Input: [perception] Top-down processing

Output: The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] absolute thresholds and difference thresholds

Output: Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] 50% of the time

Output: The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation that a person needs to detect a stimulus

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] A trim female figure is imperceptibly flashed on the TV screen during an ad for a weight-reduction clinic.

Output: Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation?

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.

Output: Subliminal priming effects best illustrate

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.

Output: Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] 8

Output: If the just-noticeable difference for a 10ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s).

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] vanish from sight.

Output: If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] blind spot

Output: The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] feature detectors

Output: The nerve cells that respond to specific aspects of a visual stimulus, such as its shape or its movement, are

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] blindsight

Output: Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] green

Output: When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] have been deaf from birth

Output: . The auditory cortex is most responsive to visual input among those who

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] kinesthesis.

Output: With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] sensory input.

Output: . Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] phantom limb sensations

Output: Experimenters bent a finger slightly backward on the unseen hands of 16 volunteers, while simultaneously severely bending a finger on a visible fake rubber hand. This experiment illustrated the impact of ________ on the volunteers' experience of pain

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] placebo

Output: People with persistent arm pain experienced a reduction in pain after receiving acupuncture with trick needles that retracted without puncturing the skin. The fake acupuncture treatment could best be described as a

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] umami

Output: Research indicates that we have a receptor for a seeming fifth taste sensation, the meaty taste of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] we organize sensory information into meaningful forms.

Output: Gestalt psychologists emphasized that

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] organize stimuli into coherent groups.

Output: The Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity refer to ways in which we

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] have a lot of previous crawling experience.

Output: Infants are especially likely to avoid crawling over the edge of a visual cliff if they

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] retinal disparity.

Output: A 3D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] linear perspective.

Output: The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] closer.

Output: If two identical objects are equally distant from a viewer, the brighter object appears to be

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] stroboscopic movement

Output: The perception that Bugs Bunny is hopping across a movie screen best illustrates

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] perceptual set.

Output: Perceiving objects as having consistent shape, size, and color regardless of the angle, distance, and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] large because we perceive it as unusually close to ourselves

Output: The Moon just above the horizon typically appears to be unusually

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] the misperception of distance.

Output: The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can best be explained in terms of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] perceptual set

Output: In one experiment, preschool children judged french fries as tasting better when served in a McDonald's bag rather than a plain white bag. This best illustrates the impact of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] concepts that organize sensory input.

Output: Schemas are best described as

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] a biopsychosocial approach

Output: An integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and Gestalt principles is most clearly provided by

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] human factors psychologists

Output: Psychologists who help design machines so that they make use of our natural perceptions are called

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] parapsychology.

Output: The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] telepathy.

Output: Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] precognition

Output: Scientific analyses of the predictive powers of dreams offer support for the existence of

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: [perception] there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses ESP

Output: Thousands of controlled experiments indicate that

Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called


Input: A schedule showing the amounts of a good or service that buyers (or a buyer) wish to purchase at various prices during some time period. [Demand]

Output: Demand Schedule

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The principal that, other things equal, an increase in a product's price will reduce the quantity of it demanded, and conversely for a decrease in price. [Demand]

Output: Law of Demand

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In any specific time period, each buyer of a product will derive less satisfaction (or benefit, or utility) from each successive unit of the product consumed. [Demand]

Output: Diminishing Marginal Utility

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in the quantity demanded of a product that results from the change in real income (purchasing power) caused by a change in the product's price. [Demand]

Output: Income Effect

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (1) a change in the quantity demanded of a consumer good that results from a change in its relative expensiveness caused by a change in the product's price; (2) the effect of a change in the price of a resource on the quantity of the resource employed by a firm, assuming no change in its output. [Demand]

Output: Substitution Effect

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A curve illustrating demand. [Demand]

Output: Demand Curve

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Factors other than price that determine the quantities demanded of a good or service. 1) consumers' tastes (preference) 2) the number of buyers in the market 3) consumers' incomes 4) the prices of related goods 5) consumer expectations. [Demand]

Output: Determinants of Demand

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A good or service whose consuption increases when income increases and falls when income decreases, price remaining constant. [Demand]

Output: Normal Goods

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A good or service whose consuption declines as income rises (and conversely), price remaining constant. [Demand]

Output: Inferior Goods

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Products or services that can be used in place of each other. When the price of one falls, the demand for the other product falls; conversely, when the price of one product rises, the demand for the other product rises. [Demand]

Output: Substitute Good

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Products and services that are used together. When the price of one falls, the demand for the other increases (and conversely). [Demand]

Output: Complementary Good

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in the quantity demanded of a good or service at every price; a shift of the demand curve to the left or right. [Demand]

Output: Change in Demand

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in the amount of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase because of a change in the product's price. [Demand]

Output: Change in Quantity Demanded

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amounts of a good or service that sellers (or a seller) will offer at various prices during some period. [Demand]

Output: Supply

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A schedule showing the amounts of a good or service that sellers (or a seller) will offer at various prices during some period. [Demand]

Output: Supply Schedule

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The principle that, other things equal, an increase in the price of a product will increase the quantity of it supplied, and conversely for a price decrease. [Demand]

Output: Law of Supply

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A curve illustrating supply. [Demand]

Output: Supply curve

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Factors other than price that determine the quantities of a good or service. 1) resource prices 2) technology 3) taxes and subsidies 4) prices of other goods 5) producer expectations 6) the number of sellers in the market. [Demand]

Output: Determinants of Supply

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in the quantity supplied of a good or service at every price; a shift of the supply curve to the left or right. [Demand]

Output: Change in Supply

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A change in the amount of a product that producers offer for sale because of a change in the product's price. [Demand]

Output: Change in Quantity Supplied

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The price in a competitive market at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal, there is neither a shortage nor a surplus, and there is no tendency for price to rise or fall. [Demand]

