Input: [1] center of a circle [2]

Output: the given point of which a set of all points in a plane are a given distance away from

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] radius [2]

Output: the given distance that a set of all points in a plane are from a given point

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] concentric circles [2]

Output: two or more coplanar circles with the same center

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] congruent circles [2]

Output: two circles are congruent if they have congruent radii

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] interior of a circle [2]

Output: a point is in the interior of a circle if its distance from the center is less than the radius

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] exterior of a circle [2]

Output: a point is in the exterior of a circle if its distance from the center is greater than the radius

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] on a circle [2]

Output: a point is on a circle if its distance from the center is equal to the radius

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chord [2]

Output: a segment joining any two points on the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] diameter [2]

Output: a chord that passes through the center of the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] distance from the center of a circle to a chord [2]

Output: the measure of the perpendicular segment from the center to the chord

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] radius-chord perpendicular bisector theorem [2]

Output: if a radius is perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] converse of radius-chord perpendicular bisector theorem [2]

Output: if a radius of a circle bisects a chord that is not a diameter, then it is perpendicular to that chord

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chord perpendicular bisector theorem [2]

Output: the perpendicular bisector of a chord passese through the center of the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chord equidistance theorem [2]

Output: if two chords of a circle are equidistant from the center, then they are congruent

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] converse of chord equidistance theorem [2]

Output: if two chords of a circle are congruent, then they are equidistant from the center of the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] central angles-intercepted arcs theorem [2]

Output: if two central angles of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent, then their intercepted arcs are congruent

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] central angles-corresponding chords theorem [2]

Output: if two central angles of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent, then the corresponding chords are congruent

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] arcs-corresponding chords theorem [2]

Output: if two arcs of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent, then the corresponding chords are congruent

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] secant [2]

Output: a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tangent [2]

Output: a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] point of tangency [2]

Output: the point in which a tangent intersects a circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tangent-radius postulate [2]

Output: a tangent line is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] converse of tangent-radius postulate [2]

Output: if a line is perpendicular to a radius at its outer endpoint, then it is tangent to the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tangent segment [2]

Output: the part of a tangent line between the point of contact and a point outside the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] secant segment [2]

Output: the part of a secant line that joins a point outside the circle to the farther intersection point of the secant and the circle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] external part of a secant segment [2]

Output: the part of a secant line that joins the outside point to the nearer intersection point

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] two-tangent theorem [2]

Output: if two tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external point, then those segments are congruent

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tangent circles [2]

Output: circles that intersect each other at exactly one point

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] externally tangent circles [2]

Output: two circles are externally tangent if each of the tangent circles lies outside the other

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] internally tangent circles [2]

Output: two circles are internally tangent if one of the tangent circles lies inside the other

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] common tangent [2]

Output: a line tangnet to two circles

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] common internal tangent [2]

Output: a common tangent that lies between the two circles

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] common external tangent [2]

Output: a common tangent that doesn't lie between the two circles

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] inscribed angle [2]

Output: an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides are determined by two chords

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tangent-chord angle [2]

Output: an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides are determined by a tangent and a chord that intersect at the tangent's point of contact

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] inscribed angle theorem [2]

Output: the measure of an inscribed angle or a tangent-chord angle is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chord-chord angle [2]

Output: an angle formed by two chords that intersect inside a circle but not at the center

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chord-chord angle theorem [2]

Output: the measure of a chord-chord angle is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the chord-chord angle and its vertical angle

Geometry Theorems, Postulates, and Definitions Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: True/False: The peridcardium only covers the heart itself and no other structures.

Output: False--it also covers the major arteries

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What heart orientation is found in short, obese individuals? Pregnant women?

Output: Horizontal--also horizontal and it returns to normal after pregnancy

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the right atrial appendage and what does a sulcus separate it from?

Output: Pouch of the right atrium separated from the RV by a sulcus

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What separates the two ventricles?

Output: Anterior interventricular groove

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where does the pulmonary artery run?

Output: The great arteries cross each other anterior to the heart itself and the pulmonary artery comes from the RV and goes to the LEFT of the aorta and is the most anterior

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where do you listen for the aortic valve?

Output: Listen to the RIGHT side of the chest and listen to the LEFT side of the chest for the pulmonary valve

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What all converges to form the SVC?

Output: L and R Subclavian and Jugular veins converge

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What happens once the IVC crosses the diaphragm?

Output: It has essentially converged with the heart

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: How many lobes are found in the lungs and how many veins drain from them?

Output: 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 in the left and 2 veins drain from both

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the coronary sinus?

Output: Vessel that divides the L atrium and L ventricle and BRINGS MOST OF THE CORONARY BLOOD INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where are coronary arteries found?

Output: On the epicardial surface

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What are the first branches off of the aorta?

Output: The coronary arteries

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where does the right coronary artery course?

Output: Between the right atrial appendage and the RV through the R AV groove

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where does the left coronary artery course and what does it become?

Output: Starts on the left side of the aorta and divides into the L anterior descending CA and the L circumflex artery

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where does the LAD artery course? What branches off of it?

Output: Courses through the anterior interventricular sulcus and branches in the Septal branches that perfuse the septum and the diagonal branches the are on the free LV wall

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What coronary artery causes the most MI's?

Output: The LAD artery

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where does the Left circumflex coronary artery run?

Output: It divides the left atrium from the left ventricle and runs in the L AV groove

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What forms the posterior descending artery in most people and where does it run?

Output: Terminal branch off the right coronary artery and it runs through the posterior interventricular septum

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What muscles are found in the right atrial appendage?

Output: The pectinate muscles

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the fossa ovalis?

Output: Fetal circulation is open because of the fossa ovalis and allows communication between the left and right sides of the heart

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the coronary sinus osteum?

Output: This is where the coronary sinus ends

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the Eustachian valve?

Output: Valve of IVC that not everybody has

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the sometimes present valve of the coronary sinus?

Output: The Thebesian valve

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where are the pectinate muscles found?

Output: On the underside of the R atrial appendage

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the crista terminalis?

Output: Runs from SVC to IVC and is important in cardiac electrophys.

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the place where valve leaflets attach called?

Output: The annulus--to have proper valve function, the annulus must be of adequate size

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What attaches into the annuluses?

Output: The leaflets--the tricuspid has 3: septal, anterior, and posterior

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What are the 4 structures found in all valves?

Output: Annulus, leaflets, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What attaches the leaflets to the papillary muscles?

Output: the chordae tendinae

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Which valve is an exception to the 4 element rule?

Output: The pulmonary valve--has only 2 structures = the annulus and leaflets

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What does the RV have that makes its valves different than the LV?

