Input: : need to distinguish concepts, attributes, variables, and constants. Should be value-free, narrow, specific, clear, has more than one possible answer, can be answered by observable evidence (testable), addresses the decision-making needs of agencies or practical problems in social welfare, significance for guiding social welfare policy or social work practice. [research process]

Output: hypothesis

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: IV, DV, control, mediating, moderating [research process]

Output: types of variables

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: exogenous variables, influence, cause, or affect the phenomenon being studied, proceed the dependent variable in time, not determined within the system under investigation; the causes of them lie outside that system. Classic e.g., background characteristics of individuals, such as race/ethnicity, sex, age, region. [research process]

Output: independent variable

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: endogenous variables, variables most interesting to researchers, influenced by independent variables, determined within the system under investigation, e.g. student achievement scores, patient blood pressure, etc. [research process]

Output: dependent variable

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Input: intervening variable, a variable that comes between IV and DV in the causal chain. A variable that comes between IV and DV in the causal chain. Conceptually, it is the transformation process/change mechanism when stimuli effects behavior. [research process]

Output: mediating variable

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Input: not influenced by IV but that can affect the strength or direction of the relationship between the IV and DV. There is an interaction between IV and Mod V on DV; Mod V moderates the relationship between IV and DV. When a variable moderates the relationship between two other variables, that variable is said to be a moderator. The moderator variable and the variable whose relationship it moderates with the dependent variable are also called interacting variables. [research process]

Output: moderating variable

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: did you control for…conclusions can be radically different when confounding or lurking variables are controlled (in other words, “held constant,” or “partialled out”). [research process]

Output: control variable

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: no relationship, correlational, causal, linear, non-linear, curvilinear [research process]

Output: types of relationships between variables

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: correlation between the number of roads built in Europe and the number of births in the US is not causal. There could be a common cause for both. What could it be? World economy? [research process]

Output: correlational v. causal

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: positive and negative, curvilinear) [research process]

Output: linear v. non-linear

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Limitations of correlation analysis: curvilinear relationship truncated or restricted range, bivariate outliers. [research process]

Output: limitations of correlational analysis

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental [research process]

Output: degree of control

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: single vs. group [research process]

Output: number of subjects in a study

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: quantitative, qualitative, mixed [research process]

Output: nature of data

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: used mostly in quantitative methods. Things that are quantifiable (things you can count, rank-temperature, depression score, age etc.) [research process]

Output: quantitative

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: data used in qualitative methods. Data that are not easily reduced to numbers. Meanings. E.g. transcript of a focus group, face-to-face in-depth interviews. [research process]

Output: qualitative

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a design for collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies to understand a research problem. Improves genearlizability (representativeness) with deep and contextual understanding of the phenomenon of interest. (classification according to emphasis-qual, quant, equal; according to sequence-qual first, quant first, concurrent). [research process]

Output: mixed

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cross-secitonal longitudinal [research process]

Output: time-dimension

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: exploratory, explanatory, descriptive, evaluative [research process]

Output: purpose of study

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to provide beginning familiarity with the topic/area. Typical when a researcher is examining a new interest, when the subject is relatively new and unstudied, usually with a small sample, non-representative (insufficient to provide conclusive answers to research questions, e.g. a survey via unstructured, open-ended interviews with recent alumni and their agency supervisors and administrators to obtain preliminary sense of the extent to which their graduates were utilizing research in their practice. [research process]

Output: exploratory

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to describe situations or events (US census). [research process]

Output: descriptive

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: takes the description further and explains why. (why a battered woman return or not return to a violent partner). [research process]

Output: explanatory

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to evaluate social policies, programs, and interventions. Could be done via exploration, description, and explanation. [research process]

Output: evaluative

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: to develop an test measurement instruments that can be sued by other researchers or by practitioners as part of the assessment or evaluation aspects of their practice. The question at hand is whether a measurement instrument is useful and valid to be applied in practice and research. [research process]

Output: construct an instrument

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: generalizability= to draw a general conclusion from particular instances. Dealt with sampling. How do we know what we learn from a sample of people can be applied to the whole population. [research process]

Output: external validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : logical validity of the causal inferences, dealt with research design. [research process]

Output: internal validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Selecting a group of people/objects (sample) from those who we want to study (population) in order to find out population characteristics (parameter) based on sample characteristics (statistic). [research process]

Output: what is sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ii. A sample is not necessary when we can ask everybody the question we want answered, then, we are dealing with the whole population and a sample is not necessary. If everyone were alike, a sample would not be necessary. [research process]

Output: when is a sample not necessary?

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (those who we want to study, those who we want to generalize the findings to), [research process]

Output: population

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (a special subset of the population, those who are actually in the study, we observe them for purposes of making inferences about the nature of the total population itself. Chief criterion of quality-the degree to which it is representative, the extent to which the characteristics of the sample are the same as those of the population from which it was selected), [research process]

Output: sample

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (population characteristics, summary description of a given variable in a population), [research process]

Output: parameter

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (sample characteristics, summary description of a variable in a sample), [research process]

Output: statistic

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (difference between the true population parameter and the estimated population parameter, even the most carefully selected sample won’t provide a perfect representation of the population from which it was selected. there will always be some degree of sampling error. even if you are able to identify perfectly the population of interest, you may not have access to all of them, even if you do, you may not have a complete and accurate enumeration or sampling frame from which to select, even if you do, you may not draw the sample correctly or accurately, even if you do, they may not all come and they may not all stay) [research process]

Output: sampling frame

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. One way to decrease sampling error is to increase the n of your study. Negative relationship/association between sampling error and sample size. [research process]

Output: how to decrease sampling error

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (most effective method for selection of study elements. avoids researchers biases in element selection. permits to estimate sampling error). [research process]

Output: probability sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: each element has an equal chance of selection independent of any other event in the selection process. Procedure: use table of random numbers, computer random number generator or mechanical device. [research process]

Output: random selection

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: probability theory enables researchers 1) to calculate the parameters and 2) to make judgments of how likely it is that the estimated parameters will accurately represent the actual parameters. Chief principle: every member of the total population must have some known nonzero probability of being selected into the sample. Purpose: to select a set of elements from a population in such a way that descriptions of those elements actually portray the total population from which the elements are selected. Random selection is the key in this process. [research process]

Output: logic of probability sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: simple random, systematic, stratified, multi-stage cluster [research process]

