Input: besides reducing pain opiods.....

Output: can be used to suppress cough, slow respiratory rate and decrease peristalsis, pre-medication before surgery

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Analgesia is more effective if

Output: given before the pain becomes severe

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: best way to manage chronic pain

Output: Chronic pain is better managed by scheduled doses around the clock rather than by PRN administration

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Effect when meperidine is given with MAOI's

Output: hyperpyrexia

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Assessment of pain includes

Output: location, intensity (use intensity scale) quality pattern precipitating factors alleviating factors associated symptoms coping mechanisms

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Opioid Agonists/Antagonists: are thought to have _____addiction potential because________.

Output: a lower addiction potential because of their antagonistic properties

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Opioid Agonists/Antagonists are________ likely to cause respiratory depression

Output: less likely to cause respiratory depression

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Opioid Agonists/Antagonists cause___________if given to a client who is _______.

Output: withdrawal symptoms, opiod dependent

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Opiods Nursing Considerations

Output: shouldnt be given in head trauma(can mask symptoms) shouldnt be given in shock (decrease BP) shouldnt be given in respiratory depression use caution in clients with history of addition (dont deny pain control) use cautiously in pt with urinary retention/asthma cause constipation dont crush SR preparations-respiratory distress

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Opioid Antagonists are used

Output: for opioid overdoses

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: compete with opiates for binding sites

Output: Opioid Antagonists

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: used to relieve anxiety

Output: anxiolytics and somnifacients

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: produce sedation before surgeries and procedures and to induce sleep, not an analgesic

Output: anxiolytics and somnifacients

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: DRUGS USED TO TREAT ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDERS

Output: anxiolytic and somnifacients

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: can be used as adjuncts to analgesia

Output: anxiolytic and somnifacients

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Hydantonins pharmacological effects

Output: decrease excitability in the motor cortex of the brain by suppressing sodium influx through the sodium channels

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: hydantoins

Output: decreases the neuronal action potential highly protein bound narrow therapeutic index hepatoxic

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Classifications of Anti-Depressants

Output: (TCA's) Tricyclic Anti-Depressants (MAOI's) Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (SSRI's) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: TCA's pharmacological effect

Output: reuptake of serotonin 5HT and norepinephrine by the pre-synaptic region

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Problems associated with TCA's

Output: 1) sedation 2) lowered seizure threshold 3) heart block with large doses 4) orthostatic hypotension 5) anti-cholinergic effects 6) increased appetite with weight gain and 7) inorgasmia.

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: best time to take TCA's

Output: at bedtime

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: SSRI's

Output: increase the level of serotonin in the brain by decreasing presynaptic neuronal reuptake


Input: have fewer side effects

Output: SSRI's

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: SSRI's side efects

Output: loss of appetite and decrease sexual function

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Anti-Depressant therapeutic effects seen in

Output: 4-6 weeks

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Anti- Depressant therapy is seen within

Output: should be seen at least 6 months to 1 year

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Nursing Considerations for Anti-Depressants

Output: 4-6 weeks to see effects therapy is 6 months -1year increase suicidal ideation in teenagers avoid taking meds with grapefruit and grapefruit juice

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Anti Manic agents are used for

Output: bipolar disorder by blocking release of dopamine and norepinephrine

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Anti-Manic's

Output: has a very narrow therapeutic index fluid intake of 2500-3500 per day adequate NA intake

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Anti-Manic pregnancy category

Output: D

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Benzodiazepines pharmacologial effects

Output: CNS depression by potentiating GABA and inhibiting impulses subcortically in the limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: 3 types of Non-Opiods

Output: NSAIDS Acetaminophen Salicytes

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: used as adjuncts for chronic pain, raise pain threshold

Output: anti-depressants & anti-convulsants

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Parkinson’s disease

Output: a degenerative disorder of the CNS caused by the destruction of the neurons in the substantia nigra that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: neurons during Parkinson's Disease controls

Output: balance, posture and involuntary muscle movement

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Why is dopamine used in Parkinson's Disease

Output: Dopaminergic drugs are used to increase dopamine levels

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Parkinson's disease dopamenergic nursing considerations

Output: 1. Administer anti-Parkinson medications on time to avoid a worsening of symptoms. 2. Abrupt discontinuation of these drugs can lead to a Parkinsonian crisis. 3. Foods high in pyridoxine (vitamin B6) can decrease the effects of these drugs. 4. Change positions slowly to avoid faintness or dizziness.

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: Parkinson's disease nursing considerations

Output: 1. Monitor for anti-cholinergic effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and tachycardia

generalized and partial seizures and bipolar disorder (mental disorder)


Input: [what is water potential?] What always flow from area of ___ potential to areas of ___ potential

Output: high, low

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is the water potential gradient?

Output: The movement of water when water potential differences within a series are contrasted

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What factors affect water potential?

Output: Osmosis, solute/osmotic potential, Turgor pressure, pressure potential

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is osmosis?

Output: The diffusion of water across membranes in response to differences in water potential

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How do you calculate water potential?

Output: Pressure potential + solute potential

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is solute/osmotic pressure?

Output: difference in solute concentrations between two cells

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is turgor pressure?

Output: The force of the cell membrane swelling and pushing against the cell wall

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is pressure potential?

Output: the sum of all the types of pressures on water

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is a megapascal (MPa)?

Output: unit of measurement for pressure

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] If the water potential in the space that surrounds a cell drops. What which direction will the water go and what will the cell do?

Output: water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] Why do plants tend to gain water from the soil and lose it to the atmosphere?

Output: Because water movies along the water potential gradient

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How does water move up a tree?

Output: Water is carried up a tree through the xylem tissue in a process called transpiration. Constant evaporation from the leaf creates a flow of water from root to shoot. The roots of a tree absorb the vast majority of water that a tree needs. The properties of cohesion and adhesion allow the water to move up a tree regardless of its height. Cohesion allows the individual water molecules to stick together in one continuous stream. Adhesion permits the water molecules to adhere to the cellulose molecules in the walls of xylem cells. When the water reaches a leaf, water is evaporated, thus allowing additional water molecules to be drawn up through the tree.

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What are the three ways that water can reach the vascular tissue?

Output: transmembrane route, apoplast, symplast

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is the Casparian strip?

Output: It prevents water from creeping through the walls of the enodermal cells

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is responsible for Root pressure?

Output: endodermi

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] what is guttation?

Output: Water droplets forced out of leaves

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How does water move in the capillaries? (three forces)

Output: Surface tension, adhesion, cohesion

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is surface tension?

Output: Downward pull that exist on water molecules at an air-water interface

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is adhesion?

