Input: [2] total revenue is less total costs include all opportunity costs [1]

Output: negative economic profit

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: [2] total revenue is equal to total cost when total costs include all opportunithy costs [1]

Output: zero economic profit

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: [2] zero economic profit [1]

Output: normal accounting profit

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: [2] total revenue is greater than total costs when total costs include all opportunity costs [1]

Output: positive economic profit

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: [2] Latin for 'everything else held constant' [1]

Output: ceteris paribus

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: [2] a firm that sets the price of the product it sells [1]

Output: price maker, price setter, or price searcher

price maker, price setter, or price searcher


Input: Doctrine of dependent relative revocation

Output: When testator revokes first will upon mistake of law as to validity of second will, the court disregards the act of revocation

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Trust

Output: A trust is a fiduciary relationship in which a SETTLOR transfers PROPERTY to a TRUSTEE to hold for the benefit of a BENEFICIARY in accordance with the purpose or INTENT of the trust

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Gift

Output: 1 Donative intent, 2 Delivery, and 3 Acceptance (presumed if unconditional and beneficial). Real property must meet statute of frauds (must be in writing).


Input: Statute of wills

Output: Person cannot try to do what a will would do without using a will. There must be some kind of actual interest that passes. However you can retain control by keeping the ability to revoke, etc. Farkas

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Ademption

Output: Bequest extinguished by extinction of property.


Input: Intestate share of surviving spouse (MGL 190 s. 1)

Output: Issue - 1/2 No issue - $200K + 1/2, first out of personal property No kindred, all

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Elective share (MGL 191 s 15)

Output: Issue: 1/3 personal and 1/3 re only life estate for amount over 25k No issue: 25K + life estate in 1/2 personal and 1/2 re No kindred: 25K + 1/2 per and 1/2 re

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Do the children of beneficiaries of a will have the right to take by right of representation if the beneficiary predeceases the testator?

Output: The children of blood relative beneficiaries take by right of representation. Children of non-blood relative beneficiaries do not.

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: What is the maximum allowable value of an estate for a voluntary administration?

Output: 15K + one motor vehicle

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: What is the waiting period before a voluntary administrator has the authority to act?

Output: 30 days

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Is the elective share allowed if the surviving spouse was not living with the decedent?

Output: A probate court may determine that the surviving spouse abandoned the testator or was living apart from the testator for justifiable cause, and may therefore deny the surviving spouse the right to elect against the testator's will. Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 209, sec. 32.

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: What is a rabbi trust?

Output: Employer sets aside money for deferred compensation to employees in a trust

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Can creditors reach trust assets?

Output: If self settled they can reach what trustees could distribute. Otherwise in MA spendthrift clauses are generally valid.

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Do you include gross assets or assets net of liability on the estimated estate on a bond?

Output: Gross, because they want to know the maximum liability

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Category D GALs

Output: GAL in actions involving probate of wills, accounts, etc.

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Category K GALs

Output: GAL for an incompetent person

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Category L GALs

Output: GAL/next friend for a minor

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: What happens if an executor or trustee dies during administration?

Output: Chapter 7 of Newhall deals with the death, resignation, or removal of executors and administrators. The death of an executor or administrator terminates the office. However, his or her executor or administrator has the duty to both turn over the assets of the estate to the new executor or administrator, and to render into the court the account of the deceased executor or administrator of the former estate. The administrator d.b.n. or executor c.t.a.d.b.n. has no responsibility connected with the preparation and filing of the predecessor's account, except to see that one is filed. It is my understanding that Packy was formerly executor of the Nason estate. Packy's admininistratrix would have the duty to prepare, sign and file his fiduciary account. The successor executrix of the Nason estate should have no such duty.

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: Requirements for IRS to respect buy sell agreement price for estate tax purposes

Output: 1) Obligation to offer for sale 2) reasonable and ascertainable price 3) precluded from transfer during life at higher price 4) may not be a device to pass to natural objects of bounty 5) business purpose 6) comparability

Estate Planning - MA concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Will may dispose of property by referring to certain acts or events which are independent of the disposition of the will. Ex: You leave stuff in safe box to susan


Input: [Applied Ethics] argument

Output: discourse that tries to provide reasons for or proof of some view: an attempt to convince through rational discussion

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] comparative ethics

Output: a branch of ethics that compares the different ethical beliefs of different groups of people

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] conclusion

Output: the claim that the argument is attemtpting to establish or prove; supposed to follow from the premises or starting assumptions

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] deontic terms

Output: words that are employed in the description of human conduct, such as rightness and wrongness

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] descriptive ethics or non-normative ethics

Output: the study of ethical beliefs that have been held by different groups of people in different places and times

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical theory

Output: subset of normative ethics that focuses on ethical priciples that apply throughout all situations

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] false

Output: based on mistaken ideas: inconsistent with facts

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] invalid

Output: being without foundation or force in fact, truth or law

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] Metaethics

Output: branch of ethics that studies general ethical concepts and attempts to explain the meaning of terms such as right, wrong, good, adn bad

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] normative or prescriptive ethics

Output: consists of particular judgements about actions and people; makes prescriptive attempts to tell which things are right or wrong, good or bad

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] philosophy

Output: the love of wisdom

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] premises and assumptions

Output: claims that are to be accepted before an argument begins

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] sound

Output: logically necessary; free from error, fallacy, or misapprehension

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] universalizable

Output: applies in some way to all rational beings

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] value theory

Output: the philosophical study of the activity of evaluation

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] cultural or social relativism

