Input: stars x and y have the same temperature but x has a sa that is 5 x that of y - how much more luminous is is star x than star y ( same question with radius )

Output: 5 times 25

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: a person is reading book while standing 3 ft away from a table that has a lb on it. if table moved to a distance of 6 ft. how many lbs wouldhave t o be placed on the table to light up book same amt.

Output: 4 bulbs

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: each element has a unique set of spectral lines bc

Output: there is a unique set of electron orbits

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: Kirchoffs laws describe

Output: how absorption emission and continuos spectrum are formed

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: dispersion grating to look at lightbulb

Output: continuos spectrum

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: dispersion grating to look at hot low density gas

Output: bright emission lines only

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: dispersion grating to look at a star

Output: a continuos spectrum

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: a stars spectral lines would be blueshifted when

Output: star is moving towards us

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: why are radio telescopes much larger than optical telescopes?

Output: larger telescopes have better resolving power

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: a 10 m and a 1 m telescope differences?

Output: wom b has larger surface area and apaerture and 00 times more light gathering power

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: herbig haro object and t tauri star

Output: young stars

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: large size rapid rotation contain mostyle hydrogen and helium

Output: jovianl planets

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: small size slow rotation rocky composition

Output: terrestrial planets

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: fewer moons jovian or terrestrial

Output: jovian

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: shortest to longest orbital period

Output: mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: highest albedo planet

Output: venus

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: in the greenhouse effect the ground radiates

Output: infrared radiation

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: atmospheric extinction

Output: has the largest effect when observing stars close to horizon and causes light passing throiugh an atmosphere to appear dimmer

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: p waves travel through

Output: solis dand liqueids

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: you have 2 ball of eqwual size and smoothness one is heavy and ht eother one ismuch lighter -which hits 1st

Output: hit at same time

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: if you ____________ you will weight twice as you do now

Output: double earths mass

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: satellites in geosynchronous orbits take ________ hrs to orbit earth

Output: 24

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: escape velocity of a planet is the

Output: velocity required to escape the the gravitational attraction of hte planet

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: Globular clusters are found

Output: in the halo

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: what is found in hte disk of our gallery

Output: earth and sun

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: young stars are found ______ from the instellar gas and dust

Output: very close to

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the spiral structure of our galaxy can be found from

Output: the distribution of young stars

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: stars near the sun take about ____ yrs to complete 1 orbit of our galaxy

Output: 250 million

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the shape of a galaxy rotation curve tells us that

Output: there is a lot of dark matter ina galaxy that we cannot see

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the local group is

Output: the cluster of galaxies in which the milky way is located

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: most of hte galaxies in the universe are

Output: elliptical galaxies

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the hubble classification system is based on the

Output: shapes of galaxies

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: elliptical galaxies contain only

Output: old stars and almost no gas or dust

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: spiral galaxies contain both

Output: youn and old stars and a lot of gas and dust

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: irrecgular galaxies contain both young and old stars and lots of

Output: gas and dust

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: quasars are ____ to the milky way galaxy

Output: far from

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: quasars have spectra with

Output: high redshifts

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: quasars look faint but

Output: have very high luminosities

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the spectra of distant galaxies show a

Output: large redshift

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: hubbles law sugguests the universe is

Output: expanding

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the hubble's law suggests that the

Output: universe must hv started from a compact object

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: we know that hte universe started as a small object because it is now

Output: expanding

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the remnant of the big bang explosion has a wavelength in the

Output: microwave part of electromagnetic spectrum

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the remnant of the big bang explosion is called the

Output: cosmic background radiation

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: the anisotropy of hte backround radiation_____ same tempereature as background radiation

Output: does not have

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: cosmological principle states that on a large scale the universe is

Output: isoptropic and homogenous

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: measurements of the density of matter in the universe suggest that hte universe is

Output: flat and accelerating

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: baryonic matter makes up only

Output: 4 percent of universe

real orbital motion of the earth and the sun


Input: [2] emesis [1]

Output: What is the medical term for vomiting?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] epistaxis [1]

Output: What is the medical term for nose bleeding?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] etiology [1]

Output: What is the medical term referring to the causes of disease?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] microorganism [1]

Output: What is the term for any tiny entity capable of carrying on living which may be pathogenic?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] hypertrophy [1]

Output: What medical term describes an increase in the size of an organ or body structure which does not involve tumor formation?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] icterus [1]

Output: What is the medical term for jaundice or pigmentation of the tissues with bile pigments?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] inter [1]

Output: What prefix means in the midst of or between?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] intra [1]

Output: What prefix means within?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] latent [1]

Output: What term refers to hidden, concealed or not active?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] leuko [1]

Output: What is the medical prefix for white?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] litho [1]

Output: What is the medical prefix for stone or calculus?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] macro [1]

Output: What is the prefix for large?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] micro [1]

Output: What is the prefix meaning small in size?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mono [1]

Output: What prefix means one or single?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] poly [1]

Output: What prefix means many or much?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] mobile [1]

Output: What term refers to the ability to move spontaneously?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] infectious parotitis [1]

Output: What is the medical term for mumps?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] my [1]

Output: What prefix refers to muscle?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] necrosis [1]

Output: What medical term describes dead tissue surrounded by healthy parts?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] onco [1]

Output: What prefix refers to a tumor or cancer?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] oophor [1]

Output: What prefix refers to the ovary?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ostomy [1]

Output: What term refers to a surgically formed artificial opening?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ectomy [1]

Output: What suffix means removal of?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] path [1]

Output: What prefix indicates disease?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] pertussis [1]

Output: What is the medical term for whooping cough?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] placebo [1]

Output: What is a drug with no medicinal effect that is given to satisfy a patient's demand for medication or is used in test situations where one group receives the actual medication and the other group receives this?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] prognosis [1]

Output: What term refers to the prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimate of chance for recovery?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] recidivism [1]

Output: What term means a tendency to relapse or to return to a former condition?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] sequela [1]

Output: What is an abnormal condition that follows and is the result of a disease?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] sexually transmitted disease [1]

Output: What do the initials STD stand for?

Health Knowledge Bowl - Academic Foundations - Set Four Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [assuage] attenuate The Bill of Rights ATTENUATED the traditional power of government to change laws at will.

Output: To reduce in force or degree; to weaken

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] austere The lack of decoration makes Zen temples seem AUSTERE to the untrained eye.

Output: Severe or stern in appearance; undecorated

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] bombastic The dictator's speeches were mostly BOMBASTIC; his boasting and outrageous claims had no basis in fact.

Output: Pompous in speech and manner

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] castigate Americans are amazed at how harshly the authorities in Singapore CASTIGATE perpetrators of what would be considered minor crimes in the United States.

Output: To punish or criticize harshly

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] caustic Dorothy Parker gained her reputation for CAUSTIC wit from her cutting, yet clever, insults.

Output: Biting in wit

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] chicanery Dishonest used car sales people often use CHICANERY to sell their beat-up old cars.

Output: Deception by means of craft or guile

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] cogent Swayed by the COGENT argument of the defense, the jury had no choice but to acquit the defendant.

Output: Convincing and well reasoned

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] condone Some theorists believe that failing to prosecute minor crimes is the sane as CONDONING an air of lawlessness.

Output: To overlook, pardon, or disregard

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] decorum The countess complained that the vulgar peasants lacked the DECORUM appropriate for a visit to the palace.

Output: Appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] desiccate After a few weeks of lying on the desert's baking sands, the cow's carcass became completely DESICCATED.

Output: To dry out thoroughly

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] desultory Diane had a DESULTORY academic record; she had changed majors 12 times in three years.

Output: Jumping from one thing to another; disconnected

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] dilatory The congressman used DILATORY measures to delay the passage of the bill.

Output: Intended to delay

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] dilettante Jerry's friends were such DILETTANTES that they seemed to have new jobs and hobbies every week.

Output: Someone with an amateurish and superficial interest in a topic

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] dirge Melville wrote the poem "A DIRGE from James McPherson" for the funeral of a Union general who was killed in 1864.

Output: A funeral hymn or mournful speech

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] disabuse Galileo's observations DISABUSED scholars of the notion that the sun revolved around the earth.

Output: To set right; to free from error

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] elegy Although Thomas Gray's "ELEGY Written in a Country Churchyard" is about death and loss, it urges its readers to endure this life and to trust in spirituality.

Output: A sorrowful poem or speech

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] enervate The guerrillas hoped that a series of surprise attacks would ENERVATE the regular army.

Output: To reduce in strength

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] enumerate Moses returned from the mountain with tablets on which the commandments were ENUMERATED.

Output: To count, list, or itemize

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] equivocate When faced with criticism of his policies, the politician EQUIVOCATED and left all parties thinking she agreed with them.

Output: To use expressions of double meaning in order to mislead

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] erudite The annual meeting of philosophy professors was a gathering of the most ERUDITE, well-published individuals in the field.

Output: Learned, scholarly, bookish

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] esoteric Only a handful of experts are knowledgeable about the ESOTERIC world of particle physics.

Output: Known or understood by only a few

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] estimable Most people consider it ESTIMABLE that Mother Teresa spent her life helping the poor of India.

Output: Admirable

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] exculpate The adversarial legal system is intended to convict those who are guilty and EXCULPATE those who are innocent.

Output: To clear from blame; prove innocent

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] exigent The patient was losing blood so rapidly that it was EXIGENT to stop the source of the bleeding.

Output: Urgent; requiring immediate action

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] exonerate The fugitive was EXONERATED when another criminal confessed to committing the crime.

Output: To clear of blame

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] fawn The understudy FAWNED over the director in hopes of being cast in the part on a permanent basis.

Output: To grovel

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] fervid The fans of Maria Callas were unusually FERVID, doing anything to catch a glimpse of the great opera singer.

Output: Intensely emotional; feverish

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] florid To palace had been decorated in an excessively FLORIS style; every surface had been carved and gilded.

Output: Excessively decorated or embellished

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] foment The protesters tried to FOMENT feeling against the war through their speeches and demonstrations.

Output: To arouse or incite

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] iconoclast His lack of regard for traditional beliefs soon established him as an ICONOCLAST.

Output: One who opposes established beliefs, customs, and institutions

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] impetuous It is not good for an investment broker to be IMPETUOUS, since much thought should be given to all the possible options.

Output: Quick to act without thinking

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] implacable His rage at the betrayal was so great the he remained IMPLACABLE for weeks.

Output: Unable to be calmed down or made peaceful

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] inchoate The ideas expressed in Nietzsche's mature work also appear in an INCHOATE form in his earliest writing.

Output: Not fully formed; disorganized

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] ingenuous She was so INGENUOUS that her friends feared that her innocence and trustfulness would be exploited when she visited the big city.

Output: showing innocence or childlike simplicity

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] insipid The critic claimed that the painting was INSIPID, containing no interesting qualities at all.

Output: Lacking interest or flavor

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] intransigent The professor was INTRANSIGENT on the deadline, insisting that everyone turn the assignment in at the same time.

Output: Uncompromising; refusing to be reconciled

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] irascible Attila the Hun's IRASCIBLE and violent nature made all who dealt with him fear for their lives.

Output: Easily made angry

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] malinger A common way to avoid the draft was by MALINGERING -- pretending to be mentally or physically ill so as to avoid being being taken by the Army.

Output: To evade responsibility by pretending to be ill

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] mitigate A judge may MITIGATE a sentence if she decides that a person committed a crime out of need.

Output: To soften; to lessen

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] mollify Their argument was so intense that it was difficult to believe any compromise would MOLLIFY them.

Output: To calm or make less severe

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] obdurate The president was completely OBDURATE on the issue, and no amount of persuasion would change his mind.

Output: Hardened in feeling; resistant to persuasion

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] obstinate The OBSTINATE child could not be made to eat any food that he disliked.

Output: Stubborn, unyielding

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] obviate The river was shallow enough to wade across at many points, which OBVIATED the need for a bridge.

Output: To prevent; to make unnecessary

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] occlude A shadow is thrown across the earth's surface during a solar eclipse, when the light from the sun is OCCLUDED by the moon.

Output: To stop up; to prevent the passage of

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] onerous The assignment was so extensive and difficult to manage that it proved ONEROUS to the team in charge of it.

Output: Troublesome and oppressive; burdensome

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] opprobrium After the scheme to embezzle the elderly was made public, the treasurer resigned in utter OPPROBRIUM.

Output: Public disgrace

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] paragon She is the PARAGON of what a judge should be: honest, intelligent, hardworking, and just.

Output: Model of excellence or perfection

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] pedant The graduate instructor's tedious and excessive commentary on the subject soon gained her a reputation as a PEDANT.

Output: Someone who shows off learning

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] perfidious The actress' PERFIDIOUS companion revealed all of her intimate secrets to the gossip columnist.

Output: Willing to betray one's trust

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] perfunctory The machinelike bank teller processed the transaction and gave the waiting customer a PERFUNCTORY smile.

Output: Done in a routine way; indifferent

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] precipitate Upon learning that the couple married after knowing each other only two months, friends and family members expected such a PRECIPITATE marriage to end in divorce.

Output: To throw violently or bring about abruptly; lacking deliberation

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] prodigal The PRODIGAL son quickly wasted all of his inheritance on a lavish lifestyle devoted to pleasure.

Output: Lavish, wasteful

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] propitiate The management PROPITIATED the irate union by agreeing to raise wages for its members.

Output: To conciliate; to appease

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] propriety The aristocracy maintained a high level of PROPRIETY, adhering to even the most minor social rules.

Output: Correct behavior; obedience to rules and customs

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] quiescent Many animals are QUIESCENT over the winter months, minimizing activity in order to conserve energy.

Output: Motionless

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] rarefy Since the atmosphere RAREFIES as altitudes increase, the air at the top of very tall mountains is too thin to breathe.

Output: To make thinner or sparser

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] repudiate The old woman's claim that she was the Russian royalty was REPUDIATED when DNA tests showed she was of no relation to them.

Output: To reject the validity of

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] soporific The movie proved to be so SOPORIFIC that soon loud snores were heard throughout the theater.

Output: Causing sleep or lethargy

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] stolid The prisoner appeared STOLID and unaffected by the judge's harsh sentence.

Output: Unemotional; lacking sensitivity

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] torpor After surgery, the patient experienced TORPOR until the anesthesia wore off.

Output: Extreme mental and physical sluggishness

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] veracity She had a reputation for VERACITY, so everyone trusted her description of events.

Output: Filled with truth and accuracy

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: [assuage] verbose The professor's answer was so VERBOSE that the student forgot what the original question had been.

Output: Wordy

Top GRE Words in Context (Kaplan) Flashcards - Cram.com

To make something unpleasant less severe


Input: A concentration gradient drives the diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane, with the assistance of a transport protein. The protein does not require energy to assist the solute's movement; thus, passive transport is also called facilitated diffusion [Diffusion]

Output: Passive Transport (Facilitated Diffusion)

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A transport protein uses energy to pump a solute against its gradient across a cell membrane. Energy, often in the form the form of a phosphate-group transfer from ATP, changes the shape of the transporter. The change causes the transporter to release the solute to the other side of the membrane [Diffusion]

Output: Active Transport

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A vesicle moves to the cell surface, and the protein-studded lipid bilayer of its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane. As the exocytic vesicle loses its identity, its contents are released to the surroundings. [Diffusion]

Output: Exocytosis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: There are three pathways, but they all take up substances near the cell's surface. A small patch of plasma membrane balloons inward, and then it pinches off after sinking farther into the cytoplasm. The membrane patch becomes the outer boundary of an endocytic vesicle, which delivers its contents to an organelle or stores them in a cytoplasmic region. [Diffusion]

Output: Endocytosis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "cell eating" An endocytic pathway. Amoebas engulf microorganisms, cellular debris, or other particles. In animals, macrophages and other phagocytic white blood cells engulf and digest pathogenic viruses and bacteria, cancerous body cells and other threats [Diffusion]

Output: Phagocytosis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Water molecules diffuse in response to their own concentration gradient. [Diffusion]

Output: Osmosis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When solute concnetrations differ, the fluid with the lower concentration of solutes [Diffusion]

Output: Hypotonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fluid with the higher concentration [Diffusion]

Output: Hypertonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fluids that have the same solute concentration [Diffusion]

Output: Isotonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis. [Diffusion]

Output: Crenation

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Counter osmosis. The pressure that a volume of fluid exerts against a cell wall, membrane, tube or any other structure that holds it. [Diffusion]

Output: Turgor Pressure (Hydrostatic Pressure)

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The breaking open of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their contents (hemoglobin) into surrounding fluid (e.g., blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro (inside or outside the body). [Diffusion]

Output: Hemolysis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Process in animal cells where the plasma membrane engulfs the object cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis. [Diffusion]

Output: Plasmolysis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: "cell-drinking" a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. This process requires a lot energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, the chemical compound used as energy in the majority of cells. [Diffusion]

Output: Pinocytosis

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tonicity dictates the direction of water movement across membranes: Water diffuses from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution [Diffusion]

Output: Given concentrations, predict the direction of movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Solution with the lower concentration [Diffusion]

Output: Hyoptonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Solution with the higher concentration [Diffusion]

Output: Hypertonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Solutions that have the same concentrations [Diffusion]

Output: Isotonic

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If the fluid outside the cell is hypertonic water will follow its gradient and cross the membrane to the hypertonic side and the volume of the cell will decrease as water diffuses out of it. If the outside fluid is very hypotonic, the volume of the cell will increase as water diffuses into it. [Diffusion]

Output: Predict whether cells will swell of shrink under various osmotic conditions

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The capacity to do work, it can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed [Diffusion]

Output: Energy

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Energy does not appear from nowhere and it does not vanish into anything [Diffusion]

Output: First Law of Thermodynamics

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Entropy increases spontaneously [Diffusion]

Output: Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Measure of how much the energy of a particular system has been dispersed. When we say that energy disperses, we mean that a system tends to change toward a state of maximum entropy. [Diffusion]

Output: Entropy

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The chemical change process by which chemical bonds break, form or which. [Diffusion]

Output: Reaction

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Molecels that entera reaction [Diffusion]

Output: Reactamts

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Molecules that remain at the reaction's end [Diffusion]

Output: Products

Biology Unit II Exam Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A _ is a range of valid _ _ that are available for lease or assignment to client computers on a particular _. [netsh]

Output: scope IP addresses subnet

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: _ _ allow the DHCP to configure additional information with an IP address lease, such as gateway, WINS, etc. [netsh]

Output: scope option

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DHCP applies scope options to client computers in a specific _ [netsh]

Output: order

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: You can also configure a scope so that the DHCP server always provides the same _ _ to a particular computer [netsh]

Output: IP address

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: In Windows 2000, you create a scope by using the _ _wizard [netsh]

Output: New Scope

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scope Parameters: Name [netsh]

Output: The name of the scope

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scope Parameters: Start IP address and End IP address [netsh]

Output: Address range that can be assigned

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scope Parameters: Length or Subnet mask [netsh]

Output: Subnet mask to be assigned to clients

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scope Parameters: Exclusion address range (optional) [netsh]

Output: Addresses that can be excluded from the range

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Scope Parameters: Lease duration [netsh]

Output: Duration of the lease

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: After you create a scope, you cannot change the _ _ that the scope assigns. [netsh]

Output: subnet mask

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: After you create a scope, you cannot change the subnet mask that the scope assigns. To change this scope information, you must _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ with the correct information. [netsh]

Output: delete the scope create a new scope

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When you decrease lease durations, clients obtain leases even if only a _ _ addresses are available. In addition, leases _ _ after computers are turned off or removed from the network, allowing their _ _ to be assigned to other computers. [netsh]

Output: few IP expire shortly IP addresses

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When you decrease lease durations, clients obtain newly assigned settings _. [netsh]

Output: quickly

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When you decease lease durations, clients obtain newly assigned settings _. [netsh]

Output: quickly

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Short lease durations generate _ _ _. [netsh]

Output: More network traffic

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Increasing lease durations reduce _ _. [netsh]

Output: network traffic

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Increasing lease durations cause clients to retain IP Addresses even if the _ _ is _ [netsh]

Output: DHCP server is unavailable

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Increasing lease durations _ the amount of addresses that are available [netsh]

Output: decreases

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Longer lease durations can lengthen the _ with which client computers receive _ _. [netsh]

Output: delay updated information

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: With unlimited lease durations , network traffic is generated only when _ _ _. [netsh]

Output: a computer starts

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A client computer with an unlimited lease will only obtain _ _ _ when they are _. [netsh]

Output: updated lease settings started.

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: You can configure scope options at four levels: _, _, _, and _ client. [netsh]

Output: server, scope, class, and reserved

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: TCP/IP properties that are specified on the client computer take _ _ any information that a DHCP server provides. [netsh]

Output: precedence over

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: You configure a client reservation to reserve a specific IP address for use by a _ _ _ so that the client computer always has the same _ [netsh]

Output: DHCP client computer address

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One property within a DHCP _ that cannot be modified is the subnet _ . [netsh]

Output: scope mask

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If a user modifies the client TCP/IP settings, the modified settings will take precedence over settings that would have been provided by a _ server. [netsh]

Output: DHCP

70-216 - MOC 2153 - DHCP - Creating and Configurin Scope Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Explain using lactate and NAD+ how an assay works [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: assay is biochemical test which searches for unique property of a protein. measures the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase lactate + NAD+--ladehy--->pyruvate + NADH + H+ Test looks for absorbtion of light that NADH has that NAD does not. (340 nm in one minute))

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are the two things you need for purifying protein? Once you have them, what can you measure? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: protein assay to measure enzyme activity protein concentration with these two measure specific activity

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] specific activity [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: ratio of enzyme activity to amount of protein in enzyme the idea is to maximize and increase the specific activity through purification

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] homogenate [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: source of protein from cells and tissues

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] differential centrifugation [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: homogenizer disrupts cells homogenate is centrifuged in step by step process yeilding: 500 x g for 10 min = nuclear fraction 10,000 g's for 20 min = mitochondrial fraction 100,000 gs for 1 hour = microsomal fraction

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe salting out [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: increased salt decreases a protein's solubility there are different concentrations for different proteins i.e. 0.8 M ammonium sulfate for fibrinogen 2.4 M ammonium sulfate for serum albumin concentrates dilute protein solutions

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Dialysis [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: separates proteins from small molecules and salts, but not other proteins can remove ammonium sulfate from protein preparation cellulose membrane is semipermeable

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what are nucleic acids comprised of? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA and RNA individual monomers are a sugar, base and phosphate DNA uses 2' deoxyribose for sugar RNA uses ribose the linear polymer is linked via phosphodiester bond from 3' end of one monomer to 5' start of next monomer

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Base pairings? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Adenine and Thymine Adenine and Uracil (RNA) Guanine and Cytosine

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Which bases are from purine? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Adenine and Guanine

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Which bases are from pyrimidine? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Thymine and Cytosine Uricil

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is a nucleoside? What are the names of the nucleosides for RNA? DNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: base and a sugar with a B-glycosidic linkage RNA--adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine DNA--deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, thymidine

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] where does the b-glyocsidic linkage occur with A & G (purine base)? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: N--9

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] where does the B glycosidic linkage occur in C, T and U (pyrimidine bases)? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: N--1 all bases attach to C-1 of sugar.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] why is a nucleotide different from a nucleoside? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: nucleotides include the Phosphodiester linkage Pi attaches to 5' of sugar

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is ATP? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Adenosine Tri Phosphate nucleotide

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is 3' dGMP? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: deoxyguanosine 3' monophosphate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What's the nucleotide name for Adenine for RNA and DNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: RNA- Adenylate DNA - deoxyadenylate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what's the nucleotide name for DNA and RNA for Guanine? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: RNA -- guanylate DNA -- deoxyguanylate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What's the nucleotide name for Thymine/ uracil for RNA and DNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: RNA - uridylate DNA- thymidylate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] WHat's the name for nucleotide for cytosine RNA and DNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: RNA-- cytidylate DNA--deoxycytidylate

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe the composition of DNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: comprised of the 4 nucleotides deoxyguanylate, deoxyadenylate, deoxycytidylate thymidylate 5'-pApCpGpT-3' chain polarity and only one direction.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] E coli DNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: single strand 4.6 mil nucleotides long

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe a double helix [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 2 oppositely oriented helical polynucleotide chains coiled around common axis bases are inside, sugars are outside bases perpindicular to axis rise of 3.4 A structures repeat every 34 A so 10 bases / turn and rotation of 36 degrees / base diameter 20A

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How are bases paired (DNA)? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: G=C A=T held together by weak H bonds 1-5 kcal/mol van der waals forces = 0.5-2.0 kcal / mol bases are hydrophobic and clustered inside while polar sugars (- charge) are exposed to water

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is semiconservative replication? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: basically shows that the double helix splits open and replicates. In the daughter generation one strand on new helix is from parent and one is nacent

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Explain the Meselson and Stahl experiment [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: E Coli parent DNA labeled with 15N. Then they grew Ecoli in 14N environment. Showed the incorporation of 14N during replication They could detect the difference due to the density difference (1.66 vs. 1.76 g/mol) after one replication, density was half for 14N and half for 15N after 2 generations equal amounts of hybrid and 14N DNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is DNA melting? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA helix can be reversibly melted heat to Tm (temp at which 50% of structure is lost)~70 degrees C or add alkali or acid to ionize bases

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is hypochromism? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: a way to determine if bases are stacked or not Stacked bases absorb less light than unstacked so at Tm single strands will abosorb more uv light at 260 nm

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are some characteristics of circular DNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: continuous may be supercoiled to superhelix for compactibility may be relaxed

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe a stem loop structure [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: made by ssDNA or ssRNA may form watson-crick base pairs with other mismatched base pairs can have non-standard base pairing

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is DNA polymerase? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Kornberg discovered it catalyzes DNA synthesis adds deoxyribonucleotides to preexisting DNA template directed by the existing DNA template some remove mismatched pairings

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What does DNA replication require to take place? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA n dNTP (of all 4 bases) 5' deoxynucleoside triphosphates Mg2+ free 3'OH primer

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How does the template direct DNA replication? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: goes in a 5' -----> 3' direction 3' OH mounts a Nucleophilic attack on the alpha triphosphate chain attached to the 5' of the previous nucleotide PPi (pyrophosphate) is given off

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] describe the order in which a protein is made. [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA transcription to mRNA mRNA takes it to ribosome RNA translates with help from tRNA the codons into proteins

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe mRNA (E.coli) [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: template with codons which serves as the master for translation. 1.2 kb long average for E coli 5% of total RNA (ribosomal RNA, tRNA make up rest)

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe tRNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: one for each of 20 amino acids ~75 nucleotides ~25 kDa carries the activated amino acid and with its corresponding anticodon aids in translation in ribosome makes up about 15% of RNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe rRNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: ribosomal RNA makes up 80% in E. coli This 80% is comprised of 23S, 16S and 5S species

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe snRNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: only in Eukaryotes works in splicing out the inons

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe miRNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: micro RNA class of small non-coding RNA's (~21 nucleotides These guys bind complementary mRNAs and therefore inhibit translation

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] describe small interfering RNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: siRNA small non-coding RNA bind up mRNA and degrade it

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe RNA polymerases [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: catalyzes transcription uses dsDNA or ssDNA as template makes and elongates RNA chains

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What does an RNA polymerase need to start elongation? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP Mg2+ or Mn2+ template but NO primer needed

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe transcription [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: RNA polymerase aids for the free 3'OH to mount nucleophilic attack on the incoming alpha phosphate reaction is aided by hydrolysis of PPi No proofreading here. The new mRNA strand is identical to the coding DNA strand. (not identical to template, but complementary to template)

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How do mRNA in Eukaryotes differ from those in Prokaryotes? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: There is a 5' cap and a 3' poly AAAAAAAA structure added after transcription

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe the role and mechanism of tRNA [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: brings amino acids to ribosome for making proteins aminoacyl tRNA synthetase uses ATP to make aminoacyl-tRNA which is a unique tRNA for each amino acid each one of these aminoacyl-tRNA's have a unique anticoding site which will recognize the codon on mRNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is and what is the significance of a degenerate genetic code? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: amino acids can have more than one codon. 64 possible codons for 20 amino acids 3 triplets are stop codons so the leftover 61 code for the 20 amino acids degenerate code decreases harmful mutations and having too many chain terminators

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Where is the amino acid attached to tRNA? What's on the other end [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 3' end of tRNA attaches to the carboxyl carbon of the amino acid 5' end is phosphorolated

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Which two amino acids only have one codon? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Trp Met

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Which three amino acids have 6 codons? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Leu Ser Arg

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are the stop codons? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: UAA UAG UGA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is the codon for Trp [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: UGG Take a Trp to australia to get some uggs

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is the codon for Met? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: AUG Mett's birthday is in AUG

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] XY___ and XY____ ALWAYS encode for the same amino acid [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: C and U

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] XY____ and XY_____ USUALLY code for same amino acid [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: G and A

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] For E. coli what starts translation? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: On the mRNA chain a 5' shine dalgano (purine rich) marker occurs at -10, and then an AUG or GUG is +1 which tells the fMet to bind there and begin

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] For eukaryotes what starts translation? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: At the 5' cap, Met-tRNA binds to the first AUG it sees and goes from there.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How does translation know when to stop? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: UAA, UAG and UGA are stop codons This binds protein which is not tRNA and it uses release factors to release the new protein

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe how universal the genetic code is. [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Nearly universal but some deviations in humans UGA is a code for Trp and not a stop codon instead we have AGA and AGG as stop codons and we don't code for Arg mitochondrial DNA is different because they make their own tRNA's 16 organisms deviate from the standard genetic code

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what are introns and exons [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: introns are unused code and exons are expressed genes which means we must splice these guys. Humans have 8 introns which can be 50-10000 nucleotides long

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe human hemoglobin B chain with regard to introns and exons [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 3 exons and 2 introns

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe how we know about introns and exons? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: pre m RNA is heavier--has a 15S rate as opposed to the actual mRNA which is 9S rate.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is a spliceosome? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: assemblies of proteins and small RNA molecules recognizes that introns begin with GU and end with AG preceeded by essential pyrimidine tract

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What would be the benefit of exon shuffling or alternative splicing? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: shuffling allows for recombined genes which may provide diversity of function alternative splicing may lead to new proteins being formed

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How do restriction enzymes provide the bases for gene exploration? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: restriction endonucleases cut DNA in certain spots where they recognize specific sequences and cut both strands

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Where do restriction enzymes know where to cut? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: the cleavage site is 4-8 bp at a palindromic symmetry site. They see this symmetry and hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds here can leave staggered (sticky) or even (blunt) cuts.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] EcoRI [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 5' G*AATTC 3' 3' CTTAA*G 3' derived from E. coli

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are the endogenous and laboratory uses for restriction endonucleases [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: In cells, these guys cleave foriegn DNA without harming host DNA In labs, we use it to cleave DNA into fingerprints so we can work with it better

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe SV40 [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 5.1 kb circular DNA has 1 EcoRI cleavage sit has 4 HpaI has 11 HindIII

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Once you have DNA fragments what do you do with them to manipulate them? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Gel electrophoresis will separate up to 1,000bp (more porous agarose up to 20 kb) Pulse Field Gel Elect. separates chromosomes

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what does ethidium bromide do? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: stains dsDNA fragments after separated by gel elect. and has sensitivity to show 50ng with orange fluorescence

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Explain how to identify restriction fragments using 32P probe which technique is this? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Separate different fragments in gel denature them to make ssDNA use a nitrocellulose sheet a strand, matching the one you are looking for has 32P incorporated. when it finds its ppair it links up and audioradiography will show you which one it is on paper southern blotting

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What other things can southern blots reveal about a restriction fragment? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: mutations on restriction fragment grounds for polymorphism RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is northern blotting? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: same technique as southern but for RNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe dideoxy method for DNA sequencing [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: The method of incorporating a small amount of dideoxynucleoside triphosphatees which serve to effectively terminate replication at various points primed with synthesized fragment use DNA polymerase add all the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and 2' 3' dideoxy gel and audioradiogram to sequence

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what's a more modern less radioactive sanger method? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: fluorescence tagging can run all four bases in one reaction up to 500 bases can be determined automated. can generate more than 1 million bases / day

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What method is used for making DNA or DNA probes? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: solid phase phosphite triester method use glass bead add excess reagents to drive rxn to completion sequential addition of protonated (proteceted) deoxyribonucleoside 3' phosphoramidites wash soluable protectors away

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what are the reagents for phosphite triester method? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: deoxynucleoside 3' phosphoramidite DMT dimethoxytrityl BCE B cyanoethyl I2 (oxidizer) dicholoroacetic acid NH3

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is the role of NH3 in phosphite triester method? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: remove all protecting groups and remove the deoxyribonucleoside 3' phosphoramidite from the glass bead

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is role of dichloroacetic acid in phosphite triester method? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: removes DMT from 5' end of newly added deoxyribonucleoside.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] where does the triester form in phosphite diester method on activated monomer and chain? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: phosphit on 3' of activated monomer attaches to 5 ' OH of chain.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What's the efficiency of the phosphite triester method? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 99% 10 min per cycle elongation is never 100% so the longest one is the golden one. You can find this using PAGE or HPLC

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Once you makes some DNA using the phosphite triester method, what can you do with it? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: make probes (32P or fluorescence tag and then set it loose in fragments to find the needles in the haystack) use it as a primer for new neighboring DNA make new designer genes which can make new funcitons or new proteins

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is PCR? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Polymerase Chain Reaction amplifies your sample

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are the 3 steps in PCR> [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: strand separation (heat) hybridize primers (cool with a ton of primers in there --20-30 nucleotides long) heat to 72 so Taq polymerase can start making the strand 5' -3' repeat 25-30 times n cycles = 2tothe n results

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe recombinant DNA technology [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA fragment + a vector (plasmids or lambda phage) host (E. coli)

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe how Eco RI works with plasmid pSC101 [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: cuts pSC101 at a specific site leaving a sticky end. If you use Eco RI to cut any piece of inserting DNA those same sticky ends will line up and voila.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is DNA ligase? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds needs a free 3'OH and 5' phosphate as well as ATP or NAD+

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe the cohesive ends (Linkers) method. [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: If you have a DNA segment you can add cohesive ends to put the tape on the ends. polynucleotide kinase phosphorylates the 5' end of a linker T4phage ligase seals them (can be blunt ended). then use EcoRI to make the sticky ends and insert into your vector

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is a polylinker? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: a synthetic DNA fragment programed with several sequences that many restriction endonucleases recognize. Can custom make your sticky ends.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] why are plasmids and lambda phages good vectors? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: they get the recombinant DNA into bacteria easily which you can then select for. Plasmids carry genes for inactivation of antibiotics and can replicate independently of host genome

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is it about pBR322 that makes it good for cloning? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: has genes for resistance to tetracycline and ampicilin the EcoRI site isn't in these genes for the ab resistance but it does have other restriction enzyme sites which will interrupt the resistance

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe selection using pBR322 [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: pBR322 uses the enzyme cut in amp. resistant element and foreign DNA ligated in. Now these guys are going to be amp sensitive. Still resistant to tetra. grow E coli on plates of tetra. transferred in matching postions to new plates . One plate has tetra and another has amp and tetra. Now you will know which ones are amp sensitive

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What size is a plasmid? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 2-100+ kb

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is the size of lambda phage? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 48 kb

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What are the differences between a lytic and lysogenic pathway? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: lytic kills host cell quickly and produces ~100 virons lysogenic inserts DNA into host cell genome and it is replicated for many generations Upon activation it expresses dormant viral DNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is lambda gt-lambdaB [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: mutant lambda phage with only 2 EcoRI sites as opposed to the normal 5 enter bacteria way easier than plasmid

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe lambda gt-lambdaB and how it gets packaged. [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: EcoRI cleavage gives two arms, and foreign DNA inserted to make it 93% (fits in the 75-105% size requirements

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is cosmid lambda? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: hybrid of lambda phage and a plasmid accomodates large DNA inserts of 45 kb!!

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is a BAC [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Bacterial artificial chromosome engineered version of ecoli fertility F factor. accomodates inserts of DNA in 100,000-300,000 bp selectable with chloramphenicol resistance put in bacteria by electroporation

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is a YAC [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Yeast Artificial Chromosome accomodates inserts as big as 2,000,000 bp lots of stuff in em that we didn't really cover but that makes them ideal for big genomes

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is a genomic digest? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: mechanically sheared fragments of a 3,000,000 kb genome makes random overlapping fragments which can be PAGEd isolate 15 kb long molecules and add linkers and then insert into lambda phages and then grown in E coli. gives you genomic library

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Why do we need DNA hybridization? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Allows us to screen the genomic library

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is DNA hybridization? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: the recombinant phages are plated on a lawn of bacteria where they like guys grow a plaque. Nitrocellulose is then applied and we add NaOH to lyse and denature the DNA. 32P probe DNA is introduced and the target sequence is radioaudiographed.

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] How do we know how to make the probe for human hybridization screening? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: take the mRNA from an enriched source of what you are looking for. Make a cDNA from this mRNA and use as probe use amino acid sequence from target (use sequences with a lot of Trp and Met Synthesize the probes with 32P Use all the probes and isolate and sequence positive clones

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Why do we need a probe with minimal degeneracy? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: lots of peptides are encoded by several oligonucleotides. Sequences where there is alot of Met or Trp are best because they only have one codon

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Why isn't Ecoli. good for mammalian mRNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: E. coli doesn't have the ability to splice, so we have to make cDNA from mRNA (which doesn't have introns)

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What is the difference between SINES and LINES? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: Short intersperced elements (DNA that doesn't code for proteins) 1,000,000 Alu sequences of 300bp Long intersperced elements nearly 1 million LINES up to 10 kbp

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] how do we make cDNAs [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: mRNA + oligo T primer with 3'OH + 4 dNTP's oligo T pairs with poly A at 3' end of mRNA reverse transcriptase makes a DNA complementary to RNA template increase the pH and dissolve mRNA add terminal transferase which adds oligo GGG to 3' end of the ssDNA then add oligo CCCC to make cDNA

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] What antibody do we use in immunochemical screening of cloned cDNA? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 125I antibody

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] Describe DNA microinjection method/ [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: 0.1 mm micropipet yeilds 2% viability foster mother mouse

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [proteome] what is GH 21-kd protein? [proteins expressed by genome]

Output: rat growth hormone in rats it is promoted by metallothionein promoter have an activator

Proteins and Proteomes Chapter 3 Berg Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mild cases- artificial tears Moderate to severe- Elevate head of bed –reduce congestion Oral prednisone Orbital radiation Orbital decompression [Cataract]

Output: Thyroid eye disease

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The diabetic control and complications trial has shown that tight glycemic control decreases the progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy Prompt referral indicated Laser photocoagulation [Cataract]

Output: Diabetic retinopathy

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Tight glycemic control Refer Laser photocoagulation to decrease further decline in visual acuity by reducing amount of macular edema (ETDRS) [Cataract]

Output: Diabetic macular degeneration

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treat the underlying hypertension Treat the systemic vascular disease or renal disorders Chronic does not require specific ophthalmic treatment [Cataract]

Output: Hypertensive retinopathy

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mandatory ophthalmic exam within 48-72 hours of diagnosis BRVO with macular edema may result in decreased vision-laser photocoagulation Follow up- crvo assessed every month for 6 months by the eye doc Visual prognosis depends on severity [Cataract]

Output: Retinal Vein occlusion

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Acute vision changes-refer within 24 hours Laser photocoagulation Subretinal surgery experimental Low vision aids-magnification Preservision vitamins have been shown to improve patients with moderate to severe AMD Visudyne – a new procedure for wet AMD [Cataract]

Output: age related macular degeneration

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: remove debris, antibiotic and steroid drops, keep dry Acidifying agent +/- hydrocortisone Neomycin/polymyxin-B/hydrocortisone Fluoroquinolone +/- dexamethasone Perforated TM: Floxin otic + PO quinolone Wick insertion [Cataract]

Output: Otitis Externa

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Antibiotics: Moderate to severe otalgia Fever > 39c (102.2f) Less than 2 years of age Observation: Improvement: 61% in 24h, 75% in 1 week Antibiotics: First line: amoxicillin (macrolide) Second line: amox/clavulanate, ceph2 PCN allergic: macrolide Auralgan: benzocaine drops Tympanocentesis [Cataract]

Output: Acute otitis media

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment options: Antibiotics: first line, limited benefit Antihistamines/decongestants: no benefit Steroids: not recommended Ventilating tubes: initial benefit, limited by one year. No proven effects on language Adenoidectomy: older than 4 y.o. [Cataract]

Output: Otitis media with effusion

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Antibiotics: fluoroquinolones Surgery [Cataract]

Output: Chronic Otitis media

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hearing aid, cochlear implant [Cataract]

Output: Presbyacusis

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: surgery, radiotherapy [Cataract]

Output: Acoustic neuroma

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Low salt diet, limit alcohol and caffeine Diuretics, antiemetics, anxiolytics (alprazolam) Surgery [Cataract]

Output: Menieres disease

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Reverse underlying cause Treat associated insomnia and depression [Cataract]

Output: Tinnitus

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: anticholinergics, antiemetics, benzodiazepines [Cataract]

Output: Vertigo

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Antihistamines, decongestants, guaifenesin Antitussives Ipratropium, cromolyn Zinc Vitamin C: no benefit, may help prevent Echinacea: no benefit [Cataract]

Output: Viral URI

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment First line antibiotics: 7-10 days Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanate Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole Clarithromycin Doxycycline Second line antibiotics: 7-28 days 2nd generation cephalosporin (cefuroxime) Fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) Treatment: Intranasal steroids: no data Surgery: endoscopic [Cataract]

Output: Acute Sinusitis

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment: Medications: Antibiotics (3-6 weeks) Intranasal steroid sprays Guaifenesin Antihistamines Nasal irrigation Antibiotics: First line: amox-clavulanate, ceph2 PCN allergic: clarithromycin, clindamycin Second line: levofloxacin, moxifloxacin Functional endoscopic surgery (FESS) [Cataract]

Output: Chronic sinusitis

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Treatment Avoidance: dust, mold, dander, pollen Medications: Intranasal steroids (fluticasone) Antihistamines (first and second generation) Decongestants Leukotriene inhibitors (montelukast) Mast cell stabilizer sprays (nedrocromil) Ipratropium bromide nasal spray: rhinorrhea Allergen injection immunotherapy [Cataract]

Output: Allergic Rhinitis

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: intranasal steroids [Cataract]

Output: Rhinitis medicomentosa

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: balloon tamponade [Cataract]

Output: Epistaxis

Clin Med exam 1 treatments Foreign Language Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [cataract] types of cataract surgerys

Output: extra-capsular: nucleus and cortex removed from capsule, leaving posterior capsule, peripheral part of the anterior capsule and the zonules intact intra-capsular: whole lens removal

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Phakia Aphakia Pseudophakia

Output: Phakia: with natural crystalline lens Aphakia: w/o natural crystalline lens Pseudophakia: IOL implant following surgery

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what schematic eye model is used for a aphakic eye

Output: Gullstrand's Simplified Schematic Eye

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] how do you treat aphakia with spectacles

Output: high plus lens contact lens

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is ring scotoma? what does it treat?

Output: edge of plus lens act as a prism object located in the shadowed areas are not seen used to treat aphakia with spectacles

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is the jack in the box phenomenon

Output: associated with the ring scotoma 1. a patient turns head to see an object 2. object disappears in the peripheral of the ring scotoma 3. object then reappears once the image is in the visual area

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] spherical aberration effect of high plus lens

Output: mag. of image is more at the peripheral than in the center of the lens due to prismatic effect object appears stretched out at the corners like a pin-cushion

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] presbyopia

Output: a decline in accommodative ability that occurs normally with age and necessitates a plus lens addition to perform near task

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what to the 4 classification of presbyopia

Output: incipient functional absolute premature

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] how does the lens change throughout lifetime

Output: 1. axial thickness of the lens increase with age 2. radius of curvature of the central anterior surface decreases with age

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] in clinic how much accommodation should the patient sustain on their own

Output: up to half

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what are four ways to treat presbyopia

Output: spectacle lens contact lens special IOL surgery

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what are some classical reasoning for presbyopia

Output: crystalline lens hardening reducing the efficiency of the ciliary muscles crystalline lens gets larger throughout lifetime

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Isometropia

Output: equal refractive errors between the two eyes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Anisometropia

Output: unequal refractive errors between the two eyes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Antimetropia

Output: one eye is myopic and one eye is hyperopic

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] when does Anisometropia occurs

Output: developmental ocular surgeries (monocular cataract surgery)

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Aniseikonia

Output: 1. a difference in image sizes and/or shape seen by the two eyes 2. cause distortions of binocular space perception

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Asymmetric regression

Output: if the patient is far-sighted to begin with, one eye may achieve the appropriate correction (or become myopic in that eye) while the other eye may regress back to hyperopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what percent difference can a human fuse an image

Output: 1-6% above 6% suppression of eye or diplopia

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] how do you calculate RELATIVE SPECTACLE MAGNIFICATION (RSM) for a distant object

Output: RSM = corrected image size (ametropic eye)/image size of the emmetropic eye

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Knapps Law

Output: A spectacle lens placed at the anterior focal point of any axial ametrope (myope or hyperope) will produce retinal images of the same size.

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Clinical Corollaries of Knapp’s Law: To reduce interocular differences in retinal image size

Output: 1) If a patient has an axial anisometropia, correct the patient with spectacle lenses. (AS) 2) If a patient has a refractive anisometropia, correct the patient with contact lenses. (RK)

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] AXIAL ametropia correction with SPECTACLES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Output: Hyperope SM > 1.0; RSM = 1.0 Myope SM <1.0; RSM =1.0

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] AXIAL ametropia correction with CONTACT LENSES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Output: Hyperope SM = 1.0; RSM < 1.0 Myope SM =1.0; RSM >1.0

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] REFRACTIVE ametropia correction with CONTACT LENSES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Output: Hyperope SM = RSM = 1.0 Myope SM = RSM = 1.0

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] REFRACTIVE ametropia correction with SPECTACLES, what is the relationship between SM and RSM for myopes and hyperopes

Output: Hyperope SM = RSM > 1.0 Myope SM = RSM < 1.0

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Accommodation

Output: the ability of the eye to change its refractive power by altering the shape of its crystalline lens to bring objects of interest at different distances into focus.

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what happens anatomically in the UNACCOMMODATED eye

Output: the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the suspensory zonules of Zinn is at its greatest tension, and the lens takes its flattest curves

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what happens anatomically in the ACCOMMODATED eye

Output: a contraction of the ciliary muscle causes a release of resting zonular tension and a decrease in the lens equatorial diameter allowing the young lens to take a more convex form

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Spectacle Accommodation

Output: Accommodative amplitude or demand is measured with respect to the spectacle plane (phoropter)

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Ocular Accommodation

Output: Accommodative amplitude or demand is measured with respect to the eye’s principal plane

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Range of Accommodation

Output: It is the linear distance between the far point and the near point of accommodation.

