Input: subjective sensation of ventilatory insufficiency (shortness of breath)

Output: dyspnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: i. Decreased or absent breath sounds over affected area of lung ii. Hyper-resonant on percussion (over affected area) iii. Decreased tactile fremitus (over affected area) iv. Tracheal deviation (collapsed lung) v. Dyspnea and tachypnea vi. Tachycardia, cough, cyanosis

Output: What physical exam findings would you expect with the following?: Pneumothorax:

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: i. Increased tactile fremitus (say ‘99’): consolidation ii. Dullness to percussion over affected area (consolidation) iii. Rales (crackles) upon auscultation over affected area iv. Egophony (bleating like a goat: E to A changes) v. Whispered Pectoriloquy (whisper ‘1,2,3’ and louder over consolidation) vi. Bronchophony

Output: What physical exam findings would you expect with the following? Pneumonia

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: i. Decreased tactile fremitus (say ‘99’): effusion muffles sound ii. Dullness to percussion over affected area iii. Rales (crackles) upon auscultation over affected area iv. Diminished breath sounds on affected side; pleural friction rub v. Above effusion, where lung compressed, may have egophony

Output: What physical exam findings would you expect with the following? Pleural Effusion

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; asymmetry bilaterally in muscle, bone structure, breathing, etc

Output: Scoliosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback). Can cause breathing difficulties

Output: Kyphosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: accentuated lumbar spine curvature (the curvature has its convexity anteriorly)

Output: Lordosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: inward concavity of the chest; sunken chest; may displace the heart

Output: Pectus Excavatum

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: protrusion of the anterior chest wall. Dyspnea; decreased endurance; decreased lung compliance; progressive emphysema; increased frequency of respiratory tract infections

Output: Pectus Carinatum

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: asthma, foreign body occlusion, tumor, and COPD , emphysema

Output: What conditions would produce a prolongation of the expiratory phase on auscultation of the lungs?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Resonant – loud, low, and long

Output: quality of the percussion Normal Lung

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Hyperresonant – Very loud, very low, very long

Output: quality of the percussion Emphysematous

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What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Tympani – Loud, low, long

Output: quality of the percussion Stomach

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Dull – Medium intensity, pitch, and duration

Output: quality of the percussion Liver

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Same as liver – percuss to define

Output: quality of the percussion Heart

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Palpitations are extremely common and best defined as an intermittent "thumping," "pounding," or "fluttering" sensation in the chest. This sensation can be either intermittent or sustained, and either regular or irregular.

Output: Define Palpitations

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone due to reduced cerebral blood flow; associated with spontaneous recovery.

Output: Define Syncope

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Questions to ask about Chest Pain: onset, character, severity, exacerbation/relief Other questions to consider: dyspnea (in positions, during activity), history/risk of CAD, palpitations, syncope

Output: What physical findings would be helpful for differentiating cardiac and other forms of chest pain:

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: • not usually affected by taking a deep breath or pressing on the area of discomfort. • same regardless of body position • quality: “discomfort” and not pain…squeezing, tightness, pressure, fullness, band-like, knot, ache, heavy weight on chest, feels like bra is too tight • Levine sign: patient places a fist in center of chest • Exacerbated by physical exertion, emotional stress, exposure to cold, eating a meal… remits with rest

Output: Ischemia chest pain

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: • pain is felt only on the right or left side, and not in the center of the chest • able to point with a finger to one area of pain • If eating a meal / taking antacids relieves the pain, consider esophagus or stomach.

Output: Not ischemia chest pain

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: - S1- beginning of ventricular systole, closing of mitral/tricuspid valves - S2- end of ventricular systole, closing of aortic/pulmonary valves - S3- heard just after S2, “gallop” could be normal in children or active adults, or could be pathological representing ventricular dilatation, decreased systolic function, elevated ventricular diastolic filling. Could be the first indication of CHF - S4- heard just before S1, “presystolic gallop”, pathological, representing acute MI’s, coronary artery disease, hypertension, aortic/pulmonary stenosis, heard best at apex (L heart origin) or L lateral sternal border (R heart origin)

Output: Diagram the cardiac cycle and relate this to the following: heart sounds (S1, S2, S3, S4), electrocardiographic findings (P wave, QRS complex, PR interval, Q wave, QT interval).

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: o Contraction of the R atria (the grey a wave) causes the pressure in the atria to increase, increasing the pressure in the venous system which can be visualized as a pulse in the jugular veins (the a wave is smaller than the v wave, which is the one we look for, even tho they look the same size in this diagram) o When the AV valve opens, and blood flows into the ventricle and causes a rapid fall in atrial pressure and a fall in the jugular pulse, the peak of the jugular pulse is just before the valve opens and is the v-wave

Output: Relate the pulsations of the jugular vein to mechanical events in the right atrium (a and v waves).

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: 2 things regulate arterial blood pressure 1. Short term regulation involving the baroreceptors, and to a small extent the chemoreceptors. Consequently, anything that stimulates these neurohormonal reflexes – hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hemorrhage, anxiety, exercise, etc. will result in a compensatory increase or decrease in blood pressure. 2. Long term regulation involving the Kidneys : pressure – diuresis mechanism and the renin/ angiotensin/ aldosterone system .

Output: Factors that influence arterial and diastolic pressures

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Gravity, Thoracic Pump, Effects of Heartbeat, Muscle Pump, Venous Pressure in the Head, sympathetic nerves

Output: Factors that influence venous pressure

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: widely split S2 (P2 occurs later than A2, more than normally) -aortic stenosis: crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click (EC is right after S1). radiates to carotids.

Output: pulmonic stenosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: high-pitched "blowing" diastolic murmur.

Output: aortic regurgitation

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: "opening snap" right after S2 (forceful opening of mitral valve) followed by a rumbling murmur

Output: mitral stenosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: high pitched "blowing" murmur throughout systole, ie between S1 - S2.

Output: mitral regurgitation

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: mid-systolic click.

Output: mitral valve prolapse

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: S4 (late diastole sound, assoc. w/ increased ventricular filling pressure) is best description. but IHSS is variable, can have may dif sounds

Output: idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis:

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: sudden and severe dyspnea that wakes you up. (difs from orthopnea - takes longer to relieve and develop. it is not relieved immediately upon sitting up, and it doesn't occur immediately upon lying down)

Output: paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: dyspnea upon laying down, quickly relieved upon sitting upright

Output: orthopnea

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: frequent need to wake up and pee throughout the night

Output: nocturia

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Bright red blood in the stool, usually from the lower gastrointestinal tract (colon or rectum) or from hemorrhoids (FYI – internal hemorrhoids bleed, external thrombose courtesy of Goljan).

Output: Hematochezia

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Passage of black, tarry stools composed largely of blood that has been acted on by gastric juices, resulting from a hemorrhage along the upper GI tract.

Output: Melena

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: vomiting of blood, which may be obviously red (fresh) or have an appearance similar to coffee grounds (acted on by gastric juices)

Output: Hematemesis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae, and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (>1.5mg/dL). (icterus- jaundice of the sclera)

Output: JAUNDICE

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity; most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver disease. Special techniques to diagnose: fluid wave, shifting dullness, puddle sign. Fluid will shift to lowest point of abdomen. When lying on back- circle of tympany around naval area of dullness outside (see below).

Output: ASCITES

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Widened aorta and pulsatile mass by palpating the left of the midline of the abdomen.

Output: What physical findings would be seen with the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: the foreskin cannot be retracted from the head of the penis. (can be caused by inflammation of glans, tx: circumcise or steroid creams)

Output: Phimosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, and cannot be pulled back to its normal flaccid position covering the glans penis

Output: Paraphimosis

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Varicose veins of the spermatic cord (usually found on the left). It feels like a soft “bag of worms” separate from the testes, and slowly collapses as when the scrotum is elevated in the supine patient.

Output: Varicocele

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: The reflex arc is the smallest functional unit of the nervous system that consists of two or more neurons (afferent and efferent) and can react to a stimulus. It consists of a sensory neuron that carries a stimulus impulse to the spinal cord, where it connects with a motor neuron that carries the reflex impulse back to an appropriate muscle or gland.