Output: the attraction of unlike molecules

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is cohesion?

Output: mutual attractions amoung like molecules,

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] According to the Cohesion-Tension Theory what happens to tree trunks because of water tension?

Output: They shrink

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is the most important features of the cohesion-tension theory?

Output: It does not require the expenditure of energy

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How does a plant do to limit water loss?

Output: 1 Thick cuticule on the upper surface of the leaves 2. Several layers of epidermis 3. stomata located in deep pits on the undersides of leaves.

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How do the stomata open and close?

Output: Each stoma has two bean shaped guard cells which have thich inner walls.During daytime, they get filled with water, due to which they bulge out and thus open. At nightime, they lose the water. Hence, they lose their turgidity and close.

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is Crassulacean acid metabolism?

Output: plants open their stomata at night and store the CO2 that diffuse into their tissues by adding organic acides

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is translocation?

Output: The movement of sugars through a plant

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is a sink?

Output: a tissue where sugar exits the phloem

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is a sieve plate?

Output: The perforated end wall

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is the pressure flow hypothesis?

Output: The events at source tissues and at sink tissues create a steep pressure potential gradient

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How is sucrose and other solutes transported across Membranes?

Output: Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] What is bulk flow?

Output: a mass movement of molecules along a pressure gradient

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] How are sugars concentrated in Sieve-tube members at sources?

Output: phloem loading

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: [what is water potential?] That is phloem loading?

Output: sugar is loaded into sieve-tube elements against a concentration gradient

Biology Chapter 37 Flashcards - Cram.com

The potential energy that water has in a particular environment compared to control condition


Input: Adenine and Guanine [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the purines?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Thymine and cytosine [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the pyramidines?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Matter moving from high concentration to low until equilibrium is reached [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Diffusion

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the solute concentration. [Define osmosis]

Output: What determines osmotic pressure?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: phospholipid bilayer [Define osmosis]

Output: What is the cell membrane also called in a cell?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: passive trasporters travel from a low solute concentration to high solute concentration while active transporters go against the natural flow. [Define osmosis]

Output: Differentiate between passive and active transporters

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: glycogen [Define osmosis]

Output: Which carbohydrate was released in bone from cellular respiration?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: CO2 and H2O [Define osmosis]

Output: What waste is produced from aerobic respiration?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Lactic acid [Define osmosis]

Output: What waste is produced from anaerobic respiration?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Aerobic Respiration [Define osmosis]

Output: Which makes more ATP: Anaerobic or Aerobic respiration?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Inorganic molecules [Define osmosis]

Output: Which molecules are involved in ionic bonds?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Organic molecules [Define osmosis]

Output: Which molecules are involved in Covalent bonds?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they are weak [Define osmosis]

Output: What is characteristic about hydrogen bonds?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Storing energy and synthesizing [Define osmosis]

Output: Define anabolism

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Breaking down by releasing energy [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Catabolism

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3-D proteins that are organic catalysts [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Enzyme

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: glucose and galactose [Define osmosis]

Output: What is lactose made up of?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: glucose and fructose [Define osmosis]

Output: What 2 monosacharrides make up sucrose?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: amino acids [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the building blocks of proteins?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: monosacharrides [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: fatty acids and glycerol [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the building blocks of lipids?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: nucleotide [Define osmosis]

Output: What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base [Define osmosis]

Output: What make up nucleotides?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Donates H ions [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Acids

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Accepts H ions [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Bases

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Doesn't accept or donate H ions [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Salt

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: There are less Hydrogen ions [Define osmosis]

Output: If the pH is higher then what does that say about the number of hydrogen ions?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Substance that prevents rapid change in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions [Define osmosis]

Output: Define Buffer

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To produce ATP [Define osmosis]

Output: What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: N,H,C,O [Define osmosis]

Output: What elements are in proteins?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Because the carboxyl group can donate a hydrogen ion and NH2 can accept a hydrogen ion [Define osmosis]

Output: Why is an amino acid able to be used as a buffer?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: at ribosomes with amino acids [Define osmosis]

Output: Where are peptide bonds formed?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: amines and carboxyl groups [Define osmosis]

Output: Which functional groups are present in amino acids?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: heat, acid, base, gold, mercury, alcohol, lead. [Define osmosis]

Output: Which substances can be used to denature proteins?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: To change the 3-D shape of a protein and therefore change the function. [Define osmosis]

Output: Define denature

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: DNA->mRNA->tRNA->protein [Define osmosis]

Output: Describe the steps of protein synthesis

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Used as structural material [Define osmosis]

Output: What is the lipid's function at the cellular level?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Fatty acids and glycerol [Define osmosis]

Output: WHat make up lipids?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Nucleus [Define osmosis]

Output: Where is the DNA located in the cell?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: YES [Define osmosis]

Output: Is a lipid organic?

Anatomy and Physiology 2: Review vocab of bio101 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: TSH (pit) controlled by secretion of TR (HT) [colloid]

Output: secretion of thyroid hormones is controled by


Input: negative feedback loop [colloid]

Output: thyroid hormone secretion operates via


Input: when not bound they stimulate metabolism in general [colloid]

Output: thyroid hormones are active


Input: migration problems during embryogensis [colloid]

Output: most congenital abnormalities of thyroid develop secondary to


Input: thyroid material left at base of tongue [colloid]

Output: lingual thyroid


Input: cystic, thyroid duct cyst [colloid]

Output: if thyroid tissue left between gland and tongue it become


Input: hypothyroidism and leads to developmental problems and retardation [colloid]

Output: complete absence of thyroid gland


Input: excess thyroid hormone hypermetabolic state tachycardia sweating weight loss oligomenorrhea fine hair EXOPHTHALMOS [colloid]

Output: hyperthyroidism


Input: abnormal thyroid stimulater (graves disease) or neoplasm [colloid]

Output: hyperthyroidism is almost always caused by


Input: graves disease IgG ab agonisits to TSH receptor [colloid]

Output: most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism


Input: myxedema, boggy appearing sking bloated depression lethargy sensory dfects [colloid]

Output: hypothyroidism is characterized by


Input: autoimmune or Hashimoto secondary to stim of cytotoxic t cells and b cells [colloid]

Output: most common form of thyroiditis


Input: follicular adenoma benign F:M 7:1 no vascular invasion or extra capsular extension [colloid]

Output: most common neoplasm of thyroid


Input: papillary carcinoma pt rarely die even with mets [colloid]

Output: most common malignancy of thyroid gland


Input: papillary carcinoma [colloid]

Output: psammoma bodies


Input: dx features of papillary carcinoma [colloid]

