Input: Physical malfunctioning, such as blindness or paralysis, suggesting neurological impairment but with no organic pathology to account for it [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Conversion Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Malingering

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except, possibly sympathy and attention [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Factitious Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Somatoform disorder featuring true pain but for which psychological factors play an important role in onset, severity, or maintenance [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Pain Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality; most prevalent in people with the dissociative disorders. There is often a feeling of being outside observers of their own behavior [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Depersonalization

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Derealization

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonaliation are so severe they dominate the individual's life and prevent normal functioning. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Depersonalization Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal information; usually of a stressful or traumatic nature. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Dissociative Amnesia

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Loss of memory of all personal information, including identity. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Generalized Amnesia

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events. Also known as selective amnesia. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Localized Amnesia

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Dissociative disorder featuring sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes with assumption of a new identity. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Dissociative Fuge

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Dissociative Trance Disorder

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder. [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shorthand term for alter ego, one of the different personalities or identities in dissociative identity disorder [Somatoform Disorder]

Output: Alter

Abnormal Psych: Ch 5 Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [GLOMERULI] Ductus deferens

Output: A duct that continues from the epididymis serves to transport sperm to the prostatic urethra by peristalic action.

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Ejaculory ducts

Output: Are contained within the prostate gland. They move downward forward openingn into the prostate uretha at either side of the prostate ureter.

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Seminal vesicles

Output: Lye on the fondas of the bladder enclosed by endopelvic. Fascia ducts deferens runs along medial surface seminal narrow at the prostatic end and unite with the ductus deferences.

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Prostate Gland

Output: Surrouonds the nek of the bladder and the proximal part of the urethra and produces a fluid that becomes part of the semen.

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Pathology affecting the Adrenal Glands

Output: Tumor that causes Cushing syndrome or Pheochromocytma

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] TURP

Output: Transurethral Resection of th prostate

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Hormones secreted by the Adrenal Glands

Output: CORTEX: Aldosterone and reg salt and water. Androgens sex trlated characteristics and cortisol any hydrocortisone anti inflamitory; regulates metabolism of carbs, fat, protein. MEDULLA epinephrine=adrehaline and norepinephrine fight or flight

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Pathology affecting the male reporduction system

Output: PHIMOSIS - foreskin non retracting; HYPOSPADIA - urethal opening on the underside; PROSTATE CANCER

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [GLOMERULI] Incisional options

Output: INGUINAL = Radical Orchiectomy (testies removed) SCROTAL = Vasectomy ABDONIMAL = Pfannenstiel GIBSON= \ FLANK INCISION = Laterial LUMBAR = Lower back

Genitourinary Surgery Chapter 20 Flashcards - Cram.com

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called Bowsman capsule.


Input: [JFK] Lyndon B johnson [future president]

Output: JFK's running mate.


Input: [JFK] flexible response [future president]

Output: to have multiple options in retaliation


Input: [JFK] peace corps [future president]

Output: sent american volunteers to other countires


Input: [JFK] alliance for progress [future president]

Output: sent billions to small developing countries


Input: [JFK] fidel castro [future president]

Output: communist leader of cuba


Input: [JFK] berlin wall [future president]

Output: wall built between east and west germany


Input: [JFK] cuban missle crisis [future president]

Output: nuke threats between us and cuba


Input: [JFK] Limited test ban treaty [future president]

Output: made you test bombs underground


Input: [JFK] hot line [future president]

Output: let russia and US communicate directly


Input: [JFK] Jackie kennedy [future president]

Output: first lady who was very popular


Input: [JFK] donna shalala [future president]

Output: was motivated to action by the kennedys youth programs


Input: [JFK] Bobby kennedy [future president]

Output: JFK's brother


Input: [JFK] New frontier [future president]

Output: JFK's cangain slogan


Input: [JFK] ARA [future president]

Output: gave finanial assistance to region that needed it


Input: [JFK] Michael harrington [future president]

Output: Published The Other America


Input: [JFK] Lee harvey oswald [future president]

Output: killed JFK


Input: [JFK] Warren commission [future president]

Output: investigated JFK's murder


Input: [JFK] WAr on poverty [future president]

Output: Johnsons way to get rid of poverty


Input: [JFK] OEO [future president]

Output: was ttrying to get rid of poverty


Input: [JFK] VISTA [future president]

Output: a domestic version of the peace corps


Input: [JFK] Great society [future president]

Output: Johnsons reform plan


Input: [JFK] Barry Goldwater [future president]

Output: he ran againts johnson


Input: [JFK] Medicare, medicade [future president]

Output: it gave out health care to people


Input: What happens to skeletal uscle without dystrophin? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: It atrophies and dies

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What muscles weaken first with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: pectoral muscle

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is often the cause of death in patients with Duchenne's of Becker's? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: pneumonia

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What typ eof muscular dystrophy do you see a (+) Gower sign? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: At what age does a person with Duchenne's become wheelchair bound and at what age does death occur? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: wheelchair bound by 12 death in 20s

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the cause of Becker's? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: due to decreased amount of dystrophin

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: At what age is the onset of Becker's and when do they become wheelchair bound ? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: onset 5-15 yo ambulatory beyond age 15

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: This AD (trinucleotide repeat) muscular dystrophy results in pts born with long faces, primarily distal weakness, infertility, MR, etc? [lack of dystrophin]

Output: Myotonic muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: AD muscular dystrophy affecting the face & shoulder girdle +/- cardiac defects and MR [lack of dystrophin]

Output: facioscapulohumeral

Muscular dystroophies Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] voluntary, non-governmental agency that establishes standards for the operation of hospitals and other health-related facilities and services [2]

Output: JCAHO

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] non-profit organization of professionals in the field of laboratory medicine [2]

Output: CAP

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] global, non-profit standards-developing organization with representatives from the profession, industry, and government that sets standards for order of draw in phlebotomy [2]

Output: CLSI

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] advises the CDC on updating guidelines regarding prevention of healthcare facility infections. sets guidelines for isolation procedures [2]

Output: HICPAC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] charged with the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential [2]

Output: CDC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] an autonomous, nonprofit organization that provides either accreditation or approval for clinical laboratory educational programs. upholds the standards for phlebotomy schools [2]

Output: NAACLS

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] CLIA '88 [2]

Output: federal regulations that establish quality standards that apply to all facilities, including clinics and physician's office laboratories that test human specimens

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] HIPAA [2]

Output: law enacted to secure patient information and regulate patient privacy. Penalties for HIPAA violations include disciplinary action, fines, and possible jail time

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] committee that develops quality assurance (QA) recommendations for labs under CLIA '88 [2]

Output: CLIAC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] organization that oversees safe working conditions for health care workers and patients [2]

Output: OSHA

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] agencies responsible for latest guidelines for isolation precautions [2]

Output: HICPAC and CDC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] regulations that supercede all other organizations [2]

Output: OSHA

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] requires the availability of PPE equipment in medical laboratories [2]

Output: OSHA

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] instituted and enforces the Blood borne Pathogen Standard [2]

Output: OSHA

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] requires manufacturers to supply material data sheets on their products [2]

Output: OSHA

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] requires healthcare facilities to have an infection control program [2]

Output: JCAHO

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] charged with the investigation and control of disease [2]

Output: CDC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Introduced universal precautions [2]

Output: CDC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] responsible for monitoring morbidity and mortality throughout the country [2]

Output: CDC

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sets/oversees standard of care [2]

Output: JCAHO

phlebotomy organizations Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Ahead the stoplight is flashing red. You know to....

Output: A flashing red light means stop.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: When seen in a stoplight Green means_____________ Red means_______________ Yellow means____________

Output: Green = Go Red = Stop Yellow = Slow or stop

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: Headlights must be turned on between what two times?

Output: Use your lightw between sunset and sun rise.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: When is it legal to use parking lights?

Output: Use your parking lights only when parked.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What would you do for a flashing yellow light?

Output: A flashing yellow light means proceded with caution.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: The steady yellow light is shining in the stoplight. You see it so you begin to..

Output: A steady yellow light means slow and stop.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: A green arrow is showing together with a red traffic light? Is it OK to turn without stopping?

Output: With a green arrow, you can turn without stopping.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: Is it legal or Illeagle to have bright lights or intense fog lights on when passing other vehicles?

Output: It's illegal ( NOT LEGAL ) to use bright or fog lightw when passing cars.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What does the basic rule say about driving and speed

Output: The basic rule says to: drive safely and adjust to road conditions.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: Name 2 ways to let other drivers know where you are.

Output: To get attention. Honk your horn Flash your lights

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What do solid white lines mean?

Output: White lines often mean a bike lane or the side of the road. They should be crossed only with caution.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What do 2 solid yellow lines mean?

Output: 2 solid yellow lines mean no passing for both directions of travel.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: A broken yellow center line means...

Output: A broken connector line means one or more lines traveling in opposite directions.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: If you see yellow diagonal lines ahead, what do they mean?

Output: Diagional lines mean islands or fixed objects in the road.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: How does the color of the lines on roads help you?

Output: The color of the lines on roads can tell you which direction traffic moves.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What do solid yellow lines mean?

Output: Solid yellow means a no passing zone.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What do white dashed lines mean?

Output: White dashed lines mean speed lanes going the same direciton.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: When you drive defenseively it means that you ........

Output: Driving devensively means avoiding accidents caused by other drivers or poor conditions.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: You are driving past Miller Elementary school. How fast should you be driving?

Output: Around schools you drive 20 Miles per hour

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: All around the car you see one business after another. How fast can you drive in a business area?

Output: In business area drive 20 Miles per hour.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: When you drive to avoid accidents inspite of other drivers mistakes or poor driving conditions, how are you driving?

Output: You are driving defensively when you avoid accidents in spite of others mistakes.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: How many seconds behind a car should you be under normal conditions?

Output: You should be 2 seconds behind is a good safety decision.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: Which red light must even a ambualance stop for?

Output: A ambualance must stop for a school bus with red lights.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: You don't see a speed sign but you are in a residental area. You must drive _____ miles per hour

Output: In residental areas drive 25 miles per hour.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: How fast should you drive on a rural inerstate? On a interstate the city (urban)?

Output: rural intersatate--65 MPH

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: What rule states that you must drive reasonably,carefully,and prudently at times on all roads and highways?

Output: The basic rule states that you must drive reasonably and carefully at all times.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: How fast should you drive in a park?

Output: in a park--drive 25 MPH

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: You can pass on the right when the car in front is turning left if you stay on the pavement. T or F

Output: TRUE only if you stay on the pavement, you can pass on the right if the guy in front is turning left.

Oregon Drivers Permit Questions Flashcards - Cram.com

You have the right of way with a green light. Look first.


Input: [regressive tax] regular dividends

Output: steady dividend payments that are distributed at regular intervals

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] reinvestment rate risk

Output: the risk associated with reinvesting earnings or principal at a lower rate than was initially earned

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] renegotiable-rate mortgage loan

Output: a mortgage loan in which the parties have the option to renegotiate the interest rate charged on the loan

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] risk

Output: the possibility of a loss; the uncertainty of future returns

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] round lot

Output: the general unit of trading in a security, such as 100 shares

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] right

Output: an option given to stockholders to buy additional shares at a specified price during a specified time period before the offer is made to the general public

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] rights offering

Output: sale of new securities to stockholders

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] revaluation

Output: an increase in the value of one currency relative to other currencies

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] revenue bond

Output: a bond whose interest is paid only if the debtor earns sufficient revenue

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] return

Output: the sum of income plus capital gains earned on an investment in an asset. INCOME + CAP. GAINS = ?

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] return on assets

Output: the ratio of earnings to total assets earnings / total assets = ROA

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] return on equity

Output: the ratio of earnings to equity earnings / equity = ?

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] quick ratio (acid test)

Output: current assets excluding inventory divided by current liabilities; a measure of liquidity

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] rate of return

Output: the annual percentage return realized on an investment

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] rate of return (internal rate of return, or IRR)

Output: the discount rate that equates the cost of an investment with the cash flows generated by the investment

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] real estate investment trust (REIT)

Output: closed-end investment company that specializes in real estate or mortgage investments

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] repurchase agreement (repo)

Output: sale of short-term security in which the seller agrees to buy back the security at a specified price

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] required return

Output: the return necessary to induce the investor to purchase an asset

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] reserve requirement

Output: the percentage of cash that banks must hold against their deposit liabilities

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] reset bond

Output: bond whose coupon is periodically reset

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] retention ratio

Output: the ratio of earnings not distributed to earnings

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] realized return

Output: the sum of income and capital gains earned on an investment

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] realized returns

Output: the sum of income and capital gains earned on an investment

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] recapitalization

Output: an alteration in a firm's source of finance, such as the substitution of long-term debt for equity

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] receivables turnover

Output: the speed with which a firm collects its accounts receivable

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] recession

Output: a period of rising unemployment and declining national output

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] refunding

Output: the act of issuing new debt and using the proceeds to retire existing debt

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] registered representative

Output: a person who buys and sells securities for customers; a broker.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] registration

Output: process of filing information with the SEC concerning a proposed sale of securities to the general public.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] regional funds

Output: mutual funds that specialize in a particular geographic area.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] registered bond

Output: a bond whose ownership is registered with the commercial bank that distributes interest payments and principal repayments.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] private placement

Output: the non-public sale of securities.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] pro forma financial statement

Output: a projected or forecasted financial statement.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] programmed trading

Output: coordinated buying or selling of portfolios triggered by computers.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] progressive tax

Output: a tax whose rate remains constant as the tax base changes.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] property tax

Output: a tax levied against the value of real or financial assets.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] present value

Output: the current worth of an amount to be received in the future.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] present value of an annuity

Output: the present worth of a series of equal payments.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] primary market

Output: the initial sale of securities.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] principal

Output: the amount owed; the face value of a debt.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] preliminary prospectus (red herring)

Output: initial document detailing the financial condition of a firm that must be filed with the SEC to register a new issue of securities.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] premium

Output: the market price of an option.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] premium (of a bond)

Output: the extent to which a bond's price exceeds the face amount of the debt.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] premium (over net asset value)

Output: the extent to which the price of a closed-end investment company's stock exceeds the share's net asset value.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] proportionate tax

Output: a tax whose rate remains constant as the tax base changes.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] purchasing power risk

Output: the uncertaintly that future inflation will erode the purchasing power of assets and income.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] put bond

Output: a bond that the holder may redeem (i.e., sell back to the issuer) at a specified price and a specified time.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] put option

Output: an option to sell stock at a specified price within a specified time period.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] secondary market

Output: a market for buying and selling previously issued securities.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Output: government agency that enforces the federal securities laws.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC)

Output: the agency that insures investors against failures by brokerage firms.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] securitization

Output: the process of converting an illiquid asset into a marketable security.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] semiannual compounding

Output: the payment of interest twice a year.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] serial bond

Output: a bond issue in which specified bonds mature each year.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] series EE (Patriot) bonds

Output: savings bonds issued in small denominations by the federal government.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] share averaging

Output: a system for the accumulation of shares in which the investor periodically buys the same number of shares.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Sharpe performance index

Output: a risk-adjusted measure of performance that standardizes the return in excess of the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of the portfolio's return.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] short position

Output: selling borrowed assets for possible price deterioration; being short in a security or a commodity.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] short sale

Output: the sale of borrowed securities in anticipation of a price decline; a contract for future delivery.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] sinking fund

Output: a series of periodic payments to retire a bond issue.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] specialist

Output: a market maker on the New York Stock Exchange who maintains an orderly market in the security.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] speculation

Output: an investment that offers a potentially large return but is also very risky; a reasonable probability that the investstment will produce a loss.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] split coupon bond

Output: bond with a zero or low initial coupon followed by a period with a high coupon.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] spot price

Output: the current price of a commodity.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] spread

Output: the difference between the bid and the ask prices.

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a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Standard & Poor's 500 stock index

Output: a value-weighted index of 500 stocks.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] statement of cash flows

Output: an accounting statement that enumerates a firm's cash inflows and cash outflows.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock

Output: a security representing ownership in a corporation.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock dividend

Output: a dividend paid in stock.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock index futures

Output: a contract based on an index of security prices.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock index options

Output: rights to buy and sell based on an aggregate measure of stock prices.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock repurchase

Output: the buying of stock by the issuing corporation.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stock split

Output: recapitalization that affects the number of shares outstanding, their par value, the earnings per share, and the price of the stock.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] stop order

Output: a purchase or sell order designed to limit an investor's loss or to assure a profit on a position in a security.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] straight-line depreciation

Output: the allocation of the cost of plant and equipment by equal annual amounts over a period of time.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] street name

Output: the registration of securities in a brokerage firm's name instead of in the buyer's name.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] surplus

Output: receipts exceeding disbursements.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] swap

Output: an agreement to exchange payments.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] syndicate

Output: a selling group assembled to market an issue of securities.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] systematic risk

Output: risk from fluctuations in security prices; (e.g., market risk).

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] tax anticipation note

Output: short-term government security secured by expected tax revenues.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] tax-deferred annuity

Output: a contract sold by an insurance company in which the company guarantees a series of payments and whose earnings are not taxed until they are distributed.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] tax-exempt bond

Output: a bond whose interest is excluded from federal income taxation.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] tax shelter

Output: an asset or investment that defers, reduces, or avoids taxation.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] technical analysis

Output: an analysis of past volume and/or price behavior to identify which assets to purchase or sell and the best time to purchase or sell them.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] 10-K report

Output: a required annual report filed with the SEC by publicly held firms.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] 10-Q report

Output: a required quarterly report filed with the SEC by publicly held firms.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] term insurance

Output: life insurance with coverage for a specified time and excluding a savings plan.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] third market

Output: over-the-counter market for securities listed on an exchange.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] time premium

Output: the amount by which an option's price exceeds the option's intrinsic value.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] time-series analysis

Output: an analysis of a firm over a period of time.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] time-weighted rate of return

Output: average of individual holding period returns.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] times-dividend-earned ratio

Output: earnings divided by preferred dividend requirements.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] times-interest-earned ratio

Output: ratio of earnings before interest and taxes divided by interest expense; a coverage ratio that measures the safety of debt.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] 13-D report

Output: document filed with the SEC by an individual who acquires 5 percent of a publicly held firm's stock.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] total return

Output: the sum of dividend yield and capital gains.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] trader

Output: an investor who frequently buys and sells.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] tranche

Output: subdivision of a bond issue.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Treasury bills

Output: short-term federal government securities

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Treasury bonds

Output: the long-term debt of the federal government

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Treasury notes

Output: the intermediate-term debt of the federal government.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Treynor index

Output: a risk-adjusted measure of performance that standardizes the return in excess of the rik-free rate by the portfolio's systematic risk.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] trustee

Output: an appointee, usually a commercial bnak, responsible for upholding the terms of a bond's indenture.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] 12b-1 fees

Output: fees that a mutual fund may charge to cover marketing and advertising expenses.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] two-step mortgage loan

Output: a mortgage loan in which the interest rate is changed once at a predetermined time.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] undercapitalized

Output: having insufficient equity financing.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] underwriting

Output: the process by which securities are sold to the general public and in which the investment banker buys the securities from the issuing firm.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] unimproved land

Output: land that has not been cleared and that lacks improvements, such as curbs and gutters.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] unit trust

Output: a passive investment company with a fixed portfolio of assets that are self-liquidating.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] unsystematic risk

Output: the risk associated with individual events that affect a particular security.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] U.S. Treasury bill

Output: short-term debt of the federal government.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] valuation

Output: the process of determining the current worth of an asset.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] value

Output: what something is worth; the present value of future benefits.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] variable interest rate bonds

Output: a long-term bond with a coupon rate that varies with changes in short-term rates.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] venture capitalist

Output: firm specializing in investing in the securities, especially stock, of small, emerging companies.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] Veterans Administration (VA)

Output: an agency of the federal government that will guarantee mortgages granted to qualified veterans.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] voting rights

Output: the rights of stockholders to vote their shares.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] warrant

Output: an option issued by a company to buy its stock at a specified price within a specified time period.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] yield curve

Output: the relationship between time to maturity and yields for debt in a given risk class.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] yield to call

Output: the yield earned on a bond from the time it is acquired until the time it is called and retired by the firm.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] yield to maturity

Output: the yield earned on a bond from the time it is acquired until the maturity date.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [regressive tax] zero coupon bond

Output: a bond on which interest accrues and is paid at maturity, and is intially sold at a discount.

Glossary from Mayo Investment Textbook Flashcards - Cram.com

a tax whose rate declines as the tax base increases


Input: [1] allege [2]

Output: claim every day reporters allege stories to be true and present them as fact.


Input: [1] speculation [2]

Output: assumptions In reality, they are no more than speculation or theories formed by reporters.


Input: [1] anguish [2]

Output: suffering In addition, sensationalism can also cause anguish, especially to those people mentioned in the stories.


Input: [1] justify [2]

Output: Media outlets justify their decisions by saying they can only sell high-interest news.


Input: [1] scrutiny [2]

Output: examination Therefore, because of the ways news is used and manipulated, it should always be put under close scrutiny.


Input: [1] perspective [2]

Output: point of view In other words, news is provided to us from the perspecitve of the media source.


Input: [1] legitimate [2]

Output: valid Therefore, it may not always be legitimate.


Input: [1] relevant [2]

Output: related Unfortunately, sensationalism often stretches the truth and omits relevant or important facts.


Input: [1] suppose [2]

Output: imagine Suppose new were presented as only hard and dry facts.


Input: [1] judgment [2]

Output: decision As consumers of new we must learn to think critically about the news and the media, and make our own judgment as to what the truth is.


Input: conductivity is proportional to the relative amount of electricity that can be conducted by water, and can be correlated approximately to system productivity because high nutrient waters have high conductivity, but other factors including concentration of nonnutrient salts also influence conductivity

Output: conductivity as a measure of dissolved ions and as an estimator of productivity

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chemical weathering releases dissolved matter, whereas mechanical weathering releases particulate matter that may react to form dissolved matter at some point. microbes can enhance the rates of weathering

Output: chemical vs. mechanical weathering, and the role of microbes

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the total concentration of dissolved matter is related inversely to the amount of runoff because the higher the runoff, the less time water had to dissolve ions (but relationship is variable due to geomorphology, geology of parent material, and area of runoff)

Output: why high runoff volume has low dissolved matter

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ex. as nitrogen is taken up by an organism(assimilated) the concentration of nitrogen in the water decreases. Has to do with interactions with biota abundance of ions in water flowing from terrestrial habitats

Output: assimilation and how it decreases concentrations of ions in the water:

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - color, taste, odor, suspended solids, and turbidity - turbidity: measured as light absorption or light scattering of water (influenced by suspended particles, and tannins and lignins from decomposition of organic material

Output: indicators of water quality; what turbidity is and what influences it

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -the relative availability (concentration) of electrons for chemical reactions in a solution (low redox=lots of available electrons (reducing environment) & high redox=few available electrons (oxidizing environment). when O2 is present, redox values are high because oxygen has an affinity for electrons). redox potential is a large determinant of what chemical reactions will occur without an input of energy, what reactions will require energy, and what products will be favored in the environment. -oxidizing environments only allows chemical reactions that release electrons to occur. -whether or not the environment is oxic or anoxic, in an oxic environment, oxidation takes place and in an anoxic environment, reduction takes place - “a compound will have high potential energy if it is a low redox compound in a high redox environment or a high redox compound in a low redox environment” (pg 297)

Output: what drives whether an environment is going to have oxidation or reduction, and generally why redox matters in ecosystems:

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: amount of O2 dissolved in the water. concentration is a primary determinant of redox (when present, redox values must be high)

Output: dissolved oxygen

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: metabolic activity rates, diffusion, temperature, and proximity to atmosphere (sources in water: photosynthesis, diffusion, mixing, dams)

Output: what processes determine how much oxygen is present in an ecosystem

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if oxygen becomes supersaturated, it will form bubbles and come out of solution (in fish - leads to gas bubble trauma which causes strokes, ruptured swim bladder, decreased breathing abilities, and subdermal air bubbles) and can be caused by photosynthesis (e.g., when there is a high biomass of phytoplankton at the metalimnion)(during calm days O2 can build up in the epilimnion especially in littoral zones)

Output: why oxygen supersaturation can occur

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 + light energy = CH2O + O2 - respiration: CH2O + O2 = CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP)

Output: main reactants and products of photosynthesis and respiration

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - compensation point: where gross production equals respiration - low light adapted: have a low compensation point, have rapid increase in P.S. rate as light increases, but tend to be photoinhibited at low irradiance. found in the benthos/profundal zone, heavy surrounding vegetation, or under dense canopy

Output: compensation point, and the relative net photosynthesis curves of high light adapted and low light adapted plants, and where you might find those different types of plants

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: if turbulent mixing is deep enough, the average light experienced can be too low to support growth. Phytoplankton are most likely to be below this depth during winter when lake is not stratified and ambient light is low

Output: how mixing affects phytoplankton photosynthesis in lakes

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: direct or indirect damaging effects of high-intensity light on the molecules in plant cells, reducing photosynthetic capacity

Output: photoinhibition

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - photosynthetic rates: light, temperature, nutrient availability, water velocity / dissolved oxygen content (high levels inhibit photosyn.), organic compounds (which lower photosynthetic rates) - respiration rates: quality of organic carbon available for consumption, temperature, exchange rates with the environment, compounds that influence physiology (e.g., toxins, extreme pH, salinity), activity levels (for animals)

Output: factors that influence photosynthetic rates and respiration rates

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The hypolimnion is usually deep enough that little light reaches it, restricting photosynthesis. Respiration predominates as organic carbon rains down from above. Oxygen is depleted gradually in the hypolimnion over time. Mixing blends dissolved oxygen throughout

Output: when and why there are low oxygen concentrations or anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion, and how it relates to lake mixing

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the load of organic carbon in untreated sewage stimulates respiration and consumes oxygen at a rate in excess of that which can be replenished by exchange with the atmosphere. water then becomes anoxic and can lead to fish death

Output: why sewage releases can lead to anoxia

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: because when it is deep enough, there are: a low supply of O2, high temperatures associated with geothermal heating, O2 consumption by organisms, reactions with organic chemicals, and long turnover times

Output: why groundwater is generally anoxic

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: increased atmospheric pressure, slight acidity see the Lake Nyos example in Sidebar 13.1

Output: ability of CO2 to be supersaturated

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DOC (dissolved), POC (particulate), FPOM (fine particulate), CPOM (coarse particulate) -the difference between DOC and FPOM is 45um, the difference between FPOM and CPOM is 1mm

Output: forms of organic C

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: because these habitats are dominated by heterotrophic organisms

Output: why organic C availability is particularly important in groundwater, benthic sediments, and forested streams

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the total demand for oxygen by chemical and biological (respiration) oxidative reactions; common method to estimate total available organic carbon for heterotrophs; look at Method 13.1 for how it’s measured-- incubate water in a sealed bottle and measure how much O2 is depleted over time, by how much O2 is used, you can figure out the biochemical oxygen demand

Output: biochemical oxygen demand, including basically how it's measured:

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Humic compounds are large molecular weight compounds and lend a brownish color to the water, by-product of breakdown of larger molecular weight compounds such as tannins, cellulose, and lignins. non-humic includes sugars & other carbs, amino acids, urea, proteins , pigment, lipids, Low molecular weight): - general interaction with organic pollutants and metals(Tannins and humic substances) 1. attach to many other organic substances, which is important for the transport of pollutants. 2. they form complexes with metal ions, which can be important for keeping iron in solution. 3. how they color the water, resistance to degradation(Both are resistant to biological degradation) 4. form colloids