Output: What are the components of the reflex arc?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Factors that can influence the briskness of a reflex include disease processes, alertness, anxiety, medications, etc… • Hyperreflexia can be caused by an Upper Motor Neuron lesion, bran tumor, brain trauma, stroke, blood clot or hemorrhage in brain tissue, MS, various infections, and HIV • Hyporeflexia is usually caused by a lower motor neuron deficit (at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle)

Output: What factors can influence the briskness of the reflex?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Spasticity, increase in tone in the extensor muscles (lower limbs) or flexor muscles (upper limbs). o Clasp-knife response where initial resistance to movement is followed by relaxation. o Weakness in the flexors (lower limbs) or extensors (upper limbs), but no muscle wasting. o Brisk tendon jerk reflexes. o Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is raised (extended) rather than curled downwards (flexed) upon appropriate stimulation of the sole of the foot. The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. o Increase Deep tendon reflex (DTR)

Output: What physical findings would be associated with an Upper Motor Neuron lesion

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Flaccid paralysis – paralysis accompanied by muscle loss o Fibrillations o Fasciculations o Hypotonia or atonia o Areflexia or hyporeflexia o The extensor Babinski reflex may be present. Muscle paresis/paralysis,

Output: What physical findings would be associated with a Lower Motor Neuron lesion?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished cerebral blood flow.

Output: Syncope

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: A grand mal seizure is defined as the sudden onset of tonic contraction of the muscles often associated with a cry or moan, and frequently resulting in a fall to the ground.

Output: Seizure

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: A spontaneous abnormal usually nonpainful sensation (e.g. burning, pricking); may be due to lesions of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Output: Paresthesia

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Clinical signs include impaired cognition; aphasia; agraphia; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Output: What physical findings would be present in a patient with a stroke in the following cerebrovascular accident in the following vessel: MCA

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: paraplegia, incontinence, abulia and aphasic symptoms, and frontal lobe personality changes... sensorimotor deficit of the opposite foot and leg.

Output: What physical findings would be present in a patient with a stroke in the following cerebrovascular accident in the following vessel: Anterior cerebral artery

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Pupillary abnormalities, oculomotor signs, and pseudobulbar manifestations (ie, facial weakness, dysphonia, dysarthria, dysphagia) are seen in more than 40% of patients. Signs of pontine ischemia include limb shaking, ataxia (usually associated with mild hemiparesis), facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and hearing loss.

Output: What physical findings would be present in a patient with a stroke in the following cerebrovascular accident in the following vessel: Basilar artery:

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Biceps Reflex: Spinal Level C5 and to a lesser extent Spinal Nerve C6 Brachioradialis Reflex: Spinal Level C6 Triceps Reflex: Spinal Level C7 (Test sensory and motor of C7 and C8) Patellar Reflex: Tests function of Femoral Nerve and Spinal cord segments L2-L4 Achilles Reflex: Tests function of S1-S2 and could indicate sciatic nerve pathology Babinski Reflex: Babinski’s sign can indicate upper motor neuron damage to the spinal cord, in the thoracic or lumbar region or brain disease, constituting damage to the corticospinal tract.

Output: What are the segmental levels for all major deep tendon reflexes?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of a synovial membrane. Joint tenderness is not as reliable or accurate as joint swelling in the assessment of synovitis. Visual inspection alone may be the simplest and most reliable technique for assessing synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.

Output: What is synovitis and what physical findings would be seen with this condition?

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: • Pain and paresthesia in the thumb, first two fingers, and the radial-half of the ring finger (the distribution of the median nerve). • Paresthesia and sensory deficits may involve the entire palm area in some cases due to variable nerve innervation. May radiate proximally into the forearm, and occasionally to the shoulder. • May have pain at night, get awakened by abnormal sensations; shake hand to return normal feeling. • Persistent/frequent flexion or extension or prolonged use may exacerbate sx • Longer duration of nerve entrapment  flattening of thenar eminencethumb weakness / motor incoordination  probs with pinch-grasping, writing, holding small utensils.

Output: Signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

FCP Physical Exam Knowledge Objectives Flashcards - Cram.com

What are the consequences of using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the patient’s arm?


Input: What is the "open fields" doctrine? [Yes]

Output: Areas outside the "curtilage" are subject to police entry and search b/c those areas are public, and therefore not subject to the 4th amendment

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: May police conduct a warrantless search incident to a lawful arrest? [Yes]

Output: Yes, may include a search of the person and areas which he might reach to obtain weapons or destroy evidence (eg glove compartment)

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Can Congress indirectly "regulate" activities that it could not regulate directly by imposing conditions on the grant of money to states? [Yes]

Output: Yes. It does NOT violate the 10th amendment.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When may a 3rd party beneficiary prevent parties from rescinding or modifying a contract? [Yes]

Output: When his rights have vested. 1) beneficiary manifests assent to the promise in a manner invited or requested by the parties; 2) brings suit to enforce the promise; or 3) materially changes position in justifiable reliance on the promise. Promissory estoppel is also a remedy where parties by agreement have determined when a 3rd party beneficiary's rights vest.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the shelter rule? [Yes]

Output: It allows a person who takes from a bona fide purchaser to prevail against any interest that the transferor-bona fide purchaser would have prevailed against, even if the transferee had actual knowledge of the prior unrecorded interest.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: How are mortgagees for value treated under recording statutes? [Yes]

Output: As purchasers.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the admission hearsay exception? [Yes]

Output: An admission is a statement by a party to the action offered by the opponent of the party. Admissions also include statements by a party's employees if made during and in the scope of the employment relationship.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Is the following admissible: D is arrested, and agrees to answer questions orally, but requests the presence of counsel before making any written statements? [Yes]

Output: Yes. At any time prior to or during interrogation, a suspect mya invoke a Miranda right to counsel. However, the request must be unambiguous and specific. The oral statements are admissible (but any written statements will not be).

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Do police violate D's Miranda rights if they lie to D's lawyer about their intent to question and fail to inform the D that the lawyer is attempting to see him? [Yes]

Output: No - as long as Miranda warnings have been given and adversary judicial proceedings have not commenced, voluntary statemetns are admissible.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Do taxpayers have standing to litigate their tax bills? [Yes]

Output: Yes - taxpayers do NOT have standing ONLY in cases where the taxpayer is litigating the way tax money is spent, rather than whether she owes a particular tax.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the 1st Amendment standard for content-based regulation of speech? [Yes]

Output: Strict scrutiny - Must be necessary to achieve a compelling government interest.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the measure of damages in a conversion action? [Yes]

Output: Fair market value of the chattel converted at the time and place of conversion, and the D is given title upon satisfaction of the judgment (eg forced sale of chattel).

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: What is the standard of review for alienage? [Yes]

Output: Strict scrutiny - Government must prove that it is necessary to achieve a compelling interest. Alienage-based classifications are subject to strict scrutiny unless the law is discriminating against alien participation in the functioning of government.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: A) Is a law requiring citizenship for all civil service positions valid? B) Is a law that requires a notary public to be a citizen valid? [Yes]

Output: A) No B) No - notary duties are essentially clerical - and have no direct effect on the functioning of government.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When can violation of a statute establish negligence per se? [Yes]

Output: 1) P is in the class intended to be protected by the statute 2) the Harm suffered is of the type that the statute was designed to prevent

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When might negligence per se be excused? [Yes]

Output: Where compliance with the statute was beyond D's control (eg unconsciousness).

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Will a court recognize reliance on adverse possession to prove marketable title? [Yes]

Output: Courts generally will not permit such reliance when proof of adverse possession rests only on oral evidence that will not e available to the buyer in the future.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: When does an election system violate teh Equal Protection Clause? [Yes]

Output: Generally, an at-large system presents no one person-one vote problem, because there are no electoral districts. However, where a system is established or maintained for the purose of supressing minority-racee voting power, it is unconstitutional.