Output: nuclear enlargement, overlap, orphan annie eyes, nuclear pseoinclusions


Input: thyroid malignancy hematogenous spread, no lymph node involvement behave poorly [colloid]

Output: fllicular carcinoma


Input: 10% thyroid malignancy, rare, aggressive, invasive, UNVERSALLY FATAL [colloid]

Output: anaplastic carcinoma


Input: anaplastic carcinoma [colloid]

Output: universally fatal thyroid malignancy


Input: meduallry carcinoma [colloid]

Output: tumor of thyroid that secretes hormone


Input: removers consequence treaters true antidotes [colloid]

Output: three major classes of antidotes


Input: removal antidote [colloid]

Output: activated charcoal


Input: treats consequence of alcohol abuse malnutrition [colloid]

Output: thiamine


Input: reverses dysrythmias and hypotension if fail to respond to atropine, epii, after beta blocker or ca cha blocker od [colloid]

Output: glucagon


Input: clears methemoglobin after NO or lidocain od [colloid]

Output: methylene blue


Input: reverse acidosis [colloid]

Output: NaBicarb


Input: alpha2 aonist relieve opiod withdrawal symptoms [colloid]

Output: Clonidine


Input: reverses malnutrition associate with methanol intox [colloid]

Output: Folic acid/leucovorin


Input: CO poisoning [colloid]

Output: hyperbaric oxygen


Input: true antidote [colloid]

Output: heavy metal chelator


Input: binds digoxin, inhibits associate with cardia receptors [colloid]

Output: anti digoxin antibody


Input: naloxone [colloid]

Output: reverses efects of opiates


Input: N acetylcystein [colloid]

Output: acetominohen antidote


Input: ethanol [colloid]

Output: methanol or ethylene glycol


Input: 4 methylpyraole [colloid]

Output: alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor


Input: pralidoxime [colloid]

Output: organophosphate pesticeide


Input: flumazenil [colloid]

Output: benzodiazapine OD


Input: Atoms

Output: Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. Surrounded by electrons.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Molecules

Output: Union of two or more atoms of the same elementThe smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compoundExample: O2


Input: Cells

Output: Structional and functional unit of an organism.The smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.


Input: Tissues

Output: Group of similar cells that perform a common function.


Input: Organs

Output: Combination of two or more different tissues performing a common function.


Input: Organ Systems

Output: Group of related organs working together.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Organism

Output: Individual living thing.


Input: Biology

Output: Scientific study of life.


Input: Motile

Output: Capable of moving.In humans, the movement of organs like the stomach.


Input: Order of theClassification of Living Things

Output: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Domains

Output: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya


Input: Domain

Output: Largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species.


Input: Kingdoms within Domain Eukarya

Output: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Phylum" is between which classification strata?"

Output: Kingdom and Class.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: How many classification strata is Class" away from "Domain"?"

Output: Two:Domain, Phylum, Class

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: In what position is Order" from the top of the Classification of Living Things?"

Output: Five.Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Which classification strata come AFTER Family"?"

Output: Species, Genus, Family

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Genus

Output: Species that share very similar characteristics.


Input: Species

Output: Group of similarly constructed organisms.Capable of interbreeding.Organisms that share a common gene pool.


Input: Classification of Humans:Domain Eukarya

Output: Cells with nuclei.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Kingdom Animala

Output: Multicellular, motile, ingestion of food.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Phylum Chordata

Output: Dosal supporting rod and nerve cord.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Class Mammalia

Output: Hair, mammary glands.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Order Primates

Output: Adapted to climb trees.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Family Hominidae

Output: Adapted to walk erect.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Genus Homo

Output: Large brain, tool use.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Classification of Humans:Species Homo sapiens

Output: Body proportions of modern humans.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Taxonomy

Output: Assignment of binomial names to each species.


Input: Taxonomy Formatting

Output: Always consists of Genus, then SpeciesBoth in italics.Only Genus is capitalizedGenus can be shortened to first inital when paired with species.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Characteristics of Life (seven)

Output: Living things are organizedLiving things acquire materials and energyLiving things reproduceLiving things respond to stimuliLiving things are homeostaticLiving things grow and developLiving things have the capacity to adapt

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Steps of the Scientific Method

Output: Observation > Hypothesis > Experiment/Observations > Conclusion>Hypothesis>Scientific Theory

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Observations

Output: Data are collected before a conclusion is drawn.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Hypothesis

Output: Guess formulated after making observations.


Input: Experimental Design

Output: A test that controls the conditions under which experimental observations are made.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Experimental Variable

Output: A treatment that is varied in an experiment to test a hypothesis.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Response Variable

Output: Result or change that occurs due to the exerimental variable.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Inductive Reasoning

Output: Using specific observations and the process of logic and reasoning to arrive at a hypothesis.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Deductive Reasoning

Output: Process of logic and reasoning using if...then" statements."

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Data should be...

Output: Data should be observable and objective.Data should not be subjective or based on opinion.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: How is mathematical data often presented?

Output: Statistics are often presented in graphs or tables.

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Conclusion

Output: Statement made following an experiment as to whether the results support the hypothesis.


Input: Populations

Output: All the members of a single species that occur in a particular area.


Input: Community

Output: Populations interact with each other within a community.


Input: Ecosystem

Output: Populations interact together to form a community, which interacts with the environment to form an ecosystem.


Input: Characteristics of Ecosystems

Output: Chemical cyclingEnergy flow

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Domain Archea(three points)

Output: Unicellular organisms No membrane-bounded nucleusReproduce asexually

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Domain Eukarya(3 points)

Output: Uni- to multicellular organismsMembrane bounded nucleusSexual reproduction is common

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Autotrophic

Output: An organism that can capture energy and synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.


Input: Heterotrophic

Output: Organism that cannot synthesize organic molecules. Must take in organic nutrients (food).

Inquiry into Life - Chapter 1, The Study of Life Flashcards - Cram.com

Atoms, Molecules, DNA Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms


Input: Prokaryote

Output: Lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Cell type in domains Bacteria and Archea.