Output: Equilibrium Price

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1) The quantity demanded and supplied at the equilibrium price in a competitive market; 2) the profit-maximizing output of a firm. [Demand]

Output: Equilibrium Quantity

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount by which the quantity supplied of a product exceeds the quantity demanded at a specific (above-equilibrium) price. [Demand]

Output: Surplus

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The amount by which the quantity demanded of a product exceeds the quantity supplied at a particular (below equilibrium) price. [Demand]

Output: Shortage

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The production of a good in the least costly way; occurs when production takes place at the output at which average total cost is a minimum and marginal product per dollar's worth of input is the same for all inputs. [Demand]

Output: Productive Efficiency

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The apportionment of resources among firms and industries to obtain the production of the products most wanted by society (consumers); the output of each product at which its marginal cost and price or marginal benefit are equal. [Demand]

Output: Allocative Efficiency

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sets the maximum legal price a seller may charge for a product or service. [Demand]

Output: Price Ceiling

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A minimum price fixed by the government for a product or service. [Demand]

Output: Price Floor

Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: experimental data

Output: data collected in laboratory environments

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: empirical analysis

Output: the use of data to test a theory or estimate a relationship

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: economic model

Output: a model consisting of mathematical equations that describe various relationships

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: econometric model

Output: a mathematic model founded on the theories of the economic model that solves its ambiguities

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: cross-sectional data set

Output: a sample of individuals, households, firms, cities, states, countries, or a variety of other units, taken at a given point in time

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: random sampling

Output: a tool used to simplify the analysis of cross-sectional data; a sampling scheme

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: time series data

Output: observations on a variable or several variables over time. Difficult to study because economic observations can rarely be assumed to be independent across time.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: data frequency

Output: a feature of time series data that usually exists on a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual schedule

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: pooled cross section

Output: data sets with both cross-sectional and time series features, in which sample size is increased by combining data gathered in multiple places in time

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: panel data/longitudinal data

Output: a data set consisting of a time series for each cross-sectional member in the data set. These are more difficult to obtain than pooled cross sections.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: ceteris paribus

Output: other relevant factors being equal; a factor in determining causal relationships by accounting for other variables

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: simple linear regression model/two-variable linear regression model/bivariate linear regression model

Output: a method of measuring how two variables relate to one another

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: other names for "y"

Output: dependent variable, explained variable, response variable, predicted variable, regressand

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: other names for "x"

Output: independent variable, explanatory variable, control variable, predictor variable, regressor

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: variable "u"

Output: error term; disturbance factors other than x and y. Treated by simple regression analysis as unobserved. When assumption E(u given x)=E(u) holds, u is mean independent of x.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: Beta sub 1

Output: the slope parameter for the linear relationship that exists when the change in u is 0. Central in applied economics.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: Bet sub 0

Output: intercept parameter, aka the constant term. Rarely central to analysis.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: zero conditional mean assumption

Output: E(u given x)=0. This is the result of the assumption that E(u)=0 and that E(u given x)=E(u).

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: population regression function (PRF)

Output: E(y given x)

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: Ordinary Least Squares (answer is a formula in the book)

Output: page 29, estimates 2.17 and 2.19 a method for estimating the parameters of a multiple linear regression model. These estimates are obtained by minimizing the sum of squared residuals

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: fitted value (answer is in book)

Output: page 30, 2.20 The estimated values of the dependent variable when the values of the independent variables for each observation are plugged into the OLS regression line.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: residual

Output: difference between an actual variable and its fitted value

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: first order conditions for the OLS estimates (answer in book)

Output: page 29, 2.14 & 2.15 The set of linear equations used to solve for the OLS estimates

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: OLS regression line (answer in book)

Output: page 32, 2.23 The equation relating the predicted value of the dependent variable to the independent variables, where the parameter estimates have been obtained by OLS

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: sample regression function (SRF)

Output: page 32, 2.23 The equation relating the predicted value of the dependent variable to the independent variables, where the parameter estimates have been obtained by OLS

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: total sum of squares (SST)

Output: the total sample variation in a dependent variable about its sample average

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: explained sum of squares (SSE)

Output: the total sample variation of the fitted values in a multiple regression model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: residual sum of squares (SSR)/sum of squared residual

Output: in multiple regression analysis, the sum of the squared OLS residuals across all observations

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: r-squared/coefficient of determination

Output: r^2=SSE/SST=1-SSR/SST in a multiple regression model, the proportion of the total sample variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: elasticity

Output: the percentage change in one variable given a 1% ceteris paribus increase in another variable


Input: heteroskedasticity

Output: page 53, slr.5 The error u has the same variance given any value of the explanatory variable. The variance of the error term, given the explanatory variables, is not constant

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: error variance/disturbance variance

Output: sigma squared the variance of the error term in a multiple regression model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: degrees of freedom

Output: in multiple regression analysis, the number of observations minus the number of estimated parameters

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: standard error of the regression (SER)

Output: the natural estimator of sigma; page 58 2.62 in multiple regression analysis, the estimate of the standard deviation of the population error, obtained as the square root of the sum of squared residuals over the degrees of freedom.