BarBri Simulated MBE Flashcards Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] slides

Output: contains objects such as titles, items in a bulleted list, graphics, and charts

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] powerpoint presentation

Output: slides are presented with a computer and a projection device - can also be printed on transparencies, copied for handouts, or posted as a web page

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] bullets

Output: can be used to list key concepts

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] numbered list

Output: can present the steps in a process

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] tables/charts/graphics

Output: can simplify complex ideas and present numerical or statistical data creatively

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] panes

Output: work areas in powerpoint

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] normal view

Output: current slide is diplayed in the right pane, the slides and outline tabs are in the left pane

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] design template

Output: collection of professionally selected slide colour schemes, fonts, graphic accents, and background colours

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] title and text layouts

Output: present a list of bulleted or numbered points

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] text and content layout

Output: shows a variety of slide styles

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [Microsoft Powerpoint] slide show view

Output: shows how the slide will look to the audience

Practical Computer Literacy Chapter 13 Flashcards - Cram.com

creates visual backdrops for speeches and oral presentations - provides a set of tools to help you script, organize, and display a presentation


Input: [2] one who is sketpical of the existence of a god or any ultimate reality. Agnostics say we can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God; we simply have no way to know [1]

Output: agnostic


Input: [2] stir up; disturb. her fiery remarks agitated the already angry mob [1]

Output: agitate


Input: [2] nimbleness; The agility of the acrobat amazed and thrilled the audience [1]

Output: agility


Input: [2] horrified; dumbfounded. Miss Manners was aghoast at the crude behavior of the fraternity brothers at the annual toga party [1]

Output: aghast


Input: [2] attacker. Before you punish both boys for fighting, see whether you can determine which one was the aggressor [1]

Output: aggressor


Input: [2] gather; accumulate. Before the Wall Street scandals, dealers in so called junk bonds managed to aggregate great wealth in short periods of time. adj aggretation N [1]

Output: aggregate


Input: [2] increase or intensify; raise in power, wealth rank or honor. The history of the past quarter century illustrates how a President may aggrandize his power to act aggressively in international affairs wihtout considering the wises of Congress [1]

Output: aggrandize


Input: [2] collection; heap. It took weeks to assort the agglomeration of miscellaneous items she had collected on her trip [1]

Output: agglomeration


Input: [2] items of business at a meeting [1]

Output: agenda


Input: [2] openmouthed. She stared, agape, at the many strange animals in the zoo [1]

Output: agape


Input: [2] insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect. When Mrs. Poudlie was not seated beside te Archdeacon at the head table, she took it as a personal affront and refused to speak to her hosts for a week [1]

Output: affront


Input: [2] abundance; wealth. Foreigners are amazed y the affluence and luxuery of the American way of life [1]

Output: affluence


Input: [2] state of distress; cause of suffering. Even in the midst of her affliction, Elizabeht tried to keep up the spirits of those around her [1]

Output: affliction


Input: [2] attach or add on; fasten. First the registrar had to affix his signature to the liecense; then he had to affix his official seat [1]

Output: afflix


Input: [2] positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath. Despite Tom's affirmations of innocence, Aunt Polly still suspected he had eaten the pie [1]

Output: affirmation


Input: [2] joining; associating with. His affiliation with the political party was of short duration for he soon disagreed with his colleagues. [1]

Output: affiliation


Input: [2] written statement made under oath. The court refused to accept her statement unless she presented it in the form of an affidavit [1]

Output: affidavit


Input: [2] artificia; pretended; assumed in order to impress. His affected mannerism-his 'harvard ' accents his air of bordom, his use of obsecure foreign words bugged us; he acted as if he thought he was too good for his old high school friends. affectation N [1]

Output: affected


Input: [2] easily approchable; warmly friendly. Accustomed to cold, aloof supervisors, Nicky was amazed at how affable his new employer was. affability N [1]

Output: affable


Input: [2] artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful. The beatuy of Tiffany's stained glass apppealed to Alice's aesthetic sense. aesthete N [1]

Output: aesthetic


Input: [2] nest of large bird of prey (eagle, hawk) the mother eagle swooped down on the rabbit and bore it off to her aere high in the Rocky mountains [1]

Output: aegis


Input: [2] shield; defense. Under the aegis of the Bill of Rights, we enjoy our most treasured freedoms [1]

Output: eagis


Input: [2] urge; plead for. The abolitionsists advocated freedom for the slaves. [1]

Output: advocate


Input: [2] support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something. No threats could dissuade BIshop Desmond Tutu from his advocacy of the human rights of black south africans [1]

Output: advocacy


Input: [2] refer (to). Since you advert to this matter so frequently, you must regard it as important [1]

Output: advert


Input: [2] poverty; misfortune. We must larn to meet adversity gracefully [1]

Output: adversity


Input: [2] unfavorable; hostile. The recession had a highly adverse effect on Father's investment portfolio he lost so much money that he could no longer afford the butler and the upstairs maid [1]

Output: adverse


Input: [2] opponent; enmy. Batman struggled to save Gotham City from the machinations of his wicked adversary, the Joker [1]

Output: adversary


Input: [2] accidental;coincident, casual. She found this adventitious meeting with her friend extremely fortunate [1]

Output: adventitious


Input: [2] arrival. Most Americans were unaware of the advent of the NUclear Age until the news of HIroshima reached them [1]

Output: advent


Input: [2] make impure by adding inferior or tainted substances. It is a crime to adulterate foods without informing the buyer [1]

Output: adulterate


Input: [2] flattery; admiration. The rock star thrived on the adulation of his groupies and yes man. adulate v [1]

Output: adulation


Input: [2] skillfu;. Her adoit handling of the delicate situation pleased her employers [1]

Output: adroit


Input: [2] decorate; wall paintings and carved statues adorned the temple. adornment N [1]

Output: adorn


Input: [2] warn; reprove. When her courtiers questioned her religious beliefs, Mary Stuart admonished them, declaring that she would worship as she pleased [1]

Output: admonish


Input: [2] staff officer assisting the commander; assistant. Though Wellington delegated many tasks to his chief adjutant, Lord Fitzroy Somerset, Somerset was in no doubt as to who made all major decisions [1]

Output: adjutant


Input: [2] something (generally nonessential or inferior) added on or attached. Although i don't absolutely need a second computer, I plan to buy a laptop to serve as an adjunct to my desktop model [1]

Output: adjunct


Input: [2] adjoining; neighboring; close by. Philip's best friend Jason lived only four horuses down the block, near but not immediately adjacent [1]

Output: adjacent


Input: [2] supporter; follower. In the wake of the scandal, the senator's one time adherents quietly deserted him [1]

Output: adherent


Input: [2] stick fast. I will adhere to this opinion until proof that I am wrong is presented. adhesion n. adherence N [1]

Output: adhere


Input: [2] expert at. She was adept at the fine art of irritating people [1]

Output: adept


Input: [2] direct a speech to; deal with or discuss. Due to address the convetion in July, Brown planned to address the issue of low-income housing in his speech [1]

Output: address


Input: [2] muddle; drive crazy; become rotten. This idiotic plan is conusinng enough to addle anone. addled adj [1]

Output: addle


Input: [2] compulsive, habitual need. His addiction to drugs caused his friends much grief [1]

Output: addiction


Input: [2] addition; appendix to book. Hane's editior approved her new comparative literature text but thought it would be even better with an addendum on recent developments in literary criticism [1]

Output: addendum


Input: [2] alter; modify. Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment [1]

Output: adapt


Input: [2] hard; inflexxible. In this movie Bronson played the part of a revenge driven man, adamant in his determination to punish the criminals who destroyed his family [1]

Output: adament


Input: [2] wise saying; proverb. There is much truth in teh old adage about fools and their money [1]

Output: adage


Input: [2] quickly perceptive; keen; brief and sever. The acute young doctor realized immeidatley that theg radual deterioration of her patient's once acute hearing was due to a crhonic illness. not an acute one [1]

Output: acute


Input: [2] mental keenness. Her busines acumen helped her to succeed where others had failed [1]

Output: acumen


Input: [2] sharpness. In time his youhful acuity of vision failed him, and he needed glasses [1]

Output: acuity


Input: [2] motivate. I fail to understand what actuated you to reply to this letter so nastily [1]

Output: actuate


Input: [2] calculating, pertaining to insurance statistics. According to recent actuarial tables, life expectancy is greater today than it was a century ago [1]

Output: actuarial


Input: [2] fear of heights. A born salesman, he could convince someone with a bad case of acrophobia to sign up for a life membership in a sky-diving club [1]

Output: acrophobia


Input: [2] bitter in words or manner. The cadidate attacked his opponent in highly acrimonious terms. acrimony N [1]

Output: acrimonious


Input: [2] sharp; bitterly; pungent. The acrid odor of burnt gunpowder filled the room after the pistol had been fired [1]

Output: acrid


Input: [2] deliverance from a charge. His acquittal by the jury surprised those who had thought him guilty. acquit v [1]

Output: acquittal


Input: [2] assent; agree passively. Although she appeared to acquiesce to her employer's suggestion, I could tell she had reserations about the changes he wanted made. acquiescnece N acquiescent adj [1]

Output: acquiesce


Input: [2] science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in. Carnegie Hall is liked by music lovers because of its fine acoustics [1]

Output: acoustics


Input: [2] peak; pinnacle; highest point. Welles's success in Citizen Kane marked the acme of his career as an actor; never again did he achive such popular acclaim [1]

