Input: A marketplace where underwriting syndicates, or mini-insurers, gather to sell insurance policies and reinsurance. Each syndicate is managed by an underwriter who decides whether or not to accept the risk. The Lloyd’s market is a major player in the international reinsurance market as well as a primary market for marine insurance and large risks. Originally, Lloyd’s was a London coffee house in the 1600s patronized by shipowners who insured each other’s hulls and cargoes. As Lloyd’s developed, wealthy individuals, called “Names,” placed their personal assets behind insurance risks as a business venture. Increasingly since the 1990s, most of the capital comes from corporations. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LLOYD'S OF LONDON


Input: Corporation formed to market services of a group of underwriters. Does not issue insurance policies or provide insurance protection. Insurance is written by individual underwriters, with each assuming a part of every risk. Has no connection to Lloyd’s of London, and is found primarily in Texas. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LLOYDS


Input: Long-term care (LTC) insurance pays for services to help individuals who are unable to perform certain activities of daily living without assistance, or require supervision due to a cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease. LTC is available as individual insurance or through an employer-sponsored or association plan. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LONG-TERM CARE INSURANCE


Input: A reduction in the quality or value of a property, or a legal liability. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS


Input: The sum insurers pay for investigating and settling insurance claims, including the cost of defending a lawsuit in court. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES


Input: The portion of an insurance rate used to cover claims and the costs of adjusting claims. Insurance companies typically determine their rates by estimating their future loss costs and adding a provision for expenses, profit, and contingencies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS COSTS


Input: A provision in homeowners and renters insurance policies that reimburses policyholders for any extra living expenses due to having to live elsewhere while their home is being restored following a disaster. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS OF USE


Input: Percentage of each premium dollar an insurer spends on claims. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS RATIO


Input: The company’s best estimate of what it will pay for claims, which is periodically readjusted. They represent a liability on the insurer’s balance sheet. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: LOSS RESERVES


Input: Professional liability coverage for physicians, lawyers, and other specialists against suits alleging negligence or errors and omissions that have harmed clients. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MALPRACTICE INSURANCE


Input: Arrangement between an employer or insurer and selected providers to provide comprehensive health care at a discount to members of the insured group and coordinate the financing and delivery of health care. Managed care uses medical protocols and procedures agreed on by the medical profession to be cost effective, also known as medical practice guidelines. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MANAGED CARE


Input: A book published by an insurance or bonding company or a rating association or bureau that gives rates, classifications, and underwriting rules. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MANUAL


Input: Coverage for goods in transit, and for the commercial vehicles that transport them, on water and over land. The term may apply to inland marine but more generally applies to ocean marine insurance. Covers damage or destruction of a ship’s hull and cargo and perils include collision, sinking, capsizing, being stranded, fire, piracy, and jettisoning cargo to save other property. Wear and tear, dampness, mold, and war are not included. (See Inland marine and Ocean marine ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MARINE INSURANCE


Input: Federal law signed in 1945 in which Congress declared that states would continue to regulate the insurance business. Grants insurers a limited exemption from federal antitrust legislation. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MCCARRAN-FERGUSON ACT


Input: Nonbinding procedure in which a third party attempts to resolve a conflict between two other parties. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDIATION


Input: A federal/state public assistance program created in 1965 and administered by the states for people whose income and resources are insufficient to pay for health care. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDICAID


Input: See Malpractice insurance [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE INSURANCE


Input: A coverage in which the insurer agrees to reimburse the insured and others up to a certain limit for medical or funeral expenses as a result of bodily injury or death by accident. Payments are without regard to fault. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDICAL PAYMENTS INSURANCE


Input: The practice used by insurance companies to review claims for medical treatment. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDICAL UTILIZATION REVIEW


Input: Federal program for people 65 or older that pays part of the costs associated with hospitalization, surgery, doctors’ bills, home health care, and skilled-nursing care. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDICARE


Input: Policies that supplement federal insurance benefits particularly for those covered under Medicare. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MEDIGAP/MEDSUP


Input: An endorsement to a homeowners insurance policy, available in some states, for losses to a home caused by the land under a house sinking into a mine shaft. Excluded from standard homeowners policies, as are other forms of earth movement. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MINE SUBSIDENCE COVERAGE


Input: Total supply of money in the economy, composed of currency in circulation and deposits in savings and checking accounts. By changing the interest rates the Federal Reserve seeks to adjust the money supply to maintain a strong economy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MONEY SUPPLY


Input: A fee that covers such annuity contract guarantees as death benefits. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MORTALITY AND EXPENSE (M&E) RISK CHARGE


Input: Coverage for the mortgagee (usually a financial institution) in the event that a mortgage holder defaults on a loan. Also called private mortgage insurance (PMI). [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MORTGAGE GUARANTEE INSURANCE


Input: A form of decreasing term insurance that covers the life of a person taking out a mortgage. Death benefits provide for payment of the outstanding balance of the loan. Coverage is in decreasing term insurance, so the amount of coverage decreases as the debt decreases. A variant, mortgage unemployment insurance pays the mortgage of a policyholder who becomes involuntarily unemployed. (See Term insurance ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MORTGAGE INSURANCE


Input: Investment grade securities backed by a pool of mortgages. The issuer uses the cash flow from mortgages to meet interest payments on the bonds. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES


Input: A package policy, such as a homeowners or business insurance policy, that provides coverage against several different perils. It also refers to the combination of property and liability coverage in one policy. In the early days of insurance, coverages for property damage and liability were purchased separately. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MULTIPLE PERIL POLICY


Input: Coverage that guarantees bondholders timely payment of interest and principal even if the issuer of the bonds defaults. Offered by insurance companies with high credit ratings, the coverage raises the credit rating of a municipality offering the bond to that of the insurance company. It allows a municipality to raise money at lower interest rates. A form of financial guarantee insurance. (See Financial guarantee insurance ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MUNICIPAL BOND INSURANCE


Input: Liability insurance for municipalities. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MUNICIPAL LIABILITY INSURANCE


Input: An organizational structure that provides mutual companies with the organizational and capital raising advantages of stock insurers, while retaining the policyholder ownership of the mutual. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MUTUAL HOLDING COMPANY


Input: A company owned by its policyholders that returns part of its profits to the policyholders as dividends. The insurer uses the rest as a surplus cushion in case of large and unexpected losses. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY


Input: Peril specifically mentioned as covered in an insurance policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NAMED PERIL


Input: Federal government-sponsored program under which flood insurance is sold to homeowners and businesses. (See Adverse selection, Flood insurance ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM


Input: Auto insurance coverage that pays for each driver’s own injuries, regardless of who caused the accident. No-fault varies from state to state. It also refers to an auto liability insurance system that restricts lawsuits to serious cases. Such policies are designed to promote faster reimbursement and to reduce litigation. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NO-FAULT


Input: A type of accident coverage in homeowners policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NO-FAULT MEDICAL


Input: The idea that people who don’t buy coverage should not receive benefits. Prohibits uninsured drivers from collecting damages from insured drivers. In most states with this law, uninsured drivers may not sue for noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering. In other states, uninsured drivers are required to pay the equivalent of a large deductible ($10,000) before they can sue for property damages and another large deductible before they can sue for bodily harm. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NO-PAY, NO-PLAY


Input: Assets that are not included on the balance sheet of an insurance company, including furniture, fixtures, past-due accounts receivable, and agents’ debt balances. (See Assets ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NON-ADMITTED ASSETS


Input: Insurers licensed in some states, but not others. States where an insurer is not licensed call that insurer non-admitted. They sell coverage that is unavailable from licensed insurers within the state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NON-ADMITTED INSURER