Output: The conus arteriosus(crista supraventriculnaris) that causes a discontinuity between the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. The bicuspid and aortic valve are continuous due to the fibrous continuity between the anterior mitral leaflet and aortic valve

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is different about the papillary muscles of the LV verses the RV?

Output: They are more developed due to the higher pressures

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: True/False: Both papillary muscles get chordae from the ANTERIOR leaflet, whel the posterior leaflet will only send chordae to one muscle or the other

Output: TRUE

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Which ventricle has a thicker wall? Thicker trabeculations? Always?

Output: Left ventricle has a thicker wall but thinner trabceulations, except for heart failure patients, whose trabeculae become thick

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: True/False: The anterior leaflet of the mitral valve is part of both the inflow track and the outflow track

Output: TRUE--due to the fibrous continuity

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: How many cusps does the aortic valve have and which has the fibrous continuity?

Output: 3 cusps and the Posterior Non-Coronary Artery cusp

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Which is bigger--tricuspid or pulmonary valve? Mitral or aortic?

Output: Tricuspid--Mitral

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Output: The SA node!

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: Where is the conduction system found? Review the membraneous septum from the script...

Output: In the endocardial surface

CARDIO LECTURE 1--Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards - Cram.com

Cardiac tamponade--blood accumulates in the pericardial sac


Input: [What is a workover?] Why are workovers performed?

Output: For Data gathering (cased hole logging - production or injection logging) Integrity monitoring on tubing, casing , and/or packers Well repair To Improve performance (production/injection)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do workovers imporove production/injection?

Output: You can cleanout debris, solids, formation solids, deposited solids. Flow assurance preventative or remediation. Stimulation artificial lift, and you can change intervals connected to the reservoir. Shutoff flow from/to an interval (plug isolate) Deepen or sidetrack well

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What type of surface equipment can be used to do a workover?

Output: Through Wireline Fullbore pumping of fluid/chemicals through well tubing Through Tubing By Pulling tubing

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] When pumping through tubing intervetion with a coiled tubing cleanout what are the steps to make a wellbore clean?

Output: you fill covering perfs and then forward or reverse jetting to remove the excess crap

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you plug the bottom interval?

Output: Bottom perfs watered out use coil or work string to lay sand, cement (and/or plug)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How does a cement squeeze operate to seal performations?

Output: Protect the oil zone push cement down to the perfs then remove wellbore cement Then remove the protection for the oil zone and return to service

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are common causes of excess water production?

Output: Open water zone flow behind pipe and casing leaks Channeling from injector or aquifer via fracture/fault coning or cusping

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two classes of chemical watershut off?

Output: matrix-penetrating gelant flowing gel (can only enter fractures or other larger features)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you design a matrix gel treatment?

Output: Treat matrix depth to withstand expected pressure change Account for voids, uneven penetration, losses Pressure response may dictate volume change Use established zone isolation options

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the established zone isolation options?

Output: bridge plug sand plug inflatable packer or retainer dual injection with protective fluid

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is a bullhead shutoff?

Output: A shutoff to push gel into a fracture to block the water produced from there without damaging the formation

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the safety valves used for?

Output: To shut off flow if equipment above mud line is damaged.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Where were safety valves initially developed for?

Output: Offshore wells

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the different types of valves?

Output: Ball Valves Butterfly valves gate valve flapper valve pneumatic surface safety valve hydraulic surface safety valve

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the difference between flapper valve vs ball valve?

Output: Flapper valve is simpler to operate (sliding sleeve vs rotation) Flapper valve less affected by scale, paraffin

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are chokes used for?

Output: Used to slow flow down

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two types of choke?

Output: Fixed (also known as positive) Adjustable

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do chokes work?

Output: They limit production rate by increasing bottom hole flowing pressure

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Why would you use chokes?

Output: Regulations Slugging, problems handling raet at surface Sand Production Water or gas coning Other reservoir management items

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the typical choke valves

Output: Classic adjustable choke subsea retrievable choke

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the general pump types?

Output: Centrigual pump Positive Displacement Gas Lift Jet, Eductor

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the different positive displacement pumps?

Output: piston Diaphragm Progressing cavity

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are centrifugal pumps used for?

Output: Large volume Low Pressure Low Viscosity Generates high shear as fluid passes through vanes. These pumps cannot self-prime It does poorly with liquid + gas combination

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are centrifugal pumps based on?

Output: Based on the concept of raising the pressure of a liquid indirectly by increasing the kinetic energy via the centrifugal action of the impeller and converting this kinetic energy to the P/pho term. They can be used for a wide flowrate range but a narrow pressure range

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are positive displacement pumps based on?

Output: It works on the principle of letting fluid flow into a cavity from a low pressure source, trapping the fluid, and forcing it out to a high pressure receiver by decreasing the volume of the cavity They can be used for a narrow flowrate range, but a high pressure increase range

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are reciprocating piston pumps usually used for?

Output: Crude oil

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two types of reciprocating piston pump?

Output: Single action (used for pumps with 3 or more pistons, and provides higher pressure) Double action piston stroke (used for duplex pumps, provide higher flow rates)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is a Diaphragm Pump used for?

Output: Viscous fluid or slurries Low Rate Low Pressure It is pneumatic operates

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What do we separate?

Output: Gas (C1-C4, H2S, CO2, N2) Oil Water Dissolved Solids Solids

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the key principles are used in separators?

Output: Density and Gravity

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What can be done to increase the efficency of separators?

Output: Add mist extractor Add baffles and diverters and residence time Use centrifugal force to increase gravity

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Vertical Two Phase Separator are meant for what?

Output: A low GOR and a low total output.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What problem can be caused by low flowrate in a Vertical Two Phase Separator?

Output: Gas blowby, because the fluid level is not high enough

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two constraints in picking a separator?

Output: It must be able to contain gas and liquid. The liquid must be able to stay long enough so that the gas can separate from the liquid.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is the retention time needed for a liquid droplet to attain gas-liquid equilibrium?

Output: .5 -3 mins

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is the controling parameter for low pressure with low GOR in a separator?

Output: Liquid Capacity Constraint

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] When is artificial lift needed?

Output: When there is insufficient reservoir energy to produce reservoir fluids to surface at adeguate rates

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two different flowing pressure regimes that need improvement?

Output: Low Pwf - Better IPR, poor VLP High Pwf - Better VLP, poor IPR

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is artifical lift designed to help?

Output: Intake side for low pressure (for IPR) and Discharage side for high pressure (for VLP)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What percent of wells need Artifical Lift?

Output: 50%

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two main methods for artificial lift?

Output: Gas Lift (add natural gas to tubing via annulus) Bottom Hole Pumping (Sucker Rod Pump, ESP, ect)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How does Gas lift work?