Output: acme


Input: [2] recognize; admit. [1]

Output: acknowledge


Input: [2] slightly sour. sharp; caustic. James was unpopular because of his sarcastic and acidulous remarks [1]

Output: acidulous


Input: [2] vinegary. The salad had an exceedingly acetic flavor [1]

Output: acetic


Input: [2] come about by addition. you must pay the interest that has accrued on your debt as well as the principal sum. accrual N [1]

Output: accrue


Input: [2] growth; increase. Over the years Bob put on weight; because of this accretion of flesh, he went from size M to size XL. accrete v [1]

Output: accretion


Input: [2] equip. The fisherman was accoutred with the best that the sporting goods store could supply. accoutrement n [1]

Output: accoutre


Input: [2] approach and speak first to a person. When the two young men accosted me, I was frightened because I thought they were going to attack me [1]

Output: accost


Input: [2] agreement. she was in complete accord with the verdict [1]

Output: accord


Input: [2] partner in crime. Because he had provided the criminal with the lethal weapon, he was arrested as an accomplice in the murder [1]

Output: accomplice


Input: [2] oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt [1]

Output: accommodate


Input: [2] sharp upslope of a hill. The car could not go up the acclivityin high gear [1]

Output: acclivity


Input: [2] adjust to climate or environment.;adapt.. One of the difficulties of our present air age is the need of travelers to acclimate themselves to their new and often strange enviornments [1]

Output: acclimate


Input: [2] applaud; announce with great approval. The sportscasters acclaimed every American victory in the Olympics and decried every American defea. acclamation. n [1]

Output: acclaim


Input: [2] additional object; useful but not essential thing. Seh bought an attractive handbag as an accessory for her dress. [1]

Output: accessory


Input: [2] easy to approach; obtainable [1]

Output: accessible


Input: [2] move faster [1]

Output: accelerate


Input: [2] agree. If I accede to this demand for black mail, I am afraid that I will be the victim of future demands [1]

Output: accede


Input: [2] related to a schoo; not practical or irectly useful. The dean's talk about reforming academic polices was only an academic discussion; we knew little, if naything would change [1]

Output: academic


Input: [2] enormous chasm; vast, bottomless pit. Darth vader seized the vil emperor and hurled him into the abyss [1]

Output: abyss


Input: [2] bottomless. His arrogance is exceeded only by his abysmal ignorance [1]

Output: abysmal


Input: [2] border upon; adjoin. Where our estates abut, we must build a fence [1]

Output: abut


Input: [2] coarsely insulting; physically harmful [1]

Output: abusive


Input: [2] obscure; profound; difficult to understand. Baffled by the abstruse philosophical texts assigned in class, Dave asked Lexy to explain Kant's Critique of Pure Reasons [1]

Output: abstruse


Input: [2] theoretica;; not conrete; nonrepresentational. To him, hunger was an abstract concept; he had never missed a meal [1]

Output: abstract


Input: [2] restraint from eating or drinking. The doctor recommended total abstinence from salted foods. abstain.v [1]

Output: abstinence


Input: [2] sparing in eating and drinking; temperate. Concerned whether her vegetarian son's abstemious diet provided him with sufficient protein, the worried mother pressed food on him [1]

Output: abstemious


Input: [2] refrain; withhold from participation. After considering the effect of alcohol on his athletci performance, he decided to abstain from drinkning while he trained for the race [1]

Output: abstain


Input: [2] pardon (an offense). The father confessor absolved him of his sins. absolution N [1]

Output: absolve


Input: [2] complete; totally unlimted; certain. Although the King o Siam was an absolute monarch, he did not want to behead his unfaithful wife without absolute evidence of her infidelity [1]

Output: absolute


Input: [2] depart secretly and hide. The teller who absconded with the bonds went uncaptured until someone recognized him from his photograph on America's most wanted [1]

Output: abscond


Input: [2] removal by cutting of, as in surgery; separation. Gas gangrene spreads so swiftly and is so potentially deadly that doctors advise abscission of the gangrenous tissue [1]

Output: abscission


Input: [2] abolish. The king intended to abrogate the decree issued by his predecessor [1]

Output: abrogate


Input: [2] condense or shorten. Because the publishers felt the public wanted a shorter version of War and Peace, they proceeded to abridge the novel [1]

Output: abridge


Input: [2] rubbing away; tending to grind down. Just as abrasive cleaning powders can wear away a shiny finish, abrasive remarks can wear away a listener's patience. abrade v [1]

Output: abrasive


Input: [2] unsuccessful; fruitless. Attacked by armed troops, te Chinese students had to abandon their abortive attempt to democratize Beijing peacefully. abort v [1]

Output: abortive


Input: [2] being the first of its kind in a region, primitive; native. Her studies of the pirmitive art forms of the aboriginal indians were widely reported in the scientific journals. aborigine n [1]

Output: aboriginal


Input: [2] loathe; hate. Moses scolded the idol worshippers in the tribe because he abominated the custom [1]

Output: abominate


Input: [2] cancel; put an end to. The prsident of the college refused to abolish the physical education requirement. abolishion n [1]

Output: abolish


Input: [2] renunciation; self-sacrifice. Though Rudolph and Duchess Flavia loved one anther, their love was doomed, for she had to wed the king; their act of abnegation was necessary to preserve the kingdom [1]

Output: abnegation


Input: [2] washing, HIs daily ablutions were accompanied by loud noises that he humorously labeled 'opera in the Bath' [1]

Output: ablution


Input: [2] renounce upon oath; disavow Pressure from university authorities caused the young scholar to abjure his heretical opinions. abjuration N [1]

Output: abjure


Input: [2] wretched; lacking pride. On the streets of NY the homeless live in abject poverty, huddling in doorways to find shelter from the wind [1]

Output: abject


Input: [2] detest; hate. She abhorred all forms of bigotry. abhorrence N [1]

Output: abhor


Input: [2] suspended action. The deal was held in abeyance until her arrival [1]

Output: abeyance


Input: [2] assist; usually in doing something wrong; encourage. she was unwiling to abet him in thes windle he had planned [1]

Output: abet


Input: [2] abnormality; departure from the norm; mental irregularity or disorder. It remains the consensus among investors on Wall Street that current high oil prices are a temporary aberration and that we shall soon see a return to cheap oil [1]

Output: aberration


Input: [2] abnormal or deviant. Given the aberrant nature of the data, we came to doubt the validity of the entire experiment [1]

Output: aberrant


Input: [2] renounce; give up. When Edward VIII abdicated the BRitish throne, he surprised the entire world [1]

Output: abdicate


Input: [2] shorten. Because we were running out of tiem, the lecturer had to abbreviate her speech [1]

Output: abbreviate


Input: [2] subside or moderate. Rather than leaving immediately, the waited for the storm to abate [1]

Output: abate


Input: [2] embarrass. He was not at all abasehed by her open admiration [1]

Output: abash


Input: [2] lower; degrade; humiliate. Anna expected to have to curtsy to the King of Siam; when told to cast herself down on the ground before hi, she refuse to abse herself. abasement N [1]

Output: abase


Input: [2] Describing word usually connected to a noun, add emphasis. [1]

Output: Adjectives

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repeating and playing upon the same letter. Adds emphasis and reinforces meaning, often used to create highly emotive language. [1]

Output: Alliteration

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A short account or story of an entertaining incident. Usually makes the reader sympathetic and receptive to the point. [1]

Output: Anecdote

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Words that create meaning beyond the litteral word. Suggests or influences the reader to respond in a certain way. [1]

Output: Association

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The writer attacks or praises an opponent or idea. This shows the writers contention and place the reader in agreement with the writer. [1]

Output: Attacks/Praise

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] One sidedness in presentation of view/opinion. Can subjectivly influence the reader by intentionly only presenting one side of the argument. [1]

Output: Bias

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Worn-out, over used expressions. Are farmiliar to the reader therefore can offer a shortcut to the meaning. [1]

Output: Cliches

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Words that are hightened, vivid, full of interest. Produce a picture and or an emotion which engages the reader by grabing their attention. [1]

Output: Colourful words and discriptive language

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Implied meanings of words, meanings or associations that words carry beyond their literal meanings. Through careful choice of words different effects are gained and different responses. [1]

Output: Connotations of words

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] When the reader plays on peoples emotions such as fears, insecurities, hopes and things that are valued. This can manipulate the reader to take notice of an issue by triggering an emotional response. [1]