Output: the belief that ethical value is relative to culture or society

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical absolutism

Output: the belief that the study of ethics tries to describe necessary features of reality; the belief that principles of ethics apply and have always applied to everyone

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical relativism

Output: the belief that ethical principles depend upon features that can vary at different times in different places

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical universalism

Output: the belief that ethical judgments apply to all humans equally, that there are universal ethical truths, and that these truths are the same for everyone

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] individual relativism

Output: the ethical theory that holds that the ethical value of an action is relative not to the culture as a whole, but to the individual him or herself

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] moral nihilism

Output: the belief that there is no such thing as ethical value at all

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] moral skepticism

Output: an ethical belief that doubts that ethical value exists

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] objectivism

Output: the belief that there is a standard external to the persom making ethical judgements against which those judgements can be helps

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] subjectivism

Output: the belief that ethical judgments are relative to the individaul person, or subject, making the judgment

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] altruism

Output: unselfish regard for, or devotion to, the welfare of others

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical egoism

Output: the belief that one always ought to do what is in one's own self interest

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] Gyges' Ring

Output: Plato's story about a shepherd that makes himself invisible in order to do self serving acts

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ought-implies-can

Output: principle that tells us that if we ought to do something, then it must be possible for us to do it

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] psychological egoism

Output: the belief that all human motivation is self interested

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] unfalsibliable or definitionally irrefutable

Output: terms used to describe a theory that is true by stipulative definition; substansively empty or meaningless

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] Divine Command Theory

Output: ethical theory that says that what is right is what God commands

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] coherentism

Output: the belief that an ethical system is justified if it is the most coherent thing to believe of all the available options

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] contractarianism

Output: the belief that an ethical principle is justified if all free and equal rational people would accept it

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] eudaemonism

Output: a justifiaction of morality based on what promotes the "good life"

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] justification of morality

Output: to justify something is to prove that it is just, right, or valid; gives reasons why we should care about morality

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] foundationalism

Output: the belief that the first principles of morality must be self-evident, obviously true, or impossible to deny

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] rational faith

Output: the belief that an element of faith must be involved in accepting morality because we cannot prove anything

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] sentimentalism

Output: that belief that our acceptance of morality must be based on our sentimental dispositions and not on any rational proof

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] tradition

Output: cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions; one metaethical theory holds that morality only makes sense within a tradition

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] argument for queerness

Output: ethical theory that says that people attribute to ethical values such as queer properties that it is highly implausable that such values can actually exist

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] argument from relativity

Output: ethical theory that says that the vast differences between different people's ethical judgments are best explained by taking ethical beliefs to be functions of how people are socialized and not of their response to any real objective features of the world

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] cognitivism

Output: the belief that ethical judgment involves an attempt to gain knowledge about the world

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] emotivism

Output: the belief that an ethical judgment is simply the expression of an emotion and does not describe the world at all

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] error theory

Output: the belief that the entire activity of ethical judgment is built upon erroneous belief that ethical value exists in the world

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical or moral anti-realism

Output: the belief that ethical value does not exist so, consequently, ethical judgments do not make true claims

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] ethical or moral realism

Output: the belief that ethical value does exist and that some of our ethical judgments make true claims about it

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] intuitionism

Output: the belief that ethical properties cannot be reduced to any other kind of property, and that ethicla properties have a unique kind of existance that cannot be grasped through the five senses and explained by science

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] John Mackie

Output: one of te most prominent error theorists; developed the arguement from relativity and the arguement from queerness

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] naturalism

Output: the metaethical view that all ethical values are identical to natural properties

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] naturalistic fallacy

Output: a line of thinking that says it is erroneous or fallacious to claim that an ethical property is identical to a natural property

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] non-cognitivism

Output: the belief that ethical judgment does not involve an attempt to gain knowledge about the world

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] Open Question Argument

Output: contention that any effore to define the good must fail, since it always remains possible to ask significantly whether or not the proposed definition is actually good

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] Prescriptive Ethical Theories

Output: ethical theories that prescribe a certain kind of conduct

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Applied Ethics] prescriptivism

Output: A belief that emphasizes that ethical judgments prescribes courses of actions and do not describe states of affairs in the world

subset of normative ethics that focuses on particular ethicla problem areas


Input: [Client-centered] Existential:

Output: most useful in helping clients find meaning and harmony in their lives, this theory might not work with individuals who see themselves as having little personal choice and freedom

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] psychoanalytical

Output: focus on family dynamics may appeal to some. However, it is long-term restructuring of the pesonality

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] Gestalt:

Output: with high stress on feelings may be difficult or inappropriate initially

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] Behavioral:

Output: with the emphasis on changing behaviors and problem-solving the theory typically fits nicely into the needs of multicultural clients, however counselors must help clients incoporate their new behaviors into their cultural context and be open to talk about the consequences these new behaviors may lead to

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] Cognitive-behavioral:

Output: works well, emphasis is on thining and is more of a teaching approach, but the therapist must understand and respect the client's world

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] Reality:

Output: the counselor explores how satifying the client's current situation is for themselves and tohers. Thus will work well-social and political realities must be recognized and clients may be reluctant to share

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: [Client-centered] Feminist thearpy:

Output: very compatible, feminist therapists must be aware of the consequences of some client actions and behaviors depending on the cultural context.