Output: By injecting gas into the lower part of production tubing, the gas aerates the flowing fluid, reducing the fluid comlumn hydrostatic pressure. This lowers bottom hole pressure

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How does Bottom Hole pumping work?

Output: It boosts transfer of liquid to wellhead by increasing pressure at turbing inlet. This decreases Pwf by transferring fluid more rapidly to tubing at higher pressure

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] When is gas lift chosen for artifical lift?

Output: When there is gas available in moderate to deep wells with high fluid rates. There can be a low or high GOR as long as the oil is not heavy. Solids are okay, but may increase maintenance cost. They are low to moderate expensivily when first put in place, but have a lot of maintenance required.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] When are rod pumps used for artifcial lift?

Output: When there is low or no free gas in a low pressure well that has a low to fairly high flowrate. There can be any type of oil as long as the hole is straight.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] When are ESP's used for artificial lift?

Output: When there is a moderate to deep well with high flow rate. The well can be any type of deviation but it requires a low GOR and a light oil because it can't handle high viscosity. They are very expesnive to put in and to maintain.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Why don't gas lift or pumps have to be set at the bottom?

Output: The depth must just be deep enough to give you the Pwf you need for the rate desired.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two types of gas lift operations?

Output: Continuous (steady state flow to surface) Intermittent (start and stop flow to surface)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How does a suck rod pump move oil?

Output: Rotary motion of crank translated to reciprocating motion of polished rod  Sucker rod transmits reciprocating motion of rod to down-hole pump  The pump with barrel (with standing valve) and plunger (with traveling valve)  When plunger moves up, standing valve opens to fill barrel with fluid  On down stroke, traveling valve opens so fluid in barrel is displaced into tubin

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you determine the pressure increase needed for a sucker rod pump?

Output:  Input pressure to pump: • From IPR, determine bottom-hole flowing pressure (Pwf ) at the given reservoir pressure and desired production rate • Subtract pressure drop in wellbore from bottomhole location to location of pump to bottom-hole flowing pressure  Output pressure from pump: • From VLP (pressure drop in wellbore), determine the pressure above the pump for the given surface tubing pressure at the desired production rate

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are some common ESP issues with C-PUmps?

Output: There are cavitation problems (gas and heavy oil or any vicous fluid) Erosion or efficiency decerase by solids

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are some common ESP issues with their motors?

Output: The heat (when placed above fluid inflow)and when the ESP is placed deep in the well the running temp will be much higher.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are some common ESP issues with cost?

Output: Very expensive to install and repair (because you need to pull tubing)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you design a ESP?

Output: pick the flowrate desired, then choose the pump that can produce that flowrate. From that pump determine the pwf that it will produce. With that pwf find the depth needed to produce, and then find the required discharge pressure. Then determine the Pump pressure and head requirements. Form this find the total power requirement.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Why meter flow in the industry?

Output: b/c you need to know what is going where accurately

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Where is measurement needed?

Output: at each major step (from separator to treating facilties to storage/transport lines)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What can metering be used for?

Output: reservoir management, prdouction optimization, history matching, well testing, production allocation, custody transfer, fiscal metering, downhole metering and allocation.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Why is metering accuracy required?

Output: With large flowrates, small inaccuracies can cost companies large amount money.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is linearity when dealing with a meter?

Output: the deviation of the meter's response is within a certain percent of an ideal relationship between flow rate variations and output

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is error when considering meters?

Output: the difference between the meter output and the true value of the flow rate at the time of the mesaurement.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are some types of flow measurement devices?

Output: turbine meter orifice plate meter venturi meter coriolis meter ultrasonic meter

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the basic flow metering concepts?

Output: conservation of mass, energy and momentum friction reynolds number gas laws liquid expansion

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the two different types of pressure measurements for a flow meter?

Output: Hydrostatic pressure and dynamic pressure

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are common causes of sand production?

Output: Poorly Consolidated formation Decrease in reservoir pressure Drag Forces (high flow rate and/or water breakthrough)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are common sand production problems?

Output: solid buildup in wellbore additional pressure drop voids behind pipe (loss of zone isolation and/or casing or hole collapse) erosion of turbulars solids fill surface vessels

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are common sand control methods?

Output: Live with it Control production rate (drop it) Put a screen in the wellbore Gravel Pack Frac and Pack Chemical consolidation

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] Slotted liners are used where?

Output: Because they are simple and inexpensive, they are used in many horizontal open holes to prevent hole collapse. However they are not very effective at filtering small grains.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are classic wire-wrapped screens used as?

Output: They are used alone b/c the wrapped wire is usually keystone shaped and the material that passes through the outer constiction continues to flow through the screen. It can also be used inside the gravel pack.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is a pre packed screen?

Output: A screen that filters sand, however since it is pre packed with uniformly sized sand, it allows for better filtration with minimum flow restriction.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is a premium stainless mesh filtration screen? Why do they fail?

Output: It has a small mesh to filter solids and fines, however they fail due to plugging or erosion

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are expandable screens used for?

Output: To hold the formation in place and to filter sands and fines

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do expandable screens expand?

Output: Either a fixed cone is pushed down the drillstring to expand it. or pressure cycling from a hydraulic expansion tool causes it to expand

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is important for a gravel pack?

Output: Formation grain size distribution

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is a gravel pack made of?

Output: Sized particles placed in the annular space between an unconsolidated formation and a centralized screen

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How is a gravel pack placed?

Output: First a screen is placed, then gravel is filled in the hole to stabilize the hole and sands formation.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is insitu consolidation?

Output: A resin or other "glue" is pumped down the well to the formation to cement the formation sand grains together.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What is resin coated gravel?

Output: heat or chemicall set material pre coated on properly sized gravel pack grains. They are put in place, cured, and then drilled out to keep formation in place and act as a screen.

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are common production problems?

Output: low productivity excessive gas production excessive water production sand production liquid loading (only in gas wells)

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you diagnosis what the causes of a production problem is?

Output: By doing pressure transient testing to determine factors affecting reservoir inflow perfomrnane Production logging to determine actual production profile and pressure profile in wellbore Production and pressure history - acutal data

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are causes of low productivity?

Output: Reservoir issues (lower than expected reservoir properties, low relative permeability, heterogeneity) Flow restictions near wellbore (formation damage, plugged completions) wellbore restictions

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you diagnosis low productivity?

Output: Meaure reservior (kH) and skin from pressure transient testing Caliper log (identify any wellbore restiction) production logging - identify location and vertical extent of impairment

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are the causes of gas or water production?

Output: casing leaks or channeling behind casing preferential flow though high permeability zones coning (gas from top/ water from bottom) connecting fracture systems for water

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you diagnosis gas or water production?