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what is Amplitude of Accommodation

Output: the amount of accommodation exerted in diopter power to move the focus from the far point to the near point

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] what FOUR things happen to the lens during accommodation

Output: 1. Decrease radius of curvature, anterior surface decrease more than the posterior surface 2. Increase anterior-posterior thickness -- effective forward displacement of the whole lens; Decrease in equatorial diameter 3. May sink in direction of gravity 4. Increase in lens power causes a decrease in the eye’s focal lengths

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] how do you calculate accommodative amplitude

Output: accommodative amplitude= (far point vergence) - (near point vergence)

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Incipient Presbyopia

Output: earliest stage at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Functional Presbyopia

Output: When faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and continued near task demands, adult patients eventually report visual difficulties

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Absolute Presbyopia

Output: the condition in which virtually no accommodative ability remains

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [cataract] Premature Presbyopia

Output: Accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the patient's usual near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected due to environmental, nutritional, disease- related, or drug-induced causes

Visual Optics Test 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye


Input: [2] Management [1]

Output: A process designed to achieve an organizations objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment


Input: [2] Managers [1]

Output: Those individuals in organizations who make decisions about the use of resources and who are concerned with planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling the organization's activities to reach its objectives


Input: [2] Planning [1]

Output: The process of determining the organizations objectives and deciding how to accomplish them; the first function of management


Input: [2] Mission [1]

Output: The statement of an organization's fundamental purpose and basic philosophy


Input: [2] Strategic plans [1]

Output: Those plans that establish the long-range objectives and overall strategy or course of action by which a firm fulfills its mission


Input: [2] Tactical plans [1]

Output: Short-range plans designed to implement the activities and objectives specified in the strategic plan


Input: [2] Operational Plan [1]

Output: Very short-term plans that specify what actions individuals, work groups, or departments need to accomplish in order to achieve the tactical plan and ultimately the strategic plan


Input: [2] Crisis management or contingency planning [1]

Output: An element in planning that deals with potential disasters such as product tampering, oil spills, fire, earthquake, computer virus, or airplane, crash, etc.


Input: [2] Organizing [1]

Output: The structuring of resources and activities to accomplish objectives in an efficient and effective manner


Input: [2] Staffing [1]

Output: The hiring of people to carry out the work of the organization


Input: [2] Downsizing [1]

Output: The elimination of a significant number of employees from an organization


Input: [2] Directing [1]

Output: Motivating and leading employees to achieve organizational objectives


Input: [2] Controlling [1]

Output: The process of evaluating and correcting activities to keep the organization on course


Input: [2] Top managers [1]

Output: The president and other top executives of a business, such as the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), and chief operations officer (COO), who have overal responsibility for the organization


Input: [2] Middle Managers [1]

Output: Those members of an organization responsible for the tactical planning that implements the general guidelines established by top management


Input: [2] First-Line Managers [1]

Output: Those who supervise both workers and the daily operations of an organzation


Input: [2] Financial Managers [1]

Output: Those who focuse on obtaining needed funds for the successful operation of an organization and using those funds to further organizational goals


Input: [2] Production and operations managers [1]

Output: Those who develop and administer the activities involved in transforming resources into goods, services, and ideas ready for the marketplace


Input: [2] Human resources managers [1]

Output: Those who handle the staffing function and deal with employees in a formalized manner


Input: [2] Marketing managers [1]

Output: Those who are responsible for planning, pricing, and promoting products and making them available to customers


Input: [2] Information Technology (IT) Managers [1]

Output: Those who are responsible for implementing, maintaining, and controlling technology applications in business, such as computer networks.


Input: [2] Administrative Managers [1]

Output: Those who manage an entire business or a major segment of a business; they are not specialists but coordinate the activities of specialized managers


Input: [2] Leadership [1]

Output: The ability to influence employees to work toward organizational goals


Input: [2] Technical Expertise [1]

Output: The specialized knowledge and training needed to perform jobs that are related to particular areas of management


Input: [2] Conceptual Skills [1]

Output: The ability to think in abstract terms and to see how parts fit together to form the whole


Input: [2] Analytical Skills [1]

Output: The ability to identify relevant issues, recognize their importance, understand the relationships between them, and perceive the underlying causes of a situtation


Input: [2] Human relations skills [1]

Output: The ability to deal with people, both inside and outside the organization


Input: [2] -Leadership -Techincal expertise -Conceptual skills -Analytical skills -Human-relations skills [1]

Output: Skills of a successful manager


Input: [2] 1. Recognize and define the decision situation 2. Develop options 3. Analyze options 4. Select the best option 5. Implement the decision 6. Monitor the consequences [1]

Output: Steps in the decision-making process


Input: [2] Agenda [1]

Output: A calender containing both specific and vague items, that covers short-term goals and long-term objectives


Input: [2] Networking [1]

Output: The bulding of relationships and sharing of information with colleagues who can help managers achieve the items on their agendas


Input: a concept that can be characterized by unchanging criteria: For instance, a triangle can be defined as a three sided figure. [basic level category]

Output: classical concept

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: any word that refers to a color, e.g. magenta [basic level category]

Output: color term

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a word composed of two or more free morphemes (e.g. blackboard, merry-go-round) [basic level category]

Output: compound word

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a small subset of the vocabulary of a child, used very frequently [basic level category]

Output: core group

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: from the Greek deiktikos (able to show); words that are used as linguistic pointers (e.g. here, there) also call deixis. [basic level category]

Output: deictic terms

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a complex word made from a base morpheme to which various affixes have been assed: e.g. unhappiness is derived from happy by the addition of the affixes un- and -ness [basic level category]

Output: derived word

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: children's ability to form an initial hypothesis about a word's meaning very quickly, after hearing it only once or twice; in depth learning requires multiple exposures to the word in many different contexts, however. [basic level category]

Output: fast mapping

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: among colors, those that are the most typical, the reddest reds and bluest blues. [basic level category]

Output: focal colors

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an explanation of a word's origing that is not based on the actual historical record, but rather on common sense or custom: e.g. "It's called Friday because that's the day you eat fried fish" [basic level category]

Output: folk etymology

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a word association in which the sub ject responds freely with the first word that comes to mind [basic level category]

Output: free-word association

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: using words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning: e.g. "It's so clean in here," said of a messy dorm room [basic level category]

Output: irony

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: knowledge about language: e.g. an understanding of what a word is and a consciousness of the sounds of language. the ability to think about language. [basic level category]

Output: metalinguistic awareness

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: figure of speech in which one thing is called by the name of another to indicate the similarities between them: e.g. "This room is a pig pen" [basic level category]

Output: metaphor

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a strategy followed by yound language learners, who assume that if they hear a new word in the presence of an object whose name they do not know, the word refers to that object. [basic level category]

Output: novel name-nameless category principle

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Onset refers to the initial consonant or group of consonants in a syllable, and rime refers to the remainder of the syllable. [basic level category]

Output: onset and rime

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: concepts about how the world is organized that yound children have before they begin to learn language [basic level category]

Output: ontological categories

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pointing to referent; a technique used by mothers in teaching basic level categories e.g. that's your shoe. [basic level category]

Output: ostension

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: used here to refer to a child's use of a word in a broader context than is permissible in the adult language: e.g. an infant may call all men Daddy. parents who call tigers kitty are also producing this. [basic level category]

Output: overextension

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a speech sound that can signal a difference of meaning: two similar speech sounds p and b represent diff phonemes in English because there are pairs of words with diff meanings that have the same phonetic form, execept that one contains b where the other contains p: e.g. pet and bet [basic level category]

Output: phoneme

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a form of metalinguistic knowledge that includes the ability to recognize the sounds of language and to talk about them. one of the basic skills that underlies literacy. [basic level category]

Output: phonological awareness

4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com