Input: [Heart failure] Chronic hypertension, MI, CAD, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, and the aging heart

Output: The causes of heart failure include:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] When the left ventricle does not contract sufficiently to pump the blood returned from the lungs and left atrium out through the aorta into peripheral circulation; this causes excessive amounts of blood to back up into the lung tissue.

Output: Left sided HF

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Usually the patient will have shortness of breath

Output: Clinical signs of CHF, (What the patient presents with)

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Occurs when the when the heart does not sufficiently pump the blood returned into the right atrium from the systemic circulation .

Output: Righ sided HF

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] peripheral edema Blood and its constituents are backed up into peripheral tissues. EX. arms and legs

Output: What the patient will present with in right sided hF?

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] True

Output: One type of heart failure can lead to another

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] preload and afterload

Output: In HF there is an increase in

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] results from an increase in blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole. (The resting phase of the heart). This occurs b/c of a pathological increase in the elasticity of the ventricular walls associated with a weakend heart.

Output: What causes the increase in preload?

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] There is an increased pressure or force in the ventricular wall caused by increased resistance in the aorta which must be overcome to open the aortic valve so blood can be injected into circulation.

Output: What causes the increase in afterload?

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Cardiac glycosides

Output: Found in a number of plants, including digitalis and they are a group of drugs that inhibit the sodium -potassium pump. Also used to correct a-fib and a-flutter.

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] an influx of Calcium, causing the cardiac muscle fibers to contract more efficiently.

Output: An increase in intracellular sodium leads to

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] 1. a positve inotropic action ( increases myocardial contraction stroke volume) 2. a negative chronotropic action ( decreases heart rate). 3. negative dromotropic (decreases conduction of the heart cells).

Output: Digitalis preparations like digoxin have three effects on the heart muscle:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] cardiac, peripheral,and kidney function by increasing cardiac output, decreasing preload, improving blood flow the the periphery and kidneys, decreasing edema, and increasing fluid excreation.

Output: The increase in myocardial contractility increases:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] fluid retention in the lung and extremites are decreased.

Output: As a result of the above:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Digoxin

Output: Acts by increasing the force and velocity of the myocardial systolic (working phase) contraction.

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] First line- Inotropic agents: DOPAMINE &DOBUTAMINE PHOSPHOESTERASE INHIBITORS- Amrione and primacor. Second line- Digoxin

Output: First and Second line of drugs used to treat Acute heart failure:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE-Inhibitors, ARB'S, CCB, AND vasodialators.

Output: Other drugs prescribed for HF:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] negative chronotropic and negative dromotropic effects

Output: a-fib and a-flutter is controlled by cardiac glycosides by:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] digoxin does not convert afib to norma heat rhythm.

Output: true

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] CCB AND COUMADIN

Output: Management of afib:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Atrial natriretic hormone or peptide BNP

Output: Labs used to diagnose Heart failure:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] ANH is secreted from the atria of the heart and acts as an antagonists to renin and aldosterone. It is released during the expansion of the atrium, produces vasodialtion, and increases GFR.

Output: ANH or ANP

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Anorexia(loss of appetite), diarrhea, nause, vomitting, bradycardia, PVC's, cardiac dysrhythmias, headaches, malaise, blurred vision, visual illusions (white, green, yellow halos around objects),confusion, and delrium.

Output: Dig toxicity: What will the patient present with?

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Elderly adults

Output: What population of people are more suseptible to dig. toxicity?

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] A telemetry monitor b/c ventricular dysryhtmias may result.

Output: A patient that is dig toxic should be place on:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] 1. Suppression of A-V conduction 2. increased automaticity 3. decreased refractory period in ventricular muscle.

Output: Three cardica altered functions can contribute to dig-induced ventricular dysrhythmias:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] PHENYTOIN AND LIDOCAINE.

Output: Drugs used for treating dig-induced ventricular dysrhymias:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] digoxin immune( digibind, ovine). excreated in the urine, signs and symptoms should be reported to the Dr.

Output: Antidote for Cardiac glycosides

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] First, Second and Complete heart block. Serum dig levels should be monitored

Output: Dig toxicity may result in:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] 1. Lasix, HCTZ- promote the loss of potassium from the body. The result is hypokalemia increases the effect of dig at its myocardial cell siteof action, resulting in dig toxicity. 2. Cortisone-promote Na retention and K excretion.

Output: Drug interactions with dig can cause dig toxicity

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] 1. Consume foods rich in K or take K supplements to avoid Low K and dig toxicity.

Output: patient teaching should include for the above:

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] can decrease dig absorption if taken at the same time .

Output: Antacids

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] ginseng, St. John's wort, Metamucil, Hawthorn, Licorice, Aloe, Ma-hung, and Goldenseal will effect dig mechanism of action

Output: HERBAL ALERT :

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] MAY FALSELY ELEVAT DIG LEVELS

Output: GINSENG

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] DECREASES THE ABSORPTION OF DIG AND THUS DECREASES SERUM DIG LEVELS

Output: ST. JOHNS WORT

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] MAY DECREASE DIG ABSORPTION

Output: METAMUCIL

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] MAY INCREASE THE EFFECTS OF DIGOXIN

Output: HAWTHORN

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] CAN POTENTIATE THE EFFECT OF DIG. IT PROMOTES LOW K, WHICH INCREASES THE EFFECTS OF DIG.

Output: LICORICE

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF DIGITALIS . INCREASES K LOSS

Output: ALOE

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] INCREASES THE RISK OF DIG TOXICITY

Output: MA-HUNG OR EPHEDRA

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] DECREASE THE EFFECTS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES AND INCREASE THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDYSRYHMICS,.

Output: GOLDENSEAL

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Heart failure] Primacor, Inocor These drugs increase SV and CO and promote vasodialtion. Administered IV and Should not be used longer than 48 to 72 hours . Severe cardiac dysrhythmias might result from use of these drugs . So the patient EKG and cardiac status should be monitored closely.