Output: Emotional appeals

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The deliberate use of strong emotive words to play on readers' feelings. This evokes a strong emotional response in order to force agreement from the reader. Such strong language is used to manipulate the readers point of view. [1]

Output: Emotive Language

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Information, facts or statements used to support the writers point of view. Add weight to backup the readers point of view. [1]

Output: Evidence

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Overstatment, magnifying the importance. Exaggeration makes a point dramatic to reinforce it. It gains attention and can arouse strong or extream emotional response. [1]

Output: Exaggeration/Hyperbole

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A general statement that states that the case being discussed is true for a majority of people. This can appeal to our general sense of what is true and so sound authorative may pick up on prejudices in the reader and seem convincing. [1]

Output: Generalisation

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Includes the reader by assuming that we all agree or disagree. Engages the reader and may gain sympathy or persuade the reader to reject an idea or individual. [1]

Output: Inclusive Language

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Implied or intended meaning is different, often the opposite from the literal meaning. A powerful deviced that can be effective in humiliating the opponent, makes the point obviously. [1]

Output: Irony

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Words that re 'loaded' with associations. This is a shorthand way of belittling or discrediting someone by suggestng they are asociated with undesirable situations. [1]

Output: Loaded Language

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A comparison that describes one thing in terms of another. Can reinforce a point without mere repetition, can create intrest and engage reader. [1]

Output: Metaphor

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] A play on words to suggest a different meaning. Positions the reader to enjoy a hoke and grabs their attention. [1]

Output: Pun

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] The use of an argument developed step by step with reasoning and evidence to support each main point. Shows both viewpoints to help establish the strength of one side. [1]

Output: Reason and Logic

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repeated words, phrases,sentence patterns, ideas. Gives emphasis and prominence to a point, makes the reader remember this point. [1]

Output: Repitition

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Questions that have the answer embedded in them, often using irony. Powerful device to manipulate the reader to agree because assumes the answer is obvious. [1]

Output: Rhetorical Questions

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] To exagerate abd over-dramatise an issue or point so that it assumes great importance in the publics mind, often evidence in headlines. Grabs the readers attention can invoke a sense of outrage or provke an extreme response. [1]

Output: Sensationalise

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] One thing is likened to another using 'like' 'as... as' This clarifies and enhances an idea or situation. [1]

Output: Simile

English - persuasive techniques Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • Last resort if (imminent threat) dangerous to self or other • Must try all other less restrictive methods first • Immobilize one part of the body i.e. belt, strap etc. • “If you don’t let me go out to smoke I will hit you?”: Not sufficient cause • “If pt. has chair in air and trying to throw it at you.” Sufficient cause • Posturing position = imminent threat • Document behavior precisely. • Destruction of property alone, NOT sufficient grounds for putting patient in restratints. • Only o.k. if Pt. is exposing self or others to harm. [1]

Output: Restraints

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • Limit movement of person and prevent person from going out. [1]

Output: Seclusion

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] releasing a client who needs continued care [1]

Output: Abandonment

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] legal document that a competent individual may sign to convey wishes regarding future health care decisions. [1]

Output: Advance directives

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] behavioral expression of emotion. May be incongruent=inappropriate to situation or blunted/constricted (diminished) or flat (absence of emotional expression) [1]

Output: Affect

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • Violates pt. rights • RN given authority if Pt. should be in restraints • Need 1 hour to get Md order for restraints via phone. • Md has 24-hours to sign order • Should be 1 Md order for EVERY restraint episode (i.e. 3 restraints=3 Md order) for Behavioral restraints. • Medical restraints (good for 24 hours) • Must check adults (+ 18) 4 hours, teens 2 hours (9-18), children (< 9) 1 hour • If adult > four hours is still aggressive, needs another order. • No PRN orders for restraints. [1]

Output: Restrains and Seclusion

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult. [1]

Output: Agoraphobia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Restless urgent need for movement. EPS side effects associated with some kinds of antipsychotic meds. [1]

Output: Akathisia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • two fingers space • check nail beds • check color of skin • always supine • attach to bed frame/not rails • criss-cross leg straps/keep legs closed • within 1 hour- face to face assessment (clinician or Md) • closely observe 1:1 (q15m VS checks- first hour, then hourly) and document. • Document: Pt. still demonstrates agitation, continued need for restraints. • Release and reposition pt. q30m or longer for extremities. • Release 1 at a time. [1]

Output: Restraints checks

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Muscular weakness or loss of muscle movement. EPS side effects associated with some kinds of antipsychotic meds. [1]

Output: Akinesia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • Talk to patient > release: not a punishment, ask them why they were restrained? Try to prevent future incidence of restraint. [1]

Output: Debriefing for restraints

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] • Inability to communicate through speech, writing or signs caused by dysfunction of brain centers. [1]

Output: Aphasia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Inability to speak [1]

Output: Aphonia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] An act that results in a persons fear and apprehension that they will be touched w/o consent. Threatening. [1]

Output: Assault

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Physical harm [1]

Output: Battery

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] thoughts that occur rapidly. withouth rational analysis. [1]

Output: automatic thoughts

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Physical and Mental assessment, long process. [1]

Output: Admission in Psche ward

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repeating action of another person. Imitating movement. w/Loose ego boundaries. [1]

Output: Echopraxia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Parrot-like repetition (w/loose ego boundaries). i.e. "Hello" 'Hello" "How are you" "How are you?" "How are you" L=language. [1]

Output: Echolalia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] absneces of speech (in MedSurg=organic) but in Psych - may be due to forgotten language i.e. demential/Altzheimers. When you talk to them, they just stare at you. They have forgotten words. [1]

Output: Aphasia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] General feeling of well-being. Ex: you will be euphoric when you graduate RN school. [1]

Output: Euphoria

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mood higher than Euphoria. EX: pass NCLEX you will be elated. [1]

Output: Elation

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Frequent change in mood WITHOUT external stimuli. EX: pt. is crying then suddenl laughs for no apparent reason or external stimuli. [1]

Output: Labile

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] When expression doesn't match mood. EX: Sad but laughing. [1]

Output: Acongruent mood

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] false sensory perception not associated wtih real external stimuli. May involve 5 senses. Sight, sounds, touch, smell, taste. [1]

Output: Hallucination

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Blocking a sudden topic in a stream of thought.EX:Pt. is talking about rape incident and then stops and cannot remember. [1]

Output: Blocking

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Inability to talk (in MedSurg, physical) in Psych- refusal to speak. EX: Pt had heart surgery, really overwhelmed by event, Diagnosis: adjustment disorder w/major depression. Keep speaking to client. [1]

Output: Mutism

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Using short sentences. How are you? Fine. How is your day O.K. [1]

Output: Poverty of Speech

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Ideas are loosely connected. frequent change of topics withouth completing any topic but related. EX: I love my son. My son is as bright as the sun. Like the sunny oranges i California. The sunny place where tourist come to vist. Summer is a long way off. Summer break is fun. [1]

Output: Associated Looseness (flight of ideas)

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mixture of word not related EX: Fruit, airplace, table. NOT word salad-"Paper, pencil, pen" all r/t writing. [1]

Output: Word salad

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Mixture of words with same sound. Run-Fun-Sun-Bun. heaven-seven-eleven. [1]

Output: Clang association

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Use of phrases with same sound. "I went to heaven, I had 7, it became 11." "On the track, get a big mac..." [1]

Output: Rhyming

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Beating around the bush. use a lot of idea to convey one concept or message. (like breaking up with guy... Over the past few days, I have observed...). [1]

Output: Circumstantiality

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Use of ideas without arriving at a point. EX: Overuse ideas but never get message. "To all student, do what your mothers tell you, for the music of the world is the universal language and the peace of the human kind and to all of you- thank you." i.e. How are you today? very vague answer. [1]

Output: Tangentiality

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Inventing new words (not in dictionary). EX: a bracelet is a "wristlet." [1]

Output: Neologism

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repetition of incoherant words. Gibberish. Worwozerah...Worwozerah...Worwozerah... [1]

Output: Verbigeration

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repition of the SAME word or statement. Where is my purse? Where is my purse? Where is my purse? [1]

Output: Perserviration

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Giving very concrete answers but not appropriate w/literal translation. "Why were you brought here to hospital?" "The ambulance brought me here." A rolling stone gathers no moss - because it is always rolling vs. abstract thinking "If you keep moving, you will not stagnate." [1]

Output: Concrete thinking

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] False belief that cannot be corrected by reason. Cannot argue or explain b/c patient believes it. [1]