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: partial effect

Output: the effect of an explanatory variable on the dependent variable, holding other factors in the regression model fixed

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: perfect collinearity

Output: in multiple regression, one independent variable is an exact linear function of one or more other independent variables

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: exogenous explanatory variable

Output: a variable that is uncorrelated with the error term in the model of interest and used to explain variation in the dependent variable

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: endogenous explanatory variable

Output: an expalnatory variable in a multiple regression model that is correlated with the error term, either because of an omitted variable, measurement error, or simultaneity

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: inclusion of an irrelevant variable/overspecifying the model

Output: the including of an explanatory variable in a regression model that has a zero population parameter in estimating an equation by OLS

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: excluding a relevant variable/underspecifying the model

Output: in multiple regression analysis, leaving out a variable that has a nonzero partial effect on the dependent variable

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: misspecification analysis

Output: the process of determining likely biases that can arise from omitted variables, measurement error, simultaneity, and other kinds of model misspecification

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: omitted variable bias

Output: the bias that arises in the OLS estimators when a relevant variable is omitted from the regreession

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: upward bias

Output: the expected value of an estimator is greater than the population parameter value

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: downward bias

Output: the expected value of an estimator is below the population value of the parameter

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: biased toward zero

Output: a description of an estimator whose expectation in absolute value is less than the absolute value of the population parameter

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: Gauss-Markov assumptions

Output: the set of assumptions under which OLS is BLUE

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: standard deviation of beta hat

Output: pg. 102 3.58 the square root of the variance

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: Gauss-Markov Theorem

Output: under the five Gauss-Markov assumptions the OLS estimator is BLUE

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: normality assumption

Output: the classical linear model assupmtion that states that the error has a normal distribution, conditional on the explanatory variables

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: minimum variance unbiased estimators

Output: an estimator with the smallest variance in the class of all unbiased estimators, no JOKE Sherlock

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: null hypothesis

Output: in classical hypothesis testing, we take this hypothesis as true and require the data to provide substantial evidence against it

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: t statistic/t ratio

Output: the statistic used to test a single hypothesis about the parameters in an econometric model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: alternative hypothesis

Output: the hypothesis against which the alternative hypothesis is tested

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: one-sided hypothesis

Output: an alternative hypothesis that states that the parameter is greater than or less than the value hypothesized under the nul

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: significance level

Output: the probability of Type I error in hypothesis testing

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: critical value

Output: in hypothesis testing, the value against which a test statistic is compared to determine whether or not the null hypothesis is rejected

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: one-tailed test

Output: a hypothesis test against a one-sided alternative

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: statistically significant

Output: rejecting the null hypothesis that a parameter is equal to zero against the specified alternative, at the chosen significance level

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: economic significance/practical significance

Output: the practice or economic importance of an estimate, which is measured by its sign and magnitude, as opposed to its statistical significance

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: exclusion restrictions

Output: restrictions that state that certain variables are excluded from the model or have zero populaation coefficients

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: multiple restrictions

Output: more than one restriction on the parameters in an econometric model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: multiple hypotheses test/ joint hypotheses test

Output: test of a null hypothesis involving more than one restriction on the parameters

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: restricted model

Output: in hypothesis testing, the model obtained after imposing all of the restrictions required under the null

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: F statistic

Output: a statistic used to test multiple hypotheses about the parameters in a multiple regression model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: numerator degrees of freedom

Output: in an F test, the number of restrictions being tested

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: denominator degrees of freedom

Output: in an F test, the degrees of freedom in the unrestricted model

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: jointly statistically significant

Output: the null hypothesis that two or more explanatory variables have zero population coefficients is rejected at the chosen significance level

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: R-squared form of the F statistic

Output: the F statistic for testing exclusion restrictions expressed in terms of the R-squareds from the restricted and unrestricted models

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: overall significance of the regression

Output: a test of the joint significance of all explanatory variables appearing in a multiple regression equation

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: asymptopic properties/large sample properties

Output: properties of estimators and test statistics that apply when the sample size grows without bound

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: consistency

Output: an estimator converges in probability to the correct population value as the sample size grows


Input: asymptopic bias

Output: bias in an estimator that is always toward zero; thus, the expected value of an estimator with attenuation bias is less in magnitude than the absolute value of the parameter

data not accumulated through controlled experiment


Input: colonoscopy ever 10 after 50 every 5, felixibel sigmoidoscopy barium enema or ct colongraphy

Output: what are the colorectal cancer screening guidlines?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: peutz jeghers (less common than other types of polyps)

Output: hamartomatous polyps including smooth muschle growth

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: neoplastic adenomas

Output: what is the most common type of polyp in western world?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: hyperplastic poyps, usually samll left sided asymptomatic

Output: what type of polyp is most commonly seen in colonoscopy?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: hyperplastic polyps (serrated)

Output: saw tooth glands star shaped configuration hypermature epithelium that doesnt shed non neoplastic, but a lot could predispose for malignancies goblet cell rich

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: sessile serrated adenoma

Output: saw tooth edge star shpaed gland flask shaped glands inverted growth pattern (mimics malignancy) Pre malignant! larger, ridht sided

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: traditional serrated adenoma

Output: jagged star shaped moprphology eosinophilic scyotplasm elngoated nuclei rare left sided, villiform

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: small bowel adenomatous polyps

Output: older female pts polyps around ampuularry region large tumor: obstruction jaundice ag pain pancreatits

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: large bowel adenomatous polyps

Output: 50% of people after age 50 in west family history and syndromes earlier stong genetic and nutironal factors oftern asymp, but may presen w/ occult bleed or iron defieincy anemia

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: oh year

Output: are all adenomas considered premalignant?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: tubular villous tubulovillous elongated nuclei loss of polarity increased mitosis

Output: histology of subtypes of adenomatous polyps:

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: high grade dysplastic adenomas

Output: hyperchromatic nuclei, rounded cells, loss of polarity, mor mitosis more inflammaiton and necrosis cribriform growth pattern, invasion of stroma

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: 85% chromosomal insability (mostly APC/beta catenin path 15% microsatelite instaily: altered size of repetitive DNA sequences and defectiv DNA mismatch repair enzymes

Output: what are two molecular pathways for genoic insability of adenocarcinomas?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: normal colon--> hit in germilne or tumor suppressor genes (APC or beta catenin) mucosal has lost one allele for sumre suppp, other tummor supp allele gets hit through methylaiton of promoter -->complete loss of APC upregulaiton or increased mutaiton of proto oncogenes K_RAS adenoma ACCUMULATION OF HITS OVER TIME LEAD TO CARCINOMA AND INVASION

Output: what is the adenoma carcinama preogression?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: another tsg gets hit (MLH1 or MSH2) loss of intial allele followed by lsos of 2nd leads to sessile serrated adenomas and hyperplastic looking polyps more mutations lead to invasive carcinomas

