from?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

Output: Where do steroids come from? What area?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Amines Thyroxine Peptides Proteins

Output: What are the amino-acid based hormones made from?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Alter plasma membrane permeability Stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules Activate or deactivate enzyme systems Induce secretory activity Stimulate mitosis

Output: What do hormones do to target cells? (1 or more)

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: By closing or opening ion channels..

Output: How do hormones alter the plasma membrane permeability?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Enter target cells

Output: What thing can water-soluble hormones NOT do?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Plasma membrane receptors, because they cannot enter the cells.

Output: What things do water-soluble hormones act on?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Steroid and thyroid hormones

Output: What are lipid-soluble hormones come from?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Intracellular receptors, directly activate genes.

Output: What do lipid soluble hormones act on?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1. Hormone(1st messenger) binds to receptor 2. Receptor activate G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP(2nd messenger) 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

Output: What are the 5 actions in Cycle AMP signaling?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: kinases phosphorylate various proteins activating some, inactivating others

Output: How is cAMP activated?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: phosphodiesterase, once it enters the cell it begins to decrease

Output: What rapidly degrades cAMP?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Intracellular enzymatic cascades

Output: What amplifies cAMP reactions?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Inside of a cell

Output: What is phosphodiesterase?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Amino-acid based hormones in some tissues

Output: What is PIP2 calcium signaling used by?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: G

Output: What protein does PIP2 calcium signaling involve?


Input: Enzymes or channels or binds to regulatory protein calmodulin

Output: What does Ca2+ alter?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: It activates protein kinases IP3 triggers release of Ca2+

Output: What does DAG do?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1. Diffuse into target cells - bind with intracellular receptors. 2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus 3. Receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific region of DNA 4. This prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA 5. mRNA directs protein synthesis

Output: What are the 5 steps of Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1. blood levels of hormone 2. relative number of receptors on or in target cell 3. Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

Output: What 3 factors does target cell activation depend on?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

Output: What is Up-regulation?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

Output: What is down-regulation?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Up and Down Regulation

Output: What two ways do hormones influence receptors?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Bound to something

Output: How do steroids and thyroid hormones circulate?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Rate of release Speed of inactivation and removal

Output: What are the two factors of concentration of circulating hormones?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Degrading enzymes Kidneys Liver Half-life

Output: In what ways are hormones removed from the blood?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism

Output: What are the 3 ways that multiple hormones interact?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1 hormone can't exert its effects without another hormone being present

Output: What is Permissiveness?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: more than 1 hormone produces same effects on target cell

Output: What is Synergism?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1 or more hormones opposes action of another

Output: What is Antagonism?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Negative feedback Vary only within narrow desiarable range

Output: How is the blood level of hormones controlled?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Humoral stimuli Neural stimuli Hormonal stimul

Output: How are hormones synthesized and released, in response to?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

Output: What things directly simulates secretion of hormones?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

Output: Which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and how?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Hormones that stimulate release of more hormones.

Output: What is special about hormonal stimuli?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Anterior pituitary hormones.

Output: What do hypothalamic hormones stimulate?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: More hormones in the body.

Output: What do anterior pituitary hormones stimulate?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Output: What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedbook loop talking about?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Nervous system modifies stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms. Severe stress: Hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system activated. Glucose levels rise.

Output: How does the nervous system modify the endocrine system? EXAMPLE

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Posterior Anterior

Output: What are the 2 major lobes of the pituitary gland?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Pituicytes(glial-like supporting cells) and nerve fibers

Output: What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: Glandular tissue (adenohypophysis)

Output: What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?


Input: 1. Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue 2. Neural connection to hypothalamus 3.Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones oxytocin and ADH 4.Neurohormones transported to posterior pituitary.

Output: What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

What does the endocrine system basically do?