Output: Delusions

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Pt. believes "they are out to get me" about harm or ill intention. EX: pt. refuses to eat b/c believes food is poison. [1]

Output: Persecutory delusions

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Belief of power, greatness, possessions, importance. EX: I am Jesus Christ. [1]

Output: Grandious delusions

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Events in the environment are referred to patient. i.e. I made it rain today b/c I wanted to stay inside. Pt. states, "All people are talking about me." [1]

Output: Ideas of reference

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] belief that one is under the control of a powerful being. John Nash in A Beautiful Mind, believed he was under control of FBI w/device implanted in arm [1]

Output: Control of influence

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Belief of body part. My head is gone. I have a tumor- everything is negative. [1]

Output: Somatic delusion

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] belief of NON-existence. I have dissappeared. I have melted away, you cannot see me. [1]

Output: Neholistic

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Belief that an important or popular person is in love with a patient. "I had to leave the hospital b/c the doctor fell in love with me." [1]

Output: Erotomatic

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Repetive or recurrent idea always in your mind. [1]

Output: Obession

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] vs. delusional thinking. beyond reality. "I can make myself go to another place just by thinking about it." [1]

Output: Magical thinking

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Identify religion first. If behavior is appropriate to persons religion, NOT religiousity. i.e. moving head of bed toward sun part of religion. Making sign of cross in front of everyone and licking them IS religiousity. Blessing EVERYONE with holy water IS religiosity. [1]

Output: Religiousity

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Irrational fear [1]

Output: Phobia

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Hallucination - false perception (no external stimulus). Room is quiet, can hear baby crying. Illusion- misinterpreted of actual stimulus. Carpters tapping. Pt. thinks they are soliders w/machine guns. [1]

Output: Hallucination vs. Illusion

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] auditory [1]

Output: Most common hallluctions

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Personalization - r/t to person losing reality. EX: I am a rock, I cannot move. I am a robot. Realization - r/t environment.EX: the world is gone, we have all turned into ghosts. I cannot feel, I am numb, I am a statue. [1]

Output: Personalization vs. realization

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] x 4. Person, time, place, situation. [1]

Output: How to describe patient orientation

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] Making up stories. Inventing stories to fill up memory gaps. [1]

Output: Confabulation

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: [2] (is normal). If you ask them, they should be able to think abstractly. [1]

Output: Abstract thinking

Pscychiatric terminology Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Shows when halftone shadows fill in or if the print looks too dark. [Color]

Output: Dot Gain


Input: Is the word for faint areas, usually in solid blocks of color, caused by some parts of the image taking more than their fair share of ink, leaving other area deficient. [Color]

Output: Ghosting


Input: Is an uneven, blotchy application of ink, caused by a mismatch between ink and paper stock, or too much damping water on the blanket. [Color]

Output: Mottling


Input: A problem generally resulting from using an ink that’s too tacky for the paper it’s printed on. The ink actually pulls tiny pieces of the paper off the surface of the sheet. [Color]

Output: Picking


Input: Or offset, occurs when the wet image on a sheet of paper prints on to the paper above or below it in the pile, or later rubs off in a bound book. [Color]

Output: Set Off


Input: Is when a halftone start to fill in, and is caused by too much ink, or slippage from smooth paper. [Color]

Output: Slurring


Input: Is an enlarging of the image caused by too much ink, or too much pressure between blanket and plate. [Color]

Output: Spreading


Input: Is caused by a build-up of ink on the press rollers, or by particles from uncoated stock which adhere to the blanket and break up the image on the following sheets. [Color]

Output: Piling


Input: 1. Die-Cutting 2. Scoring 3. Embossing 4. Stamping 5. Laminating 6. Tipping 7. Laser Die-cutting [Color]

Output: Post Press Finishing Operation


Input: 1. Trimming: Head, Face, Foot (Tail) 2. Collating (Gathering) 3. Folding 4. Stitching 5. Pasting 6. Inserting 7. Cutting 8. Punching [Color]

Output: Post Press Bindery Operations


Input: Booklets, brochures, newsletters, pamphlets, direct mailers, magazines. [Color]

Output: Saddle Stitch Applications


Input: Fast, inexpensive [least expensive of all binding options]. Widely and readily available, Lays relatively flat. Accommodates special inserts Gatefolds and foldouts are possible. Can use a self or separate cover. [Color]

Output: Saddle Stitch Pros


Input: THEPROCESS 11 1 Signaturesarefoldedwithabindfold[afold in the paper,which allows a mechanical or suction device tofindthecenter]. Signatures are opened with suction cups or mechanical grippers. Longevity. Not recommended for pieces intended for heavy use. Lacks printable spine. Not possible to bind in a single leaf of paper. Thickness limitations. Documents thicker than 1/8 - 1⁄ 4 inch may re- quire another binding technique. May require special design adjustments for creep [Color]

Output: Saddle Stitch Cons


Input: One who (a) purchases the property for value (remits substantial pecuniary consideration), and (b) without notice that someone else got there first. Bargain deals count, as long as there is some consideration  Recording statutes don’t protect donee’s heirs/devises, unless the shelter rule applies.

Output: The Recording system Bona Fide Purchaser


Input: AIR Actual notice- second purchaser has literal knowledge of first purchasers existence. Inquiry notice- (constructive notice) whether second purchaser looks or not, second purchaser is on inquiry notice of whatever an examination of the estate would show. Buyer of real estate has a duty to inspect before title of transfer to see whether anyone else is in possession. If another is in possession, second purchaser has inquiry notice whether they inspected or not. (if they didn’t and another is in possession, they can no longer claim to be BFP). •If a recorded instrument makes reference to an unrecorded transaction, grantee is on inquiry notice of whatever a reasonable follow up would show. Record notice- (constructive notice). If first deed was recorded properly in the chain of title. (here, results may vary depending on whether it’s a race-notice jurisdiction). The first purchaser’s recording, puts later buyers on record notice, and will defeat BFP status

Output: The Reocording System Notice


Input: Notice- “interest in land shall not be valid against subsequent purchaser for value, without notice thereof, unless the conveyance is recorded.” Race-notice: …without notice thereof, whose conveyance is first recorded.

Output: The Recording System Example recording statutes


Input: A mortgage is the creation of security interest in land intended by the parties to be collateral for the repayment of a debt. Need: (1) a debt, and (2) a voluntary transfer of a security interest in debtors land to secure the debt. Typically must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds.

Output: Mortgage How to create a mortgage


Input: Where the specific property is collateral for the debt. Parole evidence is admissible to show the parties true intent. If a creditor sells it on, the buyer becomes the owner, the other owners only remedy is to sue for fraud and recover the proceeds of the sale. Also called deed, note, mortgage deed, sale leaseback, security interest in land.

Output: Mortgage: the equitable mortgage


Input: Unless and until foreclosure, debtor-mortgagor has title and right to possession. Creditor-mortgagee has a lien. All parties to a mortgage can transfer their interest •Mortgage automatically follows a properly transferred note. •Creditor-mortgagee can transfer his interest by: (1) endorsing the note and delivering to transferee, and (2) executing a separate document of assignment. oIf note endorsed and delivered the transferee is eligible to become a holder in due course. This means he takes the note free of any personal defenses that could be raised against original creditor. (lack of consideration, fraud in inducement, unconscionability, waiver, estoppel). Holder may foreclose the mortgage despite presence of any personal defense. The holder in due course is still subject to real defenses that the maker might raise. (Mad fifi4th)

Output: Mortgage Once created- what are the parties rights?


Input: Material Alteration Duress Fraud in the factum- a lie about the instrument. Incapacity Illegality Infancy Insolvency

Output: Mortgages real defenses for a holder in due course.


Input: oThe note must be negotiable, made payable to the named mortgagee oThe original note must be indorsed, signed by the named mortgagee oThe original note must be delivered to the transferee. A photocopy is not acceptable. oTransferee must take the note in good faith without notice of any illegality and oThe transferee must pay value for the note, meaning some amount that is more than nominal.

Output: Mortgages What is a holder in due course


Input: if buyer assumed the mortgage: owner and buyer personally liable. Buyery primarily owner secondarily. If Buyer takes subject to the mortgage: only onwer is perosnally liable, but if reocreded, the mortgage reamins on the land thus, if owner does not pay the mortgage may be foreclsosed.

Output: Mortgage who is personally liable if debtor-mortgagor sells property?