Output: what is the microsatelit adenmo carc progresion?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: risk: meat consumption (nitrosamines and heterocyclic compounds) alcohol protect: veggies, folate, fiber, nsaids hormomen replacement

Output: whar are some biloglical risk factos/protectors for colorectal carcinoma?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: half cecum/ascending half rectum sigmoid

Output: where are colorect adenocarcinomas distributed

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: adenocarcinoma: narrowed lumen, odd bowel habits

Output: apple core lession

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: poorly differentiated; easy to miss bc few cells in biopsy eccentric nuclei, mucin droplets poor prognosis

Output: signet ring cell adenocarcinoma

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: AD germ mutaiton of APC >100 polyps 100% risk of cancer

Output: what is Familial adenomatous polyposis?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: extra intestinal manifestations of FAP

Output: osteomas desmoid tumors congenital hypertophy of renial pigme (Gardeners) brain gliomas

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: 5q21 (apc tummor suppressor)

Output: where does the FAP germ mut occur

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: sporadci

Output: what is the most common type of colon cancer (sporadic, genetic, etc.)

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: highest: appendix loswet colon most common: SI

Output: highest and lowest survival rate locations of Neuro endocrin tumors?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: carcinoid syndrome

Output: flushing, diarrhea, astham, tricuspid regurge high circulat levels of hormones (serotonin) mestastais to liver

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: by mitotic count morphology doesnt tell you how its going to act

Output: how do you stage NET?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: GIST

Output: middle aged older pts rarely congenital soft tissue tumor in stomach


Input: ICC interstitial cels of cajal

Output: what is the cell origin of GIST

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: cKit or platelet derived fowth facter recpeto alspha mutlation (a tyrosine kinase)

Output: what pathway is GIST related to?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: spindle cell morphology epitheliod morphology

Output: what are GIsT histological subtypes:

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: leiomyomas

Output: arise form lamina propira or muscularis mucosa spindle cells perinuclear vacuoles


Input: leiomyosarcoma

Output: like leiomyoma but more malignant: increase mitosis and necrosis

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: large B cell lymphoma verry aggressive

Output: what is the most common type of hematopoetic neoplasm?

GI- Intestinal Neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com

what is the most likely layer for neoplais to arise from?


Input: what an able and informed buyer will pay and an able and informed seller will accept if property is offered on the market for a reasonable time and neither buyer nor seller is under any undue pressure to buy or sell [value]

Output: Market Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is another name for "Market Value"? [value]

Output: Arms Length Transaction

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a personal view of value by the buyer or seller [value]

Output: subjective value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a percentage of value used to calculate ad valorem taxes (prop taxes) [value]

Output: Asessed Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a percentage of the sales price or appraised value, whichever is less, that the lender will loan [value]

Output: Loan Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does LTV Ratio stand for? [value]

Output: Loan to Value Ratio

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the adj cost basis from which a capital gain or loss is calculated when the prop is sold. [value]

Output: Book Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: On prop used in a trade or buisness, it is the cost plus capital improvements less deprectiation. For a person's home, it is the cost plus capital improvements TRADE OR BUSINESS Cost + Cap Improv - Depreciation Residental Cost + Cap Improvements [value]

Output: Book Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the cost of replacing an improvement destroyed by flood, fire, storm, etc Does not include depreciation or the value of the land. [value]

Output: Insured Value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name 4 characteristics of Value [value]

Output: D emand U tility S carcity T ransferablity

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the desire and ability of a buyer to buy a property [value]

Output: demand

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ability of the prop to meet the needs of the buyer [value]

Output: utility

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the supply or availability of real estate for sale in the market place [value]

Output: scarcity

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a clear, marketable title without encumbrances [value]

Output: transferability

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when there are 2 or more prop for sale and one is priced lower than the others, the lower priced prop will sell first as long as it is equally desirable. [value]

Output: substitution

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: T or F the sales price of an equally desirable prop sets the upper limits of value for all similar prop [value]

Output: True

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the legal use which provides the owner with the greatest net income or amenities [value]

Output: Highest and Best Use

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Btw dissimlar prop, the worth of the better prop is adversley affected by the presence of a lesser-quality prop. [value]

Output: regression

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: give an example of regression [value]

Output: Building a $100,000 home in a $80,000 neighborhood

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Btw dissimilar prop, the worth of the lesser prop is favorable affected by the presence of a better-quality prop. [value]

Output: progression

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: give an example of progression. [value]

Output: Building a $80,000 home in a $100,000 neighborhood.

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: profit breeds _________; if the purchasing power of the public is suficient, more businesses will be successful and values will increase. [value]

Output: competition

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: stable values result when there is a _________ btw real estate usage and the needs of the community [value]

Output: balance

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when real estate needs, location preferences and uses are subj to What? [value]

Output: Change

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Maximum value is realized when there is social, economic and physical homogeneity [value]

Output: conformitiy

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the anticipation of a future benefit or detriment affects value [value]

Output: anticipation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what an improvement adds to the value of the prop, or its absence detracts from the value [value]

Output: contribution

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: adding improvements to land will increase the value of the land up to a point where the value will no longer increase [value]

Output: increasing & diminishing returns

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the process of merging adjoining lots together [value]

Output: assemblage

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the equation to calculate Book Value on a residental property when sold? [value]

Output: Cost + Capital Improv

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the equation to calculate Book Value on a business or trade prop when sold? [value]

Output: Cost + Capital Improv - Depreciation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: It is used to take advantage of the principal of value known as pottage [value]

Output: assemblage

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: action of the sun and prevailing winds [value]

Output: elements

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: attractive or desirable features that make it enjoyable to own property [value]

Output: amenitites

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: value is affected by style, construction and design [value]

Output: architectural design

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: value is affected by both govt and private restrictions [value]