Output: For casing leaks cement bond or ultrasonic logs production lgos for flow behind casing remedial action - cement squeeze For preferential flow through high permeability zones production logs - determine flow profile and entry location run a cement squeeze Coning Run production logs - determine flow profile and entry location. Vary production rate or drawdown to determine if conning issues is rate senstive Cement Squeeze or plug perfs

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] What are causes for liquid loading?

Output: droping reservoir pressure and gas flow rate increasing bottom hole pressure with liquid accumulation flow going from annular flow to slug to bubble flow

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: [What is a workover?] How do you remediate liquid loading?

Output: foaming liquid flow smaller tubing or lower surface pressure gas-lift or pumping liquid heating the wellbore downhole liquid injection

It is an intervention in a completed well.


Input: External occipital protuberance: on the occipital bone, this is superior attachment of nuchal ligament Vertebra prominens: this is the spine of the 7th cervical vertebra [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the landmarks of the Posterior neck


Input: 1. Atlas (C1) the transverse process can be palpated between the angle of the mandible and point just anterior and inferior to the mastoid process. 2. Hyoid bone: lies at level of 3rd cervical vertebra, superior to thyroid cartilage. Point of attachment for supra- and infra- hyoid muscles 3. thyroid cartilage: forms the larngeal prominence of the anterior neck. Largest cartilage of the larynx 4. Cricoid cartilage: inferior to thyroid cartilage . lies at level of 6th cervical vertebra 5. Jugular notch [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the landmarks of the Anterior neck


Input: rounded depression in the superior border of the manibrium of the sternum. It is bounded laterally by the medial ends of the clavicles [definition of the neck]

Output: Jugular notch


Input: inferior to the thyroid cartilage and articulates with it. The cricoid cartliage lies at level of 6th cervical vertebra. It is shaped like a singet ring, with its wide part to the posterior and the narrow arch at the anterior [definition of the neck]

Output: Cricoid cartilage


Input: the superficial fascia of the head and neck is continuous with that of the pectoral, shoulder, and back regions. In the neck it includes the platysma muscle and cutaneous nerves [definition of the neck]

Output: Superficial fascia


Input: has 3 layers 1. superficial investing layer 2. pretracheal layer 3. prevertebral layer [definition of the neck]

Output: Deep fascia has ____ layers.


Input: continuous with the ligamentum nuchae posteriorly and splits to enclose trapezius and SCM on each side. continuous with anterior midline. Forms the roof of the posterior triangle On the deep side it invests the omohyoid muscle and contributes to the carotid sheath continuous with fascia of the head attaches to the clavicle, hyoid bone, and lower border of the mandible. Envelops the muscles connected to the mandible. It also splits the enclosed parotid gland. [definition of the neck]

Output: superficial (external) investing layer


Input: prolongation of the visceral fascia of the mediastinum, where it is continuous with the fibrous pericardium. It encloses the esophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, pharynx, larynx, and contributes laterally to the carotid sheath. Posteriorly this layer forms the buccopharyngeal fascia and attaches to the pharyngeal tubercle at teh base of the skull. Anteriorly it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and runs inferiorly and posterior to infrahyoid muscles to attach to the posterior side of the sternum and fibrous pericardium. The pretracheal layer of cervical fascia is generally thin, and with the carotid sheath encloses the visceral compartment of the neck. [definition of the neck]

Output: Pretracheal layer of fascia


Input: this begins in the posterior midline and encloses the intrinsic deep muscles of the spine. It continues forward across the floor of the lateral triangle and covers the scalene muscles, where it is called scalene fascia. It then attaches to the transverse process of the cervical vertebra and splits into two layers that continue across the front of the vertebral column and fuse again as they attach to the transverse processes of the opposite side. The anterior lamina ends inferiorly by blending with the fascia on the posterior wall of the upper esophagus. The posterior lamina continues downward along the front of the thoracic vertebral column. The prevertebral layer also contributes to the carotid sheath [definition of the neck]

Output: Prevertebral layer of fascia of the neck


Input: an extension of the prevertebral fascia that envelops the brachial plexus and axillary vessels [definition of the neck]

Output: Cervicoaxillary sheath


Input: at the cervicothoracic aperture, the prevertebral fascia expands over the apex of the lung to form the cervical diaphragm [definition of the neck]

Output: Sibson's fascia


Input: Pretracheal space Retropharyngeal space [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the space within the neck?


Input: the pretracheal space is, as the name implies, directly anterior to the trachea, extending from the thyroid cartilage to the superior mediastinum. It is enclosed by the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia [definition of the neck]

Output: Pretracheal space


Input: the retropharyngeal space is a potential space between the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia around the pharynx It runs from the cranial base to the superior mediastinum at about the T2 level [definition of the neck]

Output: Retropharyngeal space


Input: spread of infection through the spaces of the neck. With the advent of antibiotics deep infections in the neck became more treatable, and with CT they became easier to diagnose. These spaces are routes to spread infection in the neck and into the upper mediastinum Infections may begin in the tonsils, gums, salivary glands, sinuses, or nasopharyngeal space. [definition of the neck]

Output: What is the clinical significance of the spaces in the neck?


Input: superior head: attached to mastoid process of temporal bone two inferior heads: attached to manibrium of the sternum and superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle. [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the attachments of SCM


Input: clinical landmark for the jugular vein this fossa is created by the two inferior heads of the SCM [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the lesser supraclavicular fossa a clinical landmark for?


Input: CN XI variable contribution from branches of ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves C2-C4 [definition of the neck]

Output: What provides the innervation for SCM?


Input: bilaterally: bring the chin to the chest and protrude the chin unilaterally: muscle rotates the ear toward the shoulder on the same side [definition of the neck]

Output: Action of SCM


Input: torticollis caused by shortening of the SCM and is the result of CN XI lesion [definition of the neck]

Output: If CN XI is lesioned what is the outcome?


Input: the posterior border of the SCM the anterior border of trapezius m. & clavicle Inferior belly of omohyoid m. crosses the posterior triangle, dividing it further into an occipital triangle above and omoclavicular/supraclavicular below [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?


Input: superficial side of the posterior triangle is referred to as the roof. This is formed by the superficial investing fascia. Superficial to this fascial roof is the platysma muscle located in subcutaneous connective tissue [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the roof of the posterior triangle of the neck?


Input: the deep side of the posterior triangle is referred to as the floor. The floor is formed by the muscles which are invested by the prevertebral fascia. 1. semispinalis capitis m. 2. splenius capitis m. 3. levator scapulae m. [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck


Input: found at the apex of the posterior triangle [definition of the neck]

Output: where is semispinalis capitis muscle found?


Input: inferiorly and medially, attached to the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of the upper three thoracic vertebra and that of C7 At its superior and lateral extent, it attached to the mastoid process and lateral aspect of the superior nuchal line. [definition of the neck]

Output: where is splenius capitis muscle found?