Input: Must foreclose by proper judicial proceeding. At foreclosure the land is sold. The sale proceeds go to satisfying the debt.  If the proceeds are less than the amount owed, bring deficiency action. If there is a surplus, junior liens paid off- in order of priority, then remainder to debtor. Each claimant being paid in full. Off the top: attorneys fees, expenses of foreclosure, any accrued interest in mortgages.

Output: foreclosure


Input: Foreclosure will terminate interests junior to the mortgage being foreclosed but will not affect senior interests. Once foreclosure of a superior claim has occurred, with the proceeds distributed appropriately, junior lienholders can no longer look to the property for satisfaction. Debtor-mortgagor is considered a necessary party and must be joined, particularly if they want a deficiency judgment. Failure to include a necessary party results in the preservation of that parties claim- their mortgage remains on the land. Foreclosure does not affect any interest senior to the mortgage being foreclosed.

Output: effect of foreclosure on interests


Input: As a creditor, you must record. If you don’t record you have no priority. Once recorded priority is determined by the norm of first in time first in right.

Output: foreclosure- priorities.


Input:  A mortgage given to secure a loan that enables the debtor to acquire the encumbered land.  Super priority – after acquired collateral clause. Gives security interest in all real estate, whether now owned or hereinafter acquired.  Subordination agreement: allowed by private agreement a senior creditor may agree to subordinate its priority to a junior creditor.

Output: purchase money mortgage


Input: Redemption in equity: recognized up to the date of sale. Any time prior to the foreclosure sale debtor has the right to redeem the land and free it of the mortgage. Once a valid foreclosure has taken place, right to equitable redemption is gone. Exercised by paying off the missed payment/payments and interest and costs. If the mortgage contains an acceleration clause: the full balance and accrued interest and costs must be paid to redeem. Debtor/mortgagor may not waive the right to redeem in the mortgage itself.

Output: foreclosure redemption


Input: **Not recognized in NY.**gives debtor-mortgagor a statutory right to redeem for some fixed period after the foreclosure sale has occurred. •After the sale. The amount to be paid is usually the foreclosure sale price, not the original debt. •Most states give the mortgagor the right to repossess during the statutory period. •When a mortgagor redeems, its nullifies the sale, is restored title.

Output: foreclosure statutory redemption


Input: o If land is improved by buildings an adjacent landowners excavation causes that improved the land to cave in, excavator will be liable only if he acted negligently. o Strict liability does not attach unless P can show that because of D’s actions, P’s improved land would have collapsed, even in its natural state.

Output: lateral support


Input: oRiparian doctrine: the water belongs to those who own the land bordering the water course. They are known as riparians, they share the right of reasonable use of the water. One riparian will be liable if their use unreasonably interferes with others use. oPrior Appropriation doctrine: the water belongs initially to the state, but the right to divert it and use it can be acquired by an individual, regardless of whether or not he happens to be a riparian owner. Rights are determined by priority of beneficial use. First in time, first in right. Any productive/beneficial use of the water (including agriculture) is sufficient to create the appropriation right. oGroundwater/percolating water: surface owner is entitled to make reasonable use of ground water, however the use must not be wasteful. oSurface water: (rain, springs, melting snow and have not yet reached a natural watercourse. Common enemy rule: A landowner may change drainage or make any other changes/improvements on his land to combat the flow of surface water. Many courts have modified the rule to prohibit unnecessary harm to others land.

Output: water rights


Input: o Right to be free from trespass and nuisance.  Trespass- invasion of land by physical objection. To remove a trespasser- bring an ejectment action.  Private nuisance- substantial and unreasonable interference with another use/enjoyment of land. Does not require tangible physical invasion (odors/noise sufficient).

Output: Possessors rights


Input: oGovernments 5th amendment power to take private property for public use in exchange for just compensation. oExplicit takings: acts of government condemnation. *Implicit/regulatory taking: governmental regulation that, although not intended to be a taking, has the same effect. oRemedy: government must either: compensate an owner for the taking or terminate the regulation and pay owner for damages that occurred while it was in effect.

Output: Eminent domain


Input: what is strategy as a plan

Output: plans are made in advance and developed consciously and purposely EX: Military, Game theory, management

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Strategy as plan

Output: A purposeful and conscious course of action (a set of guidelines for using means to achieve ends). - thought of in advance and purposeful

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Strategy as ploy

Output: A set of tactics used to outsmart rivals

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Strategy as pattern

Output: Consistency in a firm’s behavior or pattern in a stream of actions

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Strategy as position

Output: Creation of a unique and valuable position vis-a-vis rivals involving different set of activities.

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Strategy as perspective

Output: Ingrained way of perceiving the world; Organizational culture, ideology or “collective mind”

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Roles of Strategy

Output: 1) focuses effort by creating a unifying theme 2) Defines the organization by acting as a communication device 3) Provides consistency

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Differences in various definitions of strategy can be summarized as follows:

Output: Explicit vs. Implicit Intended vs. Emergent vs. Realized Business level vs. Corporate level Corporate Strategy: Where to compete? Business (competitive) strategy: How to compete?

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Competitive advantage

Output: Creation of superior value through the difference between 1) the market’s willingness to pay for a unit of output and 2) the firm’s cost for producing that unit of output

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is Superior Advantage and how do you create it?

Output: Superior refers to better than/greater than rivals 1) Increasing customers’ willingness to pay (product attractiveness) 2) Decreasing the firm’s unit cost 3) A combination of the two

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: The I/O Model Stages

Output: 1) Study the external environment, especially the industry environment: 2) Locate an attractive industry with a high potential for above-average returns. 3) Identify the strategy called for by the attractive industry to earn above-average returns 4) Develop or acquire assets and skills needed to implement a chosen strategy 5) Use the firm’s strengths (its developed or acquired assets and skills) to implement the strategy

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Assumptions of the I/O Model

Output: 1) External environment imposes constraints, must choose strategy that fits the environment 2) Industry firms have similar resources and pursue similar strategies 3) Resources used to implement strategies are highly mobile and transferable across firms 4) Managers are assumed to be rational actors; with complete information and unlimited information-processing ability

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Attractive Industry

Output: High entry barrier, low suppliers and buyer power, few threats from substitute products, moderate rivalry

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Porter: Strategy rests on unique activities

Output: Variety-based positioning -- based on the choice of product or service varieties rather than customer segments Needs-based positioning -- serving most or all of the needs of a particular group of customers e.g. Ikea Access-based positioning -- segmenting customers who are accessible in different ways • e.g. urban vs rural

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is Strategy according to Michael Porter (1996)?

Output: o Creating a fit between companies activities o Success depends on doing many things well, not just a few, and integrating them

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is the difference between strategic positioning and operational effectiveness?

Output: o Operational effectiveness -- performing similar activities better than rivals o Pushes productivity frontier outward, raising the bar for everyone, however no relative improvement for anyone o Strategic positioning -- performing different activities from rivals or similar activities in different ways

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why are trade-offs critical for Porters definition of Strategy?

Output: o Leads to image or reputation inconsistencies o Different activities require different product configurations, skills, employee behaviour, management systems, etc. o Limits on internal coordination and control • Organizational priorities become unclear

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: “Stuck in the Middle” argument

Output: Each strategy involves compromises Becoming neither the lowest cost nor the most differentiated firm. Differentiator cannot reduce the costs at the same level as cost leader without sacrificing their quality or image. Cost Leaders cannot achieve differentiation without increasing their costs According to Porter, firms that are “stuck in the middle” will be less profitable than rivals achieving generic strategy.

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: RBV Model

Output: Resource-Based View of Strategy that leads to superior returns Includes: Resources, Capabilities, competitive advantage, attractive industry, strategy formulation & implementation

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are and explain the aspects of RBV?

Output: 1. resources- strengths and weaknesses compared with competitors 2. capabilities—what it can do better than its competitors 3. competitive advantage- whats their potential 3. find an attractive industry and strategic position with in it 4. select a strategy that allows a firm to utilize its capabilities and opportunities

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the assumptions and propositions of the RBV model?

Output: Differences in firms performances are based on their unique resources and capabilities 1) Resources are not perfectly mobile across firms 2) Competitive advantages are sustainable 3) Superior profits exist when rivals cease their efforts to erode firms’ competitive advantages

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are resources?

Output: A firm’s assets that are inputs into a firm’s production process. they are Tangible resources (Financial, Physical, Technological) and Intangible resources (Human. innovation, reputation)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are capabilities?