Output: zoning & bldg restrictions

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: corner lots often have more value than other lots; especially commercial lots [value]

Output: corner influence

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prop in the path of growth will have more value than other prop. [value]

Output: growth pattern

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ________ preference affects value and is the first consideration of buyers [value]

Output: location

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: business trends, wage levels, interest rates, the availablity of credit, etc affect the value of real estate [value]

Output: economic factors

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: placement of improvements on land affects value [value]

Output: orientation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an _______ shaped tract of land will not have as much value as a well ________ tract of land with the same number of square feet. [value]

Output: irregularly proportioned

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: values and neighborhood boundaries are defined by the ________ characteristics of the occupants of the area...this is called what? [value]

Output: social social atmosphere

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what does this describe? hillside land is costly to develop; flat land may be monotonous; gently rolling terrain is less costly to develop w/o being monotonous; a subdivision with a buffer has more value [value]

Output: topography

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a strip of land separating one land use from another. [value]

Output: buffer or buffer zone

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: give an example of a buffer. [value]

Output: a subdivder leaving undeveloped land, a park, or line of trees btw residental and commercial usage.

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name 3 life's of property [value]

Output: Economic Life Physical Life Life cylce of prop

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: period over which a structure produces a profit or adds value to the land [value]

Output: economic life

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: which is shorter: physical life or economic life [value]

Output: economic life

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the period over which a structure will safely stand [value]

Output: physical life

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name the 3 parts of the life cycle of prop [value]

Output: Integration equilibruim disintegration

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: develompent of the land [value]

Output: integration

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when value is at its max [value]

Output: equilibrium

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the declining of value from its max or equilibrium states [value]

Output: disintegration

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the actual age of the structure [value]

Output: chronological age

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the apparent age of a structure due to its condition [value]

Output: effective age

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an estimate or opinion of value [value]

Output: appraisal

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (should or should not) an appraiser appraise outside his/her field of experience? [value]

Output: should not

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (should or should not) an appraiser appraise propertyin which s/he has an interest? [value]

Output: should not

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An appraisers fee should be based on _____ and ______; not on the estimate of value. [value]

Output: time expenses

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if the appraiser is also a RE licensee, s/he (should or should not) appraise prop they are listing. [value]

Output: should not

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the purpose of an appraisal? [value]

Output: to obtain a listing price, purchase price, taxes, condemnation, insurance policy and loans

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name the 5 steps in the Appraisal process [value]

Output: Define the problem Make a preliminary survey Gather data use the data reconciliation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is another name for reconciliation? [value]

Output: correlation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what info is gathered in the appraisal process? [value]

Output: economy neighborhood the property

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to arrive at the final estimate of value [value]

Output: reconciliation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How many different reports can the appriaser make? [value]

Output: Oral report Letter report Form report Narrative report

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name 3 approaches to appraising [value]

Output: sales comparison approach income approach cost approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an appraisal best for older residential and raw land [value]

Output: sales comparison approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an appraisal for income producing properties [value]

Output: income approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an appraisal best for new residential and special purpose buildings [value]

Output: cost approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: under the sales comparison approach name the points of camparability [value]

Output: sales price and financing date of sale location physical features amenitites

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the sales comparison approach is usually considered the most (inaccurate or accurate), providing adequate data is available. [value]

Output: accurate

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: who uses comparative market anaylsis (CMA) and why? [value]

Output: agents and brokers to estimate value for listing purposes

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What other approach is similar to the sales comparison approach? [value]

Output: (CMA) comparative market anaylsis

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: estimates the value of property based on its ______ _______ capabilities. this is which appraisal approach? [value]

Output: income producing income approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Net income [value]

Output: income after expenses

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what expenses are excluded from net income? [value]

Output: mortgage payments depreciation

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when doing capitalization problems, use (weekly, monthly or annual) net operating income. [value]

Output: annual

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the formula for effective gross income? [value]

Output: + max gross income - vacancy rate - collection problems + other income (vending laundry) = effective gross income

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the formula for net operating income? [value]

Output: + Effective gross income - Expenses = net operating income

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a capitalization method that seperates the land from the bldg adn has a different cap rate for each. [value]

Output: Building Residual Method

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: converts gross rent into value [value]

Output: gross rent multiplier

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what is the formula for gross rent muliplier (GRM)? [value]

Output: sale price/ rent = grm or subj rent x grm = value

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: this appraisal approach is based on the assumption that the cost of reproducing the improvements is the upper limit of value [value]

Output: cost approach

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: name the 4 steps in the cost approach [value]

Output: Estimate the cost of reproducing the structure Estimate the accrued depreciation Calculate the depreicated value by subtracting the amount of depreciation from the reproduction cost Add the value of the land to the depreciated value of the structure

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Name 3 methods of determining costs. [value]

Output: quantity survey method unit in place method square/cubic foot method

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: what are the steps to the quantity survey method? [value]

Output: Estimate the cost of all physical components in the improvements + the cost to assemble or install them + the indirect costs associated witht eh construction (architect fees, bldg permits, insurance etc)

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How is the cost determined using the unit-in-place method? [value]

Output: pricing various units of the structure on an installed basis such as walls, roof, heating & a/c, electric wiring, etc.

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: use (inside or outside) measurements on the area used as living quarters only. [value]

Output: outside

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: using the sq ft method what things are calculated seperately? [value]

Output: porches, garages, basements

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: using the sq ft method, volume is calculated on storage bldgs such as what? [value]

Output: Warehouses, barns and silos.

Valuation & Appraisal Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Define a Group] Mere presence:

Output: when people are not competing, do not reward or punish and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience or as co actors

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] co actors

Output: a group of people working simultaneously and individually on noncompetitive task.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Social Facilitation

Output: Two meanings: 1: First is that of better performance in simple tasks in the presence of others. 2. The strengthening of already dominant abilities in an individual in the presence of others. (finding by Zajonc)

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] What does the term "a good house is a full house" imply?

