Input: Yes person can be entitled to use self defense in response to another neg--not just in response to another's int tort. Must show he had a reaonable belief that a harmful or offensive contact or confinement was imminent. [Neg is]

Output: Can person use self defense in response to another's neg? (i.e. not just in response to another intentional tort)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. activities on the land 2. artificial conditions 3. Natural conditions [Neg is]

Output: Land owners + occupiers liability depends on what 3 categories of danger?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Invitees 2. Licensees 3. Trespassers [Neg is]

Output: Land owners' + occupiers' standard of care depends on what 3 categories of P who claim injury?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Person who enters onto D's land at D's express or implied invitation for a purpose relationg to D's interests or activites. Invitees are either business or public. [Neg is]

Output: Invitees are

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: enters for purpose related to D's business activities or interests. Customers + persons accompanying them, delivery personson, job applicants. [Neg is]

Output: Business invitee

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: member of public who enters onto D's land for a purpose as to which the land is held open to the public. e.g. churches, airports. [Neg is]

Output: Public invitee

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: D has duty of reasonable care to prevent injuries due to activities on the land. D has duty to reaonably inspect and discover dangerous natural + artifical conditions, to warn invitees of danger + to make safe. [Neg is]

Output: Duty of land owners occupiers to invitees

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: person who enters onto land w/ D's express or implied permission + who does not enter for a purpose benefitting D or D's activities. Eg, visiting relative, social guests. [Neg is]

Output: Licensee is

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Duty to exercise reasonable care to protect licensees from injury from activities on land. Duty to exercise reasonable care to warn of any artificial or natural conditions of which landowner is aware, which present an unreasonable danger and of which the P/licensee is unaware + unlikely to discover. No duty to inspect for such dangerous conditions [Neg is]

Output: Duty of land owners occupiers to licensees

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: usually licensees --so land owner has no duty to inspect for defects nor to repair known defects. Only duty is to warn of known dangerous conditions (if there is time) [Neg is]

Output: Classification of firefighters + police

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: One who enters land w/o land owner occupier's permission. [Neg is]

Output: Trespasser

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. unknown 2. known 3. children [Neg is]

Output: 4 categories of trespassers

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: No duty [Neg is]

Output: Landowner occupier's duty to unknown trespassers

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Reasonable care to protect known trespasser from injuries due to activities on the land. D must exercise reasonable care to warn a known trespasser of hidden danger of which D is aware + known trespasser is unaware. D has not duty to prioect a known trespasser from injury deriving from obvious natural conditions on his land. [Neg is]

Output: Landowner occupier's duty to known trespassers

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. D landowner knew or should have known of the unreasonably dangerous artificial condition 2. foreseeable that child would trepass 3. foreseeable that condition on land could cause serious injury 4. that children too young to appreciate the risk of danger + 5. the risk of injury outweighs the cost of making the condition safe. [Neg is]

Output: Attractive nuisance Doctrine + child trespssers--5 factors

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Not liable to lessee or others on land for physical harm caused by dangerous (artificial or natural) conditions on the land [Neg is]

Output: General rule re: duty of lessors of land

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. situations where lessor Ks to repair 2. undisclosed dangerous conditions known to lessor 3. land leased fro purposes involving admission of the public 4. parts of land retained in the lessor's control which lessee is entitled to use 5. where lessor makes neg repairs [Neg is]

Output: Exceptions to general rule that lessor not laible

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Duty to exercise reasonable care to warn licensees about dangers known to the lessee. [Neg is]

Output: Duty of lessee as possessor of property re: licenses

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Makes one liable for another's wrongful conduct due to a special relationship between them. [Neg is]

Output: Vicarious liability

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. when lessor Ks to repair 2. for an undisclosed dangerous condition known to lessor 3. when land leased for ad,mission of general public 4. when part of land retained + lessee is entitled to use 5. when lessor makes neg repairs [Neg is]

Output: Exceptions to general rule that lessors do not have liability for harm caused to others on the land (5)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Employers are liable for tortious acts of employees when conduct occurs within the scope of employment. As long as employee's action has some flavor of buisness to it, it will likely be w/in the scope. When actions go outside of scope, called a frolic. When employee merely communting, not w/in scope. [Neg is]

Output: Doctrine of respondeant superior

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: D lent something (typically a car) to someone D should have known was likely to use the loaned object to harm others. [Neg is]

Output: Neg entrustment

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: No careful instructions do not insulate principal from vicarious liability when employees violates them but will often be evidence (but non dispositve) that employee was acting outside scope of employment [Neg is]