Input: A written notice required by insurance companies immediately after an accident or other loss. Part of the standard provisions defining a policyholder's responsibilities after a loss. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NOTICE OF LOSS


Input: Covers operators of nuclear reactors and other facilities for liability and property damage in the case of a nuclear accident and involves both private insurers and the federal government. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NUCLEAR INSURANCE


Input: A form of long-term care policy that covers a policyholder’s stay in a nursing facility. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: NURSING HOME INSURANCE


Input: Abnormal condition or illness caused by factors associated with the workplace. Like occupational injuries, this is covered by workers compensation policies. (See Workers compensation) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE


Input: Insurance that pays claims arising out of incidents that occur during the policy term, even if they are filed many years later. (See Claims-made policy ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OCCURRENCE POLICY


Input: Coverage of all types of vessels and watercraft, for property damage to the vessel and cargo, including such risks as piracy and the jettisoning of cargo to save the property of others. Coverage for marine-related liabilities. War is excluded from basic policies, but can be bought back. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OCEAN MARINE INSURANCE


Input: States where insurance companies can set new rates without prior approval, although the state’s commissioner can disallow them if they are not reasonable and adequate or are discriminatory. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OPEN COMPETITION STATES


Input: The cost of maintaining a business’s property, includes insurance, property taxes, utilities and rent, but excludes income tax, depreciation and other financing expenses. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OPERATING EXPENSES


Input: Contracts that allow, but do not oblige, the buying or selling of property or assets at a certain date at a set price. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OPTIONS


Input: Endorsement to a property policy, including homeowners, that pays for the extra expense of rebuilding to comply with ordinances or laws, often building codes, that did not exist when the building was originally built. For example, a building severely damaged in a hurricane may have to be elevated above the flood line when it is rebuilt. This endorsement would cover part of the additional cost. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ORDINANCE OR LAW COVERAGE


Input: A life insurance policy that remains in force for the policyholder’s lifetime. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ORDINARY LIFE INSURANCE


Input: Sheet metal auto parts made by the manufacturer of the vehicle. (See Generic auto parts ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER PARTS / OEM


Input: Security that is not listed or traded on an exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange. Business in over-the-counter securities is conducted through dealers using electronic networks. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC)


Input: A single insurance policy that combines several coverages previously sold separately. Examples include homeowners insurance and commercial multiple peril insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PACKAGE POLICY


Input: A system proposed in the 1990s in which auto insurance premiums would be paid to state governments through a per-gallon surcharge on gasoline. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PAY-AT-THE-PUMP


Input: An independent federal government agency that administers the Pension Plan Termination Insurance program to ensure that vested benefits of employees whose pension plans are being terminated are paid when they come due. Only defined benefit plans are covered. Benefits are paid up to certain limits. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION


Input: Programs to provide employees with retirement income after they meet minimum age and service requirements. Life insurers hold some of these funds. Since the 1970s responsibility for funding retirement has increasingly shifted from employers (defined benefit plans that promise workers a specific retirement income) to employees (defined contribution plans financed by employees that may or may not be matched by employer contributions). (See Defined benefit plan, Defined contribution plan ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PENSIONS


Input: A specific risk or cause of loss covered by an insurance policy, such as a fire, windstorm, flood, or theft. A named-peril policy covers the policyholder only for the risks named in the policy in contrast to an all-risk policy, which covers all causes of loss except those specifically excluded. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PERIL


Input: A policy or an addition to a policy used to cover personal valuables, like jewelry or furs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PERSONAL ARTICLES FLOATER


Input: Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers the treatment of injuries to the driver and passengers of the policyholder’s car. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGE / PIP


Input: Property/casualty insurance products that are designed for and bought by individuals, including homeowners and automobile policies. (See Commercial lines ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PERSONAL LINES


Input: Health insurance policy that allows the employee to choose between in-network and out-of-network care each time medical treatment is needed. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: POINT-OF-SERVICE PLAN


Input: A written contract for insurance between an insurance company and policyholder stating details of coverage. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: POLICY


Input: The amount of money remaining after an insurer’s liabilities are subtracted from its assets. It acts as a financial cushion above and beyond reserves, protecting policyholders against an unexpected or catastrophic situation. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: POLICYHOLDERS' SURPLUS


Input: Coverage for businesses operating abroad against loss due to political upheaval such as war, revolution, or confiscation of property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: POLITICAL RISK INSURANCE


Input: Policies that cover property loss and liability arising from pollution-related damages, for sites that have been inspected and found uncontaminated. It is usually written on a claims-made basis so policies pay only claims presented during the term of the policy or within a specified time frame after the policy expires. (See Claims-made policy ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: POLLUTION INSURANCE


Input: Network of medical providers which charge on a fee-for-service basis, but are paid on a negotiated, discounted fee schedule. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATION


Input: The particular location of the property or a portion of it as designated in an insurance policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREMISES


Input: The price of an insurance policy, typically charged annually or semiannually. (See Direct premiums, Earned premium, Unearned premium ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREMIUM


Input: A state tax on premiums paid by its residents and businesses and collected by insurers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREMIUM TAX


Input: The sum of the face amounts, plus dividend additions, of life insurance policies outstanding at a given time. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREMIUMS IN FORCE


Input: The total premiums on all policies written by an insurer during a specified period of time, regardless of what portions have been earned. Net premiums written are premiums written after reinsurance transactions. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PREMIUMS WRITTEN


Input: In a reinsurance transaction, the insurance company that is reinsured. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRIMARY COMPANY


Input: Market for new issue securities where the proceeds go directly to the issuer. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRIMARY MARKET


Input: Interest rate that banks charge to their most creditworthy customers. Banks set this rate according to their cost of funds and market forces. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRIME RATE


Input: States where insurance companies must file proposed rate changes with state regulators, and gain approval before they can go into effect. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRIOR APPROVAL STATES


Input: Securities that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are sold directly to investors. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRIVATE PLACEMENT


Input: A section of tort law that determines who may sue and who may be sued for damages when a defective product injures someone. No uniform federal laws guide manufacturer’s liability, but under strict liability, the injured party can hold the manufacturer responsible for damages without the need to prove negligence or fault. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRODUCT LIABILITY


Input: Protects manufacturers’ and distributors’ exposure to lawsuits by people who have sustained bodily injury or property damage through the use of the product. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE


Input: Covers professionals for negligence and errors or omissions that injure their clients. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE


Input: Documents showing the insurance company that a loss occurred. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PROOF OF LOSS


Input: Covers damage to or loss of policyholders’ property and legal liability for damages caused to other people or their property. Property/casualty insurance, which includes auto, homeowners and commercial insurance, is one segment of the insurance industry. The other sector is life/health. Outside the United States, property/casualty insurance is referred to as nonlife or general insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE


Input: Industry business cycle with recurrent periods of hard and soft market conditions. In the 1950s and 1960s, cycles were regular with three year periods each of hard and soft market conditions in almost all lines of property/casualty insurance. Since then they have been less regular and less frequent. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE CYCLE


Input: A November 1988 California ballot initiative that called for a statewide auto insurance rate rollback and for rates to be based more on driving records and less on geographical location. The initiative changed many aspects of the state’s insurance system and was the subject of lawsuits for more than a decade. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PROPOSITION 103


Input: An entity that offers insurance to groups of similar businesses with similar exposures to risk. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PURCHASING GROUP


Input: A form of annuity that ends payments when the annuitant dies. Payments may be fixed or variable. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: PURE LIFE ANNUITY


Input: The cost of a unit of insurance, usually per $1,000. Rates are based on historical loss experience for similar risks and may be regulated by state insurance offices. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RATE


Input: The process by which states monitor insurance companies’ rate changes, done either through prior approval or open competition models. (See Open competition states, Prior approval states ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RATE REGULATION


Input: Six major credit agencies determine insurers’ financial strength and viability to meet claims obligations. They are A.M. Best Co.; Duff & Phelps Inc.; Fitch, Inc.; Moody’s Investors Services; Standard & Poor’s Corp.; and Weiss Ratings, Inc. Factors considered include company earnings, capital adequacy, operating leverage, liquidity, investment performance, reinsurance programs, and management ability, integrity and experience. A high financial rating is not the same as a high consumer satisfaction rating. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RATING AGENCIES


Input: The insurance business is based on the spread of risk. The more widely risk is spread, the more accurately loss can be estimated. An insurance company can more accurately estimate the probability of loss on 100,000 homes than on ten. Years ago, insurers were required to use standardized forms and rates developed by rating agencies. Today, large insurers use their own statistical loss data to develop rates. But small insurers, or insurers focusing on special lines of business, with insufficiently broad loss data to make them actuarially reliable depend on pooled industry data collected by such organizations as the Insurance Services Office (ISO) which provides information to help develop rates such as estimates of future losses and loss adjustment expenses like legal defense costs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RATING BUREAU


Input: Investments generally owned by life insurers that include commercial mortgage loans and real property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS


Input: Amounts owed to a business for goods or services provided. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RECEIVABLES


Input: Literally means to draw a red line on a map around areas to receive special treatment. Refusal to issue insurance based solely on where applicants live is illegal in all states. Denial of insurance must be risk-based. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: REDLINING


Input: Insurance bought by insurers. A reinsurer assumes part of the risk and part of the premium originally taken by the insurer, known as the primary company. Reinsurance effectively increases an insurer's capital and therefore its capacity to sell more coverage. The business is global and some of the largest reinsurers are based abroad. Reinsurers have their own reinsurers, called retrocessionaires. Reinsurers don’t pay policyholder claims. Instead, they reimburse insurers for claims paid. (See Treaty reinsurance, Facultative reinsurance) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: REINSURANCE


Input: A form of insurance that covers a policyholder’s belongings against perils such as fire, theft, windstorm, hail, explosion, vandalism, riots, and others. It also provides personal liability coverage for damage the policyholder or dependents cause to third parties. It also provides additional living expenses, known as loss-of-use coverage, if a policyholder must move while his or her dwelling is repaired. It also can include coverage for property improvements. Possessions can be covered for their replacement cost or the actual cash value that includes depreciation. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RENTERS INSURANCE


Input: Insurance that pays the dollar amount needed to replace damaged personal property or dwelling property without deducting for depreciation but limited by the maximum dollar amount shown on the declarations page of the policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: REPLACEMENT COST


Input: Agreement between a buyer and seller where the seller agrees to repurchase the securities at an agreed upon time and price. Repurchase agreements involving U.S. government securities are utilized by the Federal Reserve to control the money supply. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: REPURCHASE AGREEMENT /'REPO'


Input: A company’s best estimate of what it will pay for claims. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RESERVES


Input: Facilities, such as assigned risk plans and FAIR Plans, that exist to provide coverage for those who cannot get it in the regular market. Insurers doing business in a given state generally must participate in these pools. For this reason the residual market is also known as the shared market. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RESIDUAL MARKET


Input: The amount of risk retained by an insurance company that is not reinsured. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RETENTION


Input: The reinsurance bought by reinsurers to protect their financial stability. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RETROCESSION


Input: A method of permitting the final premium for a risk to be adjusted, subject to an agreed-upon maximum and minimum limit based on actual loss experience. It is available to large commercial insurance buyers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RETROSPECTIVE RATING


Input: Net income divided by total equity. Measures profitability by showing how efficiently invested capital is being used. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RETURN ON EQUITY


Input: An attachment to an insurance policy that alters the policy’s coverage or terms. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RIDER


Input: The chance of loss or the person or entity that is insured. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RISK


Input: Management of the varied risks to which a business firm or association might be subject. It includes analyzing all exposures to gauge the likelihood of loss and choosing options to better manage or minimize loss. These options typically include reducing and eliminating the risk with safety measures, buying insurance, and self-insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RISK MANAGEMENT


Input: Insurance companies that band together as self-insurers and form an organization that is chartered and licensed as an insurer in at least one state to handle liability insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RISK RETENTION GROUPS


Input: The need for insurance companies to be capitalized according to the inherent riskiness of the type of insurance they sell. Higher-risk types of insurance, liability as opposed to property business, generally necessitate higher levels of capital. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: RISK-BASED CAPITAL


Input: Damaged property an insurer takes over to reduce its loss after paying a claim. Insurers receive salvage rights over property on which they have paid claims, such as badly-damaged cars. Insurers that paid claims on cargoes lost at sea now have the right to recover sunken treasures. Salvage charges are the costs associated with recovering that property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SALVAGE


Input: A list of individual items or groups of items that are covered under one policy or a listing of specific benefits, charges, credits, assets or other defined items. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SCHEDULE


Input: Market for previously issued and outstanding securities. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SECONDARY MARKET


Input: The organization that oversees publicly-held insurance companies. Those companies make periodic financial disclosures to the SEC, including an annual financial statement (or 10K), and a quarterly financial statement (or 10-Q). Companies must also disclose any material events and other information about their stock. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION / SEC


Input: Stock held by shareholders. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SECURITIES OUTSTANDING


Input: Using the capital markets to expand and diversify the assumption of insurance risk. The issuance of bonds or notes to third-party investors directly or indirectly by an insurance or reinsurance company or a pooling entity as a means of raising money to cover risks. (See Catastrophe bonds) ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SECURITIZATION OF INSURANCE RISK


Input: The concept of assuming a financial risk oneself, instead of paying an insurance company to take it on. Every policyholder is a self-insurer in terms of paying a deductible and co-payments. Large firms often self-insure frequent, small losses such as damage to their fleet of vehicles or minor workplace injuries. However, to protect injured employees state laws set out requirements for the assumption of workers compensation programs. Self-insurance also refers to employers who assume all or part of the responsibility for paying the health insurance claims of their employees. Firms that self insure for health claims are exempt from state insurance laws mandating the illnesses that group health insurers must cover. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SELF-INSURANCE


Input: Size of a loss. One of the criteria used in calculating premiums rates. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SEVERITY


Input: An optional part of homeowners insurance that covers sewers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SEWER BACK-UP COVERAGE


Input: An annuity that is paid in full upon purchase. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SINGLE PREMIUM ANNUITY


Input: An environment where insurance is plentiful and sold at a lower cost, also known as a buyers’ market. (See Property/casualty insurance cycle ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SOFT MARKET


Input: Insurance companies’ ability to pay the claims of policyholders. Regulations to promote solvency include minimum capital and surplus requirements, statutory accounting conventions, limits to insurance company investment and corporate activities, financial ratio tests, and financial data disclosure. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SOLVENCY


Input: The selling of insurance in multiple areas to multiple policyholders to minimize the danger that all policyholders will have losses at the same time. Companies are more likely to insure perils that offer a good spread of risk. Flood insurance is an example of a poor spread of risk because the people most likely to buy it are the people close to rivers and other bodies of water that flood. (See Adverse selection ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SPREAD OF RISK


Input: Practice that increases the money available to pay auto liability claims. In states where this practice is permitted by law, courts may allow policyholders who have several cars insured under a single policy, or multiple vehicles insured under different policies, to add up the limit of liability available for each vehicle. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: STACKING


Input: More conservative standards than under GAAP accounting rules, they are imposed by state laws that emphasize the present solvency of insurance companies. SAP helps ensure that the company will have sufficient funds readily available to meet all anticipated insurance obligations by recognizing liabilities earlier or at a higher value than GAAP and assets later or at a lower value. For example, SAP requires that selling expenses be recorded immediately rather than amortized over the life of the policy. (See GAAP accounting, Admitted assets ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: STATUTORY ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES / SAP


Input: An insurance company owned by its stockholders who share in profits through earnings distributions and increases in stock value. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: STOCK INSURANCE COMPANY


Input: Legal agreement to pay a designated person, usually someone who has been injured, a specified sum of money in periodic payments, usually for his or her lifetime, instead of in a single lump sum payment. (See Annuity ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: STRUCTURED SETTLEMENT


Input: The legal process by which an insurance company, after paying a loss, seeks to recover the amount of the loss from another party who is legally liable for it. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SUBROGATION


Input: A federal law enacted in 1980 to initiate cleanup of the nation’s abandoned hazardous waste dump sites and to respond to accidents that release hazardous substances into the environment. The law is officially called the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SUPERFUND


Input: A contract guaranteeing the performance of a specific obligation. Simply put, it is a three-party agreement under which one party, the surety company, answers to a second party, the owner, creditor or “obligee,” for a third party’s debts, default or nonperformance. Contractors are often required to purchase surety bonds if they are working on public projects. The surety company becomes responsible for carrying out the work or paying for the loss up to the bond “penalty” if the contractor fails to perform. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SURETY BOND


Input: The remainder after an insurer’s liabilities are subtracted from its assets. The financial cushion that protects policyholders in case of unexpectedly high claims. (See Capital, Risk-based capital ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SURPLUS


Input: Property/casualty insurance coverage that isn’t available from insurers licensed in the state, called admitted companies, and must be purchased from a non-admitted carrier. Examples include risks of an unusual nature that require greater flexibility in policy terms and conditions than exist in standard forms or where the highest rates allowed by state regulators are considered inadequate by admitted companies. Laws governing surplus lines vary by state. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SURPLUS LINES


Input: A charge for withdrawals from an annuity contract before a designated surrender charge period, usually from five to seven years. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SURRENDER CHARGE


Input: The simultaneous buying, selling or exchange of one security for another among investors to change maturities in a bond portfolio, for example, or because investment goals have changed. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: SWAPS


Input: An form of annuity that pays out over a fixed period rather than when the annuitant dies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TERM CERTAIN ANNUITY


Input: A form of life insurance that covers the insured person for a certain period of time, the “term” that is specified in the policy. It pays a benefit to a designated beneficiary only when the insured dies within that specified period which can be one, five, 10 or even 20 years. Term life policies are renewable but premiums increase with age. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TERM INSURANCE


Input: A method of classifying risks by geographic location to set a fair price for coverage. The location of the insured may have a considerable impact on the cost of losses. The chance of an accident or theft is much higher in an urban area than in a rural one, for example. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TERRITORIAL RATING


Input: Included as a part of the package in standard commercial insurance policies before September 11, 2001 virtually free of charge. Since September 11, terrorism coverage prices have increased substantially to reflect the current risk. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TERRORISM COVERAGE


Input: Funds that are held in a savings account for a predetermined period of time at a set interest rate. Banks can refuse to allow withdrawals from these accounts until the period has expired or assess a penalty for early withdrawals. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TIME DEPOSIT


Input: Insurance that indemnifies the owner of real estate in the event that his or her clear ownership of property is challenged by the discovery of faults in the title. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TITLE INSURANCE


Input: A legal term denoting a wrongful act resulting in injury or damage on which a civil court action, or legal proceeding, may be based. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TORT


Input: The body of law governing negligence, intentional interference, and other wrongful acts for which civil action can be brought, except for breach of contract, which is covered by contract law. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TORT LAW


Input: Refers to legislation designed to reduce liability costs through limits on various kinds of damages and through modification of liability rules. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TORT REFORM


Input: The condition of an automobile or other property when damage is so extensive that repair costs would exceed the value of the vehicle or property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TOTAL LOSS


Input: A term used to explain the way information on financial matters, such as financial reports and actions of companies or markets, are communicated so that they are easily understood and frank. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TRANSPARENCY


Input: Insurance to cover problems associated with traveling, generally including trip cancellation due to illness, lost luggage and other incidents. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TRAVEL INSURANCE


Input: Interest-bearing obligations of the U.S. government issued by the Treasury as a means of borrowing money to meet government expenditures not covered by tax revenues. Marketable Treasury securities fall into three categories — bills, notes and bonds. Marketable Treasury obligations are currently issued in book entry form only; that is, the purchaser receives a statement, rather than an engraved certificate. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TREASURY SECURITIES


Input: A standing agreement between insurers and reinsurers. Under a treaty each party automatically accepts specific percentages of the insurer’s business. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: TREATY REINSURANCE


Input: Coverage for losses above the limit of an underlying policy or policies such as homeowners and auto insurance. While it applies to losses over the dollar amount in the underlying policies, terms of coverage are sometimes broader than those of underlying policies. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UMBRELLA POLICY


Input: A form of annuity contract that gives purchasers the freedom to choose among certain optional features in their contract. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNBUNDLED CONTRACTS


Input: The result of the policyholder’s failure to buy sufficient insurance. An underinsured policyholder may only receive part of the cost of replacing or repairing damaged items covered in the policy. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNDERINSURANCE


Input: Examining, accepting, or rejecting insurance risks and classifying the ones that are accepted, in order to charge appropriate premiums for them. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNDERWRITING


Input: The insurer’s profit on the insurance sale after all expenses and losses have been paid. When premiums aren’t sufficient to cover claims and expenses, the result is an underwriting loss. Underwriting losses are typically offset by investment income. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNDERWRITING INCOME


Input: The portion of a premium already received by the insurer under which protection has not yet been provided. The entire premium is not earned until the policy period expires, even though premiums are typically paid in advance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNEARNED PREMIUM


Input: Risks for which it is difficult for someone to get insurance. (See Insurable risk ) [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNINSURABLE RISK


Input: Portion of an auto insurance policy that protects a policyholder from uninsured and hit-and-run drivers. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNINSURED MOTORISTS COVERAGE


Input: A flexible premium policy that combines protection against premature death with a type of savings vehicle, known as a cash value account, that typically earns a money market rate of interest. Death benefits can be changed during the life of the policy within limits, generally subject to a medical examination. Once funds accumulate in the cash value account, the premium can be paid at any time but the policy will lapse if there isn’t enough money to cover annual mortality charges and administrative costs. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: UNIVERSAL LIFE INSURANCE


Input: A policy under which the insurer pays a specified amount of money to or on behalf of the insured upon the occurrence of a defined loss. The money amount is not related to the extent of the loss. Life insurance policies are an example. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VALUED POLICY


Input: The malicious and often random destruction or spoilage of another person’s property. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VANDALISM


Input: An annuity whose contract value or income payments vary according to the performance of the stocks, bonds and other investments selected by the contract owner. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VARIABLE ANNUITY


Input: A policy that combines protection against premature death with a savings account that can be invested in stocks, bonds, and money market mutual funds at the policyholder’s discretion. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VARIABLE LIFE INSURANCE


Input: Insurance firms that buy life insurance policies at a steep discount from policyholders who are often terminally ill and need the payment for medications or treatments. The companies provide early payouts to the policyholder, assume the premium payments, and collect the face value of the policy upon the policyholder’s death. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VIATICAL SETTLEMENT COMPANIES


Input: A policy contract that for some reason specified in the policy becomes free of all legal effect. One example under which a policy could be voided is when information a policyholder provided is proven untrue. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VOID


Input: A measure of the degree of fluctuation in a stock’s price. Volatility is exemplified by large, frequent price swings up and down. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VOLATILITY


Input: Most homeowners policies cover damage from a volcanic eruption. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VOLCANO COVERAGE


Input: Number of shares a stock trades either per day or per week. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: VOLUME


Input: The surrender of a right or privilege. In life insurance, a provision that sets certain conditions, such as disablement, which allow coverage to remain in force without payment of premiums. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WAIVER


Input: Special coverage on cargo in overseas ships against the risk of being confiscated by a government in wartime. It is excluded from standard ocean marine insurance and can be purchased separately. It often excludes cargo awaiting shipment on a wharf or on ships after 15 days of arrival in port. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WAR RISK


Input: Protection provided in most homeowners insurance policies against sudden and accidental water damage, from burst pipes for example. Does not cover damage from problems resulting from a lack of proper maintenance such as dripping air conditioners. Water damage from floods is covered under separate flood insurance policies issued by the federal government. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WATER-DAMAGE INSURANCE COVERAGE


Input: An insurance or securities product used as a hedge by energy-related businesses and others whose sales tend to fluctuate depending on the weather. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WEATHER DERIVATIVE


Input: A type of business interruption insurance that compensates for financial losses caused by adverse weather conditions, such as constant rain on the day scheduled for a major outdoor concert. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WEATHER INSURANCE


Input: The oldest kind of cash value life insurance that combines protection against premature death with a savings account. Premiums are fixed and guaranteed and remain level throughout the policy’s lifetime. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WHOLE LIFE INSURANCE


Input: Insurance that pays for medical care and physical rehabilitation of injured workers and helps to replace lost wages while they are unable to work. State laws, which vary significantly, govern the amount of benefits paid and other compensation provisions. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WORKERS COMPENSATION


Input: Broad policy coordinated to cover liability exposures for a large group of businesses that have something in common. Might be used to insure all businesses working on a large construction project, such as an apartment complex. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WRAP-UP INSURANCE


Input: To insure, underwrite, or accept an application for insurance. [A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY]

Output: WRITE


Input: Proteins that span the entire cell membrane [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Integral proteins

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Membrane proteins that include Ion channels and Transport proteins [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Integral proteins

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Membrane proteins that are located on either the intracellular or extracellular side of the cell [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Peripheral proteins

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Membrane proteins that include Hormone receptors [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Peripheral proteins

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Zonula occludens alternate name [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Tight junction

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Input: Attachments between cells that may be an intercellular pathway for solutes, depending on size, charge, and characteristics of the particular things I'm asking about [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Tight jxn (Zonula occludens)

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Input: What are integral membrane proteins? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Anchored to and embedded in the cell membrane via hydrophobic interactions. They may span the cell membrane

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Are attachments between cells that permit intercellular communication -Example: permit current flow and electrical coupling between Myocardial cells [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Gap junctions

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Q: What is the definition of osmolarity? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A: The number of osmotically active particles in a solution.

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Input: What are peripheral membrane proteins? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Loosely attached to the cell membrane via electrostatic interactions

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Input: WHAT IS SERCA? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND ER [CA2+] ATP-ASE PUMP ([CA2+] UPHILL)

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the reflection coefficient (sigma)? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: a number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane 1: solute is impermeable 0: solute is completely permeable

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Q: What is the definition of the reflection coefficient? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A: A number between zero and one that describes the easy with which a solute permeates a membrane. σ = 1 = impermeable. σ = 0 = solute is completely permeable.

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Input: define permeability [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: the probability of a channel being open

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Input: What is simple diffusion? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Only form of transport that is not carrier-mediated Occurs down an electrochemical gradient Does not require energy

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Input: COLLOIDOSMOTIC PRESSURE / ONCOTIC PRESSURE [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: PRESSURE DUE TO PRESENCE OF PROTEINS (EG PLASMA PROTEINS)

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Input: The flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Osmosis

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Input: What is "permeability?" [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: It describes the ease with which a solute diffuses through a membrane. It depends upon the characteristics of the solute and the membrane

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: REFLECTION COEFFICIENT [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: EASE WITH WHICH A SOLUTE PERMEATES A MEMBRANE (1 = IMPERMEABLE, 0 = COMPLETELY PERMEABLE)

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Input: Q: What is accommodation in nerve action potentials? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A: Occurs when cell membrane is held at a depolarized level for extended periods, such that the threshold is passed without firing an action potential. Closes the inactivation gates of the Na+ channel. Demonstrated in hyperkalemia.

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Input: Define resting membrane potential [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: the intracellular potentail relative to the extracellular potential. e.g. -70mV = 70mV, cell negativeg

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Input: Define inward current [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: postive charge flowing into the cell

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Input: What is accommodation? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: cell membrane is held at depolarized level even with the threshold potential is passed. e.g. hyperkalemia: skeletal muscle membranes are depolarized by high serum K+

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Input: What are proteoglycans? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Proteoglycans are a major component of the animal extracellular matrix, the 'filler' substance existing between cells in an organism. Here they form large complexes, both to other proteoglycans, to hyaluronan and to fibrous matrix proteins (such as collagen). They are also involved in binding cations (such as sodium, potassium and calcium) and water, and also regulating the movement of molecules through the matrix.

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Input: What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: patients have antibodies against Ca channels in motor nerve terminals --> less Ca enters nerve termianl and patients have musclar weakness and diminished stretch reflexes

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Input: ACCOMMODATION [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: CELL MEMBRANE HELD IN DEPOLARIZED STATE ABOVE THRESHOLD, BUT DOES NOT FIRE OFF AN AP -> B/C [NA+] INACTIVATION GATE CLOSED BY DEPOLARIZATION

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Input: What is myasthenia gravis [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: antibodies to the ACh receptor - skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue - decreases the size of the EPP - can be treated by AChE inhibitors

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Input: Define threshold [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: inward Na current exceeds outward K current

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Input: WHAT IS MYASTHENIA GRAVIS? TX? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: AUTOIMMUNE AGAINST ACH RECEPTOR -> FEWER RECEPTORS -> SMALLER EPP + MORE DIFFICULT TO GENERATE AP -> SKELETAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS + FATIGUE (TX W/ ACHESTERASE INHIBITORS -> PROLONGS ACH EFFECT AT MUSCLE END PLATE + SLOWS DOWN DEGRADATION)

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Input: What is osmolarity? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is osmosis? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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Input: What is osmotic pressure? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The extent to which a compartment attracts water into it by having a high solute concentration. Note that this osmolarity is for osmotically active particles only.

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Input: WHAT IS PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: ADRENAL MEDULLA TUMOR -> SECRETES CATECHOLAMINES + INCREASED VMA IN URINE

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Input: What is colloid osmotic pressure? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Also known as oncotic pressure It is the osmotic pressure generated by proteins

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Input: What is the reflection coefficient? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A number between 0 and 1 that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

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Input: WHAT IS PARKINSON'S DISEASE? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: DEGENERATION OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS USING D2 RECEPTORS

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Input: What is a diffusion potential? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The potential difference generated across a membrane because of a concentration difference of an ion. This type of potential can only be generated if the membrane is permeable to the ion

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Input: T TUBULE [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: 1) CARRY DEPOLARIZATION FROM SARCOLEMMAL MEMBRANE TO CELL INTERIOR 2) FOUND AT A-I BAND JUNCTION

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Input: DIHYDROPYRIDINE RECEPTOR [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE PROTEIN IN T TUBULES THAT CHANGES CONFORMATION WHEN DEPOLARIZED -> OPENS RYANODINE RECEPTORS IN SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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Input: What is an equilibrium potential? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The diffusion potential that exactly balances (opposes) the tendency for diffusion caused by a concentration difference

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Input: What is electrochemical equilibrium? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The chemical and electrical driving forces acting upon an ion are equal and opposite, so there is no net diffusion of the ion

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Input: What is troponin? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: the regulatory protein that allows cross-bridge fomration when it binds to Ca2+

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the Nernst equation used for? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Calculation of the equilibrium potential at a given concentration difference for a permeable ion across a cell membrane. It tells us what potential would balance the tendency for diffusion, or the potential at which the ion would be at electrochemical equilibrium

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Input: Define isometric contraction [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: length is held constant. No muscle shortening

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Input: ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: MUSCLE LENGTH FIXED (AKA PRELOAD) -> CONTRACTION STIMULATED -> TENSION MEASURED (NO SHORTENING)

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Input: What is the resting membrane potential? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The overall membrane potential that is established by diffusion potentials resulting from concentration gradients of all permeant ions. By convention, it is expressed as the intracellular potential relative to the outside, so -70 mV means 70 mV, cell negative

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Input: Isotonic contraction [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Load is held constant. Shortening of muscle

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Input: ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: LOAD FIXED (AKA AFTERLOAD) -> CONTRACTION STIMULATED -> SHORTENING MEASURED

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Input: FORCE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: MEASURES VELOCITY OF SHORTENING DURING ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS AGAINST DIFFERENT LOADS -> VELOCITY OF SHORTENING DECREASES AS AFTERLOAD INCREASES

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Input: What is depolarization? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: When the membrane becomes less negative (the cell interior becomes less negative)

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Input: What is hyperpolarization? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: When the membrane becomes more negative (the cell interior becomes more negative)

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Input: What is inward current? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The flow of positive charge INTO the cell, depolarizing the membrane potential

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Input: What is outward current? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The flow of positive charge OUT of the cell, hyperpolarizing the membrane potential

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Input: What is an action potential? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A property of excitable cells that consists of a rapid depolarization (upstroke) followed by repolarization of the membrane. Action potentials are propagating

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Input: What is an action potential threshold? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The membrane potential at which the action potential is inevitable, and the net inward current becomes greater than the net outward current

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Input: What is the "overshoot" of an action potential? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The brief portion at the peak of the action potential where the membrane potential becomes positive

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Input: What is the absolute refractory period? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The period during which another action potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus. This is because the inactivation gates on the Na channels are still closed

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Input: What is the relative refractory period? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The period during which an action potential can be elicited, but only if it is larger than the usual inward current. This is because the K conductance is higher than at rest, so as Em approaches Ek, it moves farther away from threshold

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is accommodation (in the context of action potential propagation)? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Occurs when a cell membrane is held at a depolarized level such that threshold is passed without firing an action potential Occurs because depolarization closes the inactivation gates on the Na channels Accommodation is demonstrated in hyperkalemia, where skeletal muscle is depolarized by high serum K concentrations. This closes the Na channels

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Input: What is the neuromuscular junction? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The synapse between the axons of motor neurons and skeletal muscle. The neurotransmitter, ACh, binds to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors

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Input: What is the end plate potential in the postsynaptic membrane? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The contents of one synaptic vesicle (1 quantum) produce a miniature end plate potential (MEPP), the smallest possible depolarization MEPPs summate to produce a full-fledged EPP, which is NOT an action but simply a depolarization (not to threshold) of the muscle end plate

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Input: What is a one-to-one synapse? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: A action in the presynaptic element (the motor nerve) produces an action in the postsynaptic element (the muscle) This type of synapse is found at the neuromuscular junction

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Input: What is a many-to-one synapse? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: An action in a single presynaptic cell cannot produce an action potential in the postsynaptic cell by itself Many cells synapse on the postsynaptic cell to depolarize it to threshold Presynaptic input may be excitatory or inhibitory

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Input: What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: These are inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell and bring it closer to threshold They are caused by the opening of channels that are permeable to Na and K, similar to ACh channels They depolarize to a value about halfway between Ena and Ek

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Input: What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: These are inputs that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell, moving it away from threshold They are caused by the opening of Cl channels, so the Em approaches Ecl

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Input: What is spatial summation of synapses? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Two excitatory inputs arrive at a postsynaptic neuron at the same time, and together they produce greater depolarization

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Input: What is temporal summation of synapses? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Two excitatory inputs arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession Because the resulting depolarizations overlap in time, they are added in a stepwise fashion

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Input: What is facilitation (in the context of the synapse)? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Also known as augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation This occurs after tetanic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron Depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron is greater than expected, because greater-than-normal amounts of neurotransmitter are released due to accumulation of Ca in the presynaptic terminal Long-term potentiation (memory) involves new protein synthesis

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Input: What defines a sarcomere? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: You count Z line to Z line

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are T tubules? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: They are an extensive tubular network open to the extracellular space that carry depolarization from the sarcolemma to the cell interior. They are found at the junction of A and I bands, and contain a voltage-sensitive dehydropyridine receptor that undergoes a conformational change upon depolarization

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Internal tubular structure that stores and releases Ca for excitation-contraction coupling Terminal cisternae make contact with the T tubules in a triad Membrane has a Ca-ATPase that transports Ca into the SR Contains Ca loosely bound to calsequestrine Releases Ca into the cell interior through the ryanodine receptor

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are isometric muscle contractions? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Contractions at a fixed length. The length (preload) is fixed, the muscle is stimulated to contract, and the developed tension is measured. There is no muscle shortening.

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are isotonic muscle contractions? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The load against which the muscle contracts (afterload) is fixed, the muscle is stimulated to contract, and shortening of the muscle is measured.

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the length-tension relationship of muscle? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Measures tension during isometric contractions when the muscle is set to fixed lengths (preloads)

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is passive muscle tension? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The tension developed by stretching the muscle to different lengths

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is total muscle tension? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The tension developed when the muscle is stimulated to contract at different lengths

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is active muscle tension? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: The difference between total and passive tension, representing the active force developed from muscle contraction Active tension is proportional to the number of cross-bridges formed

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the force-velocity relationship of muscle? [ZONULA OCCLUDENS]

Output: Measures the velocity of shortening of isotonic contractions when the muscle is challenged with different afterloads The velocity of shortening decreases as the afterload increases

TERMS CELL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sources that are easy to identify and monitor

Output: What is point-source pollution?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Pollution that has a poorly defined source, it is scattered and hard to monitor

Output: What is non-point source pollution

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: False, pollution is not equally distributed

Output: True or false: Pollution is equally distributed

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: 1) Economic - To use our $ differently 2) Political - We can be vocal enough to change things and gain power 3) Media - We have the power to be vocal enough on the media to get certain messages across 4) Census - We can use the census to gain information about resources and learn about our minorities

Output: In what ways are we empowered?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: It can cause breast cancer, miscarriages, infertility

Output: What can the pesticide DBT do?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Carcinogens - Cancers Mutagens - DNA mutations Teratogens - Birth Defects Allergens Neurotoxins - Causes NS / brain damage Endocrine Disruptors - Interferes with hormones

Output: What are the types of toxins?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Emissions - Pollution released into the air and falls to the water and the ground Runoff- Pollution on the ground or surface Leaching- Pollution soaking into ground water

Output: What are the three types of pollution?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Hazard - it can and probably will happen. example: asbestos in schools Risk - there is a chance it will happen, it is voluntary.. example: putting children in sports

Output: Whats the difference between hazard and risk?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Inhalation, inhaling pollutants is the quickest way into the body

Output: What is the quickest "route of pollution"?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: 1) Physical 2) Chemical 3) Biological 4) Cultural

Output: What are the four types of hazards?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Chronic: effect is over a period of years Acute: life is in immediate danger

Output: What is the difference between chronic and acute?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Something released by humans in large enough quantities to harm or effect people or the environment.

Output: What defines "pollution"?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Absorption through the skin

Output: What is the slowest "pollution route"?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Dose-response curve

Output: What predicts the effects of higher doses and predicts toxicity for humans at various levels?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: It predicts the effects of higher doses and predicts toxicity for humans at various levels

Output: What is the dose-response curve?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: Acute Mercury poisoning, over 12,000 people suffered.

Output: What is Minamata Disease?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: It is estimating the short and long-term benefits and risks. 1) How important is the thing? For example, pesticides 2) How large is the population of the people that benefits from the pesticides? 3) Do the benefits outweigh the risks?

Output: What is a risk-benefit analysis?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: 1) Hazard Assessment - determines toxicity 2) Dose-response Assessment (How much?) 3) Exposure Assessment (How long?) 4) Risk characterization (How many are impacted?

Output: What are the 4 parts of an Impact Assessment?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: It determines toxicities of certain chemicals and toxins by testing on mice and rats and then plotted on a dose-response curve.

Output: How is the dose-response assessment done?

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?


Input: [1] Capitation [2]

Output: Health care providers are paid a fixed monthly fee for a range of services for each HMO member in their care

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Conglomerate [2]

Output: A corporation of a number of different companies operating in a number of different fields

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Co-payment [2]

Output: A medical expense that is a member's responsibility; usually a fixed amount

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Deductible [2]

Output: A cost sharing arrangement in which the member pays a set amount toward covered services before the insurer begins to make any payments

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Fee-for-service [2]

Output: Pays providers for each service performed

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Gatekeeper [2]

Output: A term referring to HMO primary care providers responsible for referring members to specialists

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Liability [2]

Output: The state of being liable, responsible, legally bound or obligated, as to make good on any loss or damage that occurs

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Opt-out-option [2]

Output: Members or clients can seek treatment from providers outside the health care plan but pay more to do so

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Joint venture [2]

Output: A type of business management where hospitals, physicians, and clinics form to offer client care

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Pluralistic [2]

Output: Referring to numerous distinct ethnic, religious, and cultural groups that coexist in society

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Laws [2]

Output: are societal rules or regulations that are advisable or obligatory to observe

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Ethics [2]

Output: A set of moral standards and a code for behavior. A critical relflection about mortality and the rational analysys of it

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bioethics [2]

Output: Refers to the ethical implications of biomedical technology. Bio refers to life and issues in bioethics are often life and death issues

MOP MED LAW CH 1-2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Investment decisions [Capital Budget]

Output: Capital budgeting decisions

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Investment decisions involving the acquisition of long-lived assets [Capital Budget]

Output: Capital expenditure decisions

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the sum of the present values of all cash flows [Capital Budget]

Output: Net present Value

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the minimum return that top management wants to earn on investments [Capital Budget]

Output: Required Rate of Return

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The rate of return that equates the present value of future cash flows to the investment outlay [Capital Budget]

Output: Internal Rate of Return

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The weighted average of the costs of debt and equity financing used to generate capital for investments. [Capital Budget]

Output: Cost of Capital

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the tax savings resulting from depreciation [Capital Budget]

Output: Depreciation Tax Shield

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the average after-tax income from a project divided by the average investment in the project [Capital Budget]

Output: Accounting rate of return

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The length of time it takes to recover the inital cost of an investment [Capital Budget]

Output: Payback Period

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: formal documents that quantify a company's plan for achieving its goals [Capital Budget]

Output: Budgets

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a set of budget relationships that can be adjusted to various activity levels [Capital Budget]

Output: Flexible budget

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a budget with targets that are easy to achieve [Capital Budget]

Output: Slack

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the group within a company that is responsible for approval of various budgets [Capital Budget]

Output: Budget committee

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: only exceptional variences from the budget are investigated [Capital Budget]

Output: Management by exception

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a budget that is not adjusted for the acual leval of production [Capital Budget]

Output: Static budget

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Differences between budgeted and actual amounts [Capital Budget]

Output: Budget variences

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a comprehensive planning document that incorporates a number of individual budgets [Capital Budget]

Output: Master Budget

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a method of budget preparation that requires budgeted amoundts to be justified by each period at the start of each budget period, even if the amounts were supported in prior budget periods. [Capital Budget]

Output: Zero-based budgeting

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the cost that management believes should be incurred to produce a good or service under anticipated conditions [Capital Budget]

Output: Standard cost

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the cost of a single unit [Capital Budget]

Output: Budgeted cost

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: standard costs that take into account the possibility that a variety of circumstances may lead to costs that are greater than ideal [Capital Budget]

Output: Attainable Standards

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: costing standards developed under the assumption that no obstacles to the production process will be encountered [Capital Budget]

Output: Ideal Standards

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: analysis between the difference between a standard and an actual cost [Capital Budget]

Output: Standard Cost Vairence

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: breaking down the difference between standard and actual cost into two components (material price material quality, labor rate and labor efficiency) [Capital Budget]

Output: Variance Analysis

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal to the difference between the actual price per unit of material and the standard price per unit of the material times the actual quantity of material purchased [Capital Budget]

Output: Material price variance

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal to the difference between the actual quantity of material used and the standard quantity of material allowed for the number of units produced times the standard price [Capital Budget]

Output: Material quantity variance

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal to the difference between the actual wage rate and the standard wage rate times the actual number of labor hours worked [Capital Budget]

Output: Labor rate variance

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal to the difference between the actual number of hours worked and the standard labor hours allowed for the number of units produced times the standard labor wage rate [Capital Budget]

Output: Labor Efficiency Varience

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the difference between the actual amount of overhead and the amount of overhead that would be included in a flexible budget for the actual level of production [Capital Budget]

Output: controllable overhead varience

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: equal to the difference between the amount of overhead included in the flexible budget and the amount of overhead applied to production using the standard overhead rate [Capital Budget]

Output: overhead volume varience

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a firm that grants substantial decision-making authority to managers of sub units [Capital Budget]

Output: Decentralized organizations

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: managers of subunits may pursue peronal goals that are incompatible with goals of the company as a whole [Capital Budget]

Output: Lack of goal congruence

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a subunit (department, subsidiary, or a division) [Capital Budget]

Output: Responsiblity centers

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a subunit that has responsibility for controlling costs but does not have responsiblity for generating revenue [Capital Budget]

Output: Cost center

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a subunit that is responsible for generating revenue, controlling costs, and investing in assets [Capital Budget]

Output: Investment Center

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a subunit that has responsibility for generating revenue as well as for controlling costs [Capital Budget]

Output: Profit Center

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: evaluating the profitibility of each profit center relative to the profitiblity of other, similar profit centers [Capital Budget]

Output: Relative performance evaluation

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ratio of investment center income to invested capital [Capital Budget]

Output: Return on investment

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The ratio of income to sales [Capital Budget]

Output: Profit margin

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the ratio of sales to invested capital [Capital Budget]

Output: Investment turnover

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: investment center income [Capital Budget]

Output: Net operating profit after taxes

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: current liabilities that do not require interest payments (accounts payable, income taxes payable, accrued liabilities, etc.) [Capital Budget]

Output: Noninterest-bearing current liabilities

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the net operating profit after taxes of an investment center in excess of its required profit [Capital Budget]

Output: Residual income

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: developed by stern stewart that accounts for accounting distortions that arise from following gaap [Capital Budget]

Output: Economic value added

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a set of performance measures constructed for four dimensions of performance (financial, customer, and internal process perspectives and learning and growth) [Capital Budget]

Output: Balanced Scorecard

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a diagram of the relationships across the four dimenstions of a balanced scorecard [Capital Budget]

Output: Strategy map

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the price that is used to value internal transfers of goods or services [Capital Budget]

Output: Transfer price

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: analyzing the dollar value and percentage changes in financial statment amounts across time [Capital Budget]

Output: Horizontal analysis

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: analyzing financial statment amounts in comparison to a base amount [Capital Budget]

Output: vertical analysis

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the section that management provides stockholders and other financial statement users with explanations for financial results that are not obvious simply from reading the basic financial statements [Capital Budget]

Output: Management discussion and analysis

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the use of debt financing to acquire assets [Capital Budget]

Output: Financial leverage

Managerial Accounting Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] electromagnetic field

Output: a formation of a group of magnetic lines of force surrounding a conductor created by electrical current in the conductor

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] reluctance

Output: the opposition to the establishment of a magnetic field in a material

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] relay

Output: an electromagnetically controlled mechanical device in which electrical contacts are opened or closed by a magnetizing current

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] permeability

Output: the measure of ease with which a magnetic field can be established in a material

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] magnetomotive force

Output: the cause of a magnetic field, measured in ampere turns

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] magnetic flux

Output: the lines of force between the north and south poles of a permanent magnet or an electromagnet

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] magnetic field

Output: a force field radiating from the north pole and south pole of a magnet

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] lenz's law

Output: a physical law that states when the current through a coil changes, the poloraity of the induced voltage created by the changing of the magnetic field is such that it always opposes the change in current that caused it. The current cannot change instantaneously

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] induced voltage

Output: voltage produced as a result of a changing magnetic field

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] hysteresis

Output: a characteristic of a magnetic material whereby a change in magnetization lags the application of the magnetic field intensity

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] faraday's law

Output: a law stating that the voltage induced across a coil equals the number of turns in the coil times the rate of change of the magnetic flux

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] retentivity

Output: the ability of a material, once magnetized, to maintain a magnetized state without the presence of a magnetizing force

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] solenoid

Output: an electromagnetically controlled device in which the mechanical movement of the shaft or plunger is activated by a magnetizing current

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] speaker

Output: an electromagnetic device that converts electrical signals to sound waves

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: [ampere-turn (At)] weber (wb)

Output: the si unit of magnetic flux, which represents 10 8th lines

magnetism and electromagnetism key terms Flashcards - Cram.com

the SI unit of magnetomotive force (mmf)


Input: What is the global, long term-change to sea level? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Eustatic change

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What was first created in an effort to claim the continental shelf as belonging to the nation it was attached to? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The Law of the Sea

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is responsible for the large-scale global ocean circulation? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Thermohaline circulation

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the process of wave separation? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Dispersion

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of ocean wave has a disturbing force of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Seiche waves

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a characteristic of a tsunami? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Long wavelengths

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Where are deltas common? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Low energy shores

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the name for slow, deep currents beneath the pycnocline? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Thermohaline currents

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the Ekman spiral? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The decreasingly slower movement of water as it gets further away from the wind source

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why do large, broad beaches have gradual slopes? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: They have a large area for wave energy to dissipate.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What thrusts water masses that are engaged in the thermohaline flow of the world's ocean? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Gravity

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A coastline is covered with sea caves. What kind of beach is this likely to be? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: An erosional beach

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What maintains a forced wave? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Disturbing force

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What kind of waves occur at the boundary between two fluid media? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Orbital waves

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the extraction of wind so effective over or near the ocean? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The wind tends to be steady in these areas.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What type of current occurs during a high tide? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Flood current

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What can not initiate a seiche? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Internal waves

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons on Earth? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Methane hydrate

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When did the harvesting of commercial whale species cease? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: When the hunting of whales became uneconomical

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a characteristic of Antarctic Bottom Water? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Extreme density

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What water mass is the most saline? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Mediterranean Deep Water

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is not a characteristic of western boundary currents? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: They are broad currents.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is responsible for increasing a beach's slope? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The swash

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What are the most common, large-scale features on a depositional coast? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Sand spits

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which is a factor that determines the location of a coast? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The volume of water in the ocean

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a wave period? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The time for a wave to move the distance of one wavelength

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When high or low tidal currents begin to change direction, it is called: [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Slack water

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is methane hydrate not harvested for energy use? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a.It is costly to mine and liquefy the sediments. b.It is dangerous to mine due to methane's combustibility. c.The methane disappears as it is brought to the surface.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What maintains the permanent thermocline found at all low and mid-latitudes? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Continual upwelling

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which is not a reason why a refined oil spill is more harmful? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The oil contains more energy potential due to additives during the refinement process

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the ozone layer important? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: It protects Earth from ultraviolet rays

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What happens when a tsunami approaches the shore? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a.Its velocity drops rapidly. b.Its period remains the same. c.Its wave height increases

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When a resource is present in a fixed amount, it is said to be: [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a nonrenewable resource.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What will make people change their way of using energy and perhaps viewing the world? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: They need to see a maximum to their material gains and the distribution of the costs.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What does Newton's gravitational model not consider when determining influences on tides? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The position of landmasses in relation to the moon

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is an example of a true tidal wave? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Tidal bore

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is considered to be the largest western boundary current? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Gulf Stream

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the second most valuable marine resource? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Gravel

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the net force of inertia and gravitational attraction combined? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Tractive forces

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is usually the highest point on a beach? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Berm crest

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the reference level to which a tidal height is compared to? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Datum

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What occurs as a tsunami's circumference expands? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The energy dissipates

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Which habitat is the most impacted by pollutants? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Estuaries

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What kind of flow is important in driving the ocean surface currents? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Stokes drift

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How do the insoluble components of oil affect the ocean? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a.Prevent free diffusion of gas b.Clog feeding structures c.Decrease the amount of light penetrating the surface

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In theory, what are free-market economies based upon? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Pure competition

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a mathematical model? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: A model that uses equations to describe a system's behaviors

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is a storm surge not considered a progressive wave? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: It is only a crest rather than a whole wave.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the relationship between the heights of tides and the amphidromic point? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Heights increase with distance from the amphidromic point

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: An erosional coast that has little tidal variation: [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: can erode quickly because wave action is centralized.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why does wave refraction occur? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Wave lines approach shore and enter into different depths

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What remains unchanged regardless of depth? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Wave period

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a fjord? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: A deep, narrow bay

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a sea? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: None of these choices

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is a coastal cell? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: A section of coastline that has a balance of input and output of sand

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the same side of the moon always facing Earth? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The tidal friction locked the moon's rotation to that of Earth

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What determines an organism's response to a particular pollutant? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a.The quantity of the pollutant b.The toxicity of the pollutant c.The persistence of the pollutant

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When does a wave begin to interact with its bottom? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: When the bottom is shallower than the wavelength

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is not true of the backshore? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: It extends slightly seaward of the berm crest.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prevents North Atlantic Deep Water from moving on a large scale like the Antarctic Bottom Water? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: The topography of the basin

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When do tidal currents reach their maximum velocity? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Midway between high and low tide

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How are pristine conditions of the atmosphere determined? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Seawater samples from deep within polar ice packs

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is not an important factor for the development of wind waves? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Tides

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is an amphidromic point? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: A node in the center of an ocean basin

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Why is the West Wind Drift not considered a gyre? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: It does not flow around the margins of an ocean basin.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: tools do fishermen now employ to locate schools of fish? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: a.Scouting vessels b.Satellite sensors c.Ariel photography

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Barrier islands are: [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: formed when sediments accumulate on submerged rises

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The west coast of the United States receives two high tides and two low tides of varying heights per day. What kind of tidal pattern is this? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: Semidiurnal mixed tides

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the relative ratio of height to wavelength in a tsunami? [They evaporate into the air.]

Output: It is extremely low.

Oceanography Final Flashcards - Cram.com