Output: types of probability sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: random selection (each element has an equal chance of selection independent of any other event in the selection process. procedure: use table of random numbers, computer random number generator or mechanical device). [research process]

Output: simple random

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Input: assign a number to every unit in sampling frame (1 to N), decide sample size that you want or need (n), N/n=k the interval size, randomly select a number from 1 to k, then take every kth unit, assumes that the population is randomly ordered, if not, by accident, we might draw a non-probability sample, not much different from the simple random sampling, advantages-easy. [research process]

Output: systematic

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Input: AKA, quota RS, to insure representation of each strata—(sometimes oversample smaller population groups). Involves dividing the population into smaller subgroups, called strata, and then drawing separate or random or systematic samples from each stratum. Addresses sampling error on certain variable used for stratification: e.g., in a sample stratified by ethnicity, the sampling error on this variable is zero. [research process]

Output: stratified

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AKA multi-stage RS, area sampling. the final units to be included in the sample are obtained by first sampling larger units (clusters) in which smaller units are contained. divide population into clusters, randomly sample clusters, randomly sample individual units from selected clusters. 1. first stage: select a sample of areas, e.g. census tracts 2. intermediate stage(s): select sample of smaller areas within each area selected in first stage. 3. final stage: select sample of units from each area selected in previous step. [research process]

Output: multi-stage cluster

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Input: (the use of procedures to select a sample that does not involve random selection, main issues-likely to misrepresent the population, may be difficult or impossible to detect this misrepresentation). [research process]

Output: non-probability sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: “man on the street,” college psychology majors, available or accessible clients, volunteer samples, problem-risky. we have no evidence for representativeness->generalization suffers, still useful. [research process]

Output: reliance on available subjects

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AKA, judgmental sampling, investigator uses judgment and prior knowledge to choose people for the sample who would best serve the purpose of the study. Deliberately sampling an extreme group. deviant case sampling, studying cases that don’t fit into fairly regular patterns of attitudes and behaviors. [research process]

Output: purposive or judgmental

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: quota (or stratified) RS without random selection. dividing a population into various categories and setting quotas on the number of elements to be selected from each category. once a quota is reached, no more elements from that category are put in sample. interviewers select the sample—interview people until they have met all of the quotas on each variable. [research process]

Output: quota

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one person recommends another, who recommends another, who recommends another, etc. good way to identify hard-to-reach populations, for example, homeless persons, undocumented immigrants. [research process]

Output: snowball

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: self-administered questionnaires, online surveys, interview surveys, telephone surveys [research process]

Output: survey research methods

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Self-Administered Questionnaires (Mail distribution and return, cover letters, Follow-up mailings, Response rates, Ways to improve response rates): return rates(=response rate): the higher the response rate, the less significant response bias (acceptable is 50%, good 60%, very good 70%). 1. self-administered questionnaires; drop-off- how the dorm dwellers at your university feel about the lack of availability of vegetarian cuisine in their dorm dining halls. you expect a low response rate. you might want to tell them about your research in person, the benefits that might come from their responses, and to answer their questions about your survey. you would pick a time of day when you are sure that the majority of the dorm residents are home, and then work your way from door to door. 2. improve response rate: well written cover letter, follow-up mailings, offering to share the survey results, pay respondents, raffle, incentives should not coerce participation. [research process]

Output: self-administered questionnaires

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3. Tips: via email with a link, through a website (survey monkey). [research process]

Output: online surveys

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3. higher response rates than mail surveys, minimizes “don’t know” or “no answers” responses, allows interviewers to observe respondents while asking questions. Interviewing doesn’t automatically mean collection of qualitative data. [research process]

Output: interview surveys

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Advantages: quick and inexpensive (no need for manual data entry), ideal for some populations. [research process]

Output: advantages of online surveys

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2. Disadvantages: no representativeness, technological problems, could be regarded as spam mail (lowering the response rate). [research process]

Output: disadvantages of online surveys

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. role: ask questions orally and record/mark the answers [research process]

Output: the role of the survey interviewer

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: iv. Telephone Surveys (Computer-assisted telephone interviewing) 1. CATI: interviewer uses computer to read questions, and to enter responses (data). [research process]

Output: telephone surveys

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Strengths: useful in describing the characteristics of a large population, make large samples feasible, flexible-many questions can be asked on a given topic (many variables), flexibility in analysis, same questions asked of all respondents. [research process]

Output: strengths of survey research

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ii. Weaknesses: often relies on self-reported answers, standardization may yield superficiality, doesn’t deal with context, many respondents are forced to select certain categories that are not most appropriate, often cannot be modified in the field, cannot establish causality without doubt (difference from experiments) [research process]

Output: weaknesses of survey research

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Best method for describing a population that is too large to observe directly: attitudes and orientation, e.g. public polls. ii. cost, time, and geographic restriction, sensitivity of research topic (confidentiality and anonymity), complexity of questionnaire, respondents (ability to read and understand the questionnaire), possibility of interviewer bias, response rate. [research process]

Output: what to consider when deciding a survey method

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a. Types (Open-ended and closed-ended, contingency, when to use them) [research process]

Output: measurement instrument types

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Secondary Analysis (Advantages & limitations of secondary analysis) ii. Historical records iii. Systematic observations (structured, unstructured) iv. Surveys [research process]

Output: sources of data

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio [research process]

Output: measurement levels

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Systemic measurement error ii. Random measurement error [research process]

Output: quality of measurement (measurement error)

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: g. Reliability (closely related to the concept of consistency, does a measurement produce the same results under various conditions? is it dependable, repeatable, consistent? if the person/object hasn’t changed, a reliable measure produces the same results, the more reliable, the less random error. [research process]

Output: reliability

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: test-retest, interobserver, coefficient alpha, split half, understanding SPSS output of reliability analysis [research process]

Output: types of reliability

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Test-retest reliability: to assess the consistency of the measure from one time to another. a. Measure instrument at two times for multiple persons, computer correlation between the two measures, assumes there is no change in the underlying trait between time 1 and time 2. [research process]

Output: test-retest reliability

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2. Interobserver reliability: to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon. a. are different observers consistent? can establish this outside of your study in a pilot study can look at percent of agreement (especially with category ratings), can use correlation (with continuous ratings). [research process]

Output: inter observer reliability

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3. Coefficient alpha: to assess the consistency of results across items within a test. [research process]