Output: Do instructions insulate the principal from vicarious liability?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. Express or implied agreement among members of a group 2. common purpose 3. common pecuniary interest 4. equal rights of decision & control among the members [Neg is]

Output: Joint Venture--4 elements

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Liable for torts committed within the scope of the venture. [Neg is]

Output: Joint venturers + vicarious liablity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: No if any intentional tort occurs w/in scope of employment, the empoyer will be liable [Neg is]

Output: Is vicarious liability limited to neg?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: 1. ultra hazardous activities (i.e. blasting, using vicious animals) 2. non delagable duty due to public policy considerations 3. illegal activities [Neg is]

Output: When are employers vicarious liable for acts of independent contractors?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Duty of railroad to fence tracks, duty of car owner to maintain car, usually work performed in a public area where special precautions are needed. [Neg is]

Output: Examples of non-delagable duties

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Historically & 1st rstmt yes. 2nd rstmt reversed. Flying a plane not so common not considered ultrahazardous so strict liabilty not imposed. [Neg is]

Output: Is flying an airplane considered an ultrahazardous activity?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Statute that imposes civil liability on a liquor vendor for torts caused by a purcaser's drunkenness. CL--no. Mod--MIN [Neg is]

Output: What is a dram shop act?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: bars P from recovery due to someone else's neg. usually personal injury, not apply to property damage [Neg is]

Output: Imputed contriibutory neg

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: principal-agent, joint venture, suit based on injury to someone else. (e.g. wrongful death or loss of consortium) [Neg is]

Output: 3 principal situations in which imputed contributory neg applies

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: mandates that non-paying passengers cannot sue the driver of a vehicle unless their injuries resulted from conduct more serious than mere neg. (i.e. gross neg or recklessness) [Neg is]

Output: What is an automobile guest statute?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: car owner is liable for the neg of a family member driving the car as long as the family member is driving with the owner's express or implied permission. [Neg is]

Output: Family purpose doctrine

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: insulates D from liability due to his status, position or relationship to P. modern trend is to limit or abolish. [Neg is]

Output: What is immunity?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: spousal immunity parent child charitable (i.e. charitable hospitals. [Neg is]

Output: Types of immunities which are largely abolished today (i.e. so you can sue each other)

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: depends on whether fed, state, local [Neg is]

Output: Governmental immunity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: greatly diminished by Federal Torts Claims Act which allows neg claims against fed gov. as well as most intentional tort claims based on actions by fed investigative or law enforcement officers. [Neg is]

Output: Fed governmental immunity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: largely limited [Neg is]

Output: State governmental immunity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: States split--some distinguish between discretionary (decision making) + ministerial (following orders) + retain immunity for discretionary functions carried out honestly + in good faith. [Neg is]

Output: State officials' immunity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: sharing of payment for joint liabiity. applies where there are joint tortfeasors, each responsible for an indivisible portion of damages for neg. A d who has paid more than his pro rata share can seek a parital reimbursement or contribution fromt he other joint torfeasors, such that they each bear a fair share of the burden. In most states, rule of contribution does not apply to intentional torts. [Neg is]

Output: What is contribution in tort liability?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Duty to pay for loss suffered because of a 3rd party's act. Shifts burden away from a secondary tortfeasor who has had a judgment against him and onto the primary tortfeasor. [Neg is]

Output: Indemnity

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Some states--a joint tortfeasor who is "passively neg" (i.e parking in a no parking zone + thereby blocking view) can be fully reimbursed through indemnification by the one who was actively neg (driver who hit ped) [Neg is]

Output: Active/passive neg doc

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: compensate defined people (usually close family memebers) for the loss sustained as a result of tortiously caused death. Recovery allowed for lost economic support, companionship, sexual intercourse, etc. [Neg is]

Output: Wrongful death statutes

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: lets decedent's estate sue (or be sued) for same harms that the decdent could have sued for (or been sued for) had he lived. [Neg is]

Output: survivlal statutes

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: those which involve intangible personal interests--defamation, malicious prosecution, invasions of privacy [Neg is]

Output: What causes of action are states unlikely to allow in survival actions?