Output: PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS

Cardiac Glycosides,Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics Flashcards - Cram.com

Digitalis preparations have come to be known for their effectiveness in treatiing


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is a abnormality in the scrotum?

Output: Protruding of internal organ. Transillumination: serous fluid shows a red glow Solid tissue and blood do not transilluminate

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is circumcision for?

Output: Decision is culturally based Jews and Muslims practice circumcision as part of their religious value system. Benefits: prevention of phimosis, decreases risk for UTI, lower incidence of STDs, reduced risk of genital herpes

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is some considerations in infants?

Output: Premature infants may have undescended testes Breech delivery males – may have scotal edema Hypospadias Epispadias

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is hypospadias

Output: urethral opening below penus

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] what is episadias?

Output: urethral opening above the penis

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] When doe puberty start in males?

Output: Puberty begins 9.5 – 13.5 years First sign: enlargement of testes Then pubic hair and ↑ size of penis

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is TSE?

Output: Should be taught at age 13 through adulthood T = timing; once a month S = shower, warm water relaxes scrotal sac E = examine, check for changes, report changes immediately

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is considerations with the aging male?

Output: Around age 40, sperm production decreases After age 55-60; testosterone decreases Amount of hair decreases; pubic hair turns gray Testes decrease in size, scrotal contents hang lower

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is tinea cruris (jock itch)?

Output: Dark warm moisture, caused by fungal infection

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is the result of a enlarged prostate?

Output: Early symptoms may be tolerated or ignored Develop incontinence Nocturia may be due to diuretic medications, fluid ingestion 3 hours before bedtime, especially coffee or alcohol.

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is disurea?

Output: pain or burning with urination

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Palpate the scrotum for?] What is testicular torsion?

Output: Excrutiating pain in testicle of sudden onset, often during sleep or following trauma Sudden twisting of spermatic cord

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com

Asymmetry is normal, with the left scrotal half usually lower than the right Spread the rugae Each epididymis normally feels discrete, non-tender


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Nitrosureas

Output: Subgroup of Alkylating agents with additional MOA of inhibiting DNA replication

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Antimetabolites

Output: Disrupt nucleic acid synthesis (work only on dividing cells in S phase) by either: 1. interfering with normal synthesis of nucleic acid by falsely substituting for purines or pyrimidines in the metabolic pathway 2. competitively binding for enzymes which process the purines and pyrimidines into DNA and therefore inhibit the synthesis of DNA

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Folate antagonists

Output: Bind to dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in depletion of reduced folates (tetrahydrofolate), which is necessary for thymidine and purine synthesis (thus inhibiting DNA synthesis) cell cycle specific

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Fluorinated Pyrimidines

Output: Metabolized to fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, (FdUMP), which, in the prescence of folates, binds tightly and interferes with thymidylate synthetase (enzyme required for synthesis of thymidine)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Cytidine Analogues

Output: Phosphorylated to the active triphosphate form which competes with deoxycytidine for DNA polymerase, inhibiting DNA synthesis

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Gemcitabine ribonucleotide reductase

Output: Inhibits de novo nucleotide production

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Topoisomerase I inhibitors

Output: Covalent bond with topoisomerase I; binding allows uncoiling of double strand DNA which results in single-stranded DNA breaks

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Topoisomerase II inhibitors Anthracylines-Intercalators

Output: Intercalation of an area of the DNA double helix thus preventing DNA transcription and replication

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Topoisomerase II inhibitors Epipodophyllotoxins-Non Intercalators

Output: Semi-synthetic podophyllotoxins that bind to tubulin; cell damage caused by DNA strand breaks through topoisomerase inhibition

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Vinca Alkaloids Tubulin Interactive Agents

Output: Bind to microtubular proteins, which are essential contractile proteins of the mitotic spindle; arrest mitosis at the metaphase (cell-cycle specific)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Taxanes Tubulin Interactive Agents

Output: Bind to tubulin, inducing the formation of aberrant, stabilized microtubules

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Epitholenes Non-taxane microtubule stabilizing agent

Output: Analogue of epitholene B, inhibits microtubules, arresting cell division in mitotic phase, causing cell death

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Antitumor Antibiotics (DNA strand breakage agent)

Output: Active metal complex causes single and double strand breaks via intercalation folowed by production of free radicals from oxygen (inhibits DNA replication)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Asparaginase Misc.

Output: Hydrolyzes the circultating aminoacid L-asparagine into aspartic acid, thus indirectly inhibiting protein synthesis.

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Hydroxyurea

Output: Blocks DNA synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] LHRH agonists (gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs) Antiestrogens and antiandrogens

Output: Initially stimulate release of gonadotropins, followed downregulation of pituitary receptors for LHRH (resulting in downregulation due to excessive stimulation). Pituitary stops producing FSH adn LH and eventually testes stop production of testoterone and ovaries stop production of estrogen.

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Estrogen receptor modulators (antiestrogens, mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist)

Output: Blocks estrogen receptors in most hormonal tissues. Stimulates production of transforming growth factor beta (inhibitory growth factor)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Aromatase inhibitors

Output: Non-steroidal inhibitors of corticosteroid synthesis; inhibits conversion of circulating androgens into estrogens

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Corticosteroids

Output: May slow DNA synthesis through inhibition of glucose transport or phosphorylation, leading to a decrease of cellular energy

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Progestins

Output: Induces the enzyme, 17-hydrooxysteroid dehydrogenase, which oxidizes estradiol to the less potent form, estrone. Also activates estrogen sulfatransferase, which catalyzes the sulfation of estrogen to less active forms, thus antagonizing growth

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Imatinib mesylate Signal Transduction inhibitor

Output: Inhibits BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (abnormal gene of the Ph chromosome in CML) specific inhibitor of the translocation-created enzyme, works by blocking the rapid growth of white blood cells

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Gefitinib Signal Transduction inhibitor

Output: Inhibits the intracellular phophorylation of numerous tyrosine kinases associated with transmembrane cell surface receptors, including the tyrosine kinases associated with the epidermals growth factor (EGFR-TK), (blocks growth stimulatory signals in cancer cells)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Erlotinib Signal Transduction inhbitor

Output: Human epidermal growth factor receptor Type 1/epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Lapatinib Signal Transduction inhibitor

Output: Targets the tyrosine kinase domains of HER-2 and EGFR-1, inhibiting growth of tumor cells and causing apoptosis.