Input: lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the middle cervical spinal nerves [definition of the neck]

Output: what innervates splenius capitis muscle


Input: with spleniu cervicis, splenius capitis pulls the head back (extension of the neck) unilaterally pulls the head to the side and rotates it [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the action of spleniu capitis?


Input: attached to transverse processes of C1-C4 superiorly and inferiorly to the angle of the scapula [definition of the neck]

Output: where is levator scapulae muscle located?


Input: spinal accessory nerve is found on the superficial surface of levator scapula, but does NOT innervate levator scapula [definition of the neck]

Output: What is an important anatomical relationship between levator scapula and CN XI?


Input: Direct branches of C3, C4, C5 via dorsal scapular nerve [definition of the neck]

Output: what innervate levator scapula muscle?


Input: elevates the scapula acts in complex synergy with other muscles to stabilize the shoulder. if shoulder is fixed levator scapula pulls the head to one side [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the action of levator scapula?


Input: scalenus posterior and medius mm. [definition of the neck]

Output: what muscles together are referred to as the scalene mass?


Input: attached superiorly to the posterior tubercle of the 4,5,6th cervical vertebra and inferiorly to the outer edge of the 2nd rib [definition of the neck]

Output: where is posterior scalene m. located?


Input: Innervated by branches of ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 5-8 [definition of the neck]

Output: what innervates posterior scalene mm.


Input: attached superiorly to the posterior tubercles of all cervical vertebra and inferiorly to posterior part of the 1st rib [definition of the neck]

Output: where is scalene medius located?


Input: Innervated by branches of ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 3-8 [definition of the neck]

Output: what innervates scalene medius?


Input: this is usually attached to tubercles of vertebra 3-6 and at its inferior end to scalene tubercle of the first rib [definition of the neck]

Output: where is scalene anterior located?


Input: innervated by branches from ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 4-6 [definition of the neck]

Output: what innervates scalene anterior m?


Input: all the scalene muscles can act to flex the neck, bringing the head forward or forward and to one side or if the neck is help upright contraction of the scalenes raises the second rib [definition of the neck]

Output: what is the action of the scalene muscles?


Input: YES [definition of the neck]

Output: Are the scalene muscles active during inspiration?


Input: omohyoid muscle external jugular vein subclavian vein accessory nerve (CN XI) [definition of the neck]

Output: What are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?


Input: this muscle joins the scapula and the hyoid it has two bellies the inferior belly crosses the posterior triangle dividing the posterior triangle into an occipital triangle above and supraclavicular triangle below [definition of the neck]

Output: describe the omohyoid muscle


Input: this is formed by confluence of the posterior auricular and retromandibular veins. It crosses the SCM and runs through the roof of the posterior traingle, emptying into the subclavian vein about 2 cm above the clavicle [definition of the neck]

Output: External jugular vein


Input: this is the major vein draining the upper limb Curves through the inferior part of the posterior triangle the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein join to form the brachiocephalic vein. It runs posterior to the clavicle and subclavius muscle, and anterior to the subclavian artery [definition of the neck]

Output: subclavian vein


Input: this is a cranial nerve and has cranial and spinal roots [definition of the neck]

Output: Describe the Accessory nerve (CN XI)


Input: C1-C5 [definition of the neck]

Output: where are the spinal roots of the Accessory nerve derived from ?


Input: spinal root of C1-C5 and passes upward through the foramen magnum to join the cranial root from the medulla. Briefly combined roots leave the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen of the skull and then the cranial roots splits off and is incorporated into CN X [definition of the neck]

Output: describe the path of the accessory nerve spinal roots


Input: the spinal roots of CN XI innervate SCM, along with branches from the second cervical spinal nerve [definition of the neck]

Output: what part of the accessory nerve innervates SCM?


Input: the accessory nerve then leaves the posterior border of the SCM, crosses the posterior triangle, and enters the deep surface of the trapezius muscle [definition of the neck]

Output: describe the pathway of CN XI after it innervates SCM


Input: C3 and C4 [definition of the neck]

Output: what branches of CN XI innervate the trapezius muscle


Input: the spinal accessory nerve is the nerve most commonly damaged in the course of treatment because of its long course and relatively superficial location Lymph node biopsies in the posterior triangle present particular risk because of their close anatomical relationship [definition of the neck]

Output: how does damage to CN XI most commonly occur


Input: Variable Presumably because of branches of the cervical plexus contribute variably by individual innervation of the trapezius muscle. May present with: shoulder pain limitation of arm abduction drooping shoulder due to paralysis of trapezius Atrophy of trapezius Winging of scapula [definition of the neck]

Output: what are the symptoms of damage to CN XI


Input: TRUE due to innervation being variable [definition of the neck]

Output: True or False If CN XI is damaged trapezius muscle may still be partially preserved.


Input: some compensation by levator scapula muscle may occur, in which case the individual may be able to shrug (elevate shoulder) but NOT ABDUCT the arm above horizontal [definition of the neck]

Output: What other muscles may compensate for damage to CN XI


Input: secondary traction on the brachial plexus [definition of the neck]

Output: If a patient has damage to CN XI how could this cause parasthesias of the hand?


Input: accessory nerve innervates SCM and damage would result in weakness in turning head toward side of uninjured side against resistance [definition of the neck]

Output: Patient presents with weakness with turning head to one side. What is possibly damaged?


Input: [1] Bisexual [2]

Output: individuals who are sexually, physically, emotionally attracted to both same and opposite sex partners


Input: [1] Classism [2]

Output: system that stigmatizes poor and working-class people and their cultures and assigns high status to the affluent and their culture solely because of their relative wealth


Input: [1] Coming out [2]

Output: someone who has revealed his or her GLBT sexual orientation to others


Input: [1] Conflict diversity [2]

Output: understanding how different groups exist in a hierarchy of inequality in terms of power, privilege and wealth


Input: [1] Counting diversity [2]

Output: empirically enumerating differences within a given population


Input: [1] Culture diversity [2]

Output: importance of understanding and appreciating the cultural differences between groups


Input: [1] Discrimination [2]

Output: actions that deny equal treatment to persons perceived to be members of some social category or group


Input: [1] Dominant group [2]

Output: social group that controls the political, economic, and cultural institutions in a society


Input: [1] Essentialist [2]

Output: perspective argues that reality exists independent of our perception of it, that is, that there are real and important (essential) differences among categories of people


Input: [1] Ethnic group [2]

Output: social group that has certain cultural characteristics that set it off from other groups and whose members see themselves as having a common past


Input: [1] Ethnoviolence [2]

Output: acts motivated by prejudice intending to do physical or psychological harm because of the victims' group membership


