Input: [2] third stage in cellular respiration This stage is sometimes called the “citric acid cycle,” and it also takes place in the mitochondrion. It takes the 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and reacts them with oxygen to make hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and coenzyme A again. This is actually a long, complicated procedure that involves many reactions which are carefully controlled by enzymes. [1]

Output: Krebs cycle

Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] last stage in cellular respiration This stage produces the most energy of all four stages. Just like the Krebs cycle, it takes place in the mitochondrion. In this stage, the hydrogen that was produced in the previous three stages is carefully reacted with oxygen to make water. This is actually done through a complicated series of enzyme-controlled reactions. [1]

Output: electron transport system

Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] composed of a substance called adenosine linked 3 three phosphate groups. When 1 of the phosphate groups is broken away from the rest of the molecule, a gentle release of energy occurs. This energy is sufficient to accomplish most tasks in a cell, but gentle enough so that it will not harm the cell. [1]

Output: adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The resulting molecule when the phosphate group breaks off from the rest of the molecule (in ATP) and an adenosine attached to 2 phosphate groups is left over. [1]

Output: adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] In anaerobic conditions, the cell eventually converts the pyruvic acid into alcohol or lactic acid. This is called __________ ______________. [1]

Output: cellular fermentation

Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Endocrine [1]

Output: Pancreas is a component of what system.


Input: [2] Duodenum [1]

Output: After passing through the stomach food continues into what?


Input: [2] Colon [1]

Output: Where in gastronintestinal tract does absorption of water primararily occur?


Input: [2] Centrosomes [1]

Output: During mitosis/cell division Spindle fibers are associated with


Input: [2] Surfactant [1]

Output: Breathing properly requires the presence of what compound that affects surface tension of alveoli in the lungs?


Input: [2] Secretion Reabsorption Filtration [1]

Output: What are function of the kidneys


Input: [2] A. Volume B. Mass C. Pressure [1]

Output: 3 Characteristic or property of a gas


Input: [2] Ionic Bond [1]

Output: The combination of sodium and chlorine to form NaCL is considered a/an ___ bond.


Input: [2] To store and transmit hereditary information [1]

Output: What is the job of Nucleic Acid in a cell?


Input: [2] Neurons [1]

Output: What specialized cells that make up nervous system and transmit messages


Input: [2] substance that produces effect by binding to an appropriate receptor [1]

Output: agonist

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Input: [2] substance that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor instead of allowing the agonist to bind to the receptor [1]

Output: antagonist

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] serum containing specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal or animal that has been infected with the microorganism containing antigen [1]

Output: antiserum

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] specific antiserum aimed against a poison that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the serum or plasma of a healthy animals [1]

Output: antitoxin

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacterial vaccine [1]

Output: bacterin

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bound to and precipitated out of solution [1]

Output: chelated

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] recommendation not to use [1]

Output: contraindication

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] movement of solutes from an area of high concentration of particles to one low concentration of particles [1]

Output: diffusion

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amount of medication based on units per weight of animals [1]

Output: dosage

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] time between administrations of a drug [1]

Output: dosage interval

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amount of medication measured [1]

Output: dose

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] agent used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease [1]

Output: drug

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] extent to which a drug causes the intended effect [1]

Output: efficacy

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] originating with the body [1]

Output: endogenous

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] originating outside the body [1]

Output: exogenous

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] water-loving [1]

Output: hydrophilic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] excessive level of blood potassium [1]

Output: hyperkalemia

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] excessive level of blood sodium [1]

Output: hypernatremia

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] solution that has more particles than the solution or cell to which its being compared [1]

Output: hypertonic solution

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deficiency of blood potassium [1]

Output: hypokalemia

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] deficiency of blood sodium [1]

Output: hyponatremia

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] solution that has fewer particles than the solution or cell to which it is being compared [1]

Output: hypotonic solution

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] low circulating blood volume [1]

Output: hypovolemia

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] electrically charged [1]

Output: ionized

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] solution that has equal particles to the solution or cell to which it is being compared [1]

Output: isotonic solution

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] fat-loving [1]

Output: lipophilic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] vaccine, antiserum,or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism [1]

Output: monovalent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] not charged electrically [1]

Output: nonionized

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient [1]

Output: osmosis

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inactive substance that is given for its suggestive effects or substance used as a control in experimental setting [1]

Output: placebo

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] course of treatment [1]

Output: regimen

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] degree of fullness or rigidity caused by fluid content [1]

Output: turgor

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that relieves pain without affecting consciousness [1]

Output: analgesic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that produces a lack of sensation [1]

Output: anesthetic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that works against intestinal worms [1]

Output: anthelmintic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria [1]

Output: antibiotic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that inhibits clot formation [1]

Output: anticoagulant

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that prevents seizures [1]

Output: anticonvulsant

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that prevents watery, frequent bowel movements [1]

Output: antidiarrheal

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that prevents vomiting [1]

Output: antiemetic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that controls itching [1]

Output: antipruritic agent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that reduces fever [1]

Output: antipyretic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that treats neoplasm [1]

Output: antineoplastic agent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on living tissue [1]

Output: antiseptic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that reduces coughing [1]

Output: antitussive

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] state without infection [1]

Output: asepsis

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that kills or damages cells [1]

Output: cytotoxic agent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects [1]

Output: disinfectant

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that induces vomiting [1]

Output: emetic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] agent that kills both internal and external parasites [1]

Output: endectocide

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that prevents or decrease the body's reaction to invasion by disease or foreign material [1]

Output: immunosuppressant

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance affecting muscle contraction [1]

Output: inotrope

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance used to constrict the pupils [1]

Output: miotic agent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance that breaks up mucus and reduces its viscosity [1]

Output: mucolytic

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] substance used to dilate the pupils [1]

Output: mydriatic agent

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] to destroy all organism [1]

Output: sterilize

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] placed side to side [1]

Output: appositional

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] precautions taken to prevent contamination of a surgical wound [1]

Output: asepic technique

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] tearing away of a part [1]

Output: avulsion

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] act of approximating [1]

Output: coaptation

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] removal of material or growths from the surface of a cavity [1]

Output: curettage

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue [1]

Output: debridement

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] disruption or opening of the surgical wound [1]

Output: dehiscence

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] separation or cutting apart [1]

Output: dissect

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] removal of an organ in whole [1]

Output: enucleation

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] easily crumbled [1]

Output: friable

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Viral RNA [What is a virus made of?]