Output: coefficient alpha

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 4. Split half reliability: to assess the consistency of the results of two subtests of a test. [research process]

Output: split half reliability

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (the degree of fit between the construct and the instrument/method we are using to measure it. the extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept under consideration. a measure can be reliable without being valid, but it cannot be valid without being reliable. [research process]

Output: validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: face, content, criterion, construct [research process]

Output: types of validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: does it seem reasonable? the measure seems valid “on its face,” a judgment call, probably the weakest form of measurement validity. [research process]

Output: face

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: check the measure against the relevant content domain. e.g. math skills. also a judgment call. check whether the measure covers the entire range of meanings within a concept, can make this relatively rigorious with a systematic check, what constitutes the content domain? (e.g., self-esteem, parent attentiveness). [research process]

Output: content

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 4. construct: convergent validity and divergent (discriminant) validity. the degree to which a measure corresponds to an external criterion that is known concurrently (cross-sectional). how well it correlates with previously validated measures. e.g. correlation of a new depression scale with BDI. how much a measure relates to other variables as expected within a system of theoretical relationships and as reflected by the degree of its convergent and discriminant validity. based upon a principle that measures of constructs that are related to each other should be strongly correlated. [research process]

Output: construct

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: concurrent validity and predictive validity. check the measure against relevant criterion, e.g. predictive validity, concurrent validity, known groups validity. a. predictive: look at measure’s ability to predict something it should be able to predict (something in the future) (longitudinal). e.g. high SAT scores-> success in college. [research process]

Output: criterion

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a. discriminant validity: based upon a principle that measures of different constructs should not correlate highly with each other. [research process]

Output: discriminant

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. Relationship Between Reliability and Validity (a measure can be reliable without being valid, but it cannot be valid without being reliable. [research process]

Output: relationship between reliability and validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a. Types of statistics (descriptive, inferential) i. descriptive: describe the data collected for a study which is the sample. ii. inferential: allows us to draw conclusions concerning a population based only on sample data. iii. we use sample statistics to make inferences, draw conclusions about, a larger population. inferential statistics are draw from samples; they estimate population parameters. we use latin letters (x, s, b) to describe sample statistics, and greek letters to describe population parameters ( [research process]

Output: types of statistics

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Input: a. predictive: look at measure’s ability to predict something it should be able to predict (something in the future) (longitudinal). e.g. high SAT scores-> success in college. [research process]

Output: predictive validity

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: descriptive and inferential [research process]

Output: what are the types of statistics

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe the data collected for a study which is the sample. [research process]

Output: descriptive stats

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: allows us to draw conclusions concerning a population based only on sample data. [research process]

Output: inferential stats

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: iii. we use sample statistics to make inferences, draw conclusions about, a larger population. inferential statistics are draw from samples; they estimate population parameters. we use latin letters (x, s, b) to describe sample statistics, and greek letters to describe population parameters [research process]

Output: sample stats

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: describe: categorial data (frequency distribution), continuous data (measures of central tendency and variability/dispersion, deviation, variance, standard deviation. [research process]

Output: descriptive univerivariate analyssi

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bivariate, multivariate [research process]

Output: relationships among variables

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (a statistic that portrays the strength of association between variables, thus enabling us to compare the effects of different interventions across studies using different types of outcome measures. might refer to the difference between the means of two groups divided by the standard deviation). [research process]

Output: effect size

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (practical significant, clinical significance, how significant, meaningful, important a finding is from a practical standpoint. [research process]

Output: substantive significance

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: f. Inferential Analysis (confidence interval): sample statistics (known)->inference->population parameters (unknown, but can be estimated from sample evidence). [research process]

Output: inferential analysis (confidence interval)

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (testing group mean differences, testing association using the Pearson’s r- bivariate correlation: relationship between two variables, Pearson’s r: range from -1 to 1 [research process]

Output: hypothesis testing

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (multivariate-one dependent variable, combines different tests: f test (variability) and t-test (comparison of means), calculates the linear relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. calculate each relationship while controlling for the effects of other variables, [research process]

Output: testing contributions of independent variables as predictors of a dependent variable using linear and multiple regression

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (chi-square-categorical data, one independent variable and one dependent variable. logistic regression: similar to multivariate regression but independent variable is categorical, multiple independent variables on one dependent variable) [research process]

Output: testing group differences of categorical data

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Phenomenology, Ethnography, Case Studies, Narrative, Participatory Action, Grounded theory) [research process]

Output: six primary approaches to qualitative research

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: focus on subjective experiences (the lived experience of a phenomenon), use prolonged immersion, study participants are individuals who share a particular life experience (e.g. cancer survivors, crime victims, adoptive parents). Analyses of interview data are conducted to find the “essence” or common themes in their experiences. often uses interview data with smaller number of participants (6-10). begins with broad, open-ended questions. multiple interviews with each participant is needed to achieve needed depth. readers should feel as if they have “walked a mile in the shoes of the participants.” [research process]

Output: phenomenology

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: oldest qualitative approach, focus on an entire cultural group, researcher describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, holistic perspective: the researcher views all aspects of the phenomenon under study as parts of an interrelated whole. cultural relativism: cultures must be understood on their own terms, not judged by the beliefs and values of other, more powerful cultures. [research process]

Output: ethnography

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: single unit examination, information about an individual case is systematically organized and presented in the form of a narrative summary, case studies in clinical education is to illustrate the application of clinical theories in individual cases. case studies in qualitative research is to develop knowledge requiring systematic processes of data collection and analysis. [research process]

Output: case studies

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: speaking and writing are forms of meaning-making. v. focus on the stories told by individuals, how something is said and what is said. typically uses in-depth interviewing to encourage respondents to talk freely about their lives. analyzing data by repeatedly listening to a tape of the interview and scrutinizing the transcript to identify “stories.” from the stories, structural components are then delineated. analyst may examine how respondents “voice” themselves and others indicating social relationships and the meanings attached to them. narrative analytic methods: conversation analysis and discourse analysis [research process]

Output: narrative

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : action research and community-based participatory research: committed to community empowerment and egalitarian partnerships. partnership of equals among researchers and community participants. active participation of all parties. moved away from academic-based, controlled trials to “real-world” interventions in communities. natural fit for qualitative researchers in social work. [research process]

Output: participatory action

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: popular, widely accepted across a wide range of disciplines, inductive process of discovering theory from data (data is collected, then hypotheses that are grounded in empirical observations) are developed. more observations are made to see if hypotheses stand; hypotheses are refined, then more observations. process of constant comparisons. typically involves interviews with a moderately sized sample of carefully selected persons (about 20-30). begins with open coding of interview transcripts then gradually create a parsimonious conceptual framework. along the way, researchers employ constant comparative analysis to examine contrasts across respondents, situations, and settings. [research process]

Output: grounded theory

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: analyzing the aspects of conversation (e.g. sequencing, turn taking, holding the floor, interruption) that reveal how social roles and identities are manifested during the talk. e.g. analysis of audio-taped transcriptions of conversations between parents and children to offer clues to how interpersonal communication both shapes and reflects social interaction. [research process]

Output: conversation analysis

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a technique to identify the social meanings reflected in talk and text. meaning can be ascertained from a variety of indices (e.g., choice of words and idioms, speaking rhythm and cadence, inflection, intonation, gestures, nonverbal utterances). [research process]

Output: discourse analysis

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: random selection is rarely used, getting a representative sample is NOT a goal, choosing a recursive process, the choices of whom to study are product of what is being found, not the initial plan. [research process]

Output: sampling qualitative studies

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. theoretical sampling: select similar cases until exhaust the theme and a different type of cases (related to grounded theory) selection of new interviewees should continue until a saturation point is reached, that is, until new interviews yield little additional information. [research process]

Output: theoretical sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 2. critical incidents sampling: best success or worst failure [research process]

Output: critical incidents sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3. maximum variation sampling: all possible variations [research process]

Output: maximum variation sampling

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. detailed open-ended interviews (not highly structured or limited responses). ii. direct observation (or essentially direct via video). iii. focus group iv. written documents (work with words and visual data, not numbers). v. tape recording vi. various notes by researcher client logs [research process]

Output: data collection

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. goal: learn about beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about social/psychological/cultural characteristics. 2. capitalizing on “synergistic group effect” 3. inexpensive: staffing and equipment vs. paper and pencil 4. format: groups (no more than 7) of unrelated individuals, group discussion of a topic, 1-2 hours. 5. facilitators: asks specific questions and guides the discussion. 6. low external validity: analytical generalization: connecting case study findings to a particular theory) 7. subjectivity: biases and points of view 8. dependent on researcher’s personal attributes and skills 9. participation can change the social situation. [research process]

Output: focus group

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: vi. various notes by researcher: field notes (a running account of what happens or transcriptions of video or audio tapes) personal notes (personal reactions, how you feel, self- reflection, memories, and impressions. methodology notes (description of methods used, reasons for using those methods, ideas for possible changes in methodology. theoretical notes (emergent trends, hypotheses). [research process]

Output: various notes of researcher

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. complete participant: an insider, become full participant in activity, helps minimize distinction/ difference between researcher and participants. ii. complete observer: an outside view, a fly on the wall iii. variations in between: start as an outsider and move to membership. or change to outsider role at end to verify hypothesis generated as a participant. [research process]

Output: various roles of the observer

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : trying to adopt the beliefs, attitudes, and other points of view shared by the members of the culture being studied. [research process]

Output: emic perspective

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: maintaining objectivity as an outsider and raising questions about the culture being observed that wouldn’t occur to members of that culture. [research process]

Output: etic perspective

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: written documents (work with words and visual data, not numbers), tape recording, various notes by researcher-field notes, personal notes, methodology notes, theoretical notes. [research process]

Output: recording observations

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: i. qualitative: inductive, holistic, subjective/insider centered, process oriented, relativistic paradigm, goal is to understand actor’s view, discovery oriented, relative lack of control. exploratory and explanatory. ii. quantitative: hypothetical/deductive, particularistic, objective/outsider centered, outcome oriented, positivistic paradigm/worldview, goal is to find facts and causes, verification oriented, attempt to control variables, confirmatory. [research process]

Output: qualitative vs. quantitative research

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (introspection: examine your own thought. and feelings, natural and crucial process; critical reasoning). [research process]

Output: qualitative data analysis

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (categorizing behaviors into a limited number of categories; computer assisted analysis). open coding, development of a codebook, axial coding, develop categories, subcategories. [research process]

Output: coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: provincialism, going native: losing own sense of identity, emotional reactions, hasty conclusion: any alternatives?, suppressed evidence. [research process]

Output: logical pitfalls of codign

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : depth of understanding (superficial vs. in depth), understanding world view of respondents, attempts to avoid pre-judgments, flexibility and openness, inexpensive: staffing and equipment vs. paper and pencil. [research process]

Output: strengths of coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: generalizability? (analytical generalization: connecting case study findings to a particular theory). [research process]

Output: weaknesses of coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: biases and points of view. dependent upon researcher’s personal attributes and skills. participation can change the social situation. [research process]

Output: subjectivity of coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: reactivity (researchers presence in the field distorts the naturalism of the setting and consequently the things being observed. researcher biases: what researchers perceive or how they selectively observe. respondent biases: social desirability. [research process]

Output: trustworthiness of coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: strategies for rigor- prolonged engagement: reactivity and respondent’s biases, triangulation: corroboration between two or more sources, peer debriefing and support, auditing, member checking, negative case analysis. [research process]

Output: minimizing the threats of coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : begin where the client is. focus on perceptions of the informant. attempt to understand environmental context. try to avoid imposing preconceived ideas or theories. [research process]

Output: similarities between coding and social work practice

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: : analysis began with open coding, which is the examination of minute sections of text made up of individual words, phrases, and sentences. the language of the participants guided the development of code and category labels, which were identified with short descriptors, known as in vivo codes, for survival and coping strategies. these codes and categories were systematically compared and contrasted, yielding increasingly complex and inclusive categories. [research process]

Output: creating codes

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: use of analytic memos (questions, musings, and speculations about the data and emerging theory). analytic memos compiled and an analytic journal was kept for cross-referencing codes and emerging categories. [research process]

Output: memoing

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: axial coding, selective coding, creating codes and categories [research process]

Output: discovering patterns

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: puts data “back together in new ways by making connections between a category and its subcategories.”-> from this process, categories emerged and were assigned in vivo categories labels. [research process]

Output: axial coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the integrative process of “selecting the core category, systematically relating it to other categories, validating those relationships [by searching for confirming and disconfirming examples], and filling in categories that need[ed] further refinement and development.” [research process]