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Sorafenib and Sunitinib Signal Transduction inhibitor

Output: Inhibits TK domains of VEGFR and other factors associated with metastasis and cell proliferation

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Monoclonal Antibodies

Output: Target receptors that are unique to or overexpressed in tumors

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Rituximab

Output: Reacts with CD20 (a B lymphocyte surface antigen) and depletes normal and malignant B cells; it also binds complement and increases antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Transtuzumab

Output: Antibody directed against HER/2 receptors on some breast cancer cells

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Gemtuzamab ozogamicin

Output: Antibody to CD33 (expressed on leukemic blasts on > 80% in AML) MOA: After binding, ozogamicin is released inside the myeloid cell, binding to DNA and causing double-stranded breaks

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Alemtuzumab

Output: Binds to CD20, resulting in apoptosis

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Tositumomab

Output: Radiolabeled monoclonal antibody for refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Cetuximab

Output: targets the EGFR and blocks the ability of EGF to initiate receptor activation and signaling to the tumor. Blockade results in an inhibition of tumor growth by interfering with the effects of EGFR activation including tumor invasion and metastases, cell repair and angiogenesis

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Panitumimab

Output: binds to EGFR, resulting in interference of EGFR signaling, producing an anti-tumor effect.

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Ibritumomab

Output: Radiopharmaceutical for one type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, used with Rituxan

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Nofetbumomab

Output: Diagnostic imagining agent

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Interferons Type I - interferon alpha and interferon beta Type II - interferon gamma

Output: Anitiviral and antitumor effects of interferons are thought to be due to induction of enzymes that inhibit the synthesis of protein and DNA (block viral replication, suppress cell proliferation, enhances phagocytosis by macrophages)

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Interleukins-Interleukin 2

Output: Immunoregulatory protein produced by lymphocytes that exhibits a wide range of immunologic effects. It has no direct antitumor activity, but mediates its cytotoxicity through activation of effector cells including T-cells, natural killer cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Denileukin difitox

Output: Fusion protein designed to direct the cytocidal action of diptheria toxin to cells which express the IL-2 receptor

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Bevacizumamb Antiangiogensis agents

Output: Recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody that binds to and inhibits a natural protein called human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which plays a role in the formation and maintenance of tumor blood vessels; works by targeting and inhibiting the function of a natural protein called "vascular endothelial growth factor" that stimulates new blood vessel formation.

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Thalidomide

Output: Inhibits TNF-alpha, reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils, increases production of interleukin-10, alters adhesion molecule expression, and enhances cell-mediated immunity via interactions with T-cells Angiogensis inhibitor

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Bortezomib

Output: Proteasome inhibitors

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Tretinoin

Output: Interacts with retinoic acid receptor to terminally differentiate leukemic promyeloblasts

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Arsenic trioxide

Output: Other MOA

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Bexarotene

Output: Synthetic retinoid analogue that selectively activates a subclass of retinoid receptors called retinoid X receptors (RXR); once activated, they regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: [Alkylating Agents] Mesna (sodium-2-mercapto-ethanesulfonate) Dexrazoxane (Zinecard) Amifostine (Ethyol)

Output: Chemoprotectants

Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents (PP553 exam #2) Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com

Replace hydrogen atoms with an alkyl radical causing covalent bonds with electron rich nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and glutathione leading to misreading of DNA code, cross-linking of DNA, single or double strand breaks, and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis


Input: pharmaceutical interaction def

Output: is a chemical or physical interaction that occurs before a drug is administered or absorbed systemically

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: pharmacodynamic interaction

Output: occurs when one drug alters the sensitivity of a target receptor or tissue to the effects of a second drug. We commonly classify these interactions by their direction and intensity, that is, additive, antagonistic, or supra-additive (synergistic).

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: administration of bicarbonate + bupivicaine

Output: precipitation and occlusion of IV

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: Catecholamine solutions + sodium bicarb

Output: precipitation and inactivation of the catecholamine solution ( norepi, epi)

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: Danger of using NO w/ oxygen for pulmonary hypertension in the newborn?

Output: formation of Nitrous dioxide, quite toxic, and concentrations >10 ppm can produce pulmonary edema and alveolar hemorrhage. The problem is circumvented by allowing oxygen and NO to mix in the breathing circuit just before administration

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: tetracycline is inactivated by?

Output: by chelation if it is given together with antacids containing polyvalent cations such as Mg2+, Ca2+, or Al3+.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: digoxin should not be given w/

Output: Oral antidiarrheal drugs such as kaolin and pectin can physically adsorb digoxin and prevent it from being absorbed.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: warfarin should not be given with?

Output: The bile acid-binding resin, cholestyramine, can bind to warfarin and prevent its absorption. It can also reduce the absorption of vitamin K and other fat-soluble compounds.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: drugs in which state ( ionized vs. non-ionized) cross the lipid membranes?

Output: non-ionized It is apparent from this relationship that a weak base (fentanyl, lidocaine) will be progressively ionized as the pH decreases, whereas a weak acid (aspirin, phenobarbital) will be more nonionized.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: weak acids get trapped in weak bases get trapped in>>.