Output: Viral DNA produces...


Input: protease produces protein coat to form viral particle that leaves cell [What is a virus made of?]

Output: After Viral RNA is produced...


Input: A virus with RNA genetic material [What is a virus made of?]

Output: What is a retrovirus?


Input: Retrovirus makes viral DNA [What is a virus made of?]

Output: What is reverse transcription?


Input: Reverse transcriptase - uses viral RNA template to make viral DNA [What is a virus made of?]

Output: What enzyme does the retrovirus contain?


Input: DNA - result of reserve transcription [What is a virus made of?]

Output: What is a provirus?


Input: rights that may not be given away by those who have them [Natural Law]

Output: Inalienable Rights

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement. [Natural Law]

Output: Social Contract (Legitimacy)

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Power given to the king comes from god [Natural Law]

Output: Divine Right of Kings

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The power of the government rests with the people [Natural Law]

Output: Popular sovereignty

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The idea that the individual exists to serve the common good of the country [Natural Law]

Output: Classical Republicanism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Written in the constitution; numbered power. [Natural Law]

Output: Delegated (Enumerated) Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Representation, by vote of the people. [Natural Law]

Output: Republican Government

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Power is shared between local (subnational) and national government [Natural Law]

Output: Federal Government

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Central government has most of the power and decision-making ability [Natural Law]

Output: Unitary Government

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Government where power is split between central government and states. [Natural Law]

Output: Confederation government

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The incapacity to inherit, or pass an inheritance, in consequence of an attainder to which the party has been subject. [Natural Law]

Output: Corruption of Blood

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Power belongs to the states [Natural Law]

Output: Reserved Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Power belongs to the state and national government. [Natural Law]

Output: Concurrent Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Power cannot be exercised [Natural Law]

Output: Denied Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. [Natural Law]

Output: Necessary And Proper (elastic) Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Splitting of national power into 3 parts, legislative, judicial, and executive. [Natural Law]

Output: Separation of Powers

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Each branch has the power to stop the others. [Natural Law]

Output: Checks and Balances

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. [Natural Law]

Output: Full Faith and Credit Clause

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Privileges and Immunities Clause (U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the Comity Clause) prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights. [Natural Law]

Output: Privileges and Immunities Clause

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an official warrant or commission from a government authorizing the designated agent to search, seize, or destroy specified assets or personnel belonging [Natural Law]

Output: Letters of Marque and Reprisal

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler [Natural Law]

Output: Theocracy

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Government with separation of church and state [Natural Law]

Output: Secular Government

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Altering or abolishment of a part of the Constitution [Natural Law]

Output: Amendament

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The act of approving a law or bill. [Natural Law]

Output: Ratify (Ratification)

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Idea that more representation is stronger than less representation. [Natural Law]

Output: Extended Sphere

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Both national and state governments supreme in their own spheres [Natural Law]

Output: Dual federalism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This period marked a substantial growth in the power of the national government and was dominated by the federal Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall [Natural Law]

Output: Nationalization Period

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cooperative federalism, began when Franklin D. Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1933. This period of increased cooperation was made necessary because of the economic collapse during the great depression [Natural Law]

Output: Cooperative Federalism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This period was marked by the use of categorical grants that the national government provided to the states for a specific purpose [Natural Law]

Output: Creative Federalism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: established federal revenue sharing which provided block grants that the states could use for any purpose that they desired, which increased the power of the states to make their own decisions [Natural Law]

Output: New Federalism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This period has been called Competitive Federalism because there was an increased competition between the states and the national government to exert influence and power [Natural Law]

Output: Competitive Federalism

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Rule by identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of political power [Natural Law]

Output: Elites

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One Ruler [Natural Law]

Output: Monarchy

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Direct - People handle problems themselves; Indirect - Representatives are elected to handle problems. [Natural Law]

Output: Democracy

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Few Rulers [Natural Law]

Output: Oligarchy

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Wealthy ruling class [Natural Law]

Output: Aristocracy

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A document issued by a sovereign, legislature, or other authority, creating a public or private corporation, such as a city, college, or bank, and defining its privileges and purposes. [Natural Law]

Output: Charter

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Two Chamber legislature [Natural Law]

Output: Bicameral

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Single Chamber legislature [Natural Law]

Output: Unicameral

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Supported ratification of the constitution [Natural Law]

Output: Federalists

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Opposed ratification of the constitution [Natural Law]

Output: Anti-Federalists

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms [Natural Law]

Output: Compromise

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: provided block grants that the states could use for any purpose that they desired, which increased the power of the states to make their own decisions [Natural Law]

Output: Federal Revenue Sharing

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which increases the power of the states to make their own decisions [Natural Law]

Output: Block Grant

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: grants, issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly-defined purposes [Natural Law]

Output: Categorical Grant

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reversing or removal of a law [Natural Law]

Output: Repeal

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To get rid of a law [Natural Law]

Output: Abolish

AP Government - Unit 1 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Lesser Peritoneal Sac

Output: located in the posterior, behind the stomach

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Falciform Ligament

Output: attaches the liver to the anterior ventral body wall; contains the Ligamentum Teres

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Greater Omentum

Output: “fatty apron” that hangs from the bottom of the stomach’s Greater Curvature

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Lesser Omentum

Output: connects both the liver & gall bladder to the stomach’s Lesser Curvature separates the Greater & Lesser Peritoneal Sacs contains the hepatic triad

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Hepatic triad

Output: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Retroperitoneal Organs

Output: located behind the posterior dorsal body wall… • pancreas • kidneys + adrenals • duodenum (most of it) • descending + sigmoid colon • abdominal aorta • inferior vena cava • thoracic esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Intraperitoneal Organs

Output: those that are located totally within the peritoneal cavity… • liver • gall bladder • spleen • stomach • jejunem + ileum • ascending colon + cecum + appendix • transverse colon • abdominal esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Pancreas

Output: exocrine function = secretes enzymes for lipid & protein digestion endocrine function = secrete insulin & glucagon hormones to regulate blood glucose Head lies against duodenum Tail lies against spleen & left kidney

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Liver

Output: produces bile (gall bladder stores it)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Hepatic Artery

Output: brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Hepatic Portal Vein

Output: brings de-oxygenated blood w/ absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Hepatic Vein

Output: drains the liver of its de-oxygenated blood and continues as the IVC

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gall Bladder

Output: seen off of liver’s right lobe secretes bile (liver produces it)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Spleen

Output: involved in RBC & WBC formation NO digestive function

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Esophageal Hiatus

Output: hole in the diaphragm thru which the esophagus passes from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Cardiac Sphincter

Output: lower esophageal sphincter that prevents regurgitation of gastric contents

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Cardia of Stomach

Output: where food enters from the esophagus contains the Cardiac Sphincter = regulates the entrance of food into the stomach

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Fundus (orad) of Stomach

Output: a small temporary storage area where food remains unmixed w/ HCl

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Body (caudad) of Stomach

Output: where most of the mechanical & chemical digestion of chyme occurs

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Pyloris (antrum) of Stomach

Output: where food gets emptied into the duodenum where food gets emptied into the duodenum

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Rugae

Output: longitudinal folds of the mucosa functions to increase surface area for chemical digestion & provide a rough texture for mechanical digestion

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gastric Pits

Output: little pores in the mucosal rugae of Stomach Gastric glands empty their secretions (enzymes, acid, mucus) into lumen

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Duodenum

Output: C-shaped loop to accommodate the pancreas head mixes food from the stomach w/ bile secretions from the gall bladder Contains Brunner Glands to secrete mucous Contains outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Brunner Glands

Output: located in the submucosa of duodenum instead of the lamina propria like most other glands are Produces mucous secretion to protect duodenum from chyme acidity

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What are the only places in the digestive tract that has glands in the submucosa

Output: Duodenum and middle 1/3 of esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Jejunem

Output: primary responsibility = completion of chemical digestion Contains Plicae Circulares to increase digestive surface area as well as Villi

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Ileum

Output: primary responsibility = completion of absorption of nutrients Contains Peyer’s Patches = areas of lymphoid tissue M-cells = cells of patches that signals immune system

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Peyer’s Patches

Output: Areas of lymphoid tissue that is unique to the ileum only

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Large Intestine

Output: primary function = absorption of water & vitamins Contains: Teniae Coli (3 longitudinal layers of muscularis externa) Haustra (pouches) Epiploic Appendages (fat lobules) Goblet cells Lymphoid tissue

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Where can the highest number of goblet cells be found in the digestive tract

Output: Large Intestine Secrete mucus to aid in passage of fecal matter

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Where cant he highest concentration of lymphoid tissue be found in the GI tract

Output: Large Intestine Due to the enormous amounts of bacteria

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Teniae Coli

Output: 3 longitudinal thickened bands of the muscularis externa layer runs along the entire length of large intestine

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Haustra

Output: pouches of the large intestine due to the tension of the teniae coli

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] celiac artery

Output: supplies foregut structures = stomach, some duodenum, liver, gall bladder, spleen

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What supplies foregut structures

Output: Celiac Artery

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Name foregut structures

Output: stomach, some duodenum, liver, gall bladder, spleen

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] superior mesenteric artery

Output: supplies midgut structures = jejunem + ileum (mesenteric loops), ascending & transverse colon, pancreas

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] what supplies midgut structures

Output: superior mesenteric artery

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Name midgut structures

Output: jejunem + ileum (mesenteric loops), ascending & transverse colon, pancreas

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] inferior mesenteric artery

Output: supplies hindgut structures = transverse + descending + sigmoid colon, rectum

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What supplies hindgut structures

Output: inferior mesenteric artery

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] name hindgut structures

Output: transverse + descending + sigmoid colon, rectum

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Phrenic arteries

Output: Paired supplies diaphragm

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Adrenal arteries

Output: 3 Pairs because extensive vasculature is needed to transport endocrine hormones supplies the adrenal glands

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] External Iliac

Output: Branch of Common Iliac Supplies lower limbs

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Internal Iliac

Output: Branch of Common Iliac Supplies pelvic organs

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Hepatic Portal Vein receives drainage from what structures?

Output: - inferior mesenteric vein - superior mesenteric vein - splenic veins - gastric veins

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] major pelvis

Output: AKA false pelvis contains ONLY the sigmoid colon

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] minor pelvis

Output: AKA true pelvis contains everything else but Sigmoid Colon (Ex: sexual organs)

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the autonomic innervation to foregut

Output: Sympathetic - Celiac Ganglion Parasympathetic - Vagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the autonomic innervation to midgut

Output: Sympathetic - Superior Mesenteric Ganglion Parasympathetic - Vagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the autonomic innervation to hindgut

Output: Sympathetic - Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion Parasympathetic - Pelvic Splanchnic Nerve

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] epithelium of oral cavity, oropharynx, upper esophagus, anal canal

Output: Stratified squamous

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] epithelium of stomach, small & large intestines

Output: Simple columna

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] WHich layer is the thickest in the esophagus

Output: Muscularis Interna layer of Mucosa

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Which layer is substituted by an elastic layer in the oropharynx

Output: Muscularis Interna layer of Mucosa

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] WHere is the Meissner Plexus found

Output: Found in Submucosa layer

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Meissner Plexus

Output: innervates the smooth muscles of the muscularis interna up above to squeeze glands & move villi Found in Submucosa layer

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Muscularis Externa

Output: Contains Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Auerbach's Plexus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Auerbach's Plexus

Output: located in b/t the layers of muscle in Muscularis Externa layer innervates Muscularis Externa for contractions for peristalsis

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Oropharynx

Output: MUCOSA stratified squamous epithelium Dense elastic layer replaced muscularis interna SUBMUCOSA missing MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Skeletal muscle ADVENTITIA

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Esophagus

Output: MUCOSA Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Langerhan Cells in Lamina Propria Mucous Glands in Lamina Propria (Upper and Lower 1/3) Thickest Muscularis Interna SUBMUCOSA Mucous glands (middle 1/3) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Skeletal muscle (upper and middle 2/3) Smooth muscle (middle and lower 2/3) ADVENTITIA Thoracic Esophagus SEROSA Abdominal Esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What layers contributes to the esophagus's longitudinal folds

Output: Mucosa and Submucosa

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Stomach

Output: MUCOSA simple columnar epithelium Vascular Lamina Propria Gastric Pits Rugae Meissner Plexus in Muscularis Interna SUBMUCOSA missing MUSCULARIS EXTERNA 3 layers of smooth muscle (inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal) Pyloric Sphincter has extra thick inner circular layer SEROSA

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Surface Mucous Cells of Stomach

Output: Taller simple columnar cells Forms thick mucus for lubrication & protection against abrasion

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Neck Mucous Cells of Stomach

Output: Shorter simple columnar cells secretes a thinner, more soluble mucus for lubrication & protection against acid attack

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Parietal Cells

Output: Found in Stomach very large, triangular/oval-shaped, eosinophilic cells w/ lots of microvilli and 40% mitochondria secretes Castle’s Gastric Intrinsic Factor for absorption of Vitamin-B12 Produces ingredients for HCl

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Castle’s Gastric Intrinsic Factor

Output: Secretes by Parietal cells for absorption of Vitamin-B12 in colon Deficiency of cells/factor leads to pernicious anemia

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Chief Cells

Output: Located in Stomach serous granular cells secretes Pepsinogen to digest proteins Secretes Renin to digest milk proteins

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Pepsinogen

Output: Secreted by Chief Cells Activated by HCl into Pepsin Digests proteins

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Renin

Output: Secreted by Chief cells Digests milk proteins

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Argentaffin Cells

Output: Located in Stomach stain w/ metallic silver & chromium Includes: G-cells - produces Gastrin A-cells - Secretes Enteroglucagon D-cells - Secretes Somatostatin EC cells - Secretes Serotonin ECL cells - Stimulates gastric secretions APUD cells - Decarboxylates amino acids

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] G-cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells in Stomach Stimulated by protein, distension, feeding Produces: Gastrin to stimulate Parietal cells Promote gastric motility, decreases emptying Promote mucosal cell growth

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gastrin

Output: Secreted by G-cells Stimulates Parietal cells to secrete HCL Promotes Gastrin motility

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] A-cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells in Stomach Secretes Enteroglucagon to increase blood glucose

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Enteroglucagon

Output: Secreted by A-cells Increases blood gluocose lvels Same function as hepatic glucagon

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] D-Cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells in Stomach Stimulated by Acid Secretes Somatostatin to inhibit G-cell

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Somatostatin

Output: Produced by D-cells Inhibits G-cell secretion of Gastrin Therefore lowers HCl and decreases acidity of stomach

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] EC Cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells in Stomach Secretes Serotonin to stimulate Muscularis Interna

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Serotonin

Output: Secretes by EC-cells Stimulates Muscularis Interna to squeeze glands in Lamina Propria and move villi back and forth Increases gastric motility

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] ECL Cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells of Stomach Stimulated by Gastrin Secretes Histamine to increase Gastric secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] APUD Cell

Output: Argentaffin Cells of Stomach Decarboxylates A.A to make digestive hormonese

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Pit:Gland Ratio of Stomach

Output: cardia = 1:1 ratio (pit and gland are equal heights) fundus + body = 1:3 ratio (pit is shorter than the gland) pyloris = 3:1 ratio (pit is taller than the gland)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gland Position of Stomach

Output: Cardia and body have straight glands Pyloris has convoluted glands

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What area of the stomach has the widest lumen

Output: Pyloris

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What structures increase surface area of the small intestine

Output: Plicae Circularis Villi Microvilli (Straited border)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Output: Dips between villi in Small Intestine Lined by simple columnar cells, EC cells and Paneth cells

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the core of Plicae Circularis

Output: Submucosa

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the core of Villi

Output: Lamina Propria

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] How does large intestine differ from small intestine

Output: Shorter length Wider lumne Thicker mucosa Thinner Lamina Propria Purely absorption (no digestion) No Plicae, villi, or brush border (but does have Crypts) Tons of goblet cells and lymphatics

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Anal Canal

Output: MUCOSA Transitions from Simple Columar to Simple squamous Anal Columns (longitudinal folds) No Muscularis Interna SUBMUCOSA Hemorrhoidal plexus of blood vessels MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Smooth muscle (Internal anal sphincter) Skeletal muscle (External anal sphincter)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Histamine

Output: Secretes by ECL Cell Stimulates Gastric Secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] I Cells

Output: Cells of Small Intestine Stimulated by Protein and Fat Secretes Cholecystokinin to stimulate pancreas (bicarbonate) and gallbladder (bile)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Mo-Cells

Output: Cells of Small Intestine Stimulated by Fat and Acid Secretes Motilin to cause GI Motility Waves

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] S-Cells

Output: Cells of Small Intestine Simulated by Acid and Fatty Acids Secretes Secretin to stimulate Pancreas (bicarbonate), Liver (bicarbonate), and stomach (Pepsin)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Cholecystokinin (CKK)

Output: Secreted by I-Cells Stimulates Gallbladder to release Bile Stimulates Pancreas to release bicarbonate

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Motilin

Output: Secreted by Mo-cells stimulate gastric activity

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Secretin

Output: Secreted by S-cells Regulates pH of duodenal contents via control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate from pancreas

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] VIP

Output: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Released by Nerves Relaxes smooth muscles Increases Interstitial Secretion Increases Pancreatic Secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] GRP

Output: Gastric Releasing Protein (BOMBESIN) Released by Nerves Causes stimulates G-cell to increase Gastrin release

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Slow Waves

Output: oscillations in resting membrane potential of smooth muscle AP build up slow waves to lead to Contraction Calcium Dependent

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Phasic Contraction

Output: Short duration (seconds) Occurs in esophagus, antrum stomach, small intestine

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Tonic Contraction

Output: long duration (up to hours) Occurs in cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] pharyngoesophageal sphincter

Output: prevents air from entering at the upper end of esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] gastroesophageal sphincter

Output: prevents gastric contents from regurgitating at the lower end of esophagus

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] receptive relaxation

Output: vasovagal reflex causes the stomach muscles to relax and stretch to accommodate large volume of food

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] what increases contractile force & frequency?...

Output: • Vagus parasympathetic innervation • Gastrin • Motilin

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] what decreases contractile force & frequency?...

Output: • sympathetic innervation • Secretin • GIP

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Where do slow waves start

Output: At orad-caudad border They increase in velocity and amplitude as it spreads to gastroduodenal junction

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Retrorepulsion

Output: gastric contents hit upon the closed pyloric sphincter Causes backflow & mixing

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] migrating motility complex

Output: propels gastric contents + mucus into the duodenum clearing out stomach in between meals Act of eating stops this

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Enterogastric Reflex

Output: receptors in Duodenum Sense osmolarity, pH, lipid content, and gastric contents Controls gastric motility and gastric emptying

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] migrating motor complex

Output: NOT migrating motility complex contractions occur throughout the length of the entire small intestine during fasting sweeps sweep undigested material through the system

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] segmentation

Output: mixing of contents b/c there is not net propulsion along the tract of small intestine

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Emesis

Output: Vomiting

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the primary type of movement in the proximal colon

Output: Segmentation contents are mixed & maximally exposed to absorptive mucosa no net movement

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What is the primary type of movement in the distal colon

Output: Segmentation mixing, maximal exposure, absorption, not net movement

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] What keeps the rectum usually empty

Output: Retrograde movement moves contents back into sigmoid colon Allows you to administer suppository drugs

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] WWhen is there urge to defecate?

Output: When rectum fills to 25% capacity due to mass peristalsis

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Production of HCl

Output: Na/K ATP pumps 3 Na out for 2 K in Na/H exchanger pumps 1H out for 1 Na in K/H ATPase pumps 1H out for 1 K in Inside Parietal, bicarbonate is being created from CO2 and water Bicarbonate/Cl exchanger pumps 1bicarbonate out into blood for 1Cl- into cell Cloride diffuses down gradient back into lumen It combines with H to form gastric acid

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Bicarbonate

Output: Produced by pancreas Neutralizes acidity in duodenum

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] ephalic phase of gastric secretion

Output: occurs even before food enters the stomach Taste and smell stimulates Vagus Vagus increased HCl secretion by direct stimulation of Parietal and releasing Bombesin

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gastric Phase of HCl Secretion

Output: Food activates stretch mechanoreceptors Stimulates Parietal cells to produce HCl Stimulates G-Cells to produce Gastrin --> HCl

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Cephalic Phase of Pancreatic Secretion

Output: tasting, smelling, thinking about food can stimulate chemoreceptors of the Vagus Nerve Causes increase of enzymatic secretions more than bicarbonate secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Gastric Phase of Pancreatic Secretions

Output: distention of the stomach can stimulate mechanoreceptors of the Vagus Nerve Affects enzymatic secretions more than bicarbonate secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Intestinal Phase of Pancreatic Secretions

Output: Acidity of duodenum activates S-cells to stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate Fat and proteins in duodenum activates I-cells to stimulate pancreas to release enzymatic secretions

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Bile

Output: Secreted from gallbladder Produced by liver Required for lipid absorption Contains bile acids, bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids Forms Micelles around insoluble components of fat digestion

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Pernicious Anemia

Output: Due to problem with absorbing Vitamin B12 due to lack of Intrinsic factor or lack of Parietal cells that make it Seen as chronic canker sores in the mouth

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Rickets

Output: Due to problem absorbing Vit-D Manifests as loss of supporting alveolar bone causing periodontal disease

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located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Digestion of Carbs

Output: Begins in mouth w/ Salivary Amylase and continues in orad part of stomach while unmixed Stops in caudad part of stomach when food mixed denaturing enzyme Continues in small intestine w/ Pancreatic Amylase as luminal digestion Membrane digestion occurs at brush border

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Absorption of Carbs

Output: Only monosaccharides can be absorbed Fructose transported via facilitated diffusion Glucose/Galactose transported via active transport

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Digestion of Proteins

Output: Begins in caudad part of stomach w/ HCl and Pepsin Continues in small intestine w/ Pancreatic Proteases Endopeptidases like Trypsin breaks down Inferior Peptide bonds Exopeptidases breaks outside peptide bonds on C-terminal end Membrane proteases on brush border further digest polypeptides Cytoplasmic peptidases inside cell further digest di and tripeptides into amino acids

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Absorption of Proteins

Output: Only amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides can be absorbed Amino acids transported via facilitated diffusion Di and tripeptides transported via active transport (further digested inside cell)

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Digestion of Lipids

Output: Begins in stomach with churning of fat into droplets Emulsification continues in duodenum by bile salts Pancreatic Lipase further breaks lipids

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: [Greater Peritoneal Sac] Absorption of Lipids

Output: Micelles form from bile salts to carry insoluble components of fat digestion Fatty acid binding proteins carry insoluble components through cytoplasm into SER Chylomicrons package SER products and carry to lymphatic system

Org Sys - 3 - GI Tract Flashcards - Cram.com

located in the anterior, in front of all the “intraperitoneal” organs


Input: The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of [perception]

Output: Top-down processing

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between [perception]

Output: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation that a person needs to detect a stimulus [perception]

Output: 50% of the time

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation? [perception]

Output: A trim female figure is imperceptibly flashed on the TV screen during an ad for a weight-reduction clinic.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Subliminal priming effects best illustrate [perception]

Output: that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that [perception]

Output: unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If the just-noticeable difference for a 10ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s). [perception]

Output: 8

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably [perception]

Output: vanish from sight.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the [perception]

Output: blind spot

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The nerve cells that respond to specific aspects of a visual stimulus, such as its shape or its movement, are [perception]

Output: feature detectors

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates [perception]

Output: blindsight

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is [perception]

Output: green

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: . The auditory cortex is most responsive to visual input among those who [perception]

Output: have been deaf from birth

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of [perception]

Output: kinesthesis.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: . Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of [perception]

Output: sensory input.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Experimenters bent a finger slightly backward on the unseen hands of 16 volunteers, while simultaneously severely bending a finger on a visible fake rubber hand. This experiment illustrated the impact of ________ on the volunteers' experience of pain [perception]

Output: phantom limb sensations

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: People with persistent arm pain experienced a reduction in pain after receiving acupuncture with trick needles that retracted without puncturing the skin. The fake acupuncture treatment could best be described as a [perception]

Output: placebo

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Research indicates that we have a receptor for a seeming fifth taste sensation, the meaty taste of [perception]

Output: umami

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Gestalt psychologists emphasized that [perception]

Output: we organize sensory information into meaningful forms.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity refer to ways in which we [perception]

Output: organize stimuli into coherent groups.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Infants are especially likely to avoid crawling over the edge of a visual cliff if they [perception]

Output: have a lot of previous crawling experience.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A 3D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of [perception]

Output: retinal disparity.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as [perception]

Output: linear perspective.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If two identical objects are equally distant from a viewer, the brighter object appears to be [perception]

Output: closer.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The perception that Bugs Bunny is hopping across a movie screen best illustrates [perception]

Output: stroboscopic movement

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Perceiving objects as having consistent shape, size, and color regardless of the angle, distance, and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as [perception]

Output: perceptual set.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Moon just above the horizon typically appears to be unusually [perception]

Output: large because we perceive it as unusually close to ourselves

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can best be explained in terms of [perception]

Output: the misperception of distance.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In one experiment, preschool children judged french fries as tasting better when served in a McDonald's bag rather than a plain white bag. This best illustrates the impact of [perception]

Output: perceptual set

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Schemas are best described as [perception]

Output: concepts that organize sensory input.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and Gestalt principles is most clearly provided by [perception]

Output: a biopsychosocial approach

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Psychologists who help design machines so that they make use of our natural perceptions are called [perception]

Output: human factors psychologists

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called [perception]

Output: parapsychology.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of [perception]

Output: telepathy.

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scientific analyses of the predictive powers of dreams offer support for the existence of [perception]

Output: precognition

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thousands of controlled experiments indicate that [perception]

Output: there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses ESP

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] agonist [2]

Output: substance that produces effect by binding to an appropriate receptor

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antagonist [2]

Output: substance that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor instead of allowing the agonist to bind to the receptor

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antiserum [2]

Output: serum containing specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal or animal that has been infected with the microorganism containing antigen

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antitoxin [2]

Output: specific antiserum aimed against a poison that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the serum or plasma of a healthy animals

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] bacterin [2]

Output: bacterial vaccine

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chelated [2]

Output: bound to and precipitated out of solution

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] contraindication [2]

Output: recommendation not to use

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] diffusion [2]

Output: movement of solutes from an area of high concentration of particles to one low concentration of particles

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dosage [2]

Output: amount of medication based on units per weight of animals

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dosage interval [2]

Output: time between administrations of a drug

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dose [2]

Output: amount of medication measured

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] drug [2]

Output: agent used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] efficacy [2]

Output: extent to which a drug causes the intended effect

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] endogenous [2]

Output: originating with the body

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] exogenous [2]

Output: originating outside the body

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hydrophilic [2]

Output: water-loving

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hyperkalemia [2]

Output: excessive level of blood potassium

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hypernatremia [2]

Output: excessive level of blood sodium

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hypertonic solution [2]

Output: solution that has more particles than the solution or cell to which its being compared

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hypokalemia [2]

Output: deficiency of blood potassium

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hyponatremia [2]

Output: deficiency of blood sodium

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hypotonic solution [2]

Output: solution that has fewer particles than the solution or cell to which it is being compared

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hypovolemia [2]

Output: low circulating blood volume

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ionized [2]

Output: electrically charged

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] isotonic solution [2]

Output: solution that has equal particles to the solution or cell to which it is being compared

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] lipophilic [2]

Output: fat-loving

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] monovalent [2]

Output: vaccine, antiserum,or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] nonionized [2]

Output: not charged electrically

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] osmosis [2]

Output: movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] placebo [2]

Output: inactive substance that is given for its suggestive effects or substance used as a control in experimental setting

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] regimen [2]

Output: course of treatment

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] turgor [2]

Output: degree of fullness or rigidity caused by fluid content

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] analgesic [2]

Output: substance that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] anesthetic [2]

Output: substance that produces a lack of sensation

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] anthelmintic [2]

Output: substance that works against intestinal worms

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antibiotic [2]

Output: substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] anticoagulant [2]

Output: substance that inhibits clot formation

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] anticonvulsant [2]

Output: substance that prevents seizures

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antidiarrheal [2]

Output: substance that prevents watery, frequent bowel movements

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antiemetic [2]

Output: substance that prevents vomiting

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antipruritic agent [2]

Output: substance that controls itching

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antipyretic [2]

Output: substance that reduces fever

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antineoplastic agent [2]

Output: substance that treats neoplasm

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antiseptic [2]

Output: chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on living tissue

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antitussive [2]

Output: substance that reduces coughing

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] asepsis [2]

Output: state without infection

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] cytotoxic agent [2]

Output: substance that kills or damages cells

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] disinfectant [2]

Output: chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] emetic [2]

Output: substance that induces vomiting

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] endectocide [2]

Output: agent that kills both internal and external parasites

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] immunosuppressant [2]

Output: substance that prevents or decrease the body's reaction to invasion by disease or foreign material

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] inotrope [2]

Output: substance affecting muscle contraction

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] miotic agent [2]

Output: substance used to constrict the pupils

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] mucolytic [2]

Output: substance that breaks up mucus and reduces its viscosity

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] mydriatic agent [2]

Output: substance used to dilate the pupils

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sterilize [2]

Output: to destroy all organism

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] appositional [2]

Output: placed side to side

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] asepic technique [2]

Output: precautions taken to prevent contamination of a surgical wound

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] avulsion [2]

Output: tearing away of a part

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] coaptation [2]

Output: act of approximating

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] curettage [2]

Output: removal of material or growths from the surface of a cavity

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] debridement [2]

Output: removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dehiscence [2]

Output: disruption or opening of the surgical wound

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dissect [2]

Output: separation or cutting apart

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] enucleation [2]

Output: removal of an organ in whole

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] friable [2]

Output: easily crumbled

Terminology Chapter 17 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Believe people are born with a potential for both [educational]

Output: rational and irrational thinking

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Believe we have the biological and cultural tendency to think [educational]

Output: crookedly and to needlessly disturb ourselves

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Believe that we learn and invent __________ __________ and keep ourselves disturbed through our _________ [educational]

Output: disturbing beliefs, self-talk

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Believe we have the capacity to change [educational]

Output: our cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: According to Albert Ellis, we are both [educational]

Output: inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The only person who can make you happy or unhappy is [educational]

Output: you life is often unfair and unfortunate things do happen

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Everyone occasionally uses irrational beliefs, but we differ in [educational]

Output: the frequency with which we use them our willingness to challenge them

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: goal [educational]

Output: to change thought patterns

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Directive [educational]

Output: openly acknowledge their expertise. provide a fair amount of direction

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Empathy [educational]

Output: must understand, but not accept beliefs

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Style [educational]

Output: Often very verbal (and very nonverbal) and challenging even in the first sessions

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Focus [educational]

Output: thoughts, not events in present or past

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How are these goals met in therapy? [educational]

Output: 1. Educate about this philosophy: give them meta-awareness about how we think, come to approach the world 2. Heighten awareness of the consequence of their beliefs: "On a scale from 1 to 100..." 3. Identify underlying themes and thought errors ABC(DE)F analysis activating event beliefs consequences dispute the irrational beliefs effects of rational thinking (enjoy) new feeling

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Assumes that ______, _______, and ________, have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship [educational]

Output: cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with _______ as with ________ [educational]

Output: thinking, feeling

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Teaches that our __________ stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations [educational]

Output: emotions

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Irrational ideas lead to [educational]

Output: self-defeating behavior examples: "i must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life" "I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly" "If I don't get what I want, it's terrible and I can't stand it"

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience [1]

Output: Learning


Input: [2] THe process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses [1]

Output: Conditioning


Input: [2] Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response [1]

Output: Classical Conditioning


Input: [2] Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning [1]

Output: Unconditioned Stimulus


Input: [2] Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning [1]

Output: Unconditioned Response


Input: [2] A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest [1]

Output: Neutral Stimulus


Input: [2] Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response [1]

Output: Conditioned Stimulus


Input: [2] Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus [1]

Output: Conditioned Response


Input: [2] A classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus [1]

Output: Conditioned Emotional Response


Input: [2] Learned response to stimuli that are like the original conditioned stimulus [1]

Output: Stimulus Generalization


Input: [2] Learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli [1]

Output: Stimulus Discrimination


Input: [2] Gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response [1]

Output: Extinction


Input: [2] Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response [1]

Output: Spontaneous Recovery


Input: [2] A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus [1]

Output: Higher-Order Conditioning


Input: [2] Leaning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences (also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning) [1]

Output: Operant Conditioning


Input: [2] Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur [1]

Output: Reinforcement


Input: [2] Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur [1]

Output: Punishment


Input: [2] Thorndike's rule that the probablility of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence [1]

Output: Law of Effect


Input: [2] Stimuli that increase the probablity of a response because they satisfy a biological need, such as food, water, and sex [1]

Output: Primary Reinforcers


Input: [2] Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their learned value, such as money and material possessions [1]

Output: Secondary Reinforcers


Input: [2] Adding (or presenting) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur [1]

Output: Positive Reinforcement


Input: [2] Taking away (or removing) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likly to recur [1]

Output: Negative Reinforcement


Input: [2] Using a naturally occurring high-frequency response to reinforce and increase low-frequency responses [1]

Output: Premack Principle


Input: [2] Every correct response is reinforced [1]

Output: Continuous Reinforcement


Input: [2] Some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced [1]

Output: Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement


Input: [2] Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses; the ratio is fixed [1]

Output: Fixed Ratio Schedule


Input: [2] Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio varies [1]

Output: Variable Ratio Schedule


Input: [2] Reinforcement ocurs after a predetermined time has elapsed; the interval (time) is fixed [1]

Output: Fixed Interval Schedule


Input: [2] Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval (time) varies [1]

Output: Variable Interval Schedule


Input: [2] Reinforcement delivered for sucessive approximations of the desired response [1]

Output: Shaping


Input: [2] Adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur [1]

Output: Positive Punishment


Input: [2] Taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur [1]

Output: Negative Punishment


Input: [2] A cue that signals when a specific response will lead to teh expected reinforcement [1]

Output: Discriminative Stimulus


Input: [2] Emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior [1]

Output: Cognitive-Social Theory


Input: [2] Sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution [1]

Output: Insight


Input: [2] A mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated [1]

Output: Cognitive Map


Input: [2] Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs [1]

Output: Latent Learning


Input: [2] Learning new behavior or information by watching others (also known as social learning or modeling) [1]

Output: Observational Learning


Input: [2] A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness [1]

Output: Taste Aversion


Input: [2] Built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses [1]

Output: Biological Preparedness


Input: [2] Conditioned responses shift back toward innate response patterns [1]

Output: Instinctive Drift


Input: [2] An internal record or representation of some prior event or experience [1]

Output: Memory


Input: [2] Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories [1]

Output: Constructive Process


Input: [2] Translating information into neural codes (language) [1]

Output: Encoding


Input: [2] Retaining neurally coded information over time [1]

Output: Storage


Input: [2] Recovering information from memory storage [1]

Output: Retrieval


Input: [2] Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model) [1]

Output: Parallel Distributed Processing


Input: [2] The degree or depth of mental processing that occurs when material is initially encountered determines how well it's later remembered [1]

Output: Levels of Processing


Input: [2] First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds [1]

Output: Sensory Memory


Input: [2] Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory; capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds [1]

Output: Short-Term Memory


Input: [2] Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory [1]

Output: Maintenance Rehearsal


Input: [2] Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit [1]

Output: Chunking


Input: [2] Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent [1]

Output: Long-Term Memory


Input: [2] Subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences [1]

Output: Explicit (Declarative) Memory


Input: [2] A part of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary [1]

Output: Semantic Memory


Input: [2] A part of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life [1]

Output: Episodic Memory


Input: [2] Subsystem within long-term memory that consists of unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming [1]

Output: Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory


Input: [2] Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage [1]

Output: Priming


Input: [2] Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing) [1]

Output: Elaborative Rehearsal


Input: [2] A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored peice of information from long-term memory [1]

Output: Retrieval Cue


Input: [2] Retrieving a memory using a specific cue [1]

Output: Recognition


Input: [2] Retrieving a memory using a general cue [1]

Output: Recall


Input: [2] Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded [1]

Output: Encoding Specificity Principle


Input: [2] Learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method) [1]

Output: Relearning


Input: [2] New information interferes with remembering old information; backward-acting interference [1]

Output: Retroactive Interference


Input: [2] Old information interferes with remembering new information; forward-acting interference [1]

Output: Proactive Interference


Input: [2] Process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable [1]

Output: Consolidation


Input: [2] Feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but of being temporarily unable to retrieve it [1]

Output: Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon


Input: [2] Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle [1]

Output: Serial Position Effect


Input: [2] Forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution) [1]

Output: Source Amnesia


Input: [2] Information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten [1]

Output: Sleeper Effect


Input: [2] Practice (or study) sessions are interspersed with rest periods [1]

Output: Distributed Practice


Input: [2] Time spent learning is grouped (or massed) into long, unbroken intervals (also known as cramming) [1]

Output: Massed Practice


Input: [2] Long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory [1]

Output: Long-Term Potentiation


Input: [2] Loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia [1]

Output: Retrograde Amnesia


Input: [2] Inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward-acting amnesia [1]

Output: Anterograde Amnesia


Input: [2] Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss [1]

Output: Alzheimer's Disease


Input: [2] Memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way [1]

Output: Mnemonic Device


Input: [2] Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge [1]

Output: Cognition


Input: [2] Mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery [1]

Output: Mental Image


Input: [2] Mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics [1]

Output: Concept


Input: [2] A representation of the "best" or most typical example of a category [1]

Output: Prototype


Input: [2] A set of steps that, if followed correctly, will eventually solve the problem [1]

Output: Algorithm


Input: [2] Strategies, or simple rules, used in problem solving and decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it [1]

Output: Heuristics


Input: [2] Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past rater than trying new ones [1]

Output: Mental Set


Input: [2] Tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way [1]

Output: Functional Fixedness


Input: [2] Preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence [1]

Output: Confirmation Bias


Input: [2] Judging the likelihood or probablility of an event based on how readily available other instances of the event are in memory [1]

Output: Availability Heuristic


Input: [2] Estimating the probablity of something based on how well the circumstances match our previous prototypes [1]

Output: Representativeness Heuristic


Input: [2] The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way [1]

Output: Creativity


Input: [2] Thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas; a major element of creativity [1]

Output: Divergent Thinking


Input: [2] Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer [1]

Output: Convergent Thinking


Input: [2] Form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules [1]

Output: Language


Input: [2] Smallest basic unit of speech or sound [1]

Output: Phoneme


Input: [2] Smallest meaningful unit of language formed from a combination of phonemes [1]

Output: Morpheme


Input: [2] Rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts [1]

Output: Grammar


Input: [2] Grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning [1]

Output: Syntax


Input: [2] Meaning, or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combinations [1]

Output: Semantics


Input: [2] Vowel-like sounds infants produce beginning around 2 to 3 months of age [1]

Output: Cooing


Input: [2] Vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months of age [1]

Output: Babbling


Input: [2] Overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word's meaning [1]

Output: Overextension


Input: [2] Two- or three-word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words [1]

Output: Telegraphic Speech


Input: [2] Applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule [1]

Output: Overgeneralize


Input: [2] According to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar [1]

Output: Language Acquisition Device


Input: [2] Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment [1]

Output: Intelligence


Input: [2] Aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age [1]

Output: Fluid Intelligence


Input: [2] Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span [1]

Output: Crystallized Intelligence


Input: [2] Establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test [1]

Output: Standardization


Input: [2] A measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered [1]

Output: Reliability


Input: [2] Ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure [1]

Output: Validity


Input: [2] A condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field [1]

Output: Savant Syndrome


Input: [2] Negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities [1]

Output: Stereotype Threat


Input: [2] Study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death [1]

Output: Developmental Psychology


Input: [2] Development doverned by automatic, genetically predetermined signals [1]

Output: Maturation


Input: [2] A period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shapes the capacity for future development [1]

Output: Critical Period


Input: [William Penn] Quakers

Output: Dissenting English protestants created Pennsylvania for their own religion and their own distinctive social order. The Society of Friends was created by George Fox and called his followers Quakers. Quakers rejected the concepts of predestination and original sin.

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: [William Penn] Mercantilism

Output: This was the foundation of the English economy. Colonies provided a market for England's manufactured goods and raw materials.

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: [William Penn] Navagation Acts

Output: These were laws to regulate colonial trade. It kept Dutch ships out of the English colonies.

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: [William Penn] Roger William

Output: He lived in Salem, Massachusetts and is a minister. He is a confirmed seperatist and argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all alligience to the church of England.

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: [William Penn] Anne Hutchinson

Output: She was a powerful religious figure in her own right. She antagonized the leaders of the Massachusetts colony by arguing that the clergies were not elected.

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: [William Penn] John Coodes Rebellion

Output: s

He was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy. His father owned many important Irish estates. Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism.


Input: • Narrowing (stenosis) of the pyloris (sphincter at the bottom of the stomach); this allows or disallows food or fluid to go from the stomach to the small intestines, & caused by hypertrophy of the muscle (too thick & tight). [Congenital Disorders]

Output: Pyloric Stenosis

Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards - Cram.com


Input:  obstruction at the lower end of stomach caused by hypertrophy of (sphincter) muscles of the pylorus or spasms of sphincter—think of this as a tight rubber band [Congenital Disorders]

Output: Pyloric Stenosis Pathophysiology

Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: • Symptoms usually do not appear until the infant is 2 or 3 weeks old & can happen as early as 7 days, bc the child is on a liquid diet it takes a while for this to manifest • Incidence is higher in boys [Congenital Disorders]

Output: Pyloric Stenosis Symptoms

Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards - Cram.com


Input:  projectile vomiting** of milk and mucus after feeding, dehydration (if vomiting goes on for few days) bc newborn shouldn’t be sick so we wont think gastroenteritis [Congenital Disorders]

Output: Pyloric Stenosis S/S

Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards - Cram.com