Output: selective coding

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3. codes and categories were sorted, compared and contrasted until saturated (i.e. until analysis produced no new codes or categories and when all of the data were accounted for in the core categories). [research process]

Output: codes and categories

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a qualitative research approach that begins with observations and looks for patterns, themes, or common categories. [research process]

Output: grounded theory method

Social Work Research Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tanker [2]

Output: transports asphalts, or ship or plane that transports liquids like oil

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] porter [2]

Output: carries luggage or supplies, or may also guard an entrance

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] corridor [2]

Output: hallway or passageway rooms usually open to

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ostracize [2]

Output: banish, or stop talking to

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] table [2]

Output: postpone

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] toy [2]

Output: to play with uncarelessly

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] rent [2]

Output: to rip

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] lien [2]

Output: legal claim

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] aqueduct [2]

Output: moves water from one location to the other

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] florid [2]

Output: excessively ornamented

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] supposition [2]

Output: based on incomplete evidence

gre words from tests Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Passive Component of Virtue

Output: The natural aptitude for virtue we are born with. We have the talent for becoming virtuous. It is a divine gift from God.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Active Component of Virtue

Output: It is our own responsibility to study and practice virtues that involve habituation and perfect ourselves using our God given gifts

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: What do passive and active virtue contribute?

Output: Passive and active parts of virtue help us to obtain our ultimate purpose: the relationship between us and the final cause.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Parts of Virtue

Output: 1. controlled by reason 2. operation of the will with reason 3. Study involves knowledge of acquisition 4. Study is assimilation of the "formal element"

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Perfect virtues ultimate final cause

Output: the good

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Perfect virtue

Output: perfect virtue is the choice of means in accord with right reason in order to achieve instinct.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Appetites

Output: Rational appetitive reason animal

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Rational Appetite

Output: operation of reason w/ the will higher appetite: one of the good

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Appetitive reason

Output: the will is higher appetite, an appetite of the good.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Animal Appetite

Output: animal instincts are the lower appetite they are NOT controlled by reason

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Irascible

Output: easily angered quick tempered


Input: Concupisant

Output: A desire to seek what is suitable and avoid what is harmful


Input: Relationship between will and reason

Output: The will is an appetite for good which means final causality reason contributes to deliberation

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Why are we free?

Output: because of our power to deliberate

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: The Process by which free choice is performed

Output: 1. the will desires the good 2. reason selects one particular good from among many options -we use reason to select -we may reason well or poorly -we are advised to learn to reason through studies 3. reason councils the will on which object to select 4. the will physically moves us to the object selected

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Why other animals are not free like human beings are free

Output: Animals are controlled by their instincts and do not have the power to deliberate. animal instincts are irascible and concupisant

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Descartes Med.1

Output: Why he engages in meditations general method for initial standard for certainty -the existence of the outside world(the sum of all sensible objects) -The truthfulness of math/geometry

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Axioms

Output: things that we know to be true


Input: Geometric Method (part of med 1)

Output: Always begin with an axiom

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Descartes Med 2

Output: What is known with certainty and why -his own existence (I know that I exist because I cannot doubt this if I try to) -His essence is to be thinking thing

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Extension (Part of med 2)

Output: The essence of physical material objects Not determined by intellect of the senses It is an intelligible and not sensual property.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Wax Example

Output: 1. There are two substances: Mind and Body 2. Wax melts and transforms sensible properties but one property remains the same: extension 3. Absent of these sensible properties, the object is still extended 4. Descartes does not know if physical objects are real but states that: all physical objects if they exist have the characteristic of being extended

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Descartes Med 3

Output: Proof of Gods existence and why God is not an evil deceiver

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Med 3 Proof of Gods existence

Output: Idea: God is an entity, all powerful, all knowing, good, and does not lack anything Cause: Parents-But where did they get the idea? Mind: I am finite and am not capable of being the cause of something infinite. Only an infinite thing can be the cause of an infinite idea. God univerally built it in us as humans

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Med 3 Why God is not an evil deceiver

Output: A good entity must exist. God can't be infinitely good and tricking me. If God were deceiving us it would be malicious and would be in conflit wiht his goodness.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Nature of mind according to a Buddhist perspective

Output: 1. Identity is emergent and contingent (dependent on something else) 2. There is awareess of constant change in our thoughts 3. There is not any "Thinker entity" independent from these thoughts 4. If we attend to what is found in sense experience we find no experience entity

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Buddhist and Descartes Compared

Output: Claim leaping from thoughts to thinker can't be justified we can't isolate any one thing that remains unchanged.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Nature of mind according to Descartes

Output: Descartes believes notion of mind as a substance. information available to the sense changes Nature of the mind is not subject to change in the way other things are subject to change.

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Reification

Output: taking something that is fluid or changing and supposing it to be something solid or fixed. It is always in the process of doing. Personal identity.


Input: Esortic

Output: good internal to the human (Buddhism divinity)


Input: physics

Output: study of rules in which physical world operates


Input: metaphysics

Output: that which persists through change dealing wiht obj. that cannot be accessed with senses.


Input: Rationalist

Output: claims that at least some kinds of knowledge are arrived at with out the use of senses. some find truths are known through reason alone.


Input: Aquinas argues that

Output: 1. we are born perfect 2. the active component of the HB provides us with the natural aptitude for perfection 3. the will is determiend to pursue the good

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: Descartes argues that

Output: his esence is a thinking thing

The human being is: composite of form and matter human soul and human body all knowledge begins with the body


Input: WHAT 3 AREAS SHOULD YOU LOOK AT WHEN ASSISSING YOUR WORKER'S PERFORMANCE? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: ATTITUDE KNOWLEDGE WORH HABITS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: YOU SHOULD MAKE A ___ INVENTORY OF EACH WORK SPACE TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF MATERIALS BEING USED SO THAY YOU WILL KNOW WHEN TO DRAW MORE SUPPLIES. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: DAILY

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MAKE A ___ INVENTORY SO THAT YOU WILL KNOW WHEN TO ORDER ADDITIONAL SUPPLIES FOR YOUR DIVISION. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: WEEKLY

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: THIS LOG IS USED TO MAKE A FORMAL SUPPLY INVENTORY AND IT CONTAINS ALL SUPPLIES IN YOUR DIVISION. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: OPTAR LOG

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DESCRIBES DEFICIENCIES AND MISSING EQUIPMENT IN EACH OF YOUR SPACES. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: EQUIPMENT DEFICIENCIES LOG