Output: The notion that the more people are there are, reactions are increased even more. For example if sitting in a crowd, the laughter of some will more likely induce your own laughter.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] When would crowding hinder performance?

Output: When the task given is not dominant (easy), or when there is hyper arousal and self consciousness.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Evaluation Apprehension

Output: The knowledge that one is being evaluated/observed by others in a crowd during task performance causes increased performance.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Driven by Distraction

Output: the theory states that when the individual is in the presence of others, attention is payed both to self-consciousness and evaluation of others. this split in awareness causes arousal.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Name the three reasons why social facilitation occurs?

Output: Evaluation apprehension, Driven by Distractions, and Mere Presence of others.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Describe Alan Inghams experiment (Has to do with ropes)

Output: An experiment testing for social loafing, where the an individual told to pull a rope blindfolded put 18% more effort than when told that 2to 5 other people were pulling as well (still blindfolded)

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Social Loafing

Output: the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Free Riding

Output: Individuals who benefit from the the group but give little in return.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] One cause for social loafing?

Output: the diffusion of responsibility or evaluation apprehension hence the need for perform as well.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] When does social loafing not occur in a group setting?

Output: When the task is challenging, appealing or involving. Also when group is friends or someone other than strangers (generally)

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] De individuation

Output: loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] How does physical anonymity effect individuals?

Output: It creates De-individuation, less self consciousness, less evaluation apprehensions but also it creates the individual more responsive to the cues present in the situation at hand.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] What is the opposite of self awareness?

Output: De-individuation

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Diminished self awareness leads to a disconnection of behavior to attitude

Output: Thus the reason for impulsive actions found within groups.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Risky shift phenomenon

Output: When decisions are made within a group, opinions and decisions tend to be more risky.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Group Polarization:

Output: group-produced enhancement of members' pre-existing tendencies, a strengthening of members' average tendency, not a split within the group.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Too much invested to quit phenomenon

Output: where the investment of an opinion thought or action makes the person feel more inclined to invest further. for example businesses that have invested already, feel that more investment may in fact save their businesses.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Accentuation phenomenon

Output: When the initial differences between groups is accentuated over time due to group reinforcement.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Name two reasons for group polarization

Output: Informational influence Normative influence

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] What is informational influence

Output: Information influence are those arguments/opinions or discussions which polarize the individual onto one groups side.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] What is Normative influence?

Output: The tendency to polarize towards a certain group or side, mostly on the basis to fit into the group, to be seen favorably by the group etc.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] What is Leon festinger's theory of social comparison

Output: we find identity in ourselves by comparing our abilities and opinions with others.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Persuasive Arguments are more effective in creating group polarization when what type of argument if presented?

Output: when the argument involves fact laden

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] How can group polarization occur when there is value laden argument/opinion?

Output: When there is group comparisons, or social comparisons that occur.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Leadership

Output: the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] task leadership

Output: where the organization of work, setting standards, and focusing on goal attainment is necessary

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Social Leadership

Output: work are building teamwork, mediating conflicts, and being supportive.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] Transactional leadership

Output: are effective in both task leadership and social leadership.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] transformational leaders

Output: where the individual exhibits behaviours that help make a minority view persuasive.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] name the characteristics of a transformational leader

Output: Charismatic, Energetic, and self-confident extraverts.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: [Define a Group] minority slowness effect

Output: where the minority has a tendency to express minority views less quickly than than the majority.

Social Psychology Group Influence Chapter 7 Flashcards - Cram.com

Two or more people who interact and influence one another.


Input: from the supraorbital margins anteriorly to the EOP posteriorly and laterally down to the zygomatic arch

Output: the scalp extends where

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: because infection can spread from the scalp to the dural venous sinuses via emissary v v.

Output: Why is thy 4th layer of scalp considered the "dangerous area"

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the frontal and occipital belly

Output: what are the muscles of the scalp

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: origin-epicranial aponeurosis insertion- skin superior to eyebrows

Output: what is the origin and insertion of the frontal belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: draws the scalp forward to wrinkle skin and backwards to raise the eyebrows

Output: what is the action of the frontal belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: facial nerve (temporal brs.)

Output: the innervation of the frontal belly is

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: opthalmic artery

Output: the blood supply to the frontal belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: O-SNL and I-epicranial aponeurosis

Output: what is the origin and insertion of the occipital belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: draws the scalp backward

Output: what is the action of the occipital belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the facial nerve (posterior auricular br.)

Output: what is the innervation of the occipital belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: occipital artery

Output: What is the blood supply to the occipital belly

The Scalp and Face Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] rational and irrational thinking

Output: Believe people are born with a potential for both

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] crookedly and to needlessly disturb ourselves

Output: Believe we have the biological and cultural tendency to think

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] disturbing beliefs, self-talk

Output: Believe that we learn and invent __________ __________ and keep ourselves disturbed through our _________

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] our cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes

Output: Believe we have the capacity to change

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy

Output: According to Albert Ellis, we are both

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] you life is often unfair and unfortunate things do happen

Output: The only person who can make you happy or unhappy is

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] the frequency with which we use them our willingness to challenge them

Output: Everyone occasionally uses irrational beliefs, but we differ in

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] to change thought patterns

Output: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: goal

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] openly acknowledge their expertise. provide a fair amount of direction

Output: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Directive

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] must understand, but not accept beliefs

Output: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Empathy

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] Often very verbal (and very nonverbal) and challenging even in the first sessions

Output: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Style

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] thoughts, not events in present or past

Output: Ellis's view of the therapist's role: Focus

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] 1. Educate about this philosophy: give them meta-awareness about how we think, come to approach the world 2. Heighten awareness of the consequence of their beliefs: "On a scale from 1 to 100..." 3. Identify underlying themes and thought errors ABC(DE)F analysis activating event beliefs consequences dispute the irrational beliefs effects of rational thinking (enjoy) new feeling

Output: How are these goals met in therapy?

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

Output: Assumes that ______, _______, and ________, have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] thinking, feeling

Output: Highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with _______ as with ________

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] emotions

Output: Teaches that our __________ stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [educational] self-defeating behavior examples: "i must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life" "I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly" "If I don't get what I want, it's terrible and I can't stand it"

Output: Irrational ideas lead to

Clinical Psych Final Ch 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Ellis Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the officer or person designated to preside over or lead a meeting; usually the president [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: presiding officer

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: also call chair; the person who presiding over a meeting. [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: chair person

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inappropriate parliamentary procedure being used [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: out of order

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: composure under pressure situations [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: poise

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: permission for a member to speak, given when the chair is properly addressed [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: recognition from the chair

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: talk about the motion after properly being recognized [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: discuss

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: propriety of debate [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: decorum

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the right to come before; prority [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: precedence

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to give members the right to express approval of or opposition to a particular action [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: vote

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a decision by over half the members [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: majority vote

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 67% of all members present must favor a motion [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: two-thirds vote

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: everyone agrees and no vote is necessary [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: general (unanimous) consent

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the official written record of the meetings of an organization, reflecting all actions taken and discussion on important issues [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: minutes

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: intoduces new business before a meeting [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: main motion

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: when it is possibleto modify or change the wording and the meaning of the motion to which it is applied [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: amendable

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a motion that relates to some other motion on the floor and can change or alter the main motion [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: subsidiary motion

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: closely related to or having bearing on the subject of the motion [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: germane

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an amendment applied to any amendable motion, except the motion to amend [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: primary amendment

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an amendment applied to a motin to amend [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: secondary amendment

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: open for discussion, as of an item being considered by an organization [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: debatable

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a formal propsal that is under consideration on the motion being discussed [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: immediately pending motion

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a committee that continues to exist in an organization from one year to another [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: standing committee

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a committee created for a special purpose that disbands as soon as it has completed its task [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: special committee

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a continued meeting set to meet again at a certain time, similar to a recess [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: adjourned meeting

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the items of business on the agenda [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: orders of the day

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a motion that arises out of other motions and takes precedence over other motions when appropriate [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: incidental motions

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: misuse of proper parlimentary procedure [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: violation

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an expert on rules governing meetings who serves as an advisor to a chair person [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: parliamentarian

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the same number for and against a motion [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: tie vote

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a vote in which the chairpersonask "aye" for the motion and "nay" for those who opposed to the motion [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: vote by voice

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: has nothing to do with the pending motion but is of such urgency and importance to interrupt the consideration of other questions [Parliamentary procedure]

Output: privileged motion

Basic parliamentary vocab words/Ch. 7 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What part of the nueron carries the impuse toward the cell body?

Output: dendrites

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: What is the charge of a nueron at resting state and repolorization phase?

Output: -70mv +40mv

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: What is it called when there is a rapid reversal of charges?

Output: action potential

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: What is the role of acetycholine?

Output: Once released, the chemicals will diffuse across synapse and trigger action potential (inrush of Na+)

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: Define summation

Output: the sum effect of all nuerotransmitters acting on a nueron.

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: What are the 5 components of the reflex arc?

Output: receptor, sensory nueron, internueron or spinal cord, motor nueron, effector

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: Define neurilemma

Output: helps regenerate a damaged nueron

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: what are the two types of nervous systems?

Output: Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: What are the 2 types of autonomic nerves in the PNS?

Output: sympathetic parasympathetic

Nervous System Review Martin Flashcards - Cram.com

sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside


Input: [foundation] mineral powder

Output: One of the newest trends in makeup is a powder form of foundation, which is

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] cream and mineral powder

Output: Foundation is available in formulas of liquid, stick, and:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] pigments

Output: Liquid and cream forms of foundation are a mixture of water and oil with coloring agents called:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] oily to combination

Output: Water-based foundation is most often used for lighter coverage needs, for skin that is classified as:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] cream

Output: A thick foundation that is oil-based, sold in a jar or tin, and may or may not contain water is:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] disposable sponges

Output: Makeup should be blended onto the skin using:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] concealers

Output: Thick, heavy types of foundations that are used to hide dark circles, splotches, and other imperfections are:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] blush

Output: Color that is added to the cheeks to add a natural looking glow is:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] symmetrical

Output: Lipstick when applied properly should be even on both sides of the mouth and:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] shadows

Output: Cosmetics applied on the eyelids to accentuate or contour them are called:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] lighter

Output: A darker shade of eye color makes the natural color of the eye appear:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] highlighting

Output: Eye shadow that is lighter then the client’s skin tone is considered:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] contour color

Output: Any color that is significantly deeper or darker than the client’s skin tone is considered a:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] inner rim of eyes

Output: According to the American Medial Association, eye pencils should never be used on the: .

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] after each use

Output: Eye pencils and sharpeners should be sanitized:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] mascara

Output: A cosmetic preparation used to darken, define, and thicken eyelashes is: .

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] disposable

Output: When applying mascara to a client, use a mascara wand that is

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] greasepaint

Output: Heavy makeup in a solid mass and applied with a moistened cosmetic sponge is:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] gentle shampoo

Output: Makeup brushes can be cleaned with a brush solvent or:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] ferrule

Output: The metal ring that keeps the bristles and handle of a brush together is the:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] color theory

Output: Vital to effective makeup applications is a strong understanding of:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] tertiary color

Output: A color that is formed by mixing equal parts of a secondary color and its neighboring primary color is a:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] skin, eye, and hair colors

Output: Three main factors to consider when choosing colors for a client are:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] level

Output: When determining skin color, you must first decide the skin:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] tone

Output: The terms cool or warm refer to the skin’s: .

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] warm and cool

Output: No matter how light or dark the skin is, a neutral skin tone contains equal elements of:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] natural light

Output: In the consultation area and during the application of makeup, the best light to use is:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] a spatula

Output: Cleansing cream and lotions should be removed from the container using:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] jawline

Output: The testing of foundation color should be done on the client’s:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] before foundation

Output: If a powder foundation is being used, a concealer is applied: .