Output: Capabilities (competences): firm’s capacity to deploy resources for developing superior products and services - learned, patterned, repetitious collective activity or simply a routine

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the properties of Core Competencies?

Output: VRIN: Value, Rarity, Inimitability, Nonsubstitutability

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Value

Output: Competences are valuable when they are relevant for developing superior products and services They are needed to compete in an industry

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Rarity

Output: Competences need to be scarce to contribute to a firm’s competitive advantage If a firm controls a competence that is controlled by a numerous competitors, then the competence is unlikely to be a source of competitive advantage


Input: What are the sources of sustainable competitive advantage?

Output: Inimitability: Competences need also be difficult to imitate Nonsubstitutability: Competences do not have strategic equivalence

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Why do rivals find difficult to imitate a focal firm’s competences?

Output: Four reasons: Time Compression Diseconomies Asset Mass Efficiencies Social Complexity Causal Ambiguity

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are some of the mechanisms for sustaining first mover advantages?

Output: 1. Brand Loyalty and Reputation 2. Learning Curve 3. Rival response lag: • time it takes for competitors to recognize, evaluate, and formulate a response • waiting times for specialized equipment • rivals are unwilling to let go of their existing profitable businesses. 4. Patents and Trade marks

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are some of the disadvantages of being the first mover?

Output: 1) Free-rider effects 2) First movers can quickly lose their advantage when commercialization is high, shifts in technologies are frequent and they are reluctant to self cannibalize

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is ACF and what are the types?

Output: AFC= Advantage-creating Frequency 1) Disruptive ACF- Technological innovation (discover radically new technologies) and Product innovation (frequently introduce new products ahead of rivals) 2) Incremental ACF: frequently improve and upgrade the value of their existing products and services.

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are some of the early mover advantages?

Output: - early movers can quickly respond through imitation - able to study customer reactions - avoid both mistakes and huge costs of first movers - can develop more efficient processes and technologies

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Economies of scope

Output: onomies of scope are cost advantages that result when firms provide a variety of products rather than specializing in the production or delivery of a single product or service. Economies of scope also exist if a firm can produce a given level of output of each product line more cheaply than a combination of separate firms, each producing a single product at the given output level

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Economies of substitution

Output: The costs of designing a brand new complex product is higher than the costs of designing an upgraded system through partial retention of existing components

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the acceleration costs trade offs (as advantage creating frequency increases, why do costs also increase?

Output: Three reasons: – Increased rate of self-cannibalization – Time compression diseconomies – Red Queen phenomenon

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: what are strategic networks?

Output: • Products are complex systems consisting of many interdependent components designed and manufactured by different companies • Interfirm collaboration and coordination are critical for achieving compatibility across components

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: From Competing on the Edge Strategy, what does it mean to manage change?

Output: – Reacting – Anticipating – Leading

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Characteristics of competing on the edge strategy:

Output: – Unpredictable – Uncontrolled – Inefficient – Proactive – Continuous – Diverse

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Competing on the Edge Strategy Assumptions

Output: – Unclear industry boundaries – Unpredictable competition – Uncertain environmental changes (technological advances or customer preferences) – Decentralized decision making (at business units)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How do firms achieve semicoherent strategic tendency? (Edge strategy)

Output: Edge of Chaos, Edge of time, and Time Pacing

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How do firms create competitive advantage according to the I/0, RBV, and DS models?

Output: I/O: Selecting favorable industry or position within industry RBV: Identifying/developing strategic resources DS: Recognizing and exploiting profit opportunities

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How do firms sustain competitive advantages according to the I/0, RBV, and DS models?

Output: I/O: Defend your market position; RBV: Ex-post limits to competition (inimitability and nonsubstitutability); Leveraging core competences across markets; DS: Competitive advantages are not sustainable. Firms create series of temporal advantages

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is the role of top managers according to the I/0, RBV, and DS models?

Output: I/O: To identify profitable industry context, strategic positioning RBV: To identify strategic resources and design strategy based on those resources DS: Create flexible structure; entrepreneurial culture; strategy emerges from below; from middle managers and knowledgeable employees

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the main propositions of the Blue Oceans Strategy

Output: - Firms that compete in “blue oceans” gain above average profits. -Technological innovation is not critical driver of discovery of “blue oceans” -Incumbents are not at a disadvantage -Strategic moves are basic unit of analysis

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How does “Blue Ocean” strategy lead to competitive advantages:

Output: -They proactively change the industry structure -They make competitors irrelevant -They create new market spaces (product categories) -They pursue cost leadership and differentiation strategy simultaneously (trade-offs become irrelevant)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Within the "Action-Reaction" Framework, how is strategy defined, and how do you define competitors?

Output: Strategy- a unique position that evolves around exploiting core competences and creating a series of temporal advantages Competitors-

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What is competitor intelligence?

Output: An ethical gathering and interpretation of all information about the companies that a firm competes against Includes: Knowing a competitors direction (future objectives), capabilities and intentions (current strategy), beliefs about the industry (its assumptions) and their capabilities

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: In the Strategy as Action model, how are firms successful?

Output: Success is based on a firms - ability to make new competitve actions - ability to anticipate and respond to a competitors competitive action - ability of rivals to react to your first move (max value when the likelihood and speed is low)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Explain Competitive Analysis for the A-M-C Moel

Output: 1. Market Commonality (# of markets both compete in, and the degree of importance of those markets) 2. Resource Similarity: how comparable the tangible and in tangible resources are (if similar, strengths, weaknesses, and strategies)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What are the drivers of competitive behavior in the A-M-C

Output: Awareness of rivals actions Motivation to attack or react/respond Capability to attack and respond

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Explain the Model of Multi-Market Competition (part of AMC model/Market commonality) In other words, what is MUTUAL FORBEARANCE?

Output: When - Awareness (greater interdependence and attention) and Capability (ability to hurt and opportunity to attack) are HIGH, there is a decreased Motivation to attack

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Forbearance Hypothesis

Output: A firm is less likely to attack a rival with whom it has high market commonality

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How does resource similarity impact Motivation?

Output: When firms have equal resource potential to attack and respond (awareness and capability are HIGH) - they are less likely to attack, but retaliation is high - more likely to quickly respond Dissimilar resources: a rival with resource disadvantage has a longer response time and the rival with the advantage is more likely to attack

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: Which has higher predictive power, market commonality or resource similarity (why?)

Output: Market Commonality because resources are both tangible and intangible, making awareness very challenging

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: In the Action Response Frame Work, what are the three types of competitive stances?

Output: 1. Ignore the move: choose this when no significant impact on firms performance or when using a "wait and see" attitude 2. Accommodation: choose when entry can contribute to the market size, cooperation is less costly then destructive battle *this strategy can show signs of weakness which encourages attack on you 3. Retaliation: protect market position *could lead to Red Queen competition 4. Abandonment: attacker has a large competitive advantage and the market is unattractive for the incumbent

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: In the Action-Response Frame Work, what are the different magnitudes for response?

Output: 1) Match the attackers move- signals that the incumbent is unwilling to cede/surrender market share 2) Out do the attacker- signals that the incumbent has the ability to prevent the attacker from building a strong position (new entrants usually compete on price)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: In the Action-Response model, how fast should an incumbent react to an attack?

Output: 1) Immediately: helps reduce the potential impact & prevents the attacker from building a unique position 2) Delayed reaction: helps to avoid over reaction and waste of resources 3) Preemptive strike: prevent the attacker from entering the market

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: What should be the domain of response?

Output: Respond in the market of attacker (use when you have competitive advantage and dont want to show weakness) Respond in the attackers market (create mutual forbearance) Respond in a neutral market/segment (creates new market space and potentially less powerful rivals)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: According to the Competitive Behavior model, what are the characteristics for competitive actions?

Output: 1) Strategic -require substantial commitment of time and resources to develop - highly visible and complex - elicit fewer numbers of competitive responses (less motivation and capability) and create a longer delay for response 2) Tactical Actions- competitors will respond quickly to tactical actions

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: According to the action types and response characteristics (competitive behavior models) how do competitors react to PRICE AND NON PRICE

Output: PRICE- 75% chance of response, 98% matching move in Short period (5.8 days) NON PRICE; 17% chance of response, 90% matching move in longer time period (14.7)

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective


Input: How does the organization size impact competitive activity? SMALL

Output: Likelihood of attack: Like more motivated to be fast to execute and compete with a wide range of action types (guerilla warfare) likelihood of response: lower capability to respond effectively and timely, less motivated to quickly respond

Plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective