Input: How do cancer cells react to density dependent growth? [Social Control Genes]

Output: They completely ignore it because they have turned off the expression of adhesion proteins. The cancer cells will grow and grow no matter how many cells are near them.


Input: What are the nuclear changes that take place in cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: They have disorganized cell nucleus constantly in cell division. -Can often see metaphase and anaphase


Input: What type of change in enzyme production takes place in cancer cells? How does this cell benefit the cancer cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: -The cancer cell aquires the ability to release lysosomal enzymes into the environment -These enzymes can degrade the area to allowing for further growth of the cancer cells


Input: What is CEA in cancer cells? What do they do for the immune system of the host? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Carcinoembryonic antigen: Proteins that appear as spikes on the cancer cell and serve and cancer specific antigens -They are often tumor specific -They are the way for the immune system to potentially recognize the cells and destroy them by NK or cytotoxic T cells


Input: What are the 4 major difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Cancer cells are jumbled from a broke cytoskeleton. 2. Cancer cells are missing adhesion proteins 3. Cancer cells have CEA 4. Cancer cells have AFP


Input: Describe the Gene-environment interaction route of mutagenesis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Not very understood -gene expression affected by environmental factors -caused by carcinogenic or mutagenic substances. -ex. cigarettes, industrial cleaners, combustion of fossil fuels -The rate of the risk depends on the closeness and the time of exposure


Input: Where does the mutation occur for inherited oncogenes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: ON the germ line genes


Input: WHat are some examples of inherited oncogenes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: BRCA 1 and 2


Input: THe majority of inherited oncogenes are which type of genes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Tumor Suppressor genes


Input: What are the 4 routes of mutagenesis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Gene-environment interaction 2. Inherited Cancer genes 3. Oncogenic Viruses 4. Oncogenic Bacteria


Input: What are the two categories for mutagenesis for oncogenic viruses? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Direct and indirect mutagenesis


Input: What is direct mutagenesis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: AKA insertional mutagenesis -The virus inserts and oncogene into the host cell and the host cell replicates the oncogene that transforms the cell


Input: Describe indirect mutagenesis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Is about the consequence of infection. -Increase in chronic inflammation increases cell turnover and increases the likelihood of mutation.


Input: What is initiation and the initiation theory? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Initiation: the mutation itself. the transformation of the cell into a cancer cell. This theory says transformation is not enough because cells transform all the time


Input: What are the 3 stages of transformation by altered genetic changes? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression


Input: What is promotion? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The occurrence of an outside condition that works on a transformed cell to allow it to proliferate


Input: What theory explains why cancer has a long latent period? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The promotion period of transformation


Input: Which period of transformation is conditional? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Progression period


Input: What are the 2 grades of cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: HIgh grade and low grade


Input: What does high grade cancer mean? [Social Control Genes]

Output: YOu have cells that have a high turnover rate. -have a high rate of accumulation of cells -rate of division is higher than the rate of death


Input: What cancer cells have the highest grade? [Social Control Genes]

Output: the ones that are least differentiated


Input: How do you describe cancer stage? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is the degree of spread -goes from 1-4


Input: What is the stage of cancer dependent on? [Social Control Genes]

Output: How far the cancer has spread and how far it has progressed


Input: Why is cancer staging difficult? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Hard because different cancer types spread in different patterns


Input: How does a benign tumor spread by local invasion? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is encapsulated and it begins to bulge, displacing healthy tissue


Input: Describe local invasion with a malignant tumor? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Malignant tumor does not displace cells in local invasion, it eats its way through neighboring tissue. It can get to local blood supply and then metastasize through the blood stream


Input: What are the 3 ways cancers spread? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Local invasion 2. Metastasis through blood stream 3.Implantation 4. Shedding


Input: Once a cancer cell has spread through the blood stream, what is its next method of metastasis? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Implantation


Input: What are some common organs that are attacked by cancer through implantation? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Ones that get a lot of blood -lungs, liver and kidneys


Input: What type of cancer is known for metastisizing through shedding? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Ovarian cancer to the pelvic and abdominal cavity


Input: The ability of malignant tumors to induce formation of blood vessels is called? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Tumor-induced angiogenesis


Input: What is FGF? WHat is it involved in? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Fibroblast growth factor. Involved in tumor induced angiogenesis


Input: Is angiogenesis always pathological? [Social Control Genes]

Output: No, it occurs when our tissues grow in a normal way ex. puberty: the lean muscle mass goes up in men.


Input: What cancers originate from epithelial cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: carcinomas


Input: When a cancer cell occurs in connective tissue, what is it categorized as? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Sarcoma


Input: Lymphoma and Leukemia refer to cancer of which cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Tumors derived from blood and bone marrow cells


Input: What is a mesothelioma? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Cancer cell that originates in cells that line the peritoneum and the pleura


Input: What is the name of a cancer cell originating from brain cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Glioma astrocytoma


Input: WHat are germ cell tumors? [Social Control Genes]

Output: malignant tumor derived from germ cells normally found in the testicles and ovary


Input: What is a tumor of the melanocytes called? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Melanoma


Input: What is an adenocarcinoma? [Social Control Genes]

Output: form of carcinoma that originates from glandular tissue


Input: What is the best predictor of the clinical behavior of a cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: The cell type of origin


Input: What type of cancer is breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: adenocarcinoma


Input: What type of treatment would be used for cancer cells in hormone sensitive tissue? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Hormone deprivation


Input: What are the most common forms of skin cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma


Input: Which type of skin cancer is most invasive and has a mortality rate of 15-20%? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Melanomas


Input: What is the primary treatment for melanomas? [Social Control Genes]

Output: surgery and chemotherapy


Input: What characterizes small cel lung cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Known as oat cell carcinoma because it looks like oats


Input: What are the 2 types of possible lung cancer cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: carcinomas or adenocarcinomas


Input: What are the aggressive lung cancers? [Social Control Genes]

Output: high grade oat cell carcinomas highly undifferentiated and have poor prognosis.


Input: WHat are the risk factors and Tx for lung cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Smoking, exposure to carcinogens such as radon gas, asbestos, infections Tx: surgery, chemo and radiation


Input: Colon cancer is often originates from which cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Most often adenocarcinoma but some are carcinomas


Input: Where does colon cancer often spread? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Through the blood and lymph to the liver and lungs


Input: What are the risk factors for Colon cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: -age (usually beyond age 50) -the discovery of polyps (benign growths) -a history of any type of cancer -smoking, diet (high consumption of red meat) -physical inactivity -inflammatory bowel disease -high alcohol consumption


Input: Why can breast cancer spread easily? [Social Control Genes]

Output: It is surrounded by lymph tissue.


Input: 95% of cervical cancers are characterized as ________? [Social Control Genes]

Output: adenocarcinomas


Input: 70% of cervical cancer is caused by? [Social Control Genes]

Output: HPV


Input: How does cervical cancer usually grow? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Through local invasion


Input: What is the only organ that cervical cancer tends to spread to> [Social Control Genes]

Output: The liver


Input: What are the risk factors of cervical cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: -smoking -HIV -HPV -STI's -OCs -Family history -


Input: What is a common diagnostic method for cervical cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Vinegar sprays


Input: 90% of endometrial cancers are what category? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Adenocarcinomas


Input: How does uterine cancer grow? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Usually stays within the uterus. Grow centrally into the uterine cavity -some cancers can grow and invade the myometrium, but rarely grow out of the uterus


Input: What are some common risk factors for endometrial cancer? What are the Txs? [Social Control Genes]

Output: -Occurs mostly in post-menopausal women -vaginal bleeding in a woman who has not had a period for at least 12 months -Tx: surgery, hysterectomy


Input: All prostate cancer are what type of cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: adenocarcinomas: glandular


Input: Which age group has the highest rate of colon cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Over 50


Input: How does prostate cancer grow? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Initially grows through local invasion and first metastasize seminal vesicles and then blood and lymph for distance.


Input: What are the Tx options for prostate cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Surgery, radiation, hormone deprivation, chemo and cancer vaccines


Input: What is PSA testing? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Prostate specific antigen testing. This is present in both normal and cancerous cells, but increases in numbers for cancer cells.


Input: Ovarian cancer is formed from what cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: epithelial cells


Input: How does ovarian cancer spread? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Through shedding -goes to the pelvic and abdominal cavity


Input: HOw often does ovarian cancer derive from germ-line cells? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Very rarely


Input: Why is ovarian cancer very insidious? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Because the only sign is abdominal bloating


Input: What stage is ovarian cancer usually at when it is diagnosed> [Social Control Genes]

Output: Stage 2-4


Input: What are the risk factors for Ovarian cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: 1. Women over 40 2. Hx of cancer 3. BRCA 1 and 2 (especially 1) 4. Hx of endometriosis 5. Having never been pregnant 6. Post-menopausal estrogen replacement


Input: Where does liposarcoma occur? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Fat cells of deep tissue Not often subcutaneous fat


Input: Are metastasis common in liposarcoma? [Social Control Genes]

Output: yes, very! can travel from blood and lymph attach to lung and liver


Input: What is the most common forms of brain tumor? [Social Control Genes]

Output: astrocytoma


Input: How do brain tumors spread? [Social Control Genes]

Output: entirely through local invasion -rarely leave the brain


Input: What are the first signs and symptoms of brain tumors a result of? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Increase in intracranial pressure that causes seizures


Input: What are the Tx options for brain tumors? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Surgery, chemo and radiation


Input: Can the brain be a site for secondary cancers? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Yes, it is common.


Input: What is DES? Exposure to it has been found to increase the risk for what? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Diethystilvestrol: drug given in the 1940s-1960s to women who had had miscarriages to reduce their risk of another. Has been found to increase the risk for breast cancer


Input: What is the relationship between race and breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Caucasion women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, but African American women are more likely to dies of breast cancer AA women also get breast cancer before age 55 usually


Input: What type of breast tissue has a higher risk for developing breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Dense tissue: high glandular % as opposed to fat


Input: What type of benign growths in breasts increase the risk for breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: proliferative lesions


Input: How does menstruation relate to a risk for breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: If you have early onset or late menopause.


Input: What has been found to reduce the risk of breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Breast feeding and exercise


Input: What are the treatments for breast cancer? [Social Control Genes]

Output: Hormone blocking, chemo, radiation, surgery


Input: [1] acid [2]

Output: A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] atom [2]

Output: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] atomic number [2]

Output: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] base [2]

Output: A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] buffer [2]

Output: A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chemical bond [2]

Output: An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] chemical reaction [2]

Output: A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] cohesion [2]

Output: The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] covalent bond [2]

Output: A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] double covalent bond [2]

Output: A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons; symbolized by a pair of lines between the bonded atoms.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] electron [2]

Output: A subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] electron shell [2]

Output: An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] electronegativity [2]

Output: The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] element [2]

Output: Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] heat [2]

Output: The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hydrogen bond [2]

Output: A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ion [2]

Output: An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] ionic bond [2]

Output: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] isotope [2]

Output: One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] mass number [2]

Output: The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] matter [2]

Output: Anything that takes up space and has mass.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] molecule [2]

Output: Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] neutron [2]

Output: An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] nonpolar covalent bond [2]

Output: A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] nucleus [2]

Output: (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] pH scale [2]

Output: A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] polar covalent bond [2]

Output: A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] polar molecule [2]

Output: A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] product [2]

Output: An ending material in a chemical reaction.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] proton [2]

Output: A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] radioactive isotope [2]

Output: An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] reactant [2]

Output: A starting material in a chemical reaction.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] salt [2]

Output: Compounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds, also called an ionic compound.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] solute [2]

Output: A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] solution [2]

Output: A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] solvent [2]

Output: The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] surface tension [2]

Output: A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] temperature [2]

Output: A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] trace element [2]

Output: An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Someone who attempts to understand the functioning of the brain by studying individual brain cells is taking a(n) _____ approach [2]

Output: reductionist

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] There are _____ naturally occurring elements. [2]

Output: 92

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The number of protons in an uncharged atom _____. [2]

Output: equals the number of electrons

AP Biology; The Chemical Basis of Life Ch 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: needs concerned with making the best use of a consumer's time and oney [economic buyers]

Output: economic needs


Input: the basic forces that motivate a person to do something [economic buyers]

Output: needs


Input: "needs that are learned during a person's life [economic buyers]

Output: wants


Input: strong stimulus that encourages action to reduce a need [economic buyers]

Output: drive


Input: biological needs-food, rest, liquid [economic buyers]

Output: physiological needs


Input: concerned with protection and physical well-being (health, financial security, medicine, exercise) [economic buyers]

Output: safety needs


Input: concerned with love, friendship, status, and esteem [economic buyers]

Output: social needs


Input: needs for personal satisfaction [economic buyers]

Output: personal needs


Input: how we gather and interpret information from the world around us [economic buyers]

Output: perception


Input: our eyes and minds seek out and notice only information that interest us [economic buyers]

Output: selective exposure


Input: we screen out or modify ideas, messages, and information that conflict with our previously learned attitudes and beliefs [economic buyers]

Output: selective perception


Input: we remember only what we want to remember [economic buyers]

Output: selective retention


Input: a change in a person's though process caused by prior experience [economic buyers]

Output: learning


Input: products, signs, ads, and other stimuli in the environment [economic buyers]

Output: cues


Input: an effort to satisfy a drive [economic buyers]

Output: response


Input: the learning process occurs when the response is followed by satisfaction [economic buyers]

Output: reinforcement


Input: a person's point of view toward something [economic buyers]

Output: attitude


Input: a person's opinion about something [economic buyers]

Output: belief


Input: an outcome or event that a person anticipates or looks forward to [economic buyers]

Output: expectation


Input: The confidence a person has in the promises or actions of another person. [economic buyers]

Output: Trust


Input: the analysis of a person's day to day pattern of living as expressed in that person's activities, interest, and opinions (AIO dimensions) [economic buyers]

Output: Psychographics (lifestyle analysis)


Input: a group of people who have approximately equal social position as viewed by others in society [economic buyers]

Output: social class


Input: the people to whom an individual looks when forming attitudes about a particular topic [economic buyers]

Output: reference group


Input: a person who influences others [economic buyers]

Output: opinion leader


Input: the whole set of beliefs attitudes and ways of doing things of a reasonably homogenous set of people [economic buyers]

Output: culture


Input: they put much effort into deciding how to satisfy a need [economic buyers]

Output: extensive problem solving


Input: some effort is required in deciding the best way to satisfy a need [economic buyers]

Output: limited problem solving


Input: regularly selecting a specific way of satisfying a need when it occurs [economic buyers]

Output: routinized response behavior


Input: purchases that have little importance or relevance for the customer [economic buyers]

Output: low-involvement purchases


Input: feeling of uncertainty about whether the correct decision was made [economic buyers]

Output: dissonance


Input: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial decision, confirmation [economic buyers]

Output: adoption process


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Atherosclerosis

Output: A form of arteriosclerosis characterized by accumulation of plaque, blood, and blood products lining th wall of the artery, causing partial or complete blockage of an artery.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Bruit

Output: A humming heard when auscultating a blood vessel that is caused by turbulent blood flow through the vessel.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Claudication

Output: Severe pain in the calf muscle from inadequate blood supply.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Clubbing

Output: A condition in which the ends of the fingers and toes appear bulbous and shiny, most often the result of lung disease.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Dysrhythmia

Output: Abnormal, disordered, or disturbed cardiac rhythm.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Homans' sign

Output: An assessment for venous thrombosis in which calf pain with dorsiflexion occurs if thrombosis is present.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Ischemia

Output: Condition of inadequate blood supply.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Murmur

Output: An abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Pericardial friction rub

Output: Friction sound heard over the fourth left intercostal space near the sternum; a classic sign of pericarditis.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Poikilothermy

Output: The absence of sufficient arterial blood flow, causing the extrimity to become the temperature of the enviroment.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Point of maximal impulse

Output: The area of the chest where the greatest force can be felt with the palm of the hand when the heart contracts or beats. Usually at the fourth to fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Preload

Output: End-diastolic stretch of cardiac muscle fibers; equals end-diastolic volume.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Pulse deficit

Output: A condition in which the number of pulse beats counted at the radial artery is less than those counted in the same period of time at the apical heart rate.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Thrill

Output: Abnormal vessel that has a bulging or narrowed wall; a vibration is felt.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular changes that occur in the older adult include the following:

Output: Decrease in heart size - Thickening of left ventricular wall - Increased collagen in the cardiac muscle - Decreased elastin in the cardiac muscle - Stiffer and thicker cardiac valves - Fibrosis of the SA node - Decreased number of pacemaker cells - Calcification of blood vessels - Loss of arterial distensibility - More tortuous vessels - Decreased response to baroreceptors.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The cardiovascular age related changes previously mentioned increase the risk of developing the following:

Output: Sinus bradycardia - Arterial fibrillation - Atherosclerotic heart disease - Elevated systolic blood pressure - Decreased cardiac output and cardiac reserve - Hypertension - Peripheral vascular disease - Postural hypotension - Vagal syncope.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Allergies

Output: Significance * For medication administration, diagnostic dyes.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Smoking history

Output: Significance * Risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Medications

Output: Significance * Toxic levels; influencing symptoms.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Pain

Output: Significance * Location - chest, calf; radiation - arms, jaw, neck; description - pressure, indigestion, tightness, burning, angina, myocardial infacrction, thrombus, embolism.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Dyspnea

Output: Significance * Left-sided heart failure; pulmonary edema or embolism.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Fatigue

Output: Significance * Decreased cardiac output.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Palpitations

Output: Significance * Dysrhythmias

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Dizziness

Output: Significance * Dysrhythmias

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - History = Symptom * Weight gain

Output: Significance * Right-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment - Vital signs

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, tachypnea, apnea, shock.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment - Heart rhythm

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Dysrhythmias.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment - Edema

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Right-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment - Jugular vein destention

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Right-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment - Breath Sounds

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Crackles, wheezes with left-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Acute Cardiovascular Nursing Assessment - Physical Assessment -

Output: Possible Abnormal Findings - Acute heart failure-dry cough, pink frothy sputum.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Where is pain? Does it radiate?

Output: Rationale - Cardiac pain may radiate to shoulders, neck, jaw, arms or back. Vascualr disorders cause extremity pain.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - How does it feel? Discomfort, burning, aching, indigestion, squeezing, pressure, tightness, heaviness, numbness in chest area? Fullness, heaviness, sharpness, throbbing in legs?

Output: Rationale - Pain can be associated with angina or MI. The quality of pain varies. Venous pain is the fullness or heaviness. Sharpness or throbbing is arterial pain.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Aggravating/alleviating factors that increase/relieve the pain?

Output: Rationale - Activity may cause or increase angina. Rest or medications may relieve angina. Leg activity pain, intermittent claudication, results from decreased perfusion that is aggravated by activity. Rest pain, from severe arterial occlusion, increses when lying. Dangling reduces the pain because blood flow is increased by gravity.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Timing of pain: onset, duration, frequency?

Output: Rationale - Pain may be continuous, intermittent, acute or chronic. Arterial occlusion causes acute pain.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Severity of pain?

Output: Rationale - Rate pain on a scale of 0 to 10.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Useful data for associated symptoms?

Output: Rationale - Accompanying symptoms and their characteristics guide diagnosis and treatment.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Pain: WHAT'S UP? Format - Question - Perception of patient about problem?

Output: Rationale - Patient's insight to problem is helpful in planning care.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Level of Consciousness (LOC)-Question - What is your name? What is the month? Year? Where are you now?

Output: Rationale - A lack of oxygen caused by cardiac disease can decrease LOC.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Dyspnea -Question - Are you short of breath? What increases your shortness of breath? What relieves your shortness of breath?

Output: Rationale - Dyspnea can be present with heart failure that reduces cardiac output, on exertion in angina pectoris or from a pulmonary embolus resulting from thrombophlebitis, heart failure, or dysrhythmias.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Palpitations -Question - Are you having palpitations or irregular heartbeat? Does your heart ever race, skip beats, or pound?

Output: Rationale - Palpitations can occur from dysrhythmias resulting from ischemia, electrolyte imbalance, or stress. Dizziness can be assocated with dysrhythmias.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Fatigue -Question - *Have you noticed any change in your energy level? * Are you able to perform activities that you would like to?

Output: Rationale - *Fatigue occurs from reduced cardiac output resulting from heart failure. *Functional abilities can be limited from fatigue.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Edema -Question - *Have you had any swelling in your feet, legs, or hands? *Have you gained weight?

Output: Rationale - *Right-sided heart failure can cause fluid accumulation in the tissues. *Fluid retention causes weight gain.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular History Assessment - Paresthesia/Paralysis -Question - *Any numbness, tingling, or other abnormal sensations in extremities? *Can you move your extremity?

Output: Rationale - *Numbness and tingling, pins and needles, and crawling sensations are pareshesia. *Paralysis is inability to move extremity. Reduced nerve conduction from decreased oxygen supply causes paresthesia and paralysis.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Six Ps characterize peripheral vascular disease:

Output: *Pain *Poikilothermia *Pulselessness *Pallor *Paralysis *Paresthesia (decreased sensation)

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Sentence to remember the hearts auscultation points. All People Eat Three Meats

Output: Aortic, Pulmonic, Erb's point, Tricuspid, & Mitral. (Erb's point - the point on the neck 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle and in front of the transverse process of the 6th cervical vertebra.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The mitral and tricuspid valves prevent backflow of blood from which of the following? a. Ventricles to atria when the ventricles contract. b. Atria to ventricles when the ventricles relax. c. Ventricles to atria when the atria contract. d. Atria to ventricles when the atria contract.

Output: a. Ventricles to atria when the ventricles contract.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which of the following describes the purpose of the edocardium of the heart? a. Cover the heart muscle and prevent friction. b. Support the coronary blood vessels. c. Line the chambers of the heart and prevent abnormal clotting. d. Prevent backflow of the blood from atria to ventricles.

Output: c. Line the chambers of the heart and prevent abnormal clotting.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The function of the coronary blood vessels is to do which of the following? a. Prevent abnormal clotting within the heart. b. Bring oxygenated blood to the myocardium. c. Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. d. Carry oxygenated blood to the lungs.

Output: b. Bring oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which of the following is the location of the cardiac centers in the nervous system? a. Cerebrum b. Hypothalamus c. Spinal cord d. Medulla

Output: d. Medulla

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The functions of angiotensin II are to increase which of the following? a. Vasodilation and ADH secretion. b. Vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion. c. Heart rate and vasodilation. d. Heart rate and ADH secretion.

Output: b. Vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The increase of resting blood pressure with age may contribute to which of the following? a. Dysrhythmias b. Thrombus formation c. Left-sided heart failure d. Peripheral edema

Output: c. Left-sided heart failure

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which one of the following is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor that should be noted during patient data collection? a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnic origin d. Tobacco use

Output: d. Tobacco use

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] If it takes longer than 3 seconds for the color to return when assessing capillary refill, it may indicate which of the following? a. Decreased aterial flow to the extremity. b. Increased aterial flow to the extremity. c. Decreased venous flow from the extremity. d. Increased venous flow from the extremity.

Output: a. Decreased arterial flow to the extremity.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which one of the following is an important safety intervention that should be used while assessing a patient for orthostatic hypotension? a. Reality orientation b. Gait or walking belt c. Liquids at bedside d. Standing patient quickly

Output: b. Gait or walking belt

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] You are caring for a patient who is on bedrest. In which area will you assess for the presence of edema? a. Arms b. Ankles c. Sternum d. Sacrum

Output: d. Sacrum

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which of the following should be included in patient teaching for coronary angiography with femoral catheter insertion site? a. Dye injection causes hot, flushing sensation. b. General anesthesia is administered. c. Claustrophobia may be experienced. d. Ambulation is possible immediately after procedure.

Output: a. Dye injection causes hot, flushing sensation.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A high-fiber diet for cardiac patients is recommended to do which of the following? a. Increase absorption of nutrients b. Reduced cardiac workload c. Reduce edema development d. Reduce appetite

Output: b. Reduced cardiac workload

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Clubbing - early **************** Clubbing - severe

Output: 160 degree *********************** Greater than 180 degree

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Allergies

Output: Assessed before medication administration, test dyes.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Smoking

Output: Modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Pain

Output: Location: chest,calf; radiation: arms, jaw neck.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Weight gain

Output: Sign resulting from right-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Crackles

Output: Lungs sounds with left-sided heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Dizziness

Output: Symptom of dysrhythmias.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Fatigue

Output: Effect of decreased cardiac output.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Identify a word that is obtained during a history that maches the given assessment statement. Pink-tinged sputum

Output: Classic symptom of acute heart failure.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Each normal heartbeat is initiated by which of the following? a. Sinoatrial node in the wall of the right atrium. b. Bundle of His in the interventricular septum. c. Cardiac center in the medulla. d. Sympathetic nerves from the spinal cord.

Output: a. Sinoatrial node in the wall of the right atrium.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] During one cardiac cycle which of the following occurs? a. Ventricles contract first, followed by the atria. b. Atria contract first, followed by the ventricles. c. Atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. d. Ventricles contract twice for every contraction of the atria.

Output: b. Atria contract first, followed by the ventricles.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which of the following detects changes in the blood pressure? a. Pressoreceptors in the medulla. b. Blood vessels in the medulla. c. Pressoreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses. d. Coronary vessels in the myocardium.

Output: c. Pressoreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Epinepherine increases blood pressure because it does which of the following? a. increases water resoption by the kidneys. b. Causes vasodilation in the skin and viscera. c. Decreases heart rate and force of contraction. d. Increases heart rate and force of cardiac contraction.

Output: d. Increases heart rate and force of cardiac contraction.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys help raise it by secreting which of the following? a. Renin b. Epinepherine c. Aldosterone d. Erythropoietin

Output: a. Renin

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which of the following prevents the backflow of blood in veins? a. Precapillary sphincters b. Middle layer c. Smooth muscle layer d. Valves

Output: d. Valves

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A patient has had a bilateral mastectomy, so the nurse obtains blood pressurs readings from the patient's legs. Which of the following does the nurse inderstand is the usual difference between blood pressure readings in the leg and the arm? a. 10 mm Hg higher b. 10 mm Hg lower c. 15 mm Hg higher d. 15 mm Hg lower

Output: a. 10mm Hg higher

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse obtains a lower blood pressure on a patient's left arm than the right arm. As a result, which of the following extremities should the nurse use for ongoing blood pressure measurement? a. Left arm b. Right arm c. Right leg d. Either arm

Output: b. Right arm

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is checking a patient's blood pressure for orthostatic hypotension. The nurse understands that normally when the patient stands, the blood pressure drops by which of the following amounts? a. Up to 15 mm Hg b. Up to 20 mm Hg c. Up to 25 mm Hg d. Up to 30 mm Hg

Output: a. Up to 15 mm Hg

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] While the nurse checks the patient's blood pressure for orthostatic hypotension, the patient's heart rate increases. The nurse understands that normally when the patient stands, the heart rate does which of the following? a. Drops up to 10 beats per minute. b. Drops up to 20 beats per minute. c. Increases up to 20 beats per minute. d. Increases up to 30 beats per minute.

Output: c. Increases up to 20 beats per minute.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is examining a patient's legs for data collection and notes that there is bilateral decreased hair distribution, thick, brittle nails, and shiny, taut, dry skin. The nurse understands that this can indicate which of the following? a. Increased arterial blood flow. b. Decreased arterial blood flow. c. Increased venous blood flow. d. Decreased venous blood flow.

Output: b. Decreased arterial blood flow.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is explaining to a paient ha for his thallium strss test dipyridamole (Persantine), a coronary vasodilator, will be given. Which of the following purposes will the nurse explain as the reason that this medication is being given? a. To decrease blood flow to cardiac cells. b. To increase blood flow that occurs with exercise. c. To prevent a clot from forming during the test. d. To reduce systemic vascular resistance.

Output: b. To increase blood flow that occurs with exercise.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] For which of the following dysrhythmias will the nurse anticipate a patient's need for a permanent pacemaker? a. Ventricular fibrillation b. Asymptomatic bradycardia c. Atrial fibrillation d. Third degree heart block

Output: d. Third degree heart block

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Cardiovascular changes of normal aging.

Output: 1. Decreased elasticity of the heartand arteries; efficiency of heart and peripheral valves; maximum heart rate with exercise. 2. Increased peripheral resistance and formation of atherosclerotic plaques. 3. Takes longer to recover following exercise.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Nursing implications of cardiovascular changes of normal aging.

Output: 1. Assess cardiovascular (CV) functioning. 2. Nursing diagnosis 3. Nursing interventions: * Provide for rest periods * Teach the client about low salt, low fat, and high fiber diets and about having regular health checkups, including blood pressure checks. * Monitor for orthostatic hypertension; suggest a slow position change from lying to sitting to standing.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse counts an adult's apical heart beat at 110 beats per minute. The nurse describes this as: 1. asystole 2. bigeminy 3. tachycardia 4. bradycardia

Output: (3)Tachycardia in an adult is defined as a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. Asystole is cardiac arrest. There is no heart beat. Bigeminy means that the heart beats are coming in pairs. Bradycardia in an adult is defined at a heart rate of 60 beats or less per minute.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A client has an elevated AST 24 hours following chest pain and shortness of breath. This is suggestive of which of the following? 1. Gall bladder disease 2. Liver disease 3. Myocardial infarction 4. Skeletal muscle injury

Output: (3)AST is an enzyme released in response to tissue damage. The symptoms are suggestive of myocardial damage. AST rises 24 hours after a myocardial infarction. It will also rise when there is liver damage and skeletal muscle injury. This client has symptoms typical of myocardial infarction; however, gall bladder disease may present with pain in the right scapula (shoulder blade) region but would not have an elevated AST.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult has a coagulation time of 20 minutes. The nurse should observe the client for: 1. Blood clots 2. Ecchymotic areas 3. Jaundice 4. Infection

Output: (2)The normal clotting time is 9-12 minutes. A prolonged clotting time would suggest a bleeding tendency; the client should be observed for signs of bleeding, such as ecchymotic areas. Blood clots would occur with a clotting time of less than normal. Jaundice occurs with liver damage or rapid breakdown of red blood cells, such as is seen in sickle cell anemia. Infection occurs when there are too few white blood cells.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A prothrombin time test should be performed regularly on persons who are taking which medication? 1. Heparin 2. Warfarin 3. Phenobarbital 4. Digoxin

Output: (2)A prothrombin time test is done to determine the effectiveness of warfarin. A partial thromoplastin time test is done for persons taking heparin. Phenobarbital and digoxin do not require regular clotting tests. Serum levels of these drugs may be done if the client is on long-term therapy.

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Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which prothrombin time value would be considered normal for a client who is receiving warfarin (coumadin)? 1. 12 seconds 2. 20 seconds 3. 60 seconds 4. 98 seconds

Output: (2)When a client is receiving coumadin, the prothrombin time should be 1-1/2 to 2 times the normal value, which is 11-12.5 seconds. Twenty seconds is normal for someone who is not receiving coumadin. Sixty seconds is normal for a PTT would be acceptable for a client who is receiving heparin. It should be 1-1/2 to 2 times the normal range of 60 to 70 seconds.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving heparin. What drug should be readily available? 1. Vitamin K 2. Caffeine 3. Calcium gluconate 4. Protamine sulfate

Output: (4)The antidote for heparin is protamine sulfate. Vitamin K is the antidote for coumadin. Calcium gluconate is the antidite for magnesium sulfate. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant and will increase alertness and heart rate.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult who is receiving heparin asks the nurse why it cannot be given by mouth. The nurse responds that heparin is given parenterally because: 1. It is destroyed by gastric secretions. 2. It irritates the gastric mucosa. 3. It irritates the intestinal lining. 4. Therapeutic levels can be achieved more quickly.

Output: (1)Heparin is a protein and is destroyed by gastric secretions. It is given either IV or subcutaneously for that reason.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult who is admitted for a cardiac catheterization asks the nurse if she will be asleep during the cardiac catheterization asks the nurse if she will be asleep during the cardiac cathetrization. What is the best initial response for the nurse to make? 1. "You will be given a general anesthesia." 2. "You will be sedated but not asleep." 3. "The Doctor will give you an anesthetic if you are having too much pain." 4. "Why do you want to be asleep?"

Output: (2)Persons who are undergoing cardiac catheterization will receive a sedative but are not put to sleep. Their cooperation is needed during the procedure. Asking "why" makes the client defensive and is not appropriate for the client at this time. Give the client the information asked for.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] During the admission interview, a client who is admitted for a cardiac catheterization says, "Every time I eat shrimp I get a rash." What action is essential for the nurse to take at this time? 1. Notify the physician. 2. Ask the client if sh gets a rash from any other foods. 3. Instruct dietary department not to give the client shrimp. 4. Teach the client the dangers of eating shrimp and other shell fish.

Output: (1)Allergy to shellfish is indicative of an allergy to iodine. The dye used in cardiac catheterization is an iodine dye. Anaphylactic reactions can occu. because the exam is scheduled for the morning, the nurse should notify the physician immediately. The other actions might have relevance but are not essential (safety related) at this time.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is preparing a client for a cardiac catheterization. Which action would the nurse expect to take? 1. Administer a radioisotope as ordered. 2. Give the client a cleansing enema. 3. Locate and mark peripheral pulses. 4. Encourage high fluid intake before the test.

Output: (3)It is essential to monitor peripheral pulses after the procedure. They should be assessed before the procedure. They should be assessed before the procedure to determine location and baseline levels. An iodine dye is used during a cardiac catheterization, not a radioisotope. There is no need to give the client an enema. Fluids may be encouraged after the test. The client will be NPO for eight hours before the test.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A young adult with a history of rheumatic fever as a child is to have a cardiac catheterization. She asks the nurse why she must have a cardiac catheterization. The nurse's response is based on the understanding that cardiac catheterization can accomplish all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Assessing heart structures 2. Determining oxygen levels in the heart chambers 3. Evaluating cardiac output 4. Obtaining a biopsy specimen

Output: (4)A biopsy specimen cannot be obtained during a cardiac catheterization. Heart structures can be assessed, oxygen levels in the heart chambers can be determined, and cardiac output can be meausred during a cardiac catheterization.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] When a client returns from undergoing a cardiac catheterization, it is most essential for the nurse to: 1. Check peripheral pulses. 2. Maintain NPO. 3. Apply heat to the insertion site. 4. Start range of motion exercises immediately.

Output: (1)Checking peripheral pulses is of highest priority. The complications most likely to occur are hemorrhage and obstruction of the vessel. he client is NPO before the procedure, not after. Cold may be applie to the insertion site to vasoconstrict. Heat vasodilates and is contraindicated because it might cause bleeding. The extremity used for the insertion site kept quiet immediately following a cardiac catheterization.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A male client with angina pectoris has been having an increased number of episodes of pain recently. He is admitted for observation. During the admission interview, he tells the nurse that he has been having chest pain during the last week. Which statement by the client would be of greatest concern to the nurse? 1. "I had chest pain while I was walking in the snow on Thursday." 2. "We went out for a big dinner to celebrate my wife's birthday, but I couldn't enjoy it because I got the pain before we got home from the restaurant." 3. "I had chest pain yesterday while I was sitting in the living room watching television." 4. "I felt pain all the way down my left arm after I was playing with my grandson on Monday."

Output: (3)This answer indicates pain at rest, which suggests a progression of the angina. The other answers all indicate pain with known causes of angina-exercise, cold environment, or eating.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The Nurse responds to the call light of a client who has a history of angina pectoris. He tells the nurse that he has just taken a nitroglycerin tablet sublingually for anginal pain. What action should the nurse take next? 1. If the pain does not subside within five minutes, place a second tablet under the tongue. 2. Position him in the Trendelenburg position. 3. Administer a prn narcotic for pain if he still has pain in 10 minutes. 4. Call his physician and alert the code team for possible intervention.

Output: (1)Nitroglycerine can be given at five-minute intervals for up to three doses if the pain is not relieved. The Trendelenburg position (head lower than feet) increases cardiac work load and would make the client worse. PRN narcotics are not usually ordered for clients who have anginal pain. Nitroglycerine, a vasodilator, is usually the medication of choice. At some point, the physician will need to be called, but there is no need to alert the code team for possible intervention.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is teaching an adult who has angina about taking nitroglycerine. The nurse tells him he will know the nitroglycerine is effective when: 1. He experiences tingling under the tongue. 2. His pulse rate increases. 3. His pain subsides. 4. His activity tolerance increases.

Output: (3)Pain relief is the expected outcome when taking nitroglycerine. Vasodilation of coronary vessels will increase the blood supply to the heart muscle, decreasing pain caused by ischemia. Tingling under the tongue and a headache indicate that the medication is potent. His pulse rate should decrease when pain is relieved. Increase in activity tolerance is nice but nitroglycerine is given to relieve anginal pain.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A client with angina will have to make lifestyle modifications. Which of the following statements by the client would indicate that he understands the necessary modifications in lifestyle to prevent angina attacks? 1. "I know that I will need to eat less, so I will only eat one meal a day." 2. "I will need to stay in bed all the time so I won't have pain." 3. "I'll stop what I'm doing whenever I have pain and take a pill." 4. "I will need to walk more slowly and rest frequently to avoid the angina."

Output: (4)Walking more slowly and resting decreases energy expenditure and prevents an attack. Answer #3 treats an attack. By the time he has pain, he is experiencing angina. To prevent angina, he needs to walk slowly and rest frequently. He should eat small, frequent meals-not one large meal. He should exercise within his tolerance level. Staying in bed predisposes the client to the comlications of immobility, such as clots and pneumonia.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A client who has been treated for angina is discharged in stable condition. On a clinic cisit, he tells the nurse he has anginal pain when he has sexual intercourse with his wife. The best response for the nurse to make is: 1. "Do you have ambivalent feelings toward your wife?" 2. "Many persons with angina have less pain when their partner assumes the top position." 3. "Be sure that you attempt intercourse only when you are well rested and relaxed." 4. "You might try having a cocktail before sexual activity to help you relax."

Output: (2)Reducing his physical activity reduces the cardiac workload. This response suggests a way he can engage in sexual activity with minimum strain on the heart. Ambivalent feelings toward his wife are inlikely to causes anginal pain. There is some truth t being well rested and relaxed, but telling him this is the only time he should have intercourse is not realistic. The nurse should not advise the client to have an alcoholic beverage before sexual activity.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A low-sodium, low-cholesterol weight-reducing diet is prescribed for an adult with heart disease. The nurse knows that he understands his diet when he chooses which of the following meals? 1. Baked chicken and mashed potatoes. 2. Stir-fried Chinese vegetables and rice. 3. Tuna fish salad with celery sticks. 4. Lean steak with carrots

Output: (1)Chicken is lower in sodium than beef or seafood. Baking adds no sodium to the chicken. Barbecuing adds sodium and fat, and frying adds fat and usually sodium. Chinese food is usually high in sodium. Tuna fish is high in sodium; so is celery. Steak is high in sodium; so are carrots.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult client is admitted with a diagnosis of left-sided congestive heart failure. Which assessment finding would be most likely be present? 1. Distended neck veins 2. Dyspnea 3. Hepatomegaly 4. Pitting edema

Output: (2)Dyspnea occurs with left-sided heart failure. Distended neck veins, hepatomegaly and pitting edema are signs of right-sided heart failure.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Digoxin (Lanoxin) and Lasix (Furosemide) are ordered for a client who has congestive heart failure. Which of the following would the nurse also expect to be ordered for this client? 1. Potassium 2. Calcium 3. Aspirin 4. Coumadin

Output: (1)Lasix is a potassium-depleting diuretic. Digoxin toxicity occurs more quickly in the presence of a low serum potassium. Potassium supplements are usually ordered when the client is on a potassium-depleting diuretic. There is no indication for supplemental calcium. Aspirin and coumadin are anticoagulants and not indicated because the client is taking lasix and digoxin.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] When the nurse is about to administer digoxin to a client, the client says, "I think I need to see the eye doctor. Things seem to look kind of green today." The nurse takes his vital signs which are B.P. 150/94; P 60l R 28. What is the most appropriate initial action for the nurse to take? 1. Administer the medication and record the findings on his chart. 2. Withhold the digoxin and report to the charge nurse. 3. Request an appointment with the opthalmologist. 4. Reassure the client that he is a having a normal reaction to his medication.

Output: (2)Disturbance is green and yellow vision is a sign of digoxin toxicity. A pulse of 60 is borderline for digoxin toxicity. A pulse of 60 is borderline for digoxin toxicity. When there is any possibility of digoxin toxicity, withhold the medication and report to the charge nurse. Once a person takes digoxin, it stays in the system for nearly a week. The LPN will of course record the findings, but withholding the medication is essential. The client needs to have serum digoxin levels done, not be seen by an opthalmologist. Visual disturbances are a sign of digoxin toxicity, but these are not normal.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult client is admitted to the hospital with peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities. He has several ischemic ulcers on each ankle and lower leg area. Other parts of his skin are shiny and taut with loss of hair. A primary nursing goal for this client should be to: 1. Increase activity intolerance. 2. Relieve anxiety. 3. Protect from injury. 4. Help build a positive body image.

Output: (3)Because the client has such poor blood supply to his legs, the nurse must be very careful to protect him from injury. Increasing activity tolerance might be desirable but is certainly not the primary nursing goal. Note that the question does not indicate that he has poor exercise tolerance. There is no data in the question to indicate that the client is anxious. He may need help building a positive body image because his legs are difigured, but this is certainly not a high priority.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult client who has peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities was observed smoking in the waiting area. What is the most appropriate response for the nurse to make in regards to the client's smoking? 1. "Smoking is not allowed for patients with blood diseases." 2. "Smoking causes he blood vessels in your legs to constrict and reduces blood supply." 3. "Smoking increses your blood pressure and strains your heart." 4. "Smoking causes your body to be under greater stress."

Output: (2)This is an accurate answer that relates his behavior to his illness. All of the other statements are true about smoking but do not relate to his current health problem.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult client with peripheral vascular disease tells the nurse he is afraid his left leg is not improving and may need to be amputated. How should the nurse respond? 1. "You and your wife should discuss your feelings before surgery." 2. "You sound concerned about your leg and possible surgery." 3. "It is better to have an amputation when the ulcers are not improving." 4. "You don't need to be afraid of surgery."

Output: (2)This response opens communication and allows him to talk about his feelings. The other answers do not allow him to discuss his feelings with the nurse now.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult is diagnosed with hypertension. He is prescribed chlorothiazide (Diuril) 500 mg po. What nursing instruction is essential for him? 1. Drink at least two quarts of liquid daily. 2. Avoid hard cheeses. 3. Drink orange juice or eat a banana daily. 4. Do not take aspirin.

Output: (3)Chlorothiazide (Diuril) is a potassium-depleting diuretic. Orange juice and bananas are good sources of potassium. It is not necessary to increase fluids to two quarts when the client is taking a diuretic. Hard cheeses should be avoided when the client is taking monamine oxidase inhibitors. MAOIs are antidepressants. People who take coumadin should not take aspirin.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A low-sodium diet has been ordered for an adult client. the nurse knows that the client understands his low-sodium diet when he client selects which menu? 1. Tossed salad carrot sticks, and steak. 2. Baked chicken, mashed potatoes, and green beans. 3. Hot dog, roll, and coleslaw. 4. Chicken noodle soup, applesauce and cottage cheese.

Output: (2)Chicken is low in sodium, as are mashed potatoes and green beans. Carrot sticks, steak, hot dogs, soup and cottage cheese are all high in sodium.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] A female client is admitted to the hospital with obesity and deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) of the right leg. She weighs 275 pounds. Which of the folling factors is least related to her diagnosis? 1. Shea has been taking oral estrogens for the last three years. 2. She smokes two packs of cigarettes daily. 3. Her right femur was fractures recently. 4. Sh is 30 years old.

Output: (4)Age is the least related to the DVT. Oral estrogens, smoking, and a broken leg are all risks factors for DVT.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] Which assessment finding would most likely indicate the client has thrombophlebitis in the leg? 1. Diminished pedal pulses. 2. Color changes in the extremities when elevated. 3. Red, shiny skin. 4. Pain when climbing stairs.

Output: (3)Red, shiny skin suggests inflammation. Diminished pedal pulses, pain when climbing stairs, and color changes in the extremitites when elevated are indicative of arterial insufficiency, not a clot in the vein.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] What should be included in the teaching plan for an adult who has hypertension? 1. Reduce dietary calcium. 2. Avoid aerobic exercise. 3. Reduce alcohol intake. 4. Limit fluid intake.

Output: (3) High alcohol intake contributes to increases in blood pressure. Hypertensive clients are usually advised to limit alcohol intake to the equivalent of two glasses of wine or less per day. Dietary sodium should be limited in people with hypertension; however, dietary calcium is not a contributing factor in hypertension. Aerobic exercise is helpful incontrolling high blood pressure. It may also contribute to weight reduction, which can help decrease blood pressure. restriction of fluid intake is a medical order and is not appropriate advice for a nurse to give. Fluid restriction is avoided unless other measures or not successful.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is caring for an elderly client who has congestive heart failure and is taking digoxin. The client should be monitores for which of the follwing signs of toxicity? 1. Disorientation 2. Weight gain 3. Constipation 4. Dyspnea

Output: (1)Disorientation and confusion are often the first signs of digitalis toxicity in the elderly. Weight gain and dyspnea are not signs of digoxin toxiciy. They might indicate exacerbation of congestive heart failure. Diarrhea, not constipation could occur if the client has restricted activity.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The LPN is assistinf the RN in developing the nursing care plan for an older adult who has congestive heart failure. Which nursing diagnosis is most likely to be included? 1. Fluid volume deficit. 2. Impaired verbal communication. 3. Chronic pain. 4. Activity intolerance.

Output: (4)Dyspnea and impaired oxygenation of tissues reduce the client's ability to tolerate exercise. Fluid volume excess, manifested by edema, is much more likely to occur with CHF than fluid volume deficit. Impaired verbal communication would describe dysphasia, which occurs with CVA, not CHF. Acute pain may occur with CHF when exacerbations occur. Chronic pain does not ususally occur with CHF.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is caring for a client who is being evaluated for arteriosclerosis obliternas. Which complaint is the client most likely to have? 1. Burning pain in the legs that wakens him/her at night. 2. Numbness of the feet and ankles with exercise. 3. Leg pain while walking that becomes severe enough to force him/her to stop. 4. Increasing wamth and redness of the legs.

Output: (3)Severe leg pain while walking describes intermittent claudication, which is the most common symptom of arteriosclerosis obliterans. Pain at rest develops in the late stages of the disease. Pain is much more likely than numbness with exercise. Paresthesias (including numbness)do occur, but they are likely at rest. The legs and feet of the client with arteriosclerosis obliternas become cool and pale when elevated because there is not enough blood flow to the extremities.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult is admitted with venous thromboembolism. What treatment should the nurse expect during the acute stage? 1. Application of an elastic stocking. 2. Ambulation three times a day. 3. Passive range of motion exercises to the legs. 4. Use of ice packs to control pain.

Output: (1)Compression bandages or stockings help prevent edema and promote adequate venous blood flow and are a major element in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Bed rest is appropriate in the acute stage of venous blood flow and are a major element in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Bed rest is appropriate in the acute stage of venous thromboembolism. Ice causes vasoconstriction, which decreases blood flow to the extremities.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] The nurse is observing the client who is learning to perform Buerger-Allen exercises. The nurse knows that the client is performing these exercises correctly when the client is observed: 1. Alternately dorisflexing and plantar flexing the feet while the legs are elevated. 2. Massaging the legs beginning at the feet and moving toward the heart. 3. Alternately walking short distances and resting with the legs elevated. 4. Elevating the legs, then dangling thm, then lying flat for three minutes.

Output: (4)In Buerger-Allen exercises, the feet are elevated until they blanch, then dangleduntil they redden, then stretched out while the client is lying flat. This promotes arterial circulation to the feet. Dorsiflexing and plantar flexing the feet help to maintain range of motion bt are not Buerger-Allen exercises. The client with peripheral vascular disease should never massage the legs because of the high risk of dislodging a thrombus if one is present. Walking promotes venous circulation but is not a Buerger-Allen exercise.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] What should be included in foot care for the client who has a peripheral vascular disorder? 1. Soaking the feet for 20 minutes before washing thm. 2. Walking barefoot only on carpeed floors. 3. Applying lotion between the toes to avoid cracking of the skin. 4. Avoiding exposure of the legs and feet to the sun.

Output: (4)Sunburn would damage the already fragile skin, increasing the risk of ulceration and infection. Feet should not be soaked. Soaking leads to maceration, predisposing to skin breakdown or infection. The slient with a peripheral vascular disorder should never walk barefoot. Small sharp objects sich as pins may not be visible in carpet and could be stepped on. Lotion may be applied to dry areas of the legs and feet but must be avoided between the toes, where the excess moisture causes maceration. Ingredients in lotion provide a nutrient source for bacteria and fungi, increasing the infection risk if cracks in the skin occur.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.


Input: [Arteriosclerosis] An adult male is being evaluated for possible dysrythmia and is to be placed on a Holter monitor. What instructions should the nurse give to him to ensure that this test provides a comprehensive picture of his cardiac status? 1. Remove the elctrodes intermittently for hygiene measures. 2. Exercise frequently while the monitor is in place. 3. Keep a diary of all your activites while being monitored. 4. Refrain from activites that precipitate symptoms.

Output: (3)The client should function according to his normal daily schedule unless direct to do otherwise by the physician. Keeping a diary or log of these daily activities is necessary so that is can be correlated with the continuos ECG monitor strip to determine whether the dysrythmia occurs during a certain activity or at a particular time of the day. The Holter monitor is usually worn for only 24 hours, so it is not necessary to change the leads. Activities that precipitate symptoms may be correlated with dysrhythmia that can be treated, preventing further symptoms from occuring. Therefore, it would be helpful if the patient were symptomatic while attached to the Holter monitor.

Undersanding Medical Surgical Nursing Flashcards - Cram.com

Term applied to a number of pathological conditions in which there is a gradual thickening, hardening, and losss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.