Output: humic compounds and tannins

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (see Fig. 3.15 and p. 333) -simple vs complex carbon -macrophytes and organic material - temperature and inorganic nutrients - human land use can alter rates (agriculture input and disturbance)

Output: factors that affect rates of decay of organic compounds

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: b/c anoxic conditions lead to slower breakdown of organic materials due to reduced efficiency of carbon oxidation and inhibition of microbial activity by metabolic by-products (lowering pH); thus, accumulation of organic compounds under anoxic (or acidic) conditions leads to formation of peat bogs

Output: why peat bogs form in anoxic conditions

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bacteria that specifically oxidize methane; generally found living in close proximity to anoxic habitats from which there is a constant diffusive influx of methane

Output: methanotrophs, including under what conditions they live:

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: methane escapes from wetlands b/c anoxic processes lead to methanogenesis

Output: why wetlands and rice paddies are a source of methane

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: organismal acquisition of nutrients; generally occurs regardless of the redox state of the environment

Output: assimilation

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the excretion of inorganic nutrients by organisms

Output: remineralization

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: N2 gas, inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium), organic N (dissolved organic N (<.45um) and particulate organic N (>.45um)) - most common form is N2 gas (atmosphere composed of 78% N2); water contains N2 as a dissolved gas - NH3: ammonia (high pH conditions) - NO2: nitrite - toxic - NO3: nitrate - NH4: ammonium (ionic form found in neutral conditions) - organic: amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and urea

Output: forms of N

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and urea - many animals can assimilate nitrogen only in the form of organic molecules (amino and nucleic acids in the tissues of other organisms) - primary producers and bacteria use nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium - understanding N fluxes are crucial because N can limit primary production

Output: biological use of N – what biological molecules it's in, what form of N is necessary for use by cells

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - many bacteria (cyanobacteria and some archaea) can assimilate N2 - enzyme nitrogenase used, and is extremely energy intensive. enters aquatic habitats through leaching, leaves falling into water, large populations of cyanobacteria and rainwater

Output: N fixation – what organisms use it, how it's a pathway for entry of N into aquatic habitats

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -It is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites, then those nitrites to nitrates. NH3 or NH4 to NO2- (+energy) to NO3- (+energy) -vital link in the nitrogen cycle, nitrite can impact health negatively, nitrifying bacteria compete for ammonium with primary producers

Output: nitrification as an oxidation process; importance to ecosystems

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: leads to the conversion of inorganic combined nitrogen (nitrate) to the relatively unavailable N2 gas - NO3- to N2O to N2

Output: denitrification as a reductive process (in anoxic conditions); why it's a key link in the N cycle

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - organisms can ingest more nitrogen than needed, and must excrete the surplus; - ammonification: when ammonium in remineralized. excessive ammonium produced by high densities of fish can be toxic

Output: excretion of N by organisms; why it's an important flux in ecosystems; ammonification:

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: (Figs. 14.4, 14.5) - nitrate is predominant of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in oxidized waters - ammonium is in predominate form in anoxic waters - in a lake with an anoxic hypolimnion, ammonium dominates the hypolimnion, and nitrate is mainly confined to epilimnion during stratification (in the epilimnion, nitrification transforms ammonium to nitrate in the presence of O2, but in the hypolimnion nitrate is removed by denitrification under anoxic conditions, and nitrogen continues to be excreted in the form of ammonium) - high ammonium in streams is often associated with input of anoxic groundwaters or pollution

Output: relative amounts of ammonium and nitrate in anoxic vs. oxidized waters, and what that would mean for where each would be concentrated in a f.w. environment, e.g., a stratified lake

Freshwater ecology final Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: - methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome): nitrite binds more strongly to hemoglobin than O2 - conversion to carcinogenic nitrosamines in stomach (gastric cancer and fertilizer use correlation)

Output: nitrate contamination problems for human health

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Input: - complexity of the cycle driven by different redox states in which it can occur, and illustrates that organisms have evolved to use most of the possible common compounds in the biosphere that have potential energy - in aquatic systems, is rarely a limiting nutrient - removes iron from solutions, freeing phosphate that would normally precipitate - sulfides can combine with metals to form pyrites that have low solubility under anoxic conditions (can represent iron loss (iron pyrite) in aquatic ecosystems) - water quality factor (color and odor)

Output: S cycle as a complex nutrient cycle, supplying energy for organisms under a variety of conditions (oxic and anoxic), and interacting with metals and thus, indirectly, other nutrients → do not memorize all the various transformations, but do know that by removing iron species from solution, it frees phosphate (p. 360)

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Input: phosphorus is mainly found in only one inorganic form (phosphate), and limits primary production in aquatic habitats

Output: P as a key limiting nutrient for primary production in aquatic habitats:

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Input: main inorganic form: phosphate(relative concentration in oligotrophic habitats), organic forms (DOP, PP) - phosphate (PO4) is a dominant form of inorganic phosphorus in natural waters - organic: nucleic acids and lipids

Output: forms of P

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Input: - used in cells for nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, and other compounds

Output: biological use of P – what molecules it's in

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Input: - determines the availability of phosphorus in many aquatic systems - phosphate will precipitate with some metals (ferric iron) in the presence of oxygen (forms fericphosphate) and leads to the deposition of phosphorus in sediments when surface water is oxygenated. When it settles into an anoxic zone, the iron breaks off; eddy diffusion of dissolved materials moves the phosphorus back to the surface in the fall when fall mixing breaks stratification

Output: interaction of P with Fe, when and how it happens (temporally and spatially), and why that's important

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Input: diatoms rely on silicon as a component of their specialized cell walls (frustules)

Output: Si as a limiting nutrient for diatom production; frustules

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Input: - silicon cycles drive the dominance of diatoms in surface waters and can be a primary determinant of algal community structure in lakes and streams - silicic acid: usually the form dissolved in waters - sources: clays containing silicon compounds

Output: silicic acid, and sources of Si

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Input: - can be depleted in the epilimnion of lakes during summer because of the slow cycling of silicon, its incorporation into diatom frustules, and the sinking of these frustules before they can be re-dissolved

Output: temporal and spatial variability in Si concentrations, esp. in lakes (Fig. 14.10)

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Input: - under oxic (high redox) conditions iron becomes ferric (Fe3+) - under anoxic (low redox) conditions iron becomes ferrous (Fe2+)

Output: forms of Fe: Fe+3 and Fe+2 and under what conditions they're favored (anoxic vs. oxic)

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Input: - key element in electron transport proteins, hemoglobins, enzymes used in synthetic pathways for chlorophyll and proteins, and enzymes used for nitrate assimilation, photosynthesis, and other essential metabolic processes