Input: [1] Exploitation [2]

Output: the dominant group uses the subordinate group for its own ends, including economic profit and higher position in the social hierarchy


Input: [1] Feminism [2]

Output: movement to end male supremacy


Input: [1] Gay [2]

Output: usually refers to homosexual males, although it is also used as an umbrella term for homosexuals in general


Input: [1] Gender [2]

Output: behavior that is culturally defined as appropriate and inappropriate for males and females


Input: [1] GLBT [2]

Output: gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered people


Input: [1] Good-for-business diversity [2]

Output: the argument that businesses will be more profitable, and government agencies and not-for-profit corporations will be more efficient, with diverse labor forces


Input: [1] Hegemonic ideologies [2]

Output: ideas that are so influential that they dominate all other ideologies


Input: [1] heterosexism [2]

Output: system of oppression against the GLBT population


Input: [1] heterosexual [2]

Output: persons who are sexually, physically, and emotionally attracted to people of the opposite sex


Input: [1] Homophobia [2]

Output: refers to the fear and hatred of those who love and sexually desire people of the same sex


Input: [1] Homosexual [2]

Output: persons who are sexually, physically, and emotionally attracted to people of the same sex


Input: [1] Ideology [2]

Output: body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual group, class, or culture


Input: [1] Income [2]

Output: amount of money that a family earns from wages and salaries, interest, dividends, rent, gifts, and transfer payments


Input: [1] Individual discrimination [2]

Output: behavior of individual members of one group/category that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on members of another group/category


Input: [1] Institutional discrimination [2]

Output: policies of dominant group institutions, and the behavior of individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on subordinate groups


Input: [1] Intergenerational mobility [2]

Output: a child's class position relative to the child's parents


Input: [1] In the closet [2]

Output: someone who has not revealed his or her GLBT sexual orientation to others


Input: [1] Intersexed [2]

Output: a person having physical attributes of both males and females


Input: [1] Intragenerational mobility [2]

Output: degree to which a young worker who enters the labor force can improve his or her class position within a single lifetime


Input: [1] Lesbian [2]

Output: homosexual females


Input: [1] master status [2]

Output: one that has a profound effect on one's life and that dominates or overwhelms the other statuses one occupies


Input: [1] Meritocracy [2]

Output: stratified society wherein the most skilled people have the better jobs and the least skilled people have the lowest-paying jobs, regardless of race, gender, age, and so on


Input: [1] Occupational sex segregation [2]

Output: differential distribution of men and women in into sex-appropriate occupations in the labor force


Input: [1] Oppression [2]

Output: a dynamic process by which one segment of society achieves power and privilege through the control and exploitation of other groups, which are burdened and pushed down into the lower levels of the social order


Input: [1] The other [2]

Output: viewed as being unlike the dominant group in profoundly different, usually negative ways


Input: [1] passing [2]

Output: refers to a subordinate-group member who successfully pretends to be a dominant-group member


Input: [1] Patriarchy [2]

Output: hierarchical system that promotes male supremacy


Input: [1] Politics [2]

Output: any collective action that is intended to support, influence, or change social policy or social structures


Input: [1] Prejudice [2]

Output: negative attitudes toward a specific group of people


Input: [1] privilege [2]

Output: means that some groups have something of value that is denied to others simply because of the groups they belong to; these unearned advantages give some groups a head start in seeking a better life


Input: [1] racial group [2]

Output: social group that is socially defined as having certain biological characteristics that set it apart from other groups, often in invidious ways


Input: [1] racial ideology [2]

Output: racially-based framework used by actors to explain and justify (dominant race) or challenge (subordinate race or races) the racial status quo


Input: [1] racism [2]

Output: system of oppression based on race


Input: [1] role [2]

Output: expected behavior that goes along with a specific status


Input: [1] sex [2]

Output: physical and biological differences between the categories of male and female


Input: [1] sexism [2]

Output: system of oppression based on gender


Input: [1] sexual behavior [2]

Output: whom we have sex with


Input: [1] sexual identification [2]

Output: what people call themselves


Input: [1] sexual orientation [2]

Output: determined by to whom we are attracted sexually, physically, and emotionally


Input: [1] social constructionist [2]

Output: perspective that argues that reality cannot be separated from the way a culture makes sense of it - that meaning is "constructed" through social, political, legal, scientific, and the other processes


Input: [1] social mobility [2]

Output: refers to individuals moving up or down in terms of their class level


Input: [1] status [2]

Output: refers to a position that one holds or a category that one occupies in a society


Input: [1] stereotypes [2]

Output: cultural beliefs about a particular group that are usually highly exaggerated and distorted, even though they may have a grain of truth


Input: [1] stigma [2]

Output: an attribute for which someone is considered bad, unworthy, or deeply discredited because of the category that he or she belongs to


Input: [1] straight [2]

Output: heterosexual people


Input: [1] stratification [2]

Output: refers to the way in which societies are marked by inequality, by differences among people that are regarded as being higher or lower


Input: [1] structural discrimination [2]

Output: policies of dominant-group institutions, and the behavior of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are race/class/gender/sexuality neutral in intent but that have a differential and/or harmful effect on subordinate groups


Input: [1] subordinate group [2]

Output: a social group that lacks control of the political, economic, and cultural institutions in a society


Input: [1] transgendered [2]

Output: people who feel that their gender identity doesn't match their physiological body


Input: [1] transsexuals [2]

Output: people who have had sex change operations


Input: [1] transvestites [2]

Output: people who like to cross-dress, that is, wear clothes that are culturally appropriate to the opposite sex


Input: [1] wealth [2]

Output: assets that people own and is often expressed in terms of net worth


Input: [1] affidavit [2]

Output: a sworn statement in writing made especially under oath or on an affirmation before and authorized magistrate or officer

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] deposition [2]

Output: testimony taken down and written under oath

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] imperceptible [2]

Output: extremely slight, gradual, or subtle

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] deferentially [2]

Output: in a manner of showing respect and esteem due to a superior or elder

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] befuddled [2]

Output: meddled, stupefied, confused

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] plantiff [2]

Output: a person who brings a legal action against another

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] effrontery [2]

Output: shameless boldness

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] immaculate [2]

Output: spotlessly clean

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] qualm [2]

Output: misgiving, feeling of uneasiness about a point of conscience or propriety

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] gait [2]

Output: pace

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] callously [2]

Output: in a manner or feeling no emotion

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] manifest [2]

Output: evidence, sign

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] incredulously [2]

Output: skeptically with disbelief

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] slovenly [2]

Output: lazily slipshod

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] unperturbed [2]

Output: untroubled

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] conciliatory [2]

Output: eager to make peace, reconcile

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] floundering [2]

Output: proceeding or acting clumsily

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] repreive [2]

Output: to delay punishment of

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] retaliation [2]

Output: returning like for like, vengeance for an injury

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] adamant [2]

Output: unshakable, unyielding

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] disputation [2]

Output: verbal controversy

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sibilance [2]

Output: a hissing sound

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tantalized [2]

Output: teased, fascinated

The Crucible Act 3-4 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cytoplasm [1]

Output: is the semi-liquid portion of the cell in which cell parts are located

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] nucleus [1]

Output: The BLANK is referred to as the headquaters of cell operations

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chloroplast [1]

Output: is the stucture found in plant cells, but not in animal cells, that carries out the proccess of photsynthesis

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ribosomes [1]

Output: proteins are manufactured by... also put together amino acids

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Cell membrane [1]

Output: The BLANK surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mitochondria [1]

Output: provides the energy for the cell to perform life functions(cellular respiration)

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] nuclear membrane [1]

Output: The BLANK surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and leaves it.

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] lysosomes [1]

Output: Structures that contain digestive enzymes to remove dead cell parts.

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] cell wall [1]

Output: Plant cells have a BLANK which provides support and strength to the cell.

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Vacuoles [1]

Output: Storange chambers within the cell are called

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Golgi body [1]

Output: prepares, packages and ships cell products either within the cell or out of the cell and releases proteins

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Nucleolus [1]

Output: Located within the nucleus, the BLANK is involved with ribosome syntehsis

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Rough ER [1]

Output: Among other tasks, the BLANK serves as a transport system within the cell.

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Chromatin [1]

Output: The DNA material within the cell is wrapped around proteins and is called

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Centriole [1]

Output: Only found in animal cells, the BLANK helps the cell to divide

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Giant water vacuole [1]

Output: Plant cells have this because of their demand for water

Biology parts of a cell Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] break down and digest foods in a cell [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what do the lymosomes do in a cell

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] transports substances out of the cell [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what does the golgi apparatus do in the cell

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] vacules store food and water [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what do vacules do in a cell

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] smooth is ososiated with fats and oil prodution rough has ribosomes attached to it and associated with protiens [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what is the difference between the smooth and rough endoplasmic relectum

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] yes [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: so a plant and an animal cell have a cytoskeloton

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] plant [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: which cell has chloroplasts animal or plant

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] plant stores water [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what has a bigger vacule plant or animal cell WHY?

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] controls all cellular activites [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: what does the nucleus of a cell do

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [membrane] centrolies [protective barrier for a cell]

Output: plants do not have what that animal cells have

sci10 brhs Cell things Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] What is the linear attenuation coefficient and units? State what it is dependent on.

Output: insert symbol It is dependent on the material composition (density and atomic number) of the absorber or medium.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] List the photon beam attenuation formula.

Output: insert formula

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] How does the first HVL compare to the second in a poly energetic beam? Mono energetic beam?

Output: For a heterogeneous beam, the first HVL is less than the subsequent HVLs. As the filter thickness increases, the average energy of the transmitted beam increases or the beam becomes increasingly harder. If I(x) is plotted as a function of x for a narrow monoenergetic beam, a straight line will be obtained on semilogarithmic paper, showing that the attenuation of a monoenergetic beam is described by an exponential function.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Define an HVL and calc it for a linear attenuation coefficient of 0.021 per cm.

Output: Half-value layer (HVL)is the thickness of an absorber required to attenuate the primary beamintensity to half its original value. HVL = 0.693 / 0.021 HVL = 33 cm

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] What are the energy transfer and energy absorption coefficients?

Output: The energy transfer coefficient describes the fraction of photon energy transferred into kinetic energy of charged particles per unit thickness of absorber. The energy absorption coefficient is defined as the product of energy transfer coefficient (1 - g) where g is the fraction of the energy of secondary charged particles that is lost to bremsstrahlung in the material.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] What is the mass attenuation coefficient and what is it composed of?

Output: (u /r) Since the attenuation produced by a thickness x depends on the number of electron present in that thickness, u depends on the density of the material. Thus, by dividing the u by density r, the resulting coefficient (u/r) will be independent of density.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe Coherent scattering and state its respective energy ranges. Also list what it is dependent on.

Output: -Coherent scattering interaction (also known as clas-sicalscattering or Rayleigh scattering) consists of aphoton setting an orbital electron into oscillation.The oscillating electron reradiates energy at the samefrequency as the incident photon -No energy is absorbed in the medium from coherentscattering. The only effect is the scattering of photonat small angles. -Coherent scattering is probable in high atomic materials and with photons of low energy.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe Photoelectric effect and state its respective energy ranges. Also list what it is dependent on.

Output: -In the photoelectric process, the entire energy hν of the photon is first absorbed by the atomand then transferred to an orbital electron. The kinetic energy of the ejected electron (called thephotoelectron) is equal to hν−EB, where EB is the binding energy of the electron. Interactions of this type can take place with electrons in the K, L, M, or N shells. -Ejection of a photoelectron may cause the emission of characteristic x-rays and Auger electron. -Photoelectric is predominant for beams of < 75 kV.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe Compton effect and state its respective energy ranges. Also list what it is dependent on.

Output: -The Compton interaction involves a collision between the photon and a “free” electron. The term free here means the binding energy of the electron is much smaller than the energy of the bombarding photon. -In the Compton interaction, the electron receives some energy fromthe photon and is emittedat an angle θ. The photon, with reduced energy, is scattered at an angle φ -Compton interaction probability in water increases with photon energy from 10 to 150 keV. It then decreases with further increase in energy. However, it is the predominant mode of inter-action in water for 30 keV to 24 MeV. That includes all photon beams used in radiation therapy. -Compton is predominant for beams of ~75 kV to 70 MV

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe Pair Production and state its respective energy ranges. Also list what it is dependent on.

Output: -Pair production involves a high-energy photon interaction with the electromagnetic field of anucleus. The entire energy of the photon is converted in creating a pair of electron (e−) andpositron (e+) and providing them with kinetic energy (0.51 MeV each) -Pair production is predominant for beams of >70 MV. -Pair production threshold is at 1.02 MeV but its contribution is relatively small in clinical beams(~5% at 10 MV to ~20% at 25 MV).

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe Photo-disintegration and state its respective energy ranges. Also list what it is dependent on.