Theories and multicultural issues Flashcards - Cram.com

encourages open dialogue and breaking down cultural barriers. Less structured than some people like, theory's focus on the individual may be inimical to someone from a collectivistic culture


Input: The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement [Deconditioned]

Output: Proprioception


Input: An unstable yet controllable physical situation in which exercises are performed that causes the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms [Deconditioned]

Output: Proprioceptively enriched environment


Input: Emphasizes multiplanar movements (in different degrees of the various planes of the body) through the full muscle actions spectrum (concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions) in an environment that enriches proprioception [Deconditioned]

Output: this training


Input: Incorporates all forms of training in an integrated fashion as part of a progressive system [Deconditioned]

Output: OPT- Integrated training


Input: Flexibility, cardiorespiratory, core, balance, reactive, speed/agility/quickness, resistance [Deconditioned]

Output: Forms of training


Input: Stabilization, strength (contains 3 phases), power [Deconditioned]

Output: Levels of training


Input: Stabilization endurance, strength endurance, hypertrophy, maximum strength, power [Deconditioned]

Output: Phases of training


Input: A muscle's ability to contract for an extended period of time [Deconditioned]

Output: Muscular endurance


Input: The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion, optimal communication between nervous and muscular system [Deconditioned]

Output: Neuromuscular efficiency


Input: Improve muscular endurance and joint stability while developing optimal neuromuscular efficiency, enhance flexibility and control of posture [Deconditioned]

Output: Stabilization level goals


Input: Corrective flexibility, training in proprioceptively enriched environments (unstable yet controllable), and low loads with high repetitions [Deconditioned]

Output: Stabilization level strategies


Input: Stabilization endurance [Deconditioned]

Output: Phase 1


Input: The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power [Deconditioned]

Output: Prime mover


Input: A set of two exercises that are performed back-to-back without any rest time between them [Deconditioned]

Output: Superset


Input: To maintain stabilization endurance while increasing prime mover strength, improve overall work capacity, enhance joint stabilization, increase lean body mass [Deconditioned]

Output: Strength endurance phase goals


Input: Strength endurance [Deconditioned]

Output: Phase 2


Input: Active flexibility, moderate loads and repetitions (8-12), superset of one traditional strength and one stabilization exercise with similar joint dynamics per body part [Deconditioned]

Output: Strength endurance phase strategies


Input: Hypertrophy [Deconditioned]

Output: Phase 3


Input: To achieve optimum levels of muscular growth, phase optional depending on client's goals [Deconditioned]

Output: Hypertrophy phase goal


Input: Active flexibility, high volume/high load/moderate or low reps (6-10) [Deconditioned]

Output: Hypertrophy phase strategies


Input: Maximum strength [Deconditioned]

Output: Phase 4


Input: To increase motor unit recruitment, frequency of motor unit recruitment, and peak force [Deconditioned]

Output: Maximum strength phase goals


Input: Active flexibility, high load/low reps (1-5), longer rest periods [Deconditioned]

Output: Maximum strength phase strategies


Input: Power [Deconditioned]

Output: Phase 5


Input: How quickly a muscle can generate force (power) [Deconditioned]

Output: Rate of force production


Input: To increase rate of force production and speed while enhancing neuromuscular efficiency and prime mover strength [Deconditioned]

Output: Power phase goals


Input: Dynamic flexibility, superset of one strength and one of this phase's exercises per body part performed as fast as can be controlled [Deconditioned]

Output: Power phase strategies


Input: Decreased body fat, increased lean body mass (muscle) [Deconditioned]

Output: Physical adaptations of training


Input: Improved cardiorespiratory efficiency, endocrine and serum lipid adaptations, metabolic efficiency, tissue tensile strength, bone density [Deconditioned]

Output: Physiological adaptations of training


Input: Strength, power, endurance, flexibility, speed, agility, balance [Deconditioned]

Output: Performance adaptations of training


Input: Do not stay in one state, fluctuate between many unstable states. Depends on polar, hydrophobic, etc. Usually not much secondary structure. [Protein Stability]

Output: Unfolded proteins

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hydrophobic effect, conformational entropy, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, steric repulsion, trosional strain. [Protein Stability]

Output: Factors/forces that determine protein stability

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Free energy is lowered if water is not in contact with hydrophobic residues with which it cannot H-bond. For this the free energy of a protein is lowered (desirable) if hydrophobic residues are folded to the inside of the protein with the polar molecules to the outside in contact with the aqueous environment (body). [Protein Stability]

Output: Hydrophobic Effect

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Loss in conformational entropy is one of the most important factors in destabilizing proteins. Conformational entropy refers to the number of conformational states (structures) a protein adopts in a given thermodynamic state. Folded proteins have little conformational entropy while unfolded ones can have large numbers of conformations. Nature trends towards entropy and therefore pushes proteins in this direction. More at greater temps (denaturing with heat). [Protein Stability]

Output: Conformational Entropy

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: H-bonding and the lack of H-binding have a great effect on protein stability. Polar molecules need to find partners with which to H-bond in the folded state as easily as the unfolded (very easy in aqueous environment). [Protein Stability]

Output: Hydrogen Bonding

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Charged aa can either stabilize or destabilize proteins depending on same or different charges. Important in DNA binding proteins because DNA is highly negative. [Protein Stability]

Output: Electrostatic Interactions

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Atoms do not like to lie on top of each other and in a protein, this will not occur. Folding must occur to avoid steric repulsion. With mutations that change sterics, new folding may need to occur (often less favorable) or unfolding may occur. [Protein Stability]

Output: Steric Repulsion

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Bonds have a preferred angle. Some protein folding forces bonds out of these angles. Glycine is the most flexible aa due to its small (H) side chain, and is often used to avoid torsional strain. Mutations that change Gly to something else are destabilizing for the protein. [Protein Stability]

Output: Torsional Strain

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mutations are usually neutral or deleterious to stability, rarely stabilizing. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations and Protein Stability

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Mutations to the surface of a protein usually have little effect on the protein unless it directly effects the function of the protein. Mutations to the interior of the protein are often destabilizing. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations to surface vs. inside of protein

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Generally bad because can cause torsional strain or steric repulsion. [Protein Stability]

Output: Small to big mutations in proteins

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Generally bad because less hydrophobic surface area buried in folding. [Protein Stability]

Output: Big to small hydrophobic mutations in proteins

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Usually very destabilizing because polar molecules will want to interact with polar environment, not be buried in the interior of the protein. [Protein Stability]

Output: Hydrophobic to polar mutation in proteins

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Usually destabilizing because causes torsional strain. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations that switch out Glycine

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Proline is large and will destabilize the protein if placed in an area with inappropriate torsional angles. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations that cause switch to a Proline

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Usually destabilizing because charge interactions can change [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations that cause a change in a charged residue that interacts with other charged residues

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Usually destabilizing unless replacement can make a similarly good bond. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations that cause a change in a good H-bound polar residue

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Destabilizing. [Protein Stability]

Output: Mutations that remove a group that interacts with a metal or co-factor

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Multiple Sequence Allignent. A way to try to find a destabilizing mutation. Homologous proteins from similar species are lined up so that they best match. In similar proteins, the regions that are less important in function are more likely to have mutations while areas that are crucial to function will have very few. A mutation in one of these crucial sequences will likely be deleterious. [Protein Stability]

Output: MSA

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Proteins are often ineffective drugs in their natural form. For this, proteins are redesigned to increase effectiveness. They must be stable, soluble, remain in the blood stream, not attacked by immune system, and have desired activity. [Protein Stability]

Output: Protein Drugs

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Exchange Cys for Ser to avoid sulfide bond aggregation. 2. Replace hydrophobic residues on exterior of protein for polar residues to reduce hydrophobic aggregation. 3. Alter the net charge and iso-electric point (pI). A protein with a net charge (pI does not equal the pH of the solution) will be more soluble. [Protein Stability]

Output: To increase protein solubility in protein drugs...

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: If protein is more stable, won't unfold, won't be cleaved, won't aggregate. 1. Remove free Cystines so they don't sulfide bond while in unfolded state. 2. Computational tools used to find useful mutations that will cause more stable folding. 3. Stop protein degradation by proteases by removing protease recognition sites and by shortening loops as they are often protease targets. [Protein Stability]

Output: To increase protein stability for protein drugs...

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Small proteins are more easily removed by kidney filtration. Increase molecular weight by binding protein to another protein, or to a carbohydrate. 2. As protein drug (ligand) is taken into a cell by a cell-surface receptor, it is often degraded. Histidines can be added to protein to cause change in charge upon entrance into the cell (endocytosis) and therefore release from the membrane receptor. Degradation is therefore reduced. 3. Higher pI of Insulin causes precipitation upon injection and therefore slower release in body. Also Insulin sometimes changed to monomeric active form before injection so that reaction is immediate and drug can be taken AT mealtime instead of an hour before. [Protein Stability]

Output: Pharmokinetics: slower clearance of protein drugs

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Human Growth Hormone dimerizes its receptor upon binding with protein. Has two binding sites and is an activator or inactivator depending on which is bound. HGH has now been created with only one binding site or the other so that function is definite. [Protein Stability]

Output: Redesigning Activity

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Immune system attacks many altered protein drugs. Most protein drugs come from outside sources (non-human) and are attacked. Few have been successful for this reason. One success is Murine. [Protein Stability]

Output: Immunogenicity

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How a protein folds is coded in its sequence. Needs only water to occur. More common for a protein to fold in random order but always the same way. Always a chance that it will fold in an unexpected way. This is more common with bigger and more complex proteins. [Protein Stability]

Output: Basic Principles of Protein Folding

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Proteins can misfold or fold in new and unexpected conformations. This is usually deleterious. A good example is amyloid fibrils found in BSE, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, and Alzheimer's. Structural unit is repeating beta sheets. Do not know if fibrils are cause of the disease, but they form rigid plaques that can block and damage cells. Contribute to disease at least. [Protein Stability]

Output: Misfolded Protein

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Can happen as being created by ribosome. Can't fold until completed. Chaperones are fix for this. [Protein Stability]

Output: Random folding and non-specific aggregation of protein

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Over 20 proteins called chaperones created by body to help other proteins fold correctly. [Protein Stability]

Output: Molecular Chaperones

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Hsp-70. A chaperonin that keeps proteins unfolded until they are fully released by ribosome. [Protein Stability]

Output: Heat-Shock Protein 70

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Cylindrical protein complexes comprise two rings stacked back to back. ATP and GroES are used as GroEL protein grabs unfolded protein, folds it, and releases it. [Protein Stability]

Output: GroEL Family of Chaperonins

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Many fibrils caused by misfolding of proteins are formed by a nucleation process. Presence of a very small fibril can cause other proteins to aggregate. This is why protein misfolding can be infectious! [Protein Stability]

Output: Fibril seeding

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Caused by the misfolding of an ion channel protein. For this, there are not enough of these functioning proteins to regulate osmotic balance across the cell membrane. [Protein Stability]

Output: Cystic Fibrosis

M2C: Protein Structure 2 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Property [1]

Output: a bundle of private, exclusive rights in people to acquire, possess, use, and transfer scarce resources.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] IntellectualProperty [1]

Output: includes the application of property in the areas of trade secrets, patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] TradeSecret [1]

Output: any form of knowledge or information that the owner has taken reasonable measures to keep secret and that has economic value from not being known to the public.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Injunction [1]

Output: an order by a judge either to do something or to refrain from doing something.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Patent [1]

Output: a specific legal monopoly in the intangible resource of copying and marketing a new invention.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Trademarks [1]

Output: a statutorily created property in a mark, word, picture, or design that attaches to goods and indicates their source. trademark, service mark, certification mark, and collective mark.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] TradeDress [1]

Output: a legal doctrine giving someone ownership of a distinctive overall appearance or look and feel of a product or service.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Infringement [1]

Output: civil violation of a trademark or a patent.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Generic [1]

Output: if a trademark loses its distinctiveness. It also loses its status as a protected trademark.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] TrademarkDilution [1]

Output: an injunction prohibiting further use of the junior mark.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Copyright [1]

Output: gives those who have this property a monopoly over copying and marketing for a limited period of time.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] FairUse [1]

Output: a statutorily permitted use of another's copyright for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Natural law [1]

Output: refers to the view that certain legal principles reflect something basic and universal in nature itself.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] PrivateNuisance [1]

Output: an unreasonable use of one's land that causes substantial interference with the use or enjoyment of another's land.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] AdversedPossession [1]

Output: property ownership acquired through open, notorious, actual, exclusive, continuous, and wrongful possession of land for a statutorily prescribed period of time.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] RuleAgainstPerpetuities [1]

Output: limits all exercise of property over resources to a duration of "lives in being plus twenty-one years"

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] ZoningOrdinances [1]

Output: laws that divide counties or municipalities into use districts designated residential, commercial, or industrial.

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] EminentDomain [1]

Output: the governmental power to take private property for "public use" upon the payment of "just compensation"

Intellectual Property Term from Chap. 10 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] metaphor [2]

Output: an imaginative comparison

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] simile [2]

Output: an imaginative comparison using "like", "as","as if", or something similar.

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] personification [2]

Output: giving human characteristics to non-human things

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] metonymy [2]

Output: an expression using a related thing to stand for the thing itself

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] synecdoche [2]

Output: an expression using a part to stand for the whole

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] imagery [2]

Output: a word or phrase that appeals to one of the five senses

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] pun [2]

Output: a play on words that are either identical or very similar in sound but different in meaning

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] meter [2]

Output: the regular arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] feet [2]

Output: the units of meter

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] free verse [2]

Output: irregular rhythms (and meter)

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] rhyme [2]

Output: sound repetition

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] alliteration [2]

Output: repetition of initial consonant sounds

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] consonance [2]

Output: repetition of terminal consonant sounds

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] assonance [2]

Output: repetition of vowel sounds

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] onomatopoeia [2]

Output: words that sound like what they mean

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] parallelism [2]

Output: syntax that uses sentence elements of the same form

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] theme [2]

Output: the main point or idea of a work

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] allusion [2]

Output: a reference within a work to something outside of it

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sign [2]

Output: a word that means something other than itself

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] symbol [2]

Output: a word that means something in addition to itself

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] epigram [2]

Output: a short, highly compressed poem making a wise or humorous observation and ending with a witty twist

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] parable [2]

Output: an allegorical story with 2 or more levels of meaning

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] fable [2]

Output: a pithy(short), traditional story that highlights an implied or explicitly stated moral

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] allegory [2]

Output: an extended metaphor in which the charcters and events have a meaning beyond a literal level

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] irony [2]

Output: the use of words to express a contradiction

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] paradox [2]

Output: a seeming contradiction

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] situational irony [2]

Output: a contrast between what is reasonable to expect and what actually happens

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] dramatic irony [2]

Output: a contrast between the reader's knowledge and a character's ignorance

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] verbal irony [2]

Output: a contrast between what is stated and what is really meant

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] structural irony [2]

Output: verbal irony that extends throughout an entire work

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] sarcasm [2]

Output: veral irony that is a mocking praise

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] satire [2]

Output: corrective ridicule in literature

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] understatement [2]

Output: a statement that says less than its intended meaning

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] hyperbole [2]

Output: ironic overstatement

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] foreshadowing [2]

Output: something that is said or done that warns about the future

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] genre [2]

Output: type or category of literature

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] poetry [2]

Output: genre that uses condensed throughts and words and various literary techniques

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] prose [2]

Output: genre that is not poetry, usually in paragraph form

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] fiction [2]

Output: genre that is imaginary and not necessarily based on real facts

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] nonfiction [2]

Output: genre that is real or based on reality

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] comedy [2]

Output: genre that can be humorous but has a happy ending

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tragedy [2]

Output: genre that is serious and has a tragic ending

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] biography [2]

Output: the history of the life of a person

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] autobiogrpahy [2]

Output: a self-biography, the interpretation of an author's own life

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] memoirs [2]

Output: a person's recollection of his public life

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] diary [2]

Output: personal records of the events of a person's life

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] journal [2]

Output: personal records of the events of a person's life

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] anecdote [2]

Output: a special incident from the life of an important person

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] incident [2]

Output: basic unit of a story

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] flashback [2]

Output: earlier events that are summarized as background information

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] plot [2]

Output: all the incidents connected together

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] conflict [2]

Output: contending forces

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] protagonist [2]

Output: the main character

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] antagonist [2]

Output: the opponent to the main character

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] setting [2]

Output: the time and place of the story

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] atmosphere [2]

Output: the prevalent emotion of the story

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] tone [2]

Output: the author's attitude toward a character or situtaion

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] episode [2]

Output: one incident in a series of incidents in the same work

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] lyric poetry [2]

Output: poetry that reflects the poet's thoughts, feelings, or experiences

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] drama [2]

Output: an acted out story, using a written script

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] essay [2]

Output: autobiographical prose that reflects the author's thoughts, feelings, or experiences

Literature 10 Terms Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Deconditioned] Proprioception

Output: The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Proprioceptively enriched environment

Output: An unstable yet controllable physical situation in which exercises are performed that causes the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] this training

Output: Emphasizes multiplanar movements (in different degrees of the various planes of the body) through the full muscle actions spectrum (concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions) in an environment that enriches proprioception

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] OPT- Integrated training

Output: Incorporates all forms of training in an integrated fashion as part of a progressive system

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Forms of training

Output: Flexibility, cardiorespiratory, core, balance, reactive, speed/agility/quickness, resistance

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Levels of training

Output: Stabilization, strength (contains 3 phases), power

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phases of training

Output: Stabilization endurance, strength endurance, hypertrophy, maximum strength, power

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Muscular endurance

Output: A muscle's ability to contract for an extended period of time

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Neuromuscular efficiency

Output: The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion, optimal communication between nervous and muscular system

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Stabilization level goals

Output: Improve muscular endurance and joint stability while developing optimal neuromuscular efficiency, enhance flexibility and control of posture

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Stabilization level strategies

Output: Corrective flexibility, training in proprioceptively enriched environments (unstable yet controllable), and low loads with high repetitions

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phase 1

Output: Stabilization endurance

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Prime mover

Output: The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Superset

Output: A set of two exercises that are performed back-to-back without any rest time between them

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Strength endurance phase goals

Output: To maintain stabilization endurance while increasing prime mover strength, improve overall work capacity, enhance joint stabilization, increase lean body mass

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phase 2

Output: Strength endurance

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Strength endurance phase strategies

Output: Active flexibility, moderate loads and repetitions (8-12), superset of one traditional strength and one stabilization exercise with similar joint dynamics per body part

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phase 3

Output: Hypertrophy

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Hypertrophy phase goal

Output: To achieve optimum levels of muscular growth, phase optional depending on client's goals

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Hypertrophy phase strategies

Output: Active flexibility, high volume/high load/moderate or low reps (6-10)

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phase 4

Output: Maximum strength

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Maximum strength phase goals

Output: To increase motor unit recruitment, frequency of motor unit recruitment, and peak force

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Maximum strength phase strategies

Output: Active flexibility, high load/low reps (1-5), longer rest periods

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Phase 5

Output: Power

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Rate of force production

Output: How quickly a muscle can generate force (power)

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Power phase goals

Output: To increase rate of force production and speed while enhancing neuromuscular efficiency and prime mover strength

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Power phase strategies

Output: Dynamic flexibility, superset of one strength and one of this phase's exercises per body part performed as fast as can be controlled

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Physical adaptations of training

Output: Decreased body fat, increased lean body mass (muscle)

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Physiological adaptations of training

Output: Improved cardiorespiratory efficiency, endocrine and serum lipid adaptations, metabolic efficiency, tissue tensile strength, bone density

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [Deconditioned] Performance adaptations of training

Output: Strength, power, endurance, flexibility, speed, agility, balance

A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability; may lead to improper movement and lead to injury


Input: [coercion] social contract

Output: Rousseau's ideal solution by which rights and duties of the state and the citizens are defined

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] unanimity

Output: in collective decisions EVERYONE MUST AGREE- would ensure a pareto improvement in efficiency- a Voter would not favor a proposal if it promised to reduce his or her utility

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] majority rule

Output: the most common type of rule- would allow a minority to suffer losses in the majority, more than half of those voting, favored a proposal

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] voluntary acceptance of coercion

Output: why self interested individuals might submit to binding decision rules even though some group decisions may not be in their best interest

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] decision making costs

Output: costs of time and effort that go into making choices if an individual is part of the decision group (these costs increase as the size of the decision group increases)

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] political externality costs

Output: costs that arise when an individual is NOT part of the group. This term was coined by Buchanan and Tullock to describe how political processes can impose costs on unrepresented individuals, just as imperfect markets impose costs on unrepresented individuals

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] voice

Output: voice your concern to those that make decisions

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] exit

Output: if you are dissatisfied with the price or quality of a market good, you can usually exit by switching to another market good

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] aggregation of preferences

Output: how to add votes

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] transitivity

Output: noting a relation in which one element in relation to a second element and the second in relation to a third element implies the first element is in relation to the third element

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Arrow problem/ voters paradox/ vote cycling

Output: a mathematical proof that shows there is no way to aggregate preferences without violating at least one of these five reasonable axioms of assumptions (next 5 definitions: pareto opt -indp of irre alt)

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Pareto optimality

Output: everyone preferes ome alternative x to another alternative, the collective choice process should prefer x to y

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] non-dictatorship

Output: no individual has full control over the collective choice process such that that individuals preferences over alternatives are always decisive, even when everyone else prefers just the opposite

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] unrestricted domain

Output: the collective choice process is capable of reaching collective decision for all possible combinations of individual preferences orderings of all alternatives

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] rationality

Output: the collective choice is rational; 1st in the sense that it can completely rank all alternatices bt stating x is preferred to y, or y is preferred to x, or x and y are equally desirable so we are indifferent; and second, that all rankings display the property of transitivity

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] independence of irrelevant alternatives

Output: the eslection of either or two alternatives must depend on the individuals orderings over only those two alternatives, and not on individuals orders over other alternatives

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] agenda control

Output: some person, group, precedent, or law decides that will be acted on, and by implication, what will not be acted on

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] single dimensional issues

Output: the choice among X, Y, and Z must rest on a single underlying evaluative dimension by which all three voters mark various land uses

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] single peaked preferences

Output: Roughly speaking, a group of voters, consumers or agents have single-peaked preferences over a group of outcomes if: 1) they each have a ideal choice in the set; and 2) outcomes that are the farther from their ideal choice are preferred less.

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] the median voter

Output: It posits that in a majority election, if voter policy preferences can be represented as a point along a single dimension, if all voters vote deterministically for the politician who commits to a policy position closest to their own preference, and if there are only two politicians, then a politician maximizes their number of votes by committing to the policy position preferred by the median voter. The median voter will be decision IF there is a single unifying dimension such as ideology or budget size, if all voters vote and if voting is repeated without limit

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] ideology as a dimension

Output: ideology is a key dimension that may lead to single peaked preferences, and thus stability in majority rule voting

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] spatial distances

Output: on the graph Utilty (Y) and Ideological Dimension (X), the intervals between P1, P2, and P3 are often referred to as spatial distances on an ideological spectrum

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Types of voting 1- Unanimity

Output: the one voting procedure that offers pareto improvement; someone becomes better off and no one becomes worse off

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Types of voting 2- plurality rule

Output: this type of voting would select that candidate ranked by the largest number of voters. it isnt very decisive and you may have to give up equality among voters

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Types of voting 3- Condorcet criterion

Output: this voting method takes into accound the entire range of voter preferences; each of these previous methods considers only the most-favored candidate. each candidate is compared with each other candidate; the one who defeats all others by the majority rule wins. the diadvantage if the possibility that no clear winner will emerge

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Types of voting 4- Borda count

Output: this type of voting allows each voter to assign each of the m candidates a score of 1 -> m. the top candidate receives m points with the next best at m-1

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] modified Borda count

Output: if there are ten candidates but a voter ranks only five, then their first preference will receive only five points; their second preference will receive 4 points, their next 3, and so on. This method effectively penalises voters who do not rank a full ballot, by diminishing the number of points their vote distributes among candidates.

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] approval voting

Output: a voter casts a vote for any and all candidates of whom he or she approves

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Demand Revealing Process

Output: the one voting-like procedure that offers promise for reaching efficient outcomes, but probably not outcomes that would please the majority is known as Demand Revealing Process

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] Clarke tax

Output: an outcome is reached by adding up the dollar values for the various options; the one with the most dollars is the winner. A tax is then levied on each voter, based on her impact on the outcome

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] coalition

Output: the most common and effective action for an intense minority is usually to form a coalition with another intense minority

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] minimum winning coalition

Output: winning coalitions that would cease to be wining if some member were subtracted

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [coercion] logrolling

Output: a promise between two voters (pr frequently, btw their representatives) to exchange votes; A promises to vote to please B on an issue of B's choice if B will do likewise on an issue of A's choice

political economy final keywords Flashcards - Cram.com

governments use coercion~ they are able to bring about departures from the consumption or production pattern that a utility-maximizing individual or profit maximizing firm would prefer


Input: [Internet] World Wide Web

Output: widely used service on internet' consists of worldwide collection of electronic documents

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] ARPAnet

Output: allows scientists at different locations to share info and work together on projects' works even if part of network was disabled or destroyed

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] host/server

Output: any computer that provides services and connections to other computers on a network

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] W3C

Output: World Wide Web Consortium; oversees research and sets strandards and guidelines for many areas of internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] access provider

Output: business that provides individuals and organizations access to internet free or for a fee

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] ISP

Output: Internet service provider; regional or national access provider

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] OSP

Output: online service provider; provides internet access, has many member-only features such as IM or their own customized version of a web

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] Internet Backbone

Output: major carriers of network traffic

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] IP address

Output: Internet Protocol; uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] domain name

Output: text name of an IP address

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] TLD

Output: top-level domain; last section of domain name; identifies type of organization associated with the domain name

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] WWW

Output: world wide web; widely used service on the Internet, consists of a worldwi8de collection of electronic documents

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] web site

Output: electronic document on the Web; can conatin text, graphics, animation, audio, and video

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] web server

Output: a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] Web 2.0

Output: refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to share personal information, allow users to modify Web site content, and have application software built into the site for visitors to use

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] Web browser

Output: application software that allows users to access and view Web pages or access Web 2.0 programs

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] home page

Output: refers to the first page that a Web site displays

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] downloading

Output: the process of a computer or device receiving information from a server on the Internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] URL

Output: Uniform Resource Locator; a unique address for a Web page

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] link/hyperlink

Output: a built-in connection to another related Web page or part of a Web page; allow you to obtain information in a nonlinear way

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] search engine

Output: a program that finds WAeb sites, Web pages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] subject directory

Output: classifies Web pages in an organized set o categories or groups and related subcategories

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] multi-media

Output: refers to any application that combines text with graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or virtual reality

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] graphic

Output: a digital representation of non-text information

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] JPEG

Output: Joint Photographic Experts Group; a format that compresses graphics to reduce their file size; goal is to reach a balance between image quality and file size

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] GIF

Output: Graphics Interchange Format; use compression techniques to reduce file sizes; works best for images that have only a few distinct colors

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] thumbnail

Output: a small version of a larger graphic

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] animation

Output: the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] streaming

Output: the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] podcast

Output: recorded audio stored on a Web site that can be downloaded to a computer or a portable media player

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] Virtual Reality

Output: the use of computer to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a 3-D space

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] plug-ins

Output: a program that extends the capability of a browser

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] e-mail

Output: short for electronic mail; the transmission of messages and files via a computer network

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] user name

Output: a unique combination of characters that identifies a specific user

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] mailing list

Output: also called an e-mail list or distribution list; a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] instant messaging

Output: IM; a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you when one or more people are online and then allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat room

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] chat

Output: a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] chat room

Output: a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] VoIP

Output: voice-over IP; called Internet telephony; enables users to speak to other user over the Internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] FTP

Output: File Transfer Protocol; an Internet standard that permits the process of file uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] Netiquette

Output: short for Internet etiquette; the code of accepthable behaviors users should follow while on the Internet

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] emoticon

Output: used to express emotion

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] spam

Output: an unsolicited e-mail message or newsgroup posting sent to many recipients or newsgroups at once

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: [Internet] flame

Output: abusive or insulting messages

Information Science Chapter 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

also called net; worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational instituations, and individuals


Input: A confirmation is a direct written response from a third party in a paper or electronic form and are considered highly reliable evidence because they are received directly from third parties.

Output: What is a confirmation?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: US auditing standards indicate that auditors should use external confirmations for material accounts receivable.

Output: What do US auditing standards indicate?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: 1. THe auditor considers confirmations ineffective evidence because response rates will likely be inadequate or unreliable. 2. The combined level of inherent risk and control risk is low and other substantive evidence can be accumulated to provide sufficient evidence.

Output: Confirmations may not be appropriate in the following 2 situations:

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: A communication addressed to the debtor requesting the recipient to confirm directly whether the balance as stated on the confirmation request is correct or incorrect.

Output: Positive confirmation

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: A type of positive confirmation that does not state the amount on the confirmation but requests the recipient to fill in the balance or furnish other information but requests the recipient to fill in the balance or furnish other information.

Output: Blank confirmation

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Blank forms require the recipient to determine the information requested so they are considered more reliable. Blank forms are rarely used in practice because they result in lower response rates.

Output: Why are blank confirmation more reliable than confirmations?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Another type of positive confirmation in which an individual invoice is confirmed, rather than the customer's account receivable balance. Many customers use voucher systems that allow them to confirm individual invoices but not blaance information so may improve conficmation response rates.

Output: Invoice confirmations

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: They may improve confirmation response rates and result in fewer timing differences.

Output: What are some pros of using invoice confirmations?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Disadvantage is not directly confirming ending balances.

Output: What are the disadvantages of using invoice confirmations?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Also addressed to the debtor but requrests a response only when the debtor disagrees with the stated amount.

Output: Negative confirmation

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Because the auditor can perform follow up procedures if a response is not received from the debtor. With a negative confirmation, failure to reply must be treated as a correct response, even though the debtor may have ignored the confirmation request.

Output: WHy is a positive confirmation more reliable?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Negative confirmations cost less

Output: What is the benefit that offsets the reliability disadvantage?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: 1. When risk of material misstatement is low and there is sufficient appropriate evidence regarding design and operating effectiveness of controls relevant to assertion being tested. 2. The population of items subject to negative confirmation procedures is made up of a large number of small account balances. 3. The auditor expects a low exception rate. 4. The auditor reasonably believes that recepients of negative confirmation requests will give requests adequate consideration.

Output: Conditions when it is acceptable to use negative confirmations?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: They put significant emphasis on effectiveness of internal controls, substantive tests of transactions, and analytical procedures.

Output: Typically when negative confirmations are used what does the auditor do?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Falls along continuum, starting with the use of no confirmations, to using only negatives, to using both negatives and positives, to using only positives.

Output: Where does the auditor's choice of confirmation fall?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Materiality of total accounts receivable, the number and size of individual accounts, control risk, inherent risk, the effectiveness of confirmations as audit evidecnce, and the availability of other audit evidence.

Output: What are the primary factors affecting which type an auditor uses?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: When they are sent near the balance sheet date they are most reliable.

Output: When are confirmations most reliable?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Sometimes necessary to confirm balances at interim date. This can be done if internal controls are adequate and con provide reasonable assurance that sales, cash receipts, and other credits are properly recorded between the date of the confirmation and the end of the accounting period.

Output: In order to conduct the audit in a timely manner what is sometimes done?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: A roll-forward schedule that reconciles A/R must be prepared to reconcile the A/R at confirmation date to A/R at balance sheet date. Also do analytical procedures.

Output: If a decision is made to confirm balances before year end what must be done?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Tolerable misstatement Inherent risk Control risk Achieved detection risk from other substantive tests Type of confirmation (positve or negative)

Output: WHat are the major factors for sample size of confirming AR

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Some type of stratification is desirable for selecting balances for confirmation, an auditor considers both dollar size of individual accounts and the length of time an account has been outstanding.

Output: Stratification

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: Emphasis should be on confirming larger and older balances because these are most likely to include a significant misstatement,

Output: In most audits where should auditors emphasize?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation


Input: In many cases, the auditor selects all accounts abovea certaind dollar amount and selects a random sample from the remainder.

Output: What does the auditor do in many cases?

McConnell Auditing Chapter 16 FINAL Flashcards - Cram.com

What is the primary purpose of accounts receivable confirmation