Output: biological use of Fe – what molecules and pathways it's in

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Input: - variability is especially pronounced in concentrations related to anoxic events such as summer stratification in eutrophic lakes

Output: temporal and spatial variability in Fe concentrations, esp. in stratified lakes

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Input: large concentrations can complex with iron so successfully that they make iron unavailable to organisms

Output: Fe interaction with humic compounds and subsequent problems for organisms:

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Input: iron can precipitate phosphate, settles to sediments in oligotrophic lake or wetland. If hypolimnion is anoxic (as expected in a eutrophic lake) the FePO4 precipitate will dissociate into phosphate and ferrous iron. Allows higher concentrations of phosphorus to be maintained in the surface waters and leads to algal growth (since it is often limiting)

Output: Fe relationship with phosphate

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Input: - redox gradients are sites of high rates and diverse types of metabolic activities, occur because of dependence of many aquatic microbial geochemical processes on either reduced chemicals in oxidized environments or oxidized chemicals in reduced environments; locations where reduced compounds are diffuse rapidly into oxidized conditions and vice versa. - humans changed: urbanization lowers heterogeneity and decreases anoxic carbon-rich habitats leading to lower rates of denitrification

Output: generally, why redox gradients are important and how human impacts have changed redox heterogeneity (see p. 370)

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Input: higher plants and animals have complex multicellular systems that cannot evolve to compensate for extremes

Output: why microorganisms tend to dominate extreme environments

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Input: - freezing: the ability to avoid ice crystal formation is necessary; supercooling (lowering of the freezing temp of the water in their bodies); some slow the rate of freezing to allow the body time to adapt; diapause; fishes amphibians, This is for salinity:invert. produce glycerol (anti-freeze) - lack of water: produce resting eggs, accumulate sucrose to maintain biological molecules during drying - high light intensity: compounds absorb damaging UV rays by preventing the formation of harmful free radicals, protective pigments and behavioral responses

Output: how organisms survive freezing, lack of water, and high light intensity

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Input: - occur in closed basins where water primarily leaves through evaporation, leaving salts that have weathered from the surrounded watershed behind - there is a general decrease in diversity of animals and plants and salinity increases (bacteria and archaea dominate in the harshest) most likely because of an inability to osmoregulate

Output: how saline lakes and ponds form; how organismal diversity changes with increasing salinity, and which organisms (generally, not specific genera or species) have the highest salinity tolerance

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Input: - live in hot springs, and at the highest temps, are the dominant primary producers - oxidize sulfides to sulfuric acid

Output: sulfur-oxidizing bacteria – where they live and why; how organismal diversity changes with increasing temperature in hot springs, and which organisms (generally) have the highest temperature tolerances

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Input: organisms that require cold temperatures (less than 5 degrees C) to grow and/or reproduce

Output: psychrophilic

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Input: - primary producers (planktonic algae): adapted to compete for light(under thick layers of ice); some can consume small particles and photosynthesize, which allows them to survive in long winters with no light - cyanobacteria (glacial channels to antarctic lakes): can be freeze-dried for much of the year but can actively photosynthesize minutes after being wetted

Output: what organisms dominate Antarctic lakes, and what adaptations allow them to do so

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Input: - microbial primary producers such as chlorophytes (most common), euglenoids, chrysophytes, cyanobacteria, and diatoms - these primary producers can support a community of fungi, bacteria, rotifers, protozoa, and some inverts. - most common: single-celled green algae (chlorophytes)

Output: what organisms dominate snowfields

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Input: - drying: resting stages that are resistant to desication and/or life stages with the ability to fly/crawl or be blown into pools. - use for different parts of life cycles - fish need water at all times, amphibians only need for certain parts of the life cycle (lack of fish predation lets amphibians and invertebrates thrive)

Output: what the greatest challenge for organisms in temporary pools is, and what adaptations allow them to overcome it; why amphibians tend to live in these pools while fish do not

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Input: - dominant organisms: insect larvae and tadpoles of some amphibians - attractive study systems b/c they form a well-defined ecosystem in which all members of the community can be identified and pools can be easily replicated and sampled

Output: small pools in pitcher plants and tires (the authors don't mention bamboo!); why these are ideal study systems and what organisms tend to dominate these habitats

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Input: - slow growth - resting or static stages

Output: organismal adaptation to ultraoligotrophic habitats

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Input: microorganisms that live at the surface

Output: neustonic organisms

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Input: - extreme b/c: biogenic surfactants (humic and fulvic acids) accumulate here; lipids, metals of concern, nutrients, and some microorganisms can also accumulate; bubbles can interact with chemicals on the surface, creating foam; water surface tension exerts considerable force on small organisms - organisms must be able to tolerate very high levels of light (high energy exertion in repair of light damaged cells) - organisms can manipulate surface tension by exuding organic compounds that spread across the surface; e.g., veliid (Velia caprai) and beetles in the genus Stenus are able to excrete material that lowers the water tension behind them, so surface tension in front pulls them forward

Output: why the water surface layer is an extreme environment – challenges that organisms face in the surface layer and how they overcome those challenges

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Input: - acute: exposure that comes in large pulses over a short period of time - chronic: exposure that is in low doses over a long period of time - responses: lethal (death) and sublethal (not causing death)

Output: basic difference between acute and chronic toxin exposure, and lethal and sublethal responses

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Input: - bioconcentration: the ability of a compound to move into an organism from the water - biomagnification: the entire increase in concentration from the bottom to the top of the food web - factors that influence uptake/retention: metabolic rate, rate of assimilation of contaminated food, heterogeneous distribution of the pollutant, and rate of excretion of the contaminant. the less water-soluble the organic compiound, the more they are concentrated by organisms.

Output: bioconcentration and biomagnification; what influences uptake and retention of a contaminant

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Input: basic community-level indicator of stream health and water quality that uses the total number of insect taxa in the groups Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera, which are usually intolerant to pollution

Output: EPT index:

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Input: taxa are assigned tolerance values (0-10) based on their distributions across pollution gradients (species found in polluted environments receive values closer to 10)

Output: pollution tolerance index

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Input: (almost nothing is known about how complex mixtures of these compounds at low concentrations will influence human health, not well regulated due to the large number of them) examples of pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in freshwater environments, and some of the potential negative effects of their presence - birth control pills and painkillers - sunscreen, caffeine - organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethrins, organochlorides, roundup (contains a surfectant plus glycophosphate)

Output: basic definition and examples of organic pollutants; (pesticides, herbicides, insecticides) what we don't know about them

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Input: -source: combustion of coal and oil -->sulfuric and nitric acid formation in precipitation. transported via wind from factories/exhaust, precipitation. Also, mine drainage -lowered rate of microbial decomposition, greater rates of organic material deposition (increased carbon accumulation), algal population bloom and collapse, shifts in algal, plant, and animal communities, decrease in diversity, the efficiency of energy transfer up the food web is lowered, increases concentration of aluminum (damaging fish gills); effects of emission controls on acid precipitation

Output: acid precipitation: sources, transportation mechanisms, and ecological effects

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Input: water fowl commonly have lead toxicity due to history of lead shot pellets for hunting in freshwater systems-birds consume the pellets that are in sediments. Lead fishing weights also have an effect on the lead concentrations of freshwater systems.