Output: Photodisintegration involves a photon creating a nuclear reaction. In most cases it results in the emission of a neutron. The process is importantonly at high photon energies and is responsible for neutron contamination of therapy beams ofenergy greater than 10 MV.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe electron attenuation

Output: In water or soft tissue, electrons, like other charged particles, lose energy predominantly by ionization and excitation. This results in deposition of energy or absorbed dose in the medium. If the energy transferred to the orbital electron is not sufficient to overcome the binding energy, it is displaced from its stable position and then returns to it; the effect is call excitation. An electron may interact with the electromagnetic field of a nucleus and be decelerated so rapidly that a part of its energy is lost as bremsstrahlung. The rate of energy loss as a result of bremsstrahlung increases with the increase in the energy of the electron and the atomic number of the medium.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Describe neutron interactions

Output: Neutrons are indirectly ionizing. Neutrons interact by two processes: (a) recoiling protons from hydrogen and recoiling heaving nuclei from other elements, and (b) nuclear disintegrations. Energy transfer is very efficient if the colliding particles have the same mass. However, the neutron loses very little energy when colliding with a heavier nucleus. The, the most efficient absorbers of a neutron beam are the hydrogenous materials such as paraffin wax or polyethylene. Dose deposited in tissue from a high-energy neutron beams is predominantly contributed by recoil protons.

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] Interpolate the following PDD for a 11.2 cm2 fs and 8.4 cm depth. Field size= 8 cm depth 10 cm depth 11 cm2 77.1 70.5 12 cm2 78.2 71.3

Output: needs answer

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] How many HVLs are there when 45% of the beam is transmitted through a material?

Output: needs answer

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] What is the μ when you have an HVL of 2.5 mm?

Output: needs answer

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [What is ionizing radiation?] What is the wavelength and frequency of a 125 Kev photon beam?

Output: needs answer

Kahn Outline Chapter 5: Interactions of Ionizing Radiation Flashcards - Cram.com

Ionization is the process by which a neutral atom acquires a positive or a negative charge. Stripping electron from an atom gives rise to an ion pair. The stripped electron quickly attachesitself to a neutral atom to create a negative ion and the atom from which the electron has beenstripped becomes the positive ion.


Input: [WATER QUALITY] PH [the degree of purity of water]

Output: how acidic or basic a substance is, measured on a scale of 1 to 14.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] HARDNESS [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the level of the minerals, calcium and magnesium in water.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] CONCENTRATION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the amount of one substance in a certain volume of another substance.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] FILTRATION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the process of passing water through a series of screens that allow the water through, but not larger solid particals.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] FLOCS [the degree of purity of water]

Output: sticky globs created by adding a chemical such as alum during water treatment.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] COAGULATION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the process by which particles in a liquid clump together, a step in the water treatment process.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] SEWAGE [the degree of purity of water]

Output: water containing human waste

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] SLUDGE [the degree of purity of water]

Output: deposits of fine solids that settle out from wastewater during the treatment process.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] SEPTIC TANK [the degree of purity of water]

Output: an underground tank containing bacteria that treats wastewater as it passes through.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] LEACH FIELD [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the ground area around a septic tank through which wastewater filters after leaving the tank.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] DROUGHT [the degree of purity of water]

Output: a water shortage caused by lon periods of little rain.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] CONSERVATION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the process of using a resource wisely.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] DESALINATION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the process of obtaining fresh water from salt water by removing salt.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] WATER POLLUTION [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] point source [the degree of purity of water]

Output: a specific source of pollution that can be identified, such as a pipe.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] nonpoint source [the degree of purity of water]

Output: a widely spread source of pollution such as road runoff, that is difficult to link to a specific point.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] acid rain [the degree of purity of water]

Output: rainwater that is more acidic than normal

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] pesticide [the degree of purity of water]

Output: a chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that kill crops

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] kinetic energy [the degree of purity of water]

Output: the form of energy that an object has because of its motion.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] potential energy [the degree of purity of water]

Output: energy that is stored and available to be used later.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [WATER QUALITY] hydroelectric power [the degree of purity of water]

Output: electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water moving over a waterfall or dam.

Earth Science Science Explorer Prentice Hall chpt 12 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [advantages of teams] disadvantages of teams

Output: initially high turnover social loafing groupthink time for decision making dominant players

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] When to use teams

Output: clear engaging reason for using them job can't be don unless people work together rewards can be provided for team performance ample resources are available teams will have clear authority to manage and change how work gets done

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] when not to use teams

Output: there isn't a clear engaging reason or purpose the job can be don by people working independently rewards are provided for individual effort the necessary resources are not available management will continue to monitor and influence how work gets done

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] kinds of teams (5)

Output: traditional work groups employee involvement teams semi-autonomous work groups self-managing teams self-design teams

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] special kinds of teams (3)

Output: cross-functional teams virtual teams project teams

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] Elements of work teams

Output: norms cohesiveness size conflict states of development

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] How to promote cohesiveness

Output: all memebers present at meetings and activities creating common workspaces nonwork activities

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] 4 stages of team development

Output: forming storming norming performing

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] ways to make teams more effective

Output: setting team goals selecting people team training team compensation and recognition

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] work team

Output: a small number of peopple with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] social loafing

Output: behaviour in which team members withhold their effors and fail to perform their share of the work

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] traditional work group

Output: group composed of two or more people who work together to achieve a shared goal

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] employee involvement team

Output: team that provides advice or makes suggestions to management concerning specific issues

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] semi-autonomous work group

Output: group that has the authority to make decisions and solve problems related to the major tasks of producing a product or service

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] self-managing team

Output: team that manages and controls all the major tasks of producing a product or service

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] self-desigining team

Output: team that has the characteristics of self-managing teams but that also controls team design, work tasks, and tem membership

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] cross-functional team

Output: team composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] virtual team

Output: team composed of geographically and organizationally dispersed co-workers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish and organizational task

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] project team

Output: team created to complete specific, on-time projects or tasks withing a limited time

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] norms

Output: informally agreed-on standards that regulate team behaviour

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] cohesiveness

Output: the extend to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain in it

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] forming

Output: the first state of team development in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions and begin to establish team norms

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] storming

Output: the second stage of team development characterized by conflict and disagreement in which team members disagree over what the team should do and how it should do it

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] norming

Output: the third stage of team development in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows and positive team norms develop

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] performing

Output: the fourth stage of team development in which performance improves because the team has matured into an effective fully functioning team

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] structural accomodation

Output: the ability to change organizational structures policies and practices

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] bureaucratic immunity

Output: the ability to make changes without first getting approval from managers or other pars of an organization

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] individualism-collectivism

Output: the degree to which a person believes that people should be self-sufficient and that loyalty to ones self is more imporant than loyalty to ones team or company

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] team level

Output: the avery level of ability experience personality or any other factor in a team

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction


Input: [advantages of teams] team diversity

Output: the variances or differences in ability experience personality or any other factor on a team

Bus232 Unit 10 Managing Teams Flashcards - Cram.com

increase customer satisfaction improve product and service quality speed an efficiency when designing and manufacturing products increased job satisfaction