Output: more basic environment more acidic environment

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: why is protein binding important?

Output: because it is only the unbound fraction that is available for crossing membranes, entering tissues, and binding to receptors to produce the pharmacologic effect. Protein-bound drug is not filtered by a normal glomerulus and (for some drugs) is not acted on by drug-metabolizing enzymes. A drug that is highly bound to plasma protein effectively exists in a “depot,”

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: warfarin protein binding?

Output: 98% of drug is protein bound. Drugs that displace the binding alter INR

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: non-depolarizing drugs and succinylcholine

Output: larger dose required

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: how is esmolol and remifentanyl metabolised?

Output: hydrolyzed by so-called nonspecific esterases in blood and peripheral tissues.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: what are non-specific esterases? and their role in drug-drug interactions?

Output: The nonspecific esterases constitute a large group of isozymes with extremely high capacity and low substrate specificity. This enzyme system is not likely to be involved in drug–drug interactions because inhibition of any one isozyme usually does not affect overall drug clearance.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: monamide oxidase, distribution of the enzyme, function

Output: is distributed throughout the body, with the largest amounts found in the liver, kidney, and brain. MAO is located on the outer surface of mitochondria in the presynaptic terminals of noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons in the CNS and periphery. It acts to regulate the presynaptic pool of norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin available for synaptic transmission

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: MAO - A vs MAO-B

Output: MAO exists in two isoforms: MAO-A predominates in the gut wall, whereas MAO-B is the major isoform in the CNS.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: MAOi + which drugs can cause serotoninergic syndrome?

Output: SSRIs / meperidine dextromethorphan,28 and the analgesics, propoxyphene, and tramadol. Other than some poorly documented case reports, the evidence suggests that morphine and fentanyl do not produce this interaction.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: Serotonin syndrome?

Output: excitation, hyperpyrexia, hypertension, profuse sweating, and rigidity.26 This may progress to seizures, coma, and death

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: how long does it take for MAO to regenerate?

Output: 2 weeks

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: lidocaine concentration incrases w/

Output: decreased hepatic blood flow, pressor administration

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: hepatic clearance =

Output: hepatic blood flow + extraction ratio for a given drug

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: what is extraction ratio?

Output: extraction ratio (ER)—the fraction of drug that can be metabolized in a single pass through the liver

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: rate limiting fractors for elimination in drugs w/ high extraction ratio?

Output: hepatic blood flow

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: rate limiting factor for elimination in drugs w/ low extraction ratio?

Output: enzyme activity ; diazepam, lorazepam

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: inducers of hepatic metabolism

Output: INDUCERS I Phenobarbital Phenytoin Rifampicin Carbamazepine Ethanol

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: inhibitors of hepatic metabolism

Output: INHIBITORS Cimetidine Ketoconazole Erythromycin Disulfiram Ritonavir

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: role of cimetidine and clearance of drugs?

Output: Cimetidine has an imidazole group that binds to the heme iron of cytochrome P450 and forms an inactive complex. Cimetidine inhibits the metabolism of many drugs, including warfarin, diazepam, phenytoin, and morphine. Several studies have demonstrated that coadministration of cimetidine and diazepam causes clinically significant elevations in the concentration of both diazepam and its active metabolite.49 As stated previously, cimetidine can decrease hepatic blood flow, so it can also decrease the clearance of high-extraction drugs

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: saquinavir and ritonavir role in drug metabolism?

Output: can inhibit the metabolism of midazolam and fentanyl, respectively, by inhibiting CYP3A4.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: antifungals, ketoconazole and itraconazole role in drug metabolism?

Output: They have been shown to decrease the clearance (and increase the toxicity) of glyburide, terfenadine, digoxin, midazolam, theophylline, and warfarin.

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: a weak base can be excreted in urine when urine is ... ( high or low ph?) what about the reverse?

Output: excretion can be promoted when the urine is acidified. weak acid such as phenobarbital is largely nonionized when the urine pH is 6.0. This means that much of the filtered drug is in a relatively lipid-soluble form and available for tubular reabsorption. If the urine pH is raised to 8 or 9 (e.g., with sodium bicarbonate), most of the phenobarbital becomes ionized, reabsorption decreases, and clearance increases

occurs when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another.


Input: Protruding of internal organ. Transillumination: serous fluid shows a red glow Solid tissue and blood do not transilluminate [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is a abnormality in the scrotum?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Decision is culturally based Jews and Muslims practice circumcision as part of their religious value system. Benefits: prevention of phimosis, decreases risk for UTI, lower incidence of STDs, reduced risk of genital herpes [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is circumcision for?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Premature infants may have undescended testes Breech delivery males – may have scotal edema Hypospadias Epispadias [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is some considerations in infants?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urethral opening below penus [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is hypospadias

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: urethral opening above the penis [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: what is episadias?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Puberty begins 9.5 – 13.5 years First sign: enlargement of testes Then pubic hair and ↑ size of penis [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: When doe puberty start in males?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Should be taught at age 13 through adulthood T = timing; once a month S = shower, warm water relaxes scrotal sac E = examine, check for changes, report changes immediately [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is TSE?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Around age 40, sperm production decreases After age 55-60; testosterone decreases Amount of hair decreases; pubic hair turns gray Testes decrease in size, scrotal contents hang lower [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is considerations with the aging male?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Dark warm moisture, caused by fungal infection [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is tinea cruris (jock itch)?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Early symptoms may be tolerated or ignored Develop incontinence Nocturia may be due to diuretic medications, fluid ingestion 3 hours before bedtime, especially coffee or alcohol. [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is the result of a enlarged prostate?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pain or burning with urination [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is disurea?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Excrutiating pain in testicle of sudden onset, often during sleep or following trauma Sudden twisting of spermatic cord [Palpate the scrotum for?]

Output: What is testicular torsion?

Nu 311 (15) male genitourinary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Solids [1]

Output: What has a definite shape and definite volume in general, and is the densest state of matter.

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Liquids [1]

Output: What has no definite shape but has a definite volume in general, and is the second densest state of matter.

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Gases [1]

Output: What has no definite shape or volume in general and is the least densest state of matter.

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] It is the study of matter and it's changes. [1]

Output: What is chemistry?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Elements are the basic building block of all matter. They are pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical reactions. [1]

Output: EXPLAIN the meaning of the word element.

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hydrogen and Helium. [1]

Output: What are the most common elements in space, and make up 98% of the mass of the universe?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Nitrogen and Oxygen. [1]

Output: What are the most common elements on the Earth's atmosphere?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] 65% oxygen, 17.5% carbon, 10.2% hydrogen, 2.4% nitrogen, 1.6 calcium, and 3.3% of other elements. [1]

Output: What does your body consist of?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Because it can be combined with other metals. [1]

Output: Why is Iron good?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element. [1]

Output: What is an atom?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The upward push of a liquid or gas on an object placed in it. [1]

Output: What is Buoyancy?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The gradual wearing away of a metal by combining with nonmetals in its environments. [1]

Output: What is Corrosion?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The amount of mass for each milliliter of a substance; formula is mass of an object divided by its volume. [1]

Output: What is Density?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The ability to be pulled into thin wires without breaking. [1]

Output: What is Ductility?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A particle in space outside of the Nucleus of an atom that carries one unit of negative electric charge. [1]

Output: What is an Electron?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A pure substance that cannot be broken down into an simpler substances through chemical reactions,. [1]

Output: What is an Element?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The ability to be bent, flattened, hammered, or pressed into new shapes without breaking. [1]

Output: What is Malleability?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A measure of the matter in an object. [1]

Output: What is Mass?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anything that has mass and takes up space. [1]

Output: What is Matter?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Any group of elements that conducts heat and electricity, has shiny luster, and is flexible. [1]

Output: What are Metals?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A particle that contains more than one atom joined together. [1]

Output: What are Molecules?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A particle in the Nucleus of an atom that has no electric charge. [1]

Output: What is a Neutron?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Elements that are dull, poor conductors, and brittle. [1]

Output: What are Nonmetals?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The center of an atom that has most of its mass. [1]

Output: What is a Nucleus?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A particle in the nucleus of an atom that carries one unit of positive electric charge. [1]

Output: What is a Proton?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A material that has properties in between conductors and insulators. [1]

Output: What is a Semiconductor?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A measure of how much space the matter of an object takes up. [1]

Output: What is Volume?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] a measure of how gravity pulls on an object. [1]

Output: What s Weight?

Science Test: Matter; Dec. 9, 2011 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What is central bank independence?

Output: central bank can make decisions without political interference.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] How does the Fed implement monetary policy by changing interest rates?

Output: Open-market operations: give banks more reserves or take reserves away from them to trigger an expansion or contraction of money supply.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What component of the graph of Interest Rates against quantity of bank reserves does the Fed control?

Output: The position of the supply curve depends on Federal policy that controls the quantity of bank reserves.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Why do banks hold reserves?

Output: Because government regulations require them to do so.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What is the federal funds rate?

Output: The interest rates that banks pay and receive when they borrow reserves from one another. Any bank that wants to borrow reserves must pay the federal funds rate for the privilege.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Why does the demand curve slope down while the supply curve slopes up?

Output: as interest rates go up, more expensive to borrow, fewer reserves demanded. when interest rates go up, more attractive to lend.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Where does the borrowing and lending between banks come from?

Output: banks have developed an active market in which those with excess reserves lend them to those with reserve deficiencies.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What does the Fed do when it wants to reduce interest rates?

Output: purchases T-bills to provide additional reserves to the market and shifting the supply curve outward.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Sure, the Fed can reduce interest rates by purchasing T-bills, but where does the Fed get the money?

Output: Manufactures funds out of thin air. Adding appropriate sums to the reserve accounts that the banks maintain at the Fed.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] So Fed buys the securities, which increases bank reserves, lowering interest rates. What do they ultimately hope to achieve by doing this?

Output: Multiple expansion of the money supply, 1/m

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What does the Fed control directly?

Output: FFR, by buying just the right volume of securities.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What if the Fed wants to raise interest rates?

Output: Sells government securities to banks, decreasing bank reserves because banks pay for it with deposits in Fed, leading to a multiple contraction of the banking system.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What happens, with reference to a relevant graph, to the price of a treasury bill when Fed buys most of it.

Output: same thing. price naturally goes up.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What is the relationship between bond prices and interest rates?

Output: When bond prices go up, interest rates fall because the purchaser of the bond spends more money than before to earn a given number of dollars of interest per year. Similarly, when bond prices fall, interest rates rise. BONDS PAY A FIXED NUMBER OF DOLLARS OF INTEREST PER YEAR!!!

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Talk about the effect of an open-market purchase of T-bills by the Fed on: a) Money supply b) T-bill prices c) Interest Rates

Output: a) increases, excess reserves allowed to circulate and expand through the economy. b) goes up, due to scarcer T-bills. c) goes down, due to increase in supply of reserves.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What must have happened at the bank if there is an expansion of the money supply?

Output: increase in excess reserves without increasing deposits. fed lends money to the bank.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What is the discount rate?

Output: the interest rate Fed charges on loans made to banks.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] How does the Fed influence the amount banks borrow? But is this reliable?

Output: By manipulating the discount rate. Not very reliable because banks may not respond accordingly. The link between discount rate and the volume of the bank reserves may be a loose one.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What are other methods of monetary control?

Output: Lending to Banks and Changing Reserve Requirements.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] How does monetary policy work? Which components are the most sensitive to monetary policy?

Output: could be expansionary or contractionary. mainly affects investment and interest rates, which affect total expenditure. investment and net exports are the most sensitive to monetary policy. IN GENERAL, EXPANSIONARY MONETARY POLICY LEADS TO LOWER INTEREST RATES, AND THESE LOWER INTEREST RATES ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT (I), WHICH HAS MULTIPLIER EFFECTS ON AGGREGATE DEMAND. ' FED --> M & r --> I --> aggregate demand --> GDP

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] How does the interest rate affect total spending?

Output: higher interest rate, higher cost of investing since higher interest paid on borrowings, less I, less total spending. Higher interest rate, lower expenditure schedule.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What would the Fed do in a recession?

Output: Would try to expand money supply by purchasing government securities in an open market and increasing bank reserves. By increasing bank reserves shifts the supply curve outwards while the demand curve doesn't move. FFR falls.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] So Fed can implement expansionary money policy by purchasing US government securities. But what might it give rise to?

Output: We must also consider the price level. Inflation - which depends on the slope of the aggregate supply curve. Keynesian model: FED --> M & r --> I --> aggregate demand --> P & Y

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] What does investment spending I constitute?

Output: Business Investment and investment in new homes. I is sensitive to interest rates (r). I is lower when r is higher.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [What is monetary policy?] Why does the aggregate demand curve slope downward?

Output: Higher prices increase the demand for bank deposits, and hence for bank reserves. Given fixed supply for reserves, higher demand pushes interest rates up, which, in turn, discourages investment.

Macroeconomics - Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

actions taken by the Fed to change interest rates and the money supply to affect the economy.


Input: [Plate tectonics] Convergent boundary

Output: the boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] Divergent boundary

Output: the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] Transform boundary

Output: the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] Subduction zone

Output: the region where one lithospheric plate moves under another one into the asthenosphere

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] What occurs at transform boundaries?

Output: m

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] What occurs at convergent boundaries of two continental plates?

Output: m

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [Plate tectonics] What occurs at a divergent boundary between two oceanic plates?

Output: m

Science Final Exam Ch. 7 Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards - Cram.com

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape


Input: [1] White portion of the eye. Tough, Fibrous membrane which maitains the shape of the eyeball and serves as a protective covering for the eye. [2]

Output: sclera

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Color portion of the eye. [2]

Output: iris

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Center of the iris. Controls the amount of light entering the eye, and its diameter is regulated by the relaxing and contracting of the iris. [2]

Output: pupil

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Thin mucous membrane layer that lines the anterior part of the eye, which is exposed to air, and the inner part of the eyelids. [2]

Output: conjunctiva

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Located at the upper outer edge of each eye (under the upper eyelid). Produces tears. [2]

Output: lacrimal gland

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Antibacterial enzyme which destroys microorganisms. [2]

Output: lysozyme

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Tears drain through this duct. [2]

Output: lacrimal duct

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The lacrimal duct is located at the __________ (inner edge) of the eye. [2]

Output: canthus

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Continuous with the skin and cover the eyeball, keeping the surface of the eyeball lubricated and protected from dust and debris through their blinking motion. [2]

Output: Upper and lower eyelids.

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Located along the edges of the eyelids. Protect the eyeball by prevventing foreign materials and/or insects from coming in contact with the surface of the eyeball. [2]

Output: eyelashes

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A transparent, nonvascular layer covering the colored part of the eye (iris). [2]

Output: cornea

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Located in the vascular middle layer of the eye. Contains 3 structures: iris, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments. [2]

Output: choroid

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Three structures of the choroid. [2]

Output: iris ciliary body suspensory ligaments

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Two sets of muscles within the iris. [2]

Output: radial muscles circular muscles

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Muscles within the iris that dilate the pupil in dim light to allow more light to enter the eye. [2]

Output: radial muscles

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Muscles within the iris that constrict the pupil in bright light to allow less light to enter the eye. [2]

Output: circular muscle

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Posterior to the iris. Colorless biconvex structure that aids in focusing the images clearly on the sensitive nerve cell layer called the retina. [2]

Output: lens

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Located on each side of the lens. Contains muscles that are responsible for adjusting the lens to view near objects. [2]

Output: ciliary body

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Radiating from the ciliary body are numerous straight fibrils called _____________ that attach to the lens and hold it in place. [2]

Output: suspensory ligaments

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Ability of the lens to clearly focus on objects at various distances. [2]

Output: accommodation

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Innermost layer of the eye. Changes the energy of the light rays into nerve impluses. [2]

Output: retina

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Nerve cells which are highly specialized for stimulation by light rays. [2]

Output: rods and cones

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Responsible for visualizing colors, central vision, and vision in bright light. [2]

Output: cones

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Highest concentration of cones is in the ___________, a small depression located within the macula lutea. [2]

Output: fovea centralis

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] An oval, yellowish spot near the center of the retina. [2]

Output: macula lutea

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] When the image focuses directly on the fovea centralis, the sharpest image is obtained. This is known as _________. [2]

Output: central vision

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Responsible for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision. Located at the outer edges of the retina. [2]

Output: rods

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Impulses from the retina are transmitted through the______ to the brain where they are interpreted as vision. [2]

Output: optic nerve

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Only part of the retina that is insensitive to light because it contains no rods or cones. Also known as the blind spot of the eye. [2]

Output: optic disc

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Two cavities of the interior of the eye. [2]

Output: anterior cavity posterior cavity

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The anterior cavity contains the _____, located in front of the lens and the _______, lcoated behind the lens. [2]

Output: anterior chamber posterior chamber

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior & posterior chambers. [2]

Output: aqueous humor

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Clear, jellylike substance found in the posterior cavity that gives shape to the eyeball. [2]

Output: vitreous humor

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Bending of light rays as they pass through the various structures of the eye to produce a clear image on the retina. [2]

Output: refraction

Chapter 14 Special Senses Anatomy Eye Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A bacterial or fungal organism that causes decay [2]

Output: Decomposer


Input: [1] A chemical used to control fungal pests [2]

Output: Fungicide


Input: [1] A chemical used to control insect pests [2]

Output: Insecticide


Input: [1] A chemical used to control weeds - can be selective or non-selective [2]

Output: Herbicide


Input: [1] A general term used to describe a chemical used to control animal pests [2]

Output: Pesticide


Input: [1] A membrane that allows the free diffusion of some small solute molecules but not others [2]

Output: Partially permeable


Input: [1] A mineral made up of carbon and oxygen found in the shells of marine organisms and making up sedmentary rocks [2]

Output: Carbonate


Input: [1] A problem in plant growth caused by lack of a particular mineral [2]

Output: Deficiency


Input: [1] A renewable fuel of biological origin that can be used as a convenient source of energy [2]

Output: Biofuel


Input: [1] A term used to describe intensive agriculture when applied to rearing of animals [2]

Output: Battery farming


Input: [1] A way of displaying the relationship between organisms in a food chain by displaying the number of organisms at each trophic level [2]

Output: Pyramid of numbers


Input: [1] A way of displaying the transfer of energy in food chains starting with producers and working through the trophic levels to the top consumer [2]

Output: Pyramid of biomass


Input: [1] AN organism that speeds up decay by eating dead plant and animal material and increasing its surface area [2]

Output: Detritivore


Input: [1] An additive used to enrich soil in essential plant minerals [2]

Output: Fertiliser


Input: [1] An organic form of nitrogen that is excreted by organisms and can be formed by decay, Readily converted into ammonia in the soil [2]

Output: Urea


Input: [1] An organism such as a plant that can produce its own food from simple substance - usually by photosynthesis [2]

Output: Producer


Input: [1] An organism that derives its energy and nutrients from eating plants or other animals [2]

Output: Consumer


Input: [1] An organism that secretes enzymes to digest its food externally before absorbing the digestion products [2]

Output: Saprophyte


Input: [1] Any method that seeks to increase the eficiency of farming through the use of mechanisation, chemicals, artificial control of conditions or selective breeding [2]

Output: Intensive farming


Input: [1] Any process that leads to the reuse of materials [2]

Output: Recycling


Input: [1] Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into amino acids [2]

Output: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria


Input: [1] Commonly used artificial fertiliser used to add nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium to the soil for plant growth [2]

Output: NPK


Input: [1] Dead and decaying plant and animal material [2]

Output: Detritus


Input: [1] Decomposed organic material that can be used as an organic fertiliser and soil conditioner [2]

Output: Compost


Input: [1] Describes the ability of a membrane to allow the free diffusion of a particular substance [2]

Output: Permeable


Input: [1] Farming without soil using tight control of conditions and nutrient supply in synthetic media [2]

Output: Hydroponics


Input: [1] Feeding by secretion of digestive enzymes and absorbing the digestion products [2]

Output: Saprophytic nutrition


Input: [1] Intensive agriculture applied to fish [2]

Output: Fish farm


Input: [1] Layer of cells one cell thick making up underside of leaf [2]

Output: Lower epidermis


Input: [1] Layer of cells that allows gases to permeate freely through leaf [2]

Output: Spongy mesophyll


Input: [1] Layer of columnar cells in leaf where most photosynthesis takes place [2]

Output: Palisade mesophyll


Input: [1] Light absorbing pigment found in chloroplasts [2]

Output: Chlorophyll


Input: [1] Openings in undrerside of leaf that allow transpiration to take place [2]

Output: Stomata


Input: [1] Pairs of cells in lower epidermis that regulate stomatal opening, water loss and gas exchange [2]

Output: Guard cell


Input: [1] Plants that have two seed leaves (not grasses) [2]

Output: Dicotyledonous


Input: [1] Preventing or slowing the decay of food by decomposers through artificial means [2]

Output: Food preservation


Input: [1] Simple substances such as salts that carry elements that are needed by plants in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen [2]

Output: Minerals


Input: [1] Soil bacteria that convert ammonia into nitrate which plants can absorb through their roots [2]

Output: Nitrifying bacteria


Input: [1] Soil bacteria that remove nitrogen from the main nitrogen cycle by breaking down nitrates into nitrogen gas [2]

Output: Denitrifying bacteria


Input: [1] Term that describes a plant cell that has lost water by osmosis [2]

Output: Flaccid


Input: [1] Term used to describe agriculture that avoids the use of chemicals and other intensive methods [2]

Output: Organic farming


Input: [1] Term used to describe the wrinkly appearance of an animal cell that has lost water due to osmosis [2]

Output: Crenation


Input: [1] The bursting of a cell due to rupture of the cell membrane [2]

Output: Lysis


Input: [1] The collected waste products of a population made up of faeces and urine [2]

Output: Sewage


Input: [1] The elimination of undigested food in the form of faeces [2]

Output: Egestion


Input: [1] The form taken by the vascular tissue of a plant in a leaf - provides support as well as allowing transport of water, minerals, sugars and other substances [2]

Output: Vein


Input: [1] The hollow centre of a tissue such as the xylem [2]

Output: Lumen


Input: [1] The layer of cells that make up the upper surface of a leaf [2]

Output: Upper epidermis


Input: [1] The loss of water vapour from the leaves of a plant that contributes to the flow of water from the roots [2]

Output: Transpiration


Input: [1] The name given to each layer in a food chain - usually no more than five [2]

Output: Trophic level


Input: [1] The net movement of water from a region of high to low water potential across a partially permeable membrane [2]

Output: Osmosis


Input: [1] The plant tissue that comprises the phloem and xylem [2]

Output: Vascular bundle


Input: [1] The process by which sugars are transported through the plant from the sources in the leaves to the sink organs such as roots and flowers [2]

Output: Translocation


Input: [1] The process whereby bacteria and fungi break down complex organic molecules into simpler substances that they can absorb [2]

Output: Decay


Input: [1] The result of a plant cell absorbing water by osmosis causing the cell contents to expand and press against the cell wall. Maintains plant stem rigidity. [2]

Output: Turgid


Input: [1] The result of a plant cell losing too much water by osmosis. The cell contents may separate from the cell wall [2]

Output: Plasmolysis


Input: [1] The situation when the concentration of a particular substance is higher on one side of the cell membrane than the other [2]

Output: Concentration gradient


Input: [1] The total mass of organic material - usually measured when dry to correct for different amounts of water [2]

Output: Biomass


Input: [1] The use of one species - usually introduced - to control another [2]

Output: Biological control


Input: [1] The vascular tissue in a plant that carries sugars, amino acids and other important nutrients from the leaves [2]

Output: Phloem


Input: [1] The vascular tissue in a plant that carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves [2]

Output: Xylem


Input: [1] Uptake of substances into a cell against a concentration gradient. Requires energy [2]

Output: Active transport


Input: [1] Waxy layer on upper epidermis of leaf [2]

Output: Cuticle


Input: [1] What happens to a plant when its cells lose turgor pressure due to a lack of water [2]

Output: Wilt


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] what word means "the totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions."?

Output: Metabolism

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Metabolism contains these kinds of pathways in which a certain molecule is converted again and again until it becomes the final, desired product.

Output: Metabolic pathways.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] In metabolic pathways, molecules are ______ again and again until it becomes the final, desired product.

Output: In metabolic pathways, molecules are CONVERTED again and again until it becomes the final, desired product.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] State and define the two kinds of metabolic pathways.

Output: Catabolic pathways - (sounds like "catastrophe") molecules break down into simpler pieces. Anabolic pathways - Energy is consumed in order TO BUILD a larger molecule.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Define "Bioenergetics".

Output: The study of how organisms manage energy resources.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What is defined as "The study of how organisms manage energy resources."?

Output: Bioenergetics

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What is defined as "The capacity to cause change."?

Output: Energy

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What are the two types of energy?

Output: Kinetic energy (relative motion) Potential energy (based on location)

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What's the sub-type of kinetic energy and define it.

Output: Heat/Thermal Energy - Kinetic associated with the random movement of molecules.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What's the sub-type of potential energy and define it.

Output: Chemical Energy - Energy for release in a chemical reaction.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] List the types of energy and their sub-types.

Output: - Kinetic - - Heat/Thermal - Potential - - Chemical

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Thermodynamics is the study of energy ______________.

Output: Thermodynamics is the study of energy TRANSFORMATION.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What is the first law of Thermodynamics?

Output: Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed. (Also known as the conservation of energy)

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What is the second law of Thermodynamics?

Output: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the system/universe.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Define "Entropy".

Output: Entropy: Disorder in the universe.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] In what form does energy tend to be lost in reactions?

Output: Energy tends to be lost in the form of HEAT in reactions.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] We can NEVER _____ of energy input to energy output.

Output: We can NEVER 100% of energy input to energy output.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Define "Free Energy".

Output: Free Energy measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when conditions are uniform (inside of a cell).

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What is "free energy" in a nutshell?

Output: Energy available to perform work.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] ONLY processes with a negative ∆G are ________ (require ____ input of energy).

Output: ONLY processes with a negative ∆G are SPONTANEOUS (require NO input of energy).

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Processes that require NO input of energy (such as rolling a ball down a hill) are spontaneous/instantaneous.

Output: Processes that require NO input of energy (such as rolling a ball down a hill) are spontaneous.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Describe a spontaneous event.

Output: It is not immediate; we can predict or foresee it's impending arrival or happening. Instinctive or involuntary.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] A positive/negative ∆G value indicates that there must be an input of energy to drive the reaction.

Output: A positive ∆G value indicates that there must be an input of energy to drive the reaction.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] What equation is used to determine the ∆G value?

Output: ∆G = Gf - Gi (f = final state ; i = initial state)

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] All systems want to be in a stable state, or _______.

Output: All systems want to be in a stable state, or EQUILIBRIUM.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Very unstable systems will have a ______ G value.

Output: Very unstable systems will have a HIGH G value.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Systems that have a high G value tend to be stable/unstable.

Output: Systems that have a high G value tend to be unstable.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Anything that has high potential energy, has a high _________.

Output: Anything that has high potential energy, has a high G value.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Do potential energy and G values go hand-in-hand?

Output: Yes.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Systems that have a low G value tend to be stable/unstable.

Output: Systems that have a low G value tend to be stable.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Anything that requires energy is/isn't spontaneous.

Output: Anything that requires energy isn't spontaneous, or non-spontaneous.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] An exergonic reaction absorbs/releases free energy.

Output: An exergonic reaction releases free energy.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] In exergonic reactions, ∆G increases/decreases.

Output: In exergonic reactions, ∆G decreases.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] When ∆G decreases, as in an exergonic reaction, the difference is usually positive/negative, which means it is spontaneous/non-spontaneous.

Output: When ∆G decreases, as in an exergonic reaction, the difference is usually negative, which means it is spontaneous.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] In an exergonic reaction, the greater the decrease of ∆G, the greater amount of _______ is produced.

Output: In an exergonic reaction, the greater the decrease of ∆G, the greater amount of ENERGY is produced.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] Describe a situation where the ∆G increases and is positive.

Output: When the ∆G increases and is positive, the situation is non-spontaneous; energy is required; and it is endergonic.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.


Input: [Define "Metabolism"] When the ∆G of a situation is negative or decreasing, describe it.

Output: When the ∆G of a situation is negative or decreasing, that situation is exergonic, spontaneous, and no energy is required for it to occur.

Introduction to Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards - Cram.com

The totality of an organism's internal chemical reactions.