Output: which organisms commonly have lead toxicity and why

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Input: Hg enters system from atmospheric fallout from coal burning, trash incineration, industrial emissions- methylated in anaerobic conditions in sediments-gets into food web-often through periphyton- bio accumulates into fish and then people

Output: how mercury enters aquatic systems and which organisms are most susceptible to lead toxicity

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Input: increased temperature and droughts will increase evaporation which will concentrate solutes. This is problem for organisms: osmotic stress-slower growth, reduced reproduction, death. reduced biodiversity and ecosystem functions-primary production and decomposition rates

Output: why climate change may exacerbate salinity problems and why that might be a problem

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Input: - shading, limiting light transmission, interfering with filter feeding, and harboring pathogens, interfering with reproduction, respiratory O2 transport, habitat availability. increase scour,

Output: why suspended solids and sediments can negatively affect freshwater ecosystems

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Input: - thermal pollution: any deviation from natural temp in a habitat. - small changes can have large effects -industrial cooling activities, discharges of cold water below large impoundments, power plants & industrial factories, deforestation, urban runoff, dams -cool water withdrawn from streams used to cool machinery and hot water returned - urban runoff esp. during intense storm events in areas with lots of asphalt - reduction in flow/volume - withdraws for irrigation, hydroelectric, etc. can effect metabolic rates of ectothermic organisms, cues for spawning fish, facilitate est. of exotic species, alter growth and development of species - thermal shock in fish

Output: sources of thermal pollution, and why thermal pollution matters to organisms

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Input: - nutrients need to be taken into cells from the water surrounding them (uptake) and then incorporated into organic molecules used for growth (assimilation)

Output: uptake & assimilation (again)

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Input: how the equation works, KS and Vmax adaptations to low vs high nutrient environments, using the growth curves to predict which organism would dominate in a given scenario -As concentration increases, uptake occurs most rapidly at low levels of nutrients, and asymptotes as the maximum uptake is approached. V=uptake, Vmax=max uptake, [s]=substance concentration, Ks=concentration of S where V=1/2

Output: Michaelis-Menten relationship

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Input: uptake of nutrients in excess of needs, nutrients are scarce, except in pulses, and it is necessary for organism to store it for future use.

Output: luxury consumption

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Input: temperature, light, pH, metabolic characteristics

Output: what affects nutrient uptake, aside from nutrient concentration

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Input: usually N or P, sometimes both. they are spatially and temporally variable (this is from class notes, she drew that diagram showing inputs of N and P)

Output: main limiting nutrients for organismal growth in freshwater systems

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Input: use of the ratio to determine nutrient limitation-(the relative ratio of C:N:P for balanced growth is 106:16:1)

Output: Redfield ratio

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Input: the rate of a process is limited by the rate of its slowest sub process, the weakest link in a sense

Output: Leibig's law of the minimum

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Input: ecosystems that are limited by both nitrogen and phosphorous

Output: colimited ecosystems

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Input: different species have different needs and are not necessarily directly competing temporal and spatial small scale variability the time between the mixing events is less than they need to compete zooplankton predation and viruses modify population dynamics mutually beneficial interactions between some models have trouble with more than 3 limiting factors

Output: paradox of the (phyto)plankton: basic argument that Hutchinson proposed, and why the paradox doesn't really exist: Why don’t one/few plankton dominate in well mixed lakes?

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Input: dominates nutrient cycling in many groundwater aquifers and sediments, where larger organisms do not occur and there is little new nutrient input.

Output: microbial loop and its importance for remineralization

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Input: e.g., diatoms and Si, fish and P, or salmon and marine-derived N

Output: organisms as concentrations of nutrients

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Input: - (Based on water clarity, phytoplankton biomass, and nutrient concentration) - (Lake may not fall into an individual category. ex. phosphorus could be high enough to classify as eutrophic, but, but light attenuation by suspended sediments could keep chlorophyll levels at mesotrophic level)

Output: oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic: what parameters are used to determine the trophic state of an ecosystem, and why that ecosystem might not fit into one trophic system classification (e.g., why would Loch Ness be characterized as ultraoligotrophic for chlorophyll but meso- or even eutrophic for Secchi depth?)

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Input: B/c of hydrological variation,flooding, and light limitation by riparian canopy leads to high variability in benthic algal biomass over time and space

Output: why determining the trophic levels of a stream is particularly difficult

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Input: - use biological characteristics. ex. many oligotrophic N-limited wetlands have carnivorous plants that capture insects to receive nutrients, while high nutrient concentrations often result in weedy species

Output: how productivity of wetlands is generally characterized

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Input: increased production, but can lead to decreased O2 and dead zones. eutrophication can lead to acid rain resistance b/c of buffering by metabolic activities

Output: negative and positive effects of eutrophication in lakes

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Input: Fertilization could increase autotrophs , but could lead to toxic algal bloom that depletes O2

Output: how could lake fertilization lead to increased fish production, but why might it also not work?

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Input: 1. identify lake with problem 2. characterization of system including morphology, land use, and nutrient loading 3. identify feasible strategies for nutrient control understanding point and nonpoint sources 4. projecting influence of management actions on nutrient concentrations in lakes, predicting response of chlorophyll to lower nutrient level 5. assess potential effects of decreased chlorophyll with lake clarity 6. cost benefit 7. monitoring how does it differ in lakes vs. rivers and streams? - in lakes, mitigation is mostly focused on biological controls via removal of macrophytes, providing O2 to hypolimnion to keep P in sediments, destratification (same reason), use of copper to control algae and releasing water from the hypolimnion - in streams and rivers, focus is on controlling nutrient levels, especially from sewage effluent.

Output: what might you need to consider when trying to mitigate eutrophication in a freshwater ecosystem?

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Input: point source nutrients come from a single identifiable source eg a single sewage input. non point sources from a variety of non identifiable factors such as groundwater, leaching, rain and other large scale sources

Output: point sources of nutrients, and nonpoint sources, and the differences in controlling them

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Input: -increased nutrients, eutrophication Sewage input into streams leads to a loss in O2 and the introduction of pathogenic bacteria. Current sewage treatment does not lower total nutrient input much, but does lower loads of biochemical oxygen demand and pathogenic bacteria

Output: what are the problems associated with sewage input into streams?

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Input: Wetlands can have major impacts on flows of nutrients, sediments and water through watersheds. Wetlands are successful at nutrient removal and sewage treatment. Essentially all wetlands retain nitrogen and therefore function as nutrient sinks.

Output: nutrient sinks:

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Input: (Gas vacules allow cyanobacteria to float or sink.

Output: the mechanism that makes it possible for cyanobacteria to sink and rise in the water column with differing nutrient concentrations (taxis)

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Input: phototaxis is a kind of locomotion of an organism based on response to light-ex. may be positively phototactic , as light increases the organism moves toward light, may be photophobic at high light levels. may move down into microbial mat for nutrients at night, until day comes and phototaxis overrides chemotaxis

Output: cyanobacteria as example of phototaxis

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Input: Transfer of energy, carbon, and other nutrients through the microbial food web. The majority of organic material that originates in terrestrial environments and enters aquatic environments must be processed by microbes. organisms that eat these bacteria or fungi, or use them in their guts, return the carbon back into the food web. without microbes, the majority of carbon would be tied up in nonliving dissolved and particulate organic matter. microbial loops are dominated by phytoplankton, bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and rotifers.

Output: microbial loop (again)

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Input: Bacteria and fungi break down wood and leaves, making carbon available to primary consumers

Output: bacteria and fungi as key suppliers of C in stream food webs-

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Input: Viral infections occur in all known organisms, and viruses predate on bacteria and other microbes, helps control population. also, viruses are important vectors for gene transfer. Transduction, is when gene transfer among bacteria by viruses occurs. viral infection keeping cell densities below a threshold may prevent competitive dominants from overrunning less competitive cells. some cyanobacterial bloom collapses have been attributed to viral infections. helps explain “paradox of the plankton”

Output: role of viruses in plankton communities

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Input: plankton are difficult to consume because very small particles are hard to remove from water via infiltration due to low Re and high viscosity. Clearance rate is the volume of water that can be cleared of particles per unit time. viscosity affected by temperature, so feeding is more difficult in cold environments, and feeding on plankton decreases. Particle size, as particles become more dilute, greater volumes of water must be cleared to receive the same amount of food.

Output: factors that control grazing on planktonic food webs

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Input: scrape biofilms, feed on subsurface strata, consuming algae, heterotrophic components of biofilm, and associated organic sediments

Output: scrapers

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Input: organisms that eat detritus & are essentially microbial predators, since the microbes make up much of the nutritional value of the detritus. Shredders are key in the decomposition of organic material, by breaking down CPOM. prefer conditioned detritus, due to microbes

Output: shredders

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Input: organisms that consume relatively small, less than 1mm diameter, deposited organic material from the surface of substrata are collector gatherers. many eat entire microbial assemblages or pick out particles that are rich in cellular material and more biologically active. contribute significantly to turnover rates of organic particles. affects higher trophic levels

Output: collector-gatherers

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Input: passive vs. active, and what that means for how much they can consume and its effect on the ecosystem):(Active=pump water through filtering structure, ex.bivalves. can filter large quantities of water and remove significant amounts of phytoplankton and suspended particles Passive filter feeders are often dominant in flowing water

Output: filter feeders

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Input: including trematodes that affect frogs, and how that happens):(Trematoda Ribeiroia has been linked to deformities in frogs bc the cercariae larvae of this parasite penetrate and encyst in developing limb buds of larval amphibians.Trematoda Gorgoderina vitellioba, infects frogs by tadpoles ingest trematoda and enters kidneys, after 21 days the fluke enters the bladder and deposits eggs, which are excreted into the water. they hatch, and small swimmer form enters gills of fingernail clam, then they emerge as worm that is eaten by tadpoles

Output: parasites

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Input: Microbial colonization of detritus is conditioning. Microbes=peanutbutter or Nitrogen source, detritus=cracker or Carbon source. Together they are just smearing in...

Output: conditioning, and the peanut-butter-on-the-cracker example

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Input: There is more available oxygen in oligotrophic lakes in the hypolimnion because there are fewer organisms in the lake that die and sink to the bottom where they decompose (eutrophic lakes can be anoxic at the hypolimnion due to algal blooms). it depends on what factors that determine classification you are focusing on. A lake can appear to be mesotrophic due to higher concentrations of phosphorus, however there may be other facts limiting algal growth, so if you look at the algal growth in the lake, the lake would appear to be oligotrophic. The classification of lakes is based on water clarity, phytoplankton, and nutrient concentration. Because of variances in these categories, lakes may not fall into one particular classification. Loch Ness - Lake may not fall into an individual category. ex. phosphorus could be high enough to classify as eutrophic, but, but light attenuation by suspended sediments could keep chlorophyll levels at mesotrophic level Lake Baikal: the intensity of primary production in lake baikal makes it near mesotrophic, however its physico-chemical characteristics categorize it as ultra-oligotrophic.

Output: a. You are at a scientific conference and go to hear two presentations by two different research teams about the same lake. In the first presentation the lake is described as oligotrophic, but in the second presentation the lake is described as mesotrophic. Assuming both research teams are correct, how could this be? Give specific examples. If you had only heard the first presentation, what would you assume about O2 concentrations in the hypolimnion and why? If you had only heard the second presentation, how would that assumption about O2 concentrations in the hypolimnion have been different?

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Input: The paradox stems from liebigs law of the minimum and the competitive exclusion principle that when two or more organisms are competing for the same resources, one will out compete the other and will dominate. However, plankton occur in high diversity and generally have similar requirements, and so they are competing for the same nutrients. Nutrients are evenly dispersed due to the regular mixing in lakes, and each species of plankton has a chance of survival. Explanations: 1.Species have different needs, so they may not be directly competing. 2.there is temporal and spatial variability, or micropatches of nutrients from uneven mixing . 3.The time between mixing events is not long enough for species to outcompete- lake isn’t sitting as a well mixed environment for long. 4. Zooplankton predation and viruses modify population dynamics by removing dominant competitors. 5.some have mutually beneficial interactions, where a weaker species may rely upon a stronger, dominant species. 6. Models have trouble when three or more limiting factors are present.

Output: Describe G.E. Hutchinson's paradox of the plankton. What are three reasons that can explain this apparent paradox? Why does the paradox of the plankton refer to communities in lakes but doesn't cross over to apply to plankton in rivers or in groundwater?

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Input: Loch Ness is oligotrophic in terms of nutrients, has low light levels deeper in the lake due to a brown color (resulting from humic acids from surrounding peat) and it has a very small littoral zone. These all limit primary production in the lake. Also, the top predator (excluding any pleiosaur), ferrox trout (a piscivorous and cannibalistic fish) was found with empty stomach contents in february and march.

Output: Does Loch Ness provide an appropriate habitat for the existence of a monster? Use ecological evidence to defend your position

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Input: DOC CPOM: found in headwaters - higher abundance of shredders and collectors. fish which consume invertebrates are therefore also abundant. FPOM: in midsized rivers, higher abundance of grazers and collectors, because the greater availability of sunlight which increase algae production (consumed by grazers). Grazer activity can also enhance algae production by reducing light limitations, cycling nutrients. predators are both invertivores and piscivorous. FPOM: in large rivers, filter feeders and collectors are dominant (declining primary production because of growing pelagic zone with river order), and fish which consume invertebrates, plankton and fish may be present.

Output: List and discuss three forms of carbon available to heterotrophs in aquatic ecosystems. For each form, describe the location in a river where it would dominate, and how that relates to the types of invertebrates and fish that would be found at that location.

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