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: LIST THE PLANNED OPERATIONS, ASSIST VISITS, INSPECTIONS AND PORTS OF CALL FOR THE FISCAL YEAR. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: OPERATIONAL SCHEDULE AKA ANNUAL EMPLOYMENT SCHEDULE

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: SHOWS CHANGES IN THE SHIPS' OPERATIONS THAT COULD CHANGE EACH DEPARTMENT'S LONG RANGE WORK PLAN. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: QUARTERLY EMPLOYMENT SCHEDULE

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: FROM THIS SCHEDULE ALL OTHER SCHEDULES ARE ISSUED. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: OPERATIONAL SCHEDULE AKA ANNUAL EMPLOYMENT SCHEDULE

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: THIS SCHEDULE SHOWS GENERAL MILITARY TRAINING, MAJOR INSPECTIONS, AND EVOLUTIONS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: QUARTERLY TRAINING PLAN

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: YOU CAN DELEGATE? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: AUTHORITY

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DELEGATE AUTHORITY TO ___ LEVEL POSSIBLE. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: LOWEST

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO INFORM PERSONNEL OF THEIR STANDING IN THE DIVISION. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: COUNSELING

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: WHO GENERATES LETEERS OF INSTRUCTION AND COMMAND COUNSELING SHEETS/ [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: DIVISION OFFICER AND DIVISION CHIEF

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3 METHODS OF COUNSELING YOUR DIVISION CAN USE. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: LETTTER OF INSTRUCTION/COUNSELING SHEET PAGE 13 ENLISTED EVALUATION REPORT

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: NOTES A DISCREPANCY, RECOMMENDS A SOLUTION TO THAT PROBLEM, AND PROVIDES A FOLLOW-UP DATE FOR REEVALUATION. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: COUNSELING SHEETS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ADMIMISTRATIVE REMARKS PAGE OF THE ENLISRED SERVICE RECORD USED TO PROVIDE A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF SIGNIFICANT MISCELLANEOUS ENTRIES NOT PROVIDED ON THE OTHER PAGES OF THE RECORD. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: PAGE 13

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: IDENTIFIES A NUMBER OF DISCREPANCIES INDIVIDUALLY AND GIVES RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS IN INDIVIDUALLY AND GIVES RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS IN ADDITION TO DATES FOR REEVALUATION. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: LETTER OF INSTRUCTION

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: REFLECTS GOOD OR BAD PERFORMANCES OR PERTAINS TO MILITARY BEARING. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: PAGE 13

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: WHAT 2 CATEGORIES IS LEADERSHIP DIVIDED INTO? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: COUNSLEING AND DIRECTING

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: EXPLAINS AN INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS WHEN IT COMES TO EVALUATIONS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: ARTICLE 1122 NAVY REGULATIONS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: PROVIDE A MORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATION BASE TO SUPERIORS REGARDING ADVANCEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS, STRIKER BOARD SELECTIONS, AND RENLISTMENT RECOMMENDATIONS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: SPECIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: WHAT BLOCK OF THE EVALUATION REPORT SHOULD REFLECT PERIODS OF TIME WHEN THE MEMBER WASN'T PHYSICALLY PRESNET AT THE COMMAND, SUCH AS LEAVE OR TAD PERIODS? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: BLOCK 54 (SUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES)

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: FORM NUMBER FOR THE ENLISTED PERFORMANCE EVALUATION REPORT-INDIVIDUAL INPUT [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: NAVPERS 1616/21

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MISCONDUCT CATEGORY THAT DEALS WITH MICONDUCT THAT WAS THE SUBJECT OF A COMPLETED CRIMINAL TRIAL, COURT MARTIAL, NJP PROCEEDING BUT RESULTED IN AN ACQUITTAL OF A FINDING OF NOT GUILTY. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: CATEGORY 3

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MISCONDUCT CATEGORY THAT IS NOT THE SUBJECT OF A COMPLETED CRIMINAL TRIAL, COURT MARTIAL, OF NONJUDICIAL PUNISHMENT (NJP) PROCEEDING BUT IS ESTABLISHED THROUGH RELIABLE EVIDENCE TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE REPORTING SENIOR. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: CATEGORY 2

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AN ACT OF MISCONDUCT RECORDED AS A CONVICTION IN A CIVILIAN CRIMINAL TEIAL, OR A MILITARY COURT MARTIAL OR RECORDED AS THE SUBJECT OF MONJUDICIAL PUNISHMENT UNDER ARTICLE 15. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: CATEGORY 1

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: APPLICATION FOR CORRECTION OF MILITARY OR NAVAL RECORDS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: DD FORM 149

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: USED BY E-4 AND BELOW PERSONNEL TO MAKE A COMMENT CONCERNING AN EVAL WITH ADVERSE MARKS OF COMMENTS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: PAGE 13 ENTRY

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AN ADVERSE REPOT IS ONE THAT? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: HAS A MARK OF 2.8 OR LOWER, DOESN'T RECOMMEND MEMBER FOR ADVANCEMNT, HAS AN ADVERSE COMMENT IN THE NARRATIVE SECTION.

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: USE THIS TO KEEP ABREAST OF THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF YOUR PERSONNEL. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: TRAINING RECORDS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: INVENTORY OF PEOPLE AVAILABLE AND CAN BETTER ENABLE A DIVISION TO FULFILL ANY TAD REQUIREMENTS. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: EDVR

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: EDVR LIST PERSONEL BY? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: ORDER OF RANK AND AMOUNT OF EACH RATE ALLOWABLE

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: THIS CAN BE USED TO PLAN THE TIME NEEDED FROM THE START TO FINISH OF EACH JOB. [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: WORK CENTER SCHEDULE

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: BEFORE MAKING YOUR WORK SCHEDULE YOU SHOULD COMBINE INFORMATION FROM? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY EMPLOYMENT SCHEDULES AND THE PLANNING BOARD FOR TRAINING INPUT.

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AFTER YOU COMPLETE YOUR WORK CENTER SCHEDULE WHAT SHOULD YOU FILL OUT? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: QUARTERLY TRAINING PALN

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AFTER COMPLETING AND GETTING APPROVAL OF THE WORK CENTER SCHEDULE WHAT SHOULD YOU DO? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: SET GOALS

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: WHEN SETTING GOALS, HOW MANY ELEMENTS SHOULD YOU CONSIDER? [DAILY WEEKLY]

Output: 6

PO1 MILITARY REQUIREMENTS Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A band [1]

Output: The broad region that corresponds to the length of the thick filaments.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A site [1]

Output: One of three binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain; A stands for aminoacyl-tRNA site.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abdominal cavity [1]

Output: The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the more cranial thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abiotic components [1]

Output: Nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ABO blood groups [1]

Output: Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abscisic acid (ABA) [1]

Output: A plant hormone that generally acts to inhibit growth, promote dormancy, and help the plant tolerate stressful conditions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] absorption [1]

Output: The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] absorption spectrum [1]

Output: The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] abyssal zone [1]

Output: The very deep benthic communities near the bottom of the ocean. This region is characterized by continuous cold, extremely high water pressure, low nutrients, and near or total absence of light.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acanthodians [1]

Output: A group of ancient jawed fishes from the Devonian period.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acclimatization [1]

Output: Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] accommodation [1]

Output: The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) [1]

Output: The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acetylcholine [1]

Output: One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acid [1]

Output: A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acid chyme [1]

Output: A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acid precipitation [1]

Output: Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acoelomate [1]

Output: A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acrosomal reaction [1]

Output: The discharge of a sperm's acrosome when the sperm approaches an egg.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] acrosome [1]

Output: An organelle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] actin [1]

Output: A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Actinistia [1]

Output: The class of lobe-finned fishes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Actinopterygii [1]

Output: The class of ray-finned fishes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] action potential [1]

Output: A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] action spectrum [1]

Output: A profile of the relative performance of different wavelengths of light.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] activation energy [1]

Output: The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] activator [1]

Output: A transcription factor that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] active immunity [1]

Output: Immunity conferred by recovering from an infectious disease.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] active site [1]

Output: The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] active transport [1]

Output: The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adaptations [1]

Output: Inherited characteristics that enhance the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adaptive peak [1]

Output: An equilibrium state in a population when the gene pool has allele frequencies that maximize the average fitness of a population's members.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adaptive radiation [1]

Output: The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adenohypophysis [1]

Output: Also called the anterior pituitary, it consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adenylyl cyclase [1]

Output: An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adhesion [1]

Output: The attraction between different kinds of molecules.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adrenal gland [1]

Output: An endocrine gland located adjacent to the kidney in mammals; composed of two glandular portions: an outer cortex, which responds to endocrine signals in reacting to stress and effecting salt and water balance, and a central medulla, which responds to nervous inputs resulting from stress.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adrenal medulla [1]

Output: The central portion of an adrenal gland, controlled by nerve signals, that secretes the fight-or-flight hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adrenocorticotropic hormone [1]

Output: A peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] adventitious [1]

Output: Roots extending from stems and leaves above ground.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aerobic [1]

Output: Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] afferent arteriole [1]

Output: The blood vessel supplying a nephron.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Afrotheria [1]

Output: A branch of mammals that includes sloths, anteaters, and armadillos.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] age structure [1]

Output: The relative number of individuals of each age in a population.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] agglutination [1]

Output: An antibody-mediated immune response in which bacteria or viruses are clumped together, effectively neutralized, and opsonized.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aggregate fruit [1]

Output: A fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] agnathan [1]

Output: A member of a jawless class of vertebrates represented today by the lampreys and hagfishes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] agonistic behavior [1]

Output: A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) [1]

Output: The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alcohol fermentation [1]

Output: The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alcohols [1]

Output: Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aldehyde [1]

Output: An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aldosterone [1]

Output: An adrenal hormone that acts on the distal tubules of the kidney to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and the passive flow of water from the filtrate.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alga [1]

Output: A photosynthetic, plantlike protist.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alimentary canal [1]

Output: A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] allantois [1]

Output: One of four extra-embryonic membranes; serves as a repository for the embryo's nitrogenous waste.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alleles [1]

Output: Alternate versions of a gene.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] allometric growth [1]

Output: The variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] allopatric speciation [1]

Output: A mode of speciation induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] allopolyploid [1]

Output: A common type of polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] all-or-none event [1]

Output: An action that occurs either completely or not at all, such as the generation of an action potential by a neuron.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] allosteric site [1]

Output: A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alpha helix [1]

Output: A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alternation of generations [1]

Output: A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alternative RNA splicing [1]

Output: A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] altruism [1]

Output: Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] altruistic behavior [1]

Output: The aiding of another individual at one's own risk or expense.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Alveolata [1]

Output: A protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates. Alveolates have small membrane-bounded cavities called alveoli under their cell surfaces. The function of alveoli is unknown.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] alveolus [1]

Output: (1) One of the deadend, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. (2) One of the milk-secreting sacs of epithelial tissue in the mammary glands.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amacrine cell [1]

Output: Neurons of the retina that help integrate information before it is sent to the brain.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amine [1]

Output: An organic compound with one or more amino groups.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amino acid [1]

Output: An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amino group [1]

Output: A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [1]

Output: An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aminopeptidase [1]

Output: An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ammonia [1]

Output: A small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ammonites [1]

Output: Shelled cephalopod animals that were the dominant invertebrate predators for millions of years ending with the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amniocentesis [1]

Output: A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amnion [1]

Output: The innermost of four extraembryonic membranes; encloses a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo is suspended.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amniote [1]

Output: A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amniotic egg [1]

Output: A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amoeba [1]

Output: A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amoebocyte [1]

Output: An amoebalike cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Amphibia [1]

Output: The vertebrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amphipathic molecule [1]

Output: A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] amplification [1]

Output: The strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaerobic [1]

Output: Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anabolic pathway [1]

Output: A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaerobic respiration [1]

Output: The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anagenesis [1]

Output: A pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species; also called phyletic evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] analogy [1]

Output: The similarity of structure between two species that are not closely related; attributable to convergent evolution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaphase [1]

Output: The fourth subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anaphylactic shock [1]

Output: An acute, life-threatening, allergic response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anapsids [1]

Output: One of three groups of amniotes based on key differences between their skulls.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anatomically modern humans [1]

Output: Fully modern humans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anatomy [1]

Output: The study of the structure of an organism.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anchorage dependence [1]

Output: The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anchoring junctions [1]

Output: Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] androgens [1]

Output: The principal male steroid hormones, such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aneuploidy [1]

Output: A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] angiosperm [1]

Output: A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anhydrobiosis [1]

Output: The ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism's habitat dries up. Also called cryptobiosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] animal pole [1]

Output: The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated. Opposite of vegetal pole.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anion [1]

Output: A negatively charged ion.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] annual [1]

Output: A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antennae [1]

Output: Sensory appendages found in uniramians and crustaceans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterior pituitary [1]

Output: Also called the adenohypophysis, it consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anterior [1]

Output: Referring to the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anther [1]

Output: The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antheridium [1]

Output: In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anthocerophyta [1]

Output: The phylum of hornworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Anthophyta [1]

Output: The phylum containing all angiosperms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anthropoid [1]

Output: A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antibiotic [1]

Output: A chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antibody [1]

Output: An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anticodon [1]

Output: A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antidiuretic hormone [1]

Output: A hormone that is part of an elaborate feedback scheme that helps regulate the osmolarity of the blood.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen [1]

Output: A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen presentation [1]

Output: The process by which an MHC molecule cradles a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen in its hammocklike groove, carries it to the cell surface, and "presents" the protein to an antigen receptor on a nearby T cell.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen receptor [1]

Output: Transmembrane versions of antibody molecules that B cells and T cells use to recognize specific antigens. Also called membrane antibodies.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] antigen-presenting cell (APCs) [1]

Output: Cells that ingest bacteria and viruses and then destroy them. Class II MHC molecules in these cells collect peptide remnants of this degradation and present them to helper T cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anura [1]

Output: The order of frogs and toads that includes tailless tetrapod amphibians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] anurans [1]

Output: The group of frogs and toads.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aphotic zone [1]

Output: The part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical dominance [1]

Output: Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical ectodermal ridge [1]

Output: A limb-bud organizing region consisting of a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apical meristem [1]

Output: Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apicomplexan [1]

Output: One of a group of parasitic protozoans, some of which cause human diseases.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoda [1]

Output: The order of caecilians that includes legless amphibians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apodans [1]

Output: The group of caecilians.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apomixis [1]

Output: The asexual production of seeds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apomorphic character [1]

Output: A derived phenotypic character, or homology, that evolved after a branch diverged from a phylogenetic tree.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoplast [1]

Output: In plants, the nonliving continuum formed by the extracellular pathway provided by the continuous matrix of cell walls.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] apoptosis [1]

Output: Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aposematic coloration [1]

Output: The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] appendix [1]

Output: A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aquaporin [1]

Output: A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aqueous humor [1]

Output: Plasmalike liquid in the space between the lens and the cornea in the vertebrate eye; helps maintain the shape of the eye, supplies nutrients and oxygen to its tissues, and disposes of its wastes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aqueous solution [1]

Output: A solution in which water is the solvent.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Arachnida [1]

Output: The animal class that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Archaea [1]

Output: One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Bacteria.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Archaezoa [1]

Output: Primitive eukaryotic group that includes diplomonads, such as Giardia; some systematists assign kingdom status to archezoans.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archegonium [1]

Output: In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archenteron [1]

Output: The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] archosaurs [1]

Output: The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arteriole [1]

Output: A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arteriosclerosis [1]

Output: A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] artery [1]

Output: A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] arthropod [1]

Output: Segmented coelomates with exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Arthropoda [1]

Output: The most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom; includes the horseshoe crab, arachnids (e.g., spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites), crustaceans (e.g., crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles), millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Arthropods are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] artificial selection [1]

Output: The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ascocarps [1]

Output: Macroscopic fruiting bodies of sac fungi.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ascus [1]

Output: A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asexual reproduction [1]

Output: A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] aspartate [1]

Output: An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] associative learning [1]

Output: The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] assortative mating [1]

Output: A type of nonrandom mating in which mating partners resemble each other in certain phenotypic characters.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] astrocytes [1]

Output: Glial cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asymmetric carbon [1]

Output: A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] asymmetric cell division [1]

Output: Cell division in which one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atherosclerosis [1]

Output: A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atom [1]

Output: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic nucleus [1]

Output: An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic number [1]

Output: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atomic weight [1]

Output: The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ATP (adenosine triphosphate) [1]

Output: An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ATP synthase [1]

Output: A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrial natriuretic factor [1]

Output: A peptide hormone that opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrioventricular (AV) node [1]

Output: A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrioventricular valve [1]

Output: A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] atrium [1]

Output: A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autogenesis model [1]

Output: According to this model, eukaryotic cells evolved by the specialization of internal membranes originally derived from prokaryotic plasma membranes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autoimmune disease [1]

Output: An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autonomic nervous system [1]

Output: A subdivision of the motor nervous system of vertebrates that regulates the internal environment; consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autopolyploid [1]

Output: A type of polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number to become tetraploid, which may self-fertilize or mate with other tetraploids.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autosome [1]

Output: A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] autotroph [1]

Output: An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] auxins [1]

Output: A class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid (IAA), having a variety of effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] auxotroph [1]

Output: A nutritional mutant that is unable to synthesize and that cannot grow on media lacking certain essential molecules normally synthesized by wild-type strains of the same species.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Aves [1]

Output: The vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] axillary bud [1]

Output: An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] axon [1]

Output: A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] B lymphocyte (B cell) [1]

Output: A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bacteria [1]

Output: One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Archaea.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) [1]

Output: An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000–500,000 base pairs.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteriophage [1]

Output: A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. See phage.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteriorhodopsin [1]

Output: A photosynthetic pigment found in halophiles. It is very similar to the visual pigments in the retinas of our eyes.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacterium [1]

Output: A prokaryotic microorganism in Domain Bacteria.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bacteroids [1]

Output: A form of Rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] baculum [1]

Output: A bone that is contained in, and helps stiffen, the penis of rodents, raccoons, walruses, and several other mammals.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] balanced polymorphism [1]

Output: The ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] bark [1]

Output: All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Barr body [1]

Output: A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] barrier methods [1]

Output: Contraception that relies upon a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm. Examples include condoms and diaphragms.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Bartholin's glands [1]

Output: Glands near the vaginal opening in a human female that secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal body [1]

Output: A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal metabolic rate (BMR) [1]

Output: The minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basal nuclei [1]

Output: A cluster of nuclei deep within the white matter of the cerebrum.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] base [1]

Output: A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basement membrane [1]

Output: The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] base-pair substitution [1]

Output: A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] basidiocarps [1]

Output: Elaborate fruiting bodies of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

Biology Campbell Glossary Flashcards - Cram.com