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Integumentary System function [dermis & epidermis]

Output: regulate body temperature sense organ protective shield


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Skeletal System divisions [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Axial & Appendicular


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Skeletal System functions [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Framework Produce blood cells


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Muscle types [dermis & epidermis]

Output: smooth cardiac skeletal


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Muscular system function [dermis & epidermis]

Output: movment


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Digestive System function [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Break down food


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Digestive System path [dermis & epidermis]

Output: mouth esophagus stomach intestines anus


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Endocrine System function [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Produce hormones Control growth & other time taking functions


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Nervous System functions [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Transmit signals sense of touch


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Nervous System divisions [dermis & epidermis]

Output: CNS & PNS


Input: [Integumentary System parts] CNS stands for [dermis & epidermis]

Output: central nervous system


Input: [Integumentary System parts] PNS stands for [dermis & epidermis]

Output: peripheral nervous system


Input: [Integumentary System parts] functional unit of the Nervous System [dermis & epidermis]

Output: neuron


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Respiratory System function [dermis & epidermis]

Output: exchange gases


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Circulatory System functions [dermis & epidermis]

Output: Transport: nutrients, O, CO(2)


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Function of the Urinary System [dermis & epidermis]

Output: filter blood remove waste


Input: [Integumentary System parts] functional unit of the Kidney [dermis & epidermis]

Output: nephron


Input: [Integumentary System parts] Function of the Reproductive System [dermis & epidermis]

Output: create gametes reproduce


Input: The study of the numerical relationship between chemical quantities in a chemical reaction [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: stoichiometry.


Input: the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: Limiting reactant


Input: the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: Theoretical yield


Input: the amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: actual yield


Input: the sign of the enthalpy change is negative when: – Thermal energy is produced by the reaction. – The surroundings get hotter. – Ex: For the reaction CH4(s) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l), the ΔHrxn = −802.3 kJ per mol of CH4. [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: exothermic reactions


Input: the sign of the enthalpy change is positive when: – Thermal energy is absorbed by the reaction. – The surroundings get colder. – Ex: For the reaction N2(s) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g), the ΔHrxn = +182.6 kJ per mol of N2. [Mendeleev's periodic law]

Output: endothermic reactions


Input: Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.

Output: The coronary arteries arise for the?

The nurse who is caring for a patient with pericarditis understands that there is inflammation involving the?


Input: Sinoatrial node.

Output: The pacemaker for the entire myocardium is the?

The nurse who is caring for a patient with pericarditis understands that there is inflammation involving the?


Input: Fewer than 40 beats per min.

Output: The intrinsic pace maker rate of ventricular myocardial cells is?

The nurse who is caring for a patient with pericarditis understands that there is inflammation involving the?


Input: Lopressor

Output: An example of a beta blocker that is administered to decrease automaticity is?

The nurse who is caring for a patient with pericarditis understands that there is inflammation involving the?


Input: c

Output: So that blood may flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which of the following conditions is not required? a. the atriventricular valves must be closed. b. the pulmonic valve must be open. c. Right ventricular pressure muct be less than pulmonany arterial pressure. d. right ventricular pressure must rise with systole.


Input: d

Output: Heart rate is stimulated by all of the following except: a. excess thyroid hormone. b. increased levels of circulating catecholamines. c. they sympathetic nervous system. d. The vagus nerve.


Input: An American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion. [public opinion]

Output: George Gallup

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations (beliefs and values). [public opinion]

Output: political socialization

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals. [public opinion]

Output: political ideology

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support. [public opinion]

Output: tracking polls

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Poll conducted at selected polling places on Election Day. [public opinion]

Output: exit poll

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll [public opinion]

Output: sampling error

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Sampling error Limited respondent options Lack of information Failure to measure intensity [public opinion]

Output: What are the shortcomings of polls?

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Paul Revere's Engraving of the Boston Massacre Thomas Paine's Common Sense, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison's Federalist Papers, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, U.S. Government propaganda during World War I, Embedding of reporters with U.S. troops during Iraq War [public opinion]

Output: What have been some historical examples of attempts to influence public opinion in America?

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Family, school, peers, media, religion, race/ethnicity, gender, age, region, and impact of events. [public opinion]

Output: What factors influence political socialization?

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Poll taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate. [public opinion]

Output: push poll

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Survey that can measure name recognition, ad effectiveness, public perception of candidates, and public opinion of issues [public opinion]

Output: poll

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A group of office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who identify with a group label and seek to elect to public office individuals who run under that label. [public opinion]

Output: political party

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Members of a political party who hold elected office. [public opinion]

Output: Governmental party

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Members of a political party who work directly for the political party. [public opinion]

Output: Organizational party

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: People who identified themselves as members of a political party and vote in primaries and general elections. [public opinion]

Output: Party in the electorate

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A political science theory that assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives; seeks to explain the actions of voters and politicians Voters want to maximize the chance that policies they favor will be adopted by government Parties want to win office Successful political parties rarely stray from the midpoint public opinion; centrist parties with many similarities [public opinion]

Output: Rational Choice Theory

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Institutions that connect people to the government; Elections, Political Parties, Media, and Interest Groups [public opinion]

Output: linkage institution

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Linkage institution Mobilize support for a candidate or issue Create stability and moderation in government Create unity and accountability in government Create national party platform - government's agenda [public opinion]

Output: What are the functions of a political party?

GMHS APGOPOL Political Behavior Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Quadriceps femoris and sartorius

Output: Which muscles lie in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius

Output: The quadriceps femoris is a composite of which 4 muscles?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: ASIS and femur

Output: Where is the origin of the quadriceps femoris?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: The quadriceps tendon inserts onto the patella, then continues as the patellar ligament which inserts onto the tibial tuberosity.

Output: Where is the insertion of the quadriceps femoris?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Extension of the leg Rectus femoris acting alone also flexes the thigh at the hip joint

Output: What is the function of the quadriceps femoris muscles?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Femoral nerve

Output: What is the innervation of the quadriceps femoris?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: ASIS

Output: Where is the origin of the sartorius?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Medial tibia

Output: Where is the insertion of the sartorius?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Adductor group (longus, brevis, magnus) Gracilis Pectineus

Output: Which muscles lie in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint

Output: What is the role of the muscles of the medial compartment?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Hamstrings

Output: Which muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?


Input: 1) Biceps femoris 2) Semitendinosus 3) Semimebranous

Output: Which three muscles make up the hamstrings?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Flexion of the leg at the knee joint.

Output: What is the function of the hamstrings?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: Tibial nerve

Output: What is the innervation of the hamstrings?

A & P - Musculoskeletal System - Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Supply of the Lower Limb Flashcards - Cram.com

Deep fascia separates the muscles of the thigh into which three compartments?


Input: [upright] Gastrointestinal disturbances

Output: The most likley symptom of folic acid deficency is

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] Vitamin C

Output: Which vitamin is lost in cooking.

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] irrability/anxiety

Output: What is the first sign of too much potassium

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] erythropoesis

Output: Chronically low oxygen levels delivered to the kidneys will cause an increase in.

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] hyponatremia and hypokalemia

Output: Prolonged NG suction will cause

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] check for residual

Output: When preparing to administer a gastroostomy feeding you should first.

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] lubricating the intestine

Output: An oil retention enema facilitates defecation by.

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] Bradycardia

Output: It is most important when digitally removing an fecal impaction is that vagal stimulation may cause a. tachycardia b. bradycardia

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] Excerting a dilutional effect

Output: Increasing fluids in a patient with hypercalcemia will help decrease calcium levels by

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] Oranges and broccoli vegtables

Output: Which foods would supply the most vitamin C. a. oranges and apricots b. oranges and yellow vegtables. c. grapfruit and green leafy d. oranges and broccoli vegatables

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] indigestion and constipation

Output: The most common side effect of iron is

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [upright] Avacodo

Output: Which fruit has the most potassium. a. oranges b.tomato c. avacado d. apricot

Nursing Concepts 2 Flashcards - Cram.com

you should hold an infant in what position to assess anterior fontanelle. a. supine b. prone c. upright d. cradled securly in the nurses arms


Input: [Medullary ray] renal lobule

Output: The ____ consists of a collecting tubue duct and al the nephrons that it drain.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] renal corpuscle

Output: The ____ is the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] podocyte (phagocytoic), basal lamina, pedicels (2 form filtration slit)

Output: The glomerulus has a fenestrated endothelium covered by ____ which are the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule and have a common _____ for selective filtration, and extensions called _____.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] mesangial, extraglomerular mesangium (incudes lacis in pole)

Output: ____ cells in the kidney replace CT and are in cappilary loops or are specifically ____ when they are a pad.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] Macula densa, juxtaglomerular, lacis

Output: ____ sense [Na+], ____ sense BP and produce renin and ____ produce erythropoeitin.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] excretory unit (bowmans, PCT, loop henle, DCT)

Output: The metanephic mesoderm produces the ______.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] collecting (collecting tubule, collecting duct, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter)

Output: The ureteric bud or mesonephric duct produces the ___.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] wagners, WAGR syndrome, deny-drash syndrome, multicystic dysplasmic kidney, potter sequence, PCK

Output: ___ tumor is a WT1 mutation, ____ is the tumor with a chromosome 11 mutation, ___ includes intersex diorders, ____ is failure of development of nephrons, and ____ has decreaed amniotic fluid and lack of kindey, and ___ has numerous cysts.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] cloaca

Output: The bladder and urethra form from the ____.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] exstrophy of bladder, cloaca

Output: ___ is a ventral wall defect, and ____ is a more severe one.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] serous (minor salivary gland)

Output: The Von Ebner's glands are pure ____ secreting.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] filiform, circumvallate

Output: The ____ paillae is heavily keratanized and most abundant, the ___ papillae are the largest and work with the von ebners glands.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] minor

Output: ___ salivary glands are located in the lamina propria-submucosa, seromucous and are in the lips, cheeks, tongue soft palate, and floor of mouth.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] major, serous, mixed/serous, mixed/mucous

Output: ____ salivary glands are parotid, submandibular, and sublingual, they secrete ____,____, and ____, respectively.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] ameloblasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts

Output: ____ produce enamel, ___ produce dentin, and ____ produce cementum.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] submucousal esphoageal, cardiac

Output: The ___ and ___ glands secret mucouse in the esophagus, and are lymphatic tissue and located in the lamina propria, respectively.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] barrett

Output: In ___ 's esophagus stratified epithelium is replaced with columnar.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] Achlasia (muscularus externa)

Output: ____ is due to the degeneration of the Auerbachs plecus.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] gastrin (HCl), Somatostatin (inhibit gastrin)

Output: G cells produce ___ and D cells produce ___.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] HCl, IF

Output: Parietal cells produce ___ and ___, which binds Vit B12 for uptake in ileum.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] pepsinogen

Output: Chief cells secrete ____ which is a weak lipase.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] lysozyme

Output: Paneth cells produce ___

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] smooth muscle contraction (EC cells in small intestine)

Output: Seretonin stimulates ____.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] CCK, I

Output: ____ stimulates bile production and pancreatic enzyme secretion. (_ cells in small intestine).

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] Secretin, S

Output: ____ stiumulates pancreatic and biliary bicarb and water. (___ cells in small intestine).

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: [Medullary ray] Peyers, brunners

Output: ___ patches are lympn tissues, and ____ glands are alkanizing.

Semester II Mini I Histology review Flashcards - Cram.com

The ____ is a collecting duct and the tubules assoicated with it that extends from the medulla radially though cortex toward surface.


Input: used to decrease parasympathetic responses porduced by anesthetic drugs

Output: Anticholinergics


Input: Stimulation produces responses for fight or flight

Output: Sympathetic nervous sustem


Input: Space between nerve endings and receptor

Output: Synapse


Input: Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine Increased saliva and tear production Pupils contract heart rate slows decreased blood pressure bronchi constrict increased gastroingestinal motility and secretions

Output: Parasympathetic response


Input: Site stimulated to respond when it reveives neurotransmitter from nerve endind (on muscles, nerve, glands)

Output: Receptor


Input: Neurotransmitter = Norepinephrine decreased saliva and tear preoduction pupils dilate heart rate speeds up increased blood pressure bronchi dilate decreased motility and secretions

Output: Sympathetic responses


Input: Chemical that is released from nerve ending and travels across synbapse, stimulating receptor

Output: neurotransmitter


Input: Stimulation produces responses for all ik relax situations (calming effects)

Output: Parasympathetic nervous sustem


Input: cheap onset 20 min - sq 10-15 min IM (more vasculature) duration 60 min after SQ reduces tear secteation avoid in animals with rapid heart rates - fat dogs and thin cats produces thick mucous airwau sectetions (cats and neonates) produces GI activity (ileus in equines and bovines) Crosses placental barrier (avoid in C-sections signs of everdose tachycardia, peripheral casodilation (red as a beet) dru mucous membranes/thirst (dry as a bone) Hyperthermia (hot as a pistol) Excitement, dilated pupils (mad as a hatter)

Output: Atropine: derived from deadly nightshade plant


Input: Longer duration (2-3 hrs_ milder effects does not cross placental barrier (use more)

Output: Glycopyrrolate: effects similar to atropine; costs more


Input: uses: calming effect smooth induction and recovery, reduce the amount of general anesthetic required, prevent excitatory effects of some aneshtetics in some species

Output: Sedatives/Tranquilizers


Input: most commonly used preanesthetic sedative in veterinary medicine- advantages - not controled sedation lasting 2-8 hrs Im antiemetic antiarrythmic - protects heart against epinephrine precautions - no analgesic effect, prolapse of third eyelid vasodilation - avoid in hypotensice patient admin: IM< SQ< oral, IV with caution - onset 15 min IM

Output: Phenothaizines- Ace[romazine


Input: used in combination with induction agents adv: mild calming effect, ecellent muscle relaxation, prevent sezures, minimal cardiac and respiratory depression precautions; may cause excitement when used alone

Output: Benzodiazepines


Input: [1] A budget is a quantitative statement, usually in monetary terms, of the plans and expectations of a defined area over a specified period of time. [2]

Output: Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Budgeting provides a foundationfor managing and evaluating financial performance. [2]

Output: Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The budget's purpose is to allow management to project action plans and their economic impact on the future so that objectives of the organization are coordinated and met. It also helps ensure that resources necessary to achieve these objectives are available at the appropriate time and that operations are carried out within the resources available. It increases the awareness of costs and also helps employees understand the relationship among goals, expenses, and revenues. As a result, employees are committed to the goals and objectives of the organization, and various departments are able to coordinate activities and collaborate to achieve the organization's objectives. [2]

Output: Budget Purpose

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Budgeting is the process of planning and controlling future operations by comparing actual results with planned expectations. Planning first involves reviewing established goals and abjectives of both nursing and the organization. Goals and objectives help identify the organization's priorities and direct the organization's efforts. [2]

Output: Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Management often use the past as the common starting point for projecting the future, but in todays volatile payment environment, the past may be poor predictor of the future. This is one of the major drawbacks of the budgeting process. In a rapidly changing industry, basing budgets on historical data often requires readjustment during the actual budget period. [2]

Output: Budget-projecting the future using past information

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Controlling is the process of comparing actual results projected in the budget. Two techniques for controlling budgetary performance are VARIANCE ANALYSIS and POSITION CONTROL. By measuring the difference between the projected and the actual results, management is bettwer able to make modifications and corrections. Thus, controlling is dependent on planning. [2]

Output: Controlling

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Budgets may be developed in various formats depending on how the department is viewed by administration. They may be considered: 1. COST CENTERS-managers are responsible for predicting, documenting, and managing costs (staffing, supplies) of the department. 2. REVENUE CENTERS-managers are responsible for generating revenues (patient volumes) 3. PROFIT CENTERS-managers are responsible for generating revenues and managing costs so that the department shows a profit (revenues exceed cost) 4. INVESTMENT CENTERS- managers are responsible for generating revenues and managing costs and capital equipment (assets) -How the unit is considered is crucial in determing the manager's approach to budgeting. [2]

Output: Approaches to Budgeting

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] With an INCREMENTAL or LINE-BY-LINE, budget, the finance department distrubutes a budget worksheet listing each expense item or category on a seperate expense line. The expense line is usually divided into salary and non-salary items. [2]

Output: Incremental Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The advantage of the line-by-line budget method is its simplicity of preparation. The disadvatage of this method is that it discourages cost efficiency. To avoid budget cuts for the next year, an astute manager learns to spend the entire budget amount established for the current year, because this amount becomes the base for the next year. [2]

Output: Line-by-Line Budgeting

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The Zero-Based budget approach assumes the base for projecting next year's budget is zero. Managers are required to justify all activities and programs as if they were being initiated for the first time. Regardless of the level of expenditure for the new year must be justified under the current environment and its fit with the organization's objectives. Because zero-based budgeting is time consuming, organizations may not use this process every year. An adaptation of the zero-based budget is to start the budget with lower base, for example, 80 percent of the current expenses. Managers then have to justify any budgetary expenses requested above the 80 percent base. [2]

Output: Zero-Based Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Budgets can also be categorized as fixed or variable. Budgets are considered FIXED BUDGETS when the budgeted amounts are set without regard to changes that may occur during the year, such as patient volume or program activities, that have an impact on the cost assumptions originally used for the coming year. [2]

Output: Fixed Budgets

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] VARIABLE BUDGETS are developed with the understanding that adjustments to the budget may be made during the year based on changes in revenues, patient census, utilization of supplies and other expenses. [2]

Output: Variable Budgets

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The OPERATING BUDGET also known as the annual budget is the organization's statement of expected revenues and expenses for the coming year. The operating budget can be further broken down into smaller periods of time. [2]

Output: OPERATING BUDGET

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] THE FISCAL YEAR IS A SPECIFIED 12-MONTH PERIOD DURING WHICH THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE ORGANIZATION IS MEASURED [2]

Output: FISCAL YEAR

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The REVENUE BUDGET represents the patient care income expected for the budget period. most commonly health care payers pay a predetermined rate based on discounts or allowances. In many cases, actual payments generated by a given service or procedure will not equal the charges that appear on the patient bill. Instead of the health care provider will be reimbursed based on a variety of methods. [2]

Output: Revenue Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Revenue projections for the next year are based on the volume and mix of patients, rates and discounts that will prevail during the budget period. Projections are developed from historical volume data, impact of new or modified clinical programs, shifts from inpatient to outpatient procedures, and other influences. [2]

Output: Revenue Projections

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The EXPENSE BUDGET consists of salary and nonsalary items. Expenses should reflect patient care objectives and activity parameters established for the nursing unit. The expense budget should be comprehensive and thorough; it should also take into consideration all available information regarding the next year's expectations. [2]

Output: Expense Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] In health care organizations nursing units are typically considered cost centers. A cost centers is described as the smallest area of activity within an organizationfor which costs ar accumulated. They can be revenue producing (lab) or non-revenue producing (environmental services). [2]

Output: Cost Centers

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A profit is the deifference between revenues and expenses. [2]

Output: Profit

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Costs are commonly classified as fixed or variable. Fixed costs are costs that will remain the same for the budget period regardless of the activity level of the organization, such as rental payments and insurance premiums. Variable costs depend on and change in direct proportion to patient volume and patient acuity, such as patient care supply expenses. [2]

Output: Classifications of Costs

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Direct costs are expenses that directly affect patient care. Example: salaries for nursing personnel that provide hands-on patient care are considered direct costs. [2]

Output: Expenditures Direct costs

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Indirect costs are expenditures that are necessary but dont affect patient care directly. Example: dietary and housekeeping [2]

Output: Expenditures Indirect Costs

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Projects the salary costs that will be paid and charged to the cost center in the budget period. Managing the salary budget is directly related to the manager's ability to supervise and lead the staff. [2]

Output: Salary budget also known as Personnel Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Paid time, such as vacation, holidays, and sick days for which there is no work output. [2]

Output: Benifit Time

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The capital budget is an important component oftthe plan to meet the organization's long-term goals. This budget identifies physical renovations, new construction, and new or replacement equipment planned within the budget period. [2]

Output: Capital Budget

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The difference between the amount that was budgeted for a specific cost and the actual cost. [2]

Output: Variance

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Differnces in the budget as a result of increases or decreases in patient volume. [2]

Output: Volume Variances

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The differnce between budgeted and actual nursing care hours provided. [2]

Output: Efficiency Variance

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] The difference between budgeted and actual hourly rates paid. [2]

Output: Rate Variance

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] Deviation from the budget as a result of changes in patient volume, supply quantities or prices paid. [2]

Output: Nonsalary expenditure variance

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [1] A monotoring tool used to compare actual numbers of employees to the number of budgeted FTE's for the nursing unit. [2]

Output: Position Control

Nursing Management ch 12 Budgeting Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: inanimate objects. Sterilizing parts of the human body would call for such harsh treatment that it would be highly dangerous and impractical. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Sterilization is usually reserved for_________. Why is this?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: without microbial activity. in living tissues and blood. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Sepsis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a procedure to control growth and replication of microbes on living tissues [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Antisepsis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -Using rubbing alcohol on the skin before getting a shot -Using mouthwash after brushing to prevent microbial growth [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of an antiseptic technique

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a physical procedure used to kill vegetative cells on inanimate objects [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Disinfection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A chemical process used to reduce microbial activity to safe levels in non-clinical settings. Sanitizer, non-toxic to people [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Sanitation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lethal to microbes (fungicide, bactericide, sporicidal, etc) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define: -cide, -cidal

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: controls as long as the agent is present, but does not kill the bacteria (bacteriostatic, fungistatic) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define: -stais, -static

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: maintaining the pH balance of your pool [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of a -static technique

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -time (longer the disinfectant, the better chance of disinfection) -microbial load (how many) -spore formers -interfering matters -pH -heat [Define Sterilization]

Output: List 6 factors that affect the activity of antimicrobial agents or procedures

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -alteration of the cell wall (blocks synthesis and breaks surface down) -alteration of the cell membrane (utilizes its selective permeability and lowers surface tension) -disruption of synthetic process (denaturing-the property to disrupt the structure of a microbe) alteration of protein functioning- stops peptide bonds from forming and inhibits them from multiplying) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List 4 modes of action antimicrobial agents utilize

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: infected wounds, blood infection [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of sepsis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: cleansing the skin with iodine prior to surgery using sterile needles [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of asepsis

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antibacterial soap, chlorhexidine [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of an antiseptic

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 5% bleach, boiling water [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of disinfection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: dishwashing, laundering clothes [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of sanitation

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: autoclaving, ionizing radiation [Define Sterilization]

Output: Give an example of sterilization

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sterilization and incineration (direct exposure to heat) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List two methods of Dry Heat disinfection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 160 C or 320 F 2 hours [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the minimum require temperature for dry heat. For how many hours?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Boiling (disinfects) Pasteurization (does not sterilize) Intermittent (or fractional) Autoclaving (sterilizes) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the 4 methods of moist heat

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 100 C 30 minutes [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the min. required temp. for boiling (moist heat disinfection) and for how long you would need to boil a microbe in order to kill most pathogens.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: also called tyndalization. this technique requires a chamber to hold the materials in a boiling water bath, repeatedly, exposing the items to free flowing steam. 3 days, 30 minutes per day [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain intermittent (or fractional) sterilization and for how long must be applied to be effective in eliminating most pathogens?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid's flavor and food value. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain pasteurization

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 62 C/30 min (batch method) 72 C/15 sec (flash method) 82 C/3 sec [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the three temperatures/times required for pasteurization

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sterilization through the use of moist heat under pressure. but infective in sterilizing substances that repel moisture (oils, waxes, and powders) 121 C, 15 minutes, 15 psi [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain autoclaving. List the required temp, time, and pressure.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -retards activity of microbes but does not kill it -preservation (freezing -20 C and refrigeration 4 c) - does not sterilize [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the characteristics of cold disinfection

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: used to prepare liquids that cannot withstand heat. -removes microbes from air and liquid [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain filtration

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -HEPA air filters- used to provide a flow of sterile air to hospital rooms and sterile rooms - Milipore filters-liquids [Define Sterilization]

Output: 2 types of filters utilized in filtration

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 0.45um 0.22 um 0.02 um [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the three pore sizes used in filtration

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: useful for decontamination, preliminary cleaning *not useful for killing microbes [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is ultrasound used for, in terms of microbes?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -non-ionizing: excites atoms by raising them to a higher energy state leading to abnormal bonds ex. ultraviolet ionizing: ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causing ions to form . Ex. gamma, x-rays [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain the two types of radiation, and give examples of each.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bombardment with radiation *kills harmful substances in foods [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is irradiation?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: surface sterilization bc it does not penetrate, air disinfection, water purification. -germicidal lamp [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is non-ionizing radiation most widely used for? why? what is the source of uv radiation?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: ionizing [Define Sterilization]

Output: Which type of radiation disrupts the DNA sequence?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: used in sterilization of foods, medical supplies, packaged plastic devices and in bone and skin grafts deeply-penetrating [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is ionizing radiation most widely used for? Is it deep penetrating?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: energy content is inversely proportional to wavelength [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the fundamental principle of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bromine flourine chlorine iodine [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the 4 halogens

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: They are microbicidal and not just microbistastic, and sporicidial with longer exposure [Define Sterilization]

Output: Why are halogens the active ingredient in so many antimicrobial agents?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they oxidize and halogenate proteins (denaturing) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of halogens as a disinfectant?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: chlorine, hypochlorites, chloramines they are sanitizers and disinfectants, and are weakly sporicidial [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the three types of chlorines used in disinfection and their function.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: iodophors iodine tinctures [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the 2 types of iodines (halogen)

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: iodine + detergent betadine (antiseptic) and wescodyne (disinfectant) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are idiophors? List the two types of idophors. Which are antiseptics/disinfectants?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: antiseptic, 2-3% in alcohol [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain what a tincture does. What is its percentage?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: one or more aromatic carbon rings with added functional groups [Define Sterilization]

Output: Phenols consist of _______

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: membrane active agents causing lysis and disrupting transport not sporcidal [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are the functions of phenol and phenolics? sporicidal or non-sporicidal?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -triclosan: additive in microbial soaps -chlorophene: disinfectant -bisophenol: hexachlorophene- restricted for use against staph [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the three types of phenols and phenolics.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -effective on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria ("broad spectrum") -low toxicity and persists longer [Define Sterilization]

Output: Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic. List its characteristics.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hibiclens [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the compound of chlorhexidine that is used as a surgical scrub and a wound cleanser

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 70% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Ethanol and Propanol are most effective at what concentration?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -membrane-active agents, dissolving lipids and denaturing proteins -bacteriocidal and fungicial, NOT sporicidal [Define Sterilization]

Output: Characteristics of alcohols

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: hepatitis A polio [Define Sterilization]

Output: Alcohols do not inactivate some viruses. Name two in particular.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: long chain salts of fatty acids, some with microbial additives [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define soaps

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 3% 6-35% [Define Sterilization]

Output: Hydrogen peroxide is bacteriocidal at ____ and is sporicidal at _____

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a detergent with its active portion negatively charged. (so it attracts to + charges) not highly active sodium lauryl sulfate [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are anionic detergents? List an example.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: detergents whose active portion is positively charged (attracts neg. charged bacteria_ [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are cationic detergents?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Quats- antiseptic benzalkonium chloride Roccal- disinfectant that is wide spectrum but inactivated by organics [Define Sterilization]

Output: List two types of cationic detergents and their features

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: they react with functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids sporicidal [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are the roles of aldehydes? sporcidal or non?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sporicidal, corrosive, allergenic [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the properties of formaldehydes

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sporicidal in 3-10 hours Cidex and Sporicidin [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the properties of glutaraldehyde. Name two specifically used for clinical setting spores.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: slow acting, highly penetrable gas sporcidal [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is ethylene oxidine? sporicidal or non?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sterilization of complex equipment (as in surgical settings) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is ethylene oxidine used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: modification of proteins, precipitate proteins from fluids. [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of heavy metals?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: silver nitrate mercurials copper sulfate [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are the three given heavy metals?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a bacteriocidal, prophylactic use in eyes of newborns (now replace by erythromycin) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is silver nitrate used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -metaphen and merthiolate: most recently replaced by idophors -thimerisol: preservative in vaccines that is blamed for autism [Define Sterilization]

Output: Mercury is bacteriostatic. List the three types of mercurials and its uses

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an algicide (antimicrobial against algae) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is copper sulfate used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: denatures proteins lactic acid and acetic acid (vinegar) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of acids? Name two types.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: denature proteins sanitizers- lye and lime [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of alkalis? Name two types.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: oxidize hydrogen peroxide peracetic acid ozone (03) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the role of oxidizing agents? Name three types.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: gentian violet. used on fungi and gram POSITIVE bacteria [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the basic dye. What is it used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: acridine orange. used to alter nucleic acid synthesis. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the acidic dye. What is it used for?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: naturally-occurring they control microbes once they get inside of us [Define Sterilization]

Output: Antibotics are __________. How do they differ from disinfectants and antiseptics?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: modified antibotics increase spectrum of activity [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are semisynthetics? What do they do?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: man-made chemotheraputic agents [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are synthetics?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: refers to ALL antimicrobical drugs regardless of origin. [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are antimicrobics?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: treatment ex. trying to cure infection [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Therapeutic

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: prevention ex. being exposed to someone who has TB. Getting treatment to reduce risk of contraction. [Define Sterilization]

Output: Define Prophylaxis. Give an example of an prophylactic procedure.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -selective toxicity (they should be able to kill microbes but not damage host cells) -spectrum (broad vs. narrow) -solubility (should be soluble) -long half-life (bc overtime, effectiveness of drug diminishes) -non-allergenic [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the 4 desirable characteristics of antimicrobial drugs

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -cell wall synthesis (osmotic lysis since humans lack a cell wall) -protein synthesis inhibition (binds to prokaryotic ribosome) -Antimetabolites (competitive inhibitors) -Nucleic acid inhibition (inhibits replication and transcription. can not penetrate through eukaryotic nucleus) -membrane active agents (surface infections, toxic to humans, disrupt integrity of the cell) [Define Sterilization]

Output: List 5 mechanisms of action antimicrobial drugs utilize.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sulfonamides trimethoprim [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the two antimetabolites that garner a synergistic effect on bacteria

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: beta-lactam [Define Sterilization]

Output: Penicillins are distinguishable by their ___ _____ ring

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: narrow: gram positives and neisseria [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is the spectrum of general penicillins?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -penicillin V (oral and acid resistant) -penicillin G (potent) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the two forms of penicillin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -narrow spectrum -destroyed by pencilinase (beta-lactamase produced by bacteria) -allergenic Semisynthetic penicillins combat all these problems [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name limitations of penicillin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -alternatives to penicillin -cell wall synthesis inhibitors -broader spectrum -concentrate in urine [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain cephalosporons

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -inhibit protein synthesis -mostly broad spectrum [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain aminoglycosides

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: the large spectrum aminoglycoside gram negatives and mycobacterium (causes TB) [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is streptomyocin?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a topical aminoglycoside used in neosporin [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is neomyocin?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -otooxicity and nephrotoxicity -one step resistance [Define Sterilization]

Output: What are some limitations of aminoglycosides?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -protein synthesis inhibitor -reserved for severe infections (rock mountain syndrome, typhoid, meningitis) *can cross blood-brain barrier [Define Sterilization]

Output: Explain the effects of chloramphenicol

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -aplastic anemia (removes stem cells in bone marrow) -gray syndrome in children [Define Sterilization]

Output: List some side effects of chloramphenicol

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -inhibits protein synthesis -broad spectrum -used on rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and as acne treatment [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the characteristics of tetracycline

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -superinfections (clodistrum dificile and candida albicans) -tooth discoloration -sensitivity to sunlight [Define Sterilization]

Output: List some drawbacks of tetracycline

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -inhibits protein synthesis -erythromyocin [Define Sterilization]

Output: List the characterestics of macroclides

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: an infection acquired in the hospital [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is a nosocomial infection?

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: a cell wall synthesis inhibitor VRE VRSA [Define Sterilization]

Output: What is vancomycin? List two types of strains resistant to vancomyocin

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: --inhibits RNA synthesis used on Mycobacterium TB [Define Sterilization]

Output: What does rifampin do? Name one use.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: -competitive enzyme inhibitors (blocks synthesis of folic acid made by bacteria) -broad spectrum -trimethroprim [Define Sterilization]

Output: Sulfa drugs are man-made antimicrobics. What do they do? Are they broad spectrum or narrow? They can also be used with another drug for a synergistic effect. Name the drug.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Isoniazid (INH) [Define Sterilization]

Output: Name the drug lethal to growing TB, used as a prophylactic.

Microbiology: Unit 2 Test Flashcards - Cram.com