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] subdue prominent features

Output: The use of shadows (dark shades and colors) is used to:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] oval

Output: The well-proportioned facial shape considered the ideal shape is:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] horizontal sections

Output: When learning corrective makeup techniques, the face is divided into three:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] round face

Output: The facial shape that is usually broader in proportion to its length is the:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] pear-shaped face

Output: A jaw that is wider than the forehead characterizes the:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] translucent powder

Output: To avoid the transfer of foundation onto a client’s clothing, set the foundation using:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] three lines

Output: The ideal eyebrow shape is drawn in:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] band lashes

Output: Eyelash hairs on a strip that are applied using an adhesive are:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [foundation] eye tabbing

Output: The procedure of applying individual eyelashes directly on the client’s own lashes at the base is referred to as:

Ch. 23 Facial Make Up Flashcards - Cram.com

A tinted base makeup that is used to color or even out skin tones is a:


Input: [1] Learning [2]

Output: A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience


Input: [1] Conditioning [2]

Output: THe process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses


Input: [1] Classical Conditioning [2]

Output: Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response


Input: [1] Unconditioned Stimulus [2]

Output: Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning


Input: [1] Unconditioned Response [2]

Output: Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning


Input: [1] Neutral Stimulus [2]

Output: A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest


Input: [1] Conditioned Stimulus [2]

Output: Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response


Input: [1] Conditioned Response [2]

Output: Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus


Input: [1] Conditioned Emotional Response [2]

Output: A classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus


Input: [1] Stimulus Generalization [2]

Output: Learned response to stimuli that are like the original conditioned stimulus


Input: [1] Stimulus Discrimination [2]

Output: Learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli


Input: [1] Extinction [2]

Output: Gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response


Input: [1] Spontaneous Recovery [2]

Output: Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response


Input: [1] Higher-Order Conditioning [2]

Output: A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus


Input: [1] Operant Conditioning [2]

Output: Leaning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences (also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning)


Input: [1] Reinforcement [2]

Output: Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur


Input: [1] Punishment [2]

Output: Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur


Input: [1] Law of Effect [2]

Output: Thorndike's rule that the probablility of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence


Input: [1] Primary Reinforcers [2]

Output: Stimuli that increase the probablity of a response because they satisfy a biological need, such as food, water, and sex


Input: [1] Secondary Reinforcers [2]

Output: Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their learned value, such as money and material possessions


Input: [1] Positive Reinforcement [2]

Output: Adding (or presenting) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur


Input: [1] Negative Reinforcement [2]

Output: Taking away (or removing) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likly to recur


Input: [1] Premack Principle [2]

Output: Using a naturally occurring high-frequency response to reinforce and increase low-frequency responses


Input: [1] Continuous Reinforcement [2]

Output: Every correct response is reinforced


Input: [1] Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement [2]

Output: Some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced


Input: [1] Fixed Ratio Schedule [2]

Output: Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses; the ratio is fixed


Input: [1] Variable Ratio Schedule [2]

Output: Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio varies


Input: [1] Fixed Interval Schedule [2]

Output: Reinforcement ocurs after a predetermined time has elapsed; the interval (time) is fixed


Input: [1] Variable Interval Schedule [2]

Output: Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval (time) varies


Input: [1] Shaping [2]

Output: Reinforcement delivered for sucessive approximations of the desired response


Input: [1] Positive Punishment [2]

Output: Adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur


Input: [1] Negative Punishment [2]

Output: Taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur


Input: [1] Discriminative Stimulus [2]

Output: A cue that signals when a specific response will lead to teh expected reinforcement


Input: [1] Cognitive-Social Theory [2]

Output: Emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior


Input: [1] Insight [2]

Output: Sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution


Input: [1] Cognitive Map [2]

Output: A mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated


Input: [1] Latent Learning [2]

Output: Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs


Input: [1] Observational Learning [2]

Output: Learning new behavior or information by watching others (also known as social learning or modeling)


Input: [1] Taste Aversion [2]

Output: A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness


Input: [1] Biological Preparedness [2]

Output: Built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses


Input: [1] Instinctive Drift [2]

Output: Conditioned responses shift back toward innate response patterns


Input: [1] Memory [2]

Output: An internal record or representation of some prior event or experience


Input: [1] Constructive Process [2]

Output: Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories


Input: [1] Encoding [2]

Output: Translating information into neural codes (language)


Input: [1] Storage [2]

Output: Retaining neurally coded information over time


Input: [1] Retrieval [2]

Output: Recovering information from memory storage


Input: [1] Parallel Distributed Processing [2]

Output: Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model)


Input: [1] Levels of Processing [2]

Output: The degree or depth of mental processing that occurs when material is initially encountered determines how well it's later remembered


Input: [1] Sensory Memory [2]

Output: First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds


Input: [1] Short-Term Memory [2]

Output: Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory; capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds


Input: [1] Maintenance Rehearsal [2]

Output: Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory


Input: [1] Chunking [2]

Output: Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit


Input: [1] Long-Term Memory [2]

Output: Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent


Input: [1] Explicit (Declarative) Memory [2]

Output: Subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences


Input: [1] Semantic Memory [2]

Output: A part of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary


Input: [1] Episodic Memory [2]

Output: A part of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life


Input: [1] Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory [2]

Output: Subsystem within long-term memory that consists of unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming


Input: [1] Priming [2]

Output: Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage


Input: [1] Elaborative Rehearsal [2]

Output: Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing)


Input: [1] Retrieval Cue [2]

Output: A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored peice of information from long-term memory


Input: [1] Recognition [2]

Output: Retrieving a memory using a specific cue


Input: [1] Recall [2]

Output: Retrieving a memory using a general cue