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: misrepresentation is based on information a reasonable person would have knwon was unreliable.--e.g. lawyers, accountants, other professionals have duty of due care to see that the information on which they based their opinions is reliable. [Neg is]

Output: Negligent misrepresentation

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: pleadings show no genuine issue of material fact exists [Neg is]

Output: Motion for summary judgment will be granted in neg case when

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: after evidence presented & viewed in light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no reason to send the case to the jury. [Neg is]

Output: Motion for directed verdicted will be granted in neg case

Torts#2, Negligence Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: MEDPM Morale - individuals state of mind Esprit de corps- loyalty to, pride in and enthusiasm for the unit Discipline - prompt obedience to orders and initiation of appropriate action in the absence of orders Proficiency - ability to perform the job or mission Motivation - based on psychological factors such as need, desires and impulses

Output: Characteristics that enable Marines and Sailors to overcome fear

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: BAMCIS Troop leading steps Begin planning Arrange for reconnaissance Make reconnaissance Complete the plan Issue the order Supervise

Output: The six troop leading steps

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: I am an American, fighting in the armed forces which gaurd my country and out way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defenses.

Output: Article I of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while thay still have the means to resist.

Output: Article II of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole noe special favors from the enemy.

Output: Article III of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them in every way.

Output: Article IV of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies, or harmful to their cause.

Output: Article V of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated tot the principles which made my country free. I will trust in God and in the United States of America.

Output: Article VI of the Code of Conduct

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: To receive sanitary, protective housing and clothing To receive a sufficient amount of food to sustain good health To receive adequate medical care To receive necessary facilities for proper hygiene To practice religious faith To keep personal property except weapons, military equipment, and military documents The right to send and receive mail - 2 letter and 4 cards monthly To receive packages containing non-contraband items such as food, clothing, educational, religious, and recreational materials. To select a fellow POW to represent you. To receive humane treatment To have a copy of the Geneva Convention To have a copy of all camp regulations

Output: The rights of a prisioner of war

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: name, rank, date of birth and SSN

Output: Information required to give

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: Labor that is not military Not degrading Not dangerous Not unhealthy

Output: Responsibility to perform paid labor

Nine common element found in a combat environment


Input: Intangible Assets

Output: Rights, privileges, or benefits that result from owning long-lived assets that lack physical substance e.g., patents, trademarks, copyrights

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Tangible Assets

Output: Assets with physical substance; can be seen and touched e.g., buildings, equipment, land

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Depreciation Method: Activity or Units or Production

Output: Useful life is expressed as the total units of activity or production expected from an asset; the asset is written off in proportion to its activity during an accounting period

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Depreciation Method: Straight-Line

Output: An equal amount of depreciation expense is recognized in each accounting period of an asset’s life

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Depletion

Output: The amortization of a natural resource

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Capital Expenditure

Output: Cost that is recorded as an asset at the time it is incurred

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Market Value

Output: The price at which an asset could be exchanged in the market between willing buyers and sellers

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Amortization

Output: The write-off (or expensing) of the cost of a long-term asset over multiple accounting periods; usually relates to intangible assets

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Capitalize

Output: To record a cost as an asset rather than an expense


Input: Gains and Losses

Output: The difference between the proceeds from the sale of a long-term asset and the book value at the time of the sale; positive differences are gains, negative differences are losses

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: Depreciation Method: Double Declining Balance

Output: An accelerated method of depreciation in which depreciation expense is based on a percentage of the asset’s book value; depreciation expense is higher in the early part of an asset’s life and lower in the later part of an asset’s life

ACCTG211(SP11-WC) - Chapter 04 Flashcards - Cram.com

A way to allocate the total cost paid for several long-term assets purchased together; each asset’s assigned cost is equal to the product of the total cost and the asset’s percentage of the total market value of the assets


Input: System 1: Intuitive Fast Automatic Effortless Slow-learning/Rigid System 2: Slow Controlled Effortful Rule-governed Flexible Where does emotion fit in? ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Two-system view of decision-making

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: informed by the past (learning) but not tied to it easy access to what's relevant now "tuned" to current situation, goals, and action ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Advantages of context sensitivity

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: feelings play a key role in context sensitivity: fast response, precede careful analysis, provides info about current situation interpret feelings, learn about preferences feelings help to signal benign vs. problematic situation ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Role of feelings

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: feelings operate in System I, provide information about where, when, and whether to use system II ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Feelings: system I or II?

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: we are very sensitive to our feelings moods, emotions, bodily sensations, cognitive experiences ...and very insensitive to where the feeling comes from ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Disadvantages to using feelings

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Retrieval - availability Processing - fluency ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: 2 basic types of metacognitive feelings

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: how do we use memories to think about the current situation availability heuristic alternative interpretation: not about feeling, rather the NUMBER of instances brought to mind feeling of recall vs. content of recall (change answers based on how many examples asked to recall) ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Retrieval-availability

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: thinking can feel easy or difficult from perception to reasoning and recall reasons for difficulty: never saw it before, complicated, hard to read, hard to see, I'm distracted ease of processing is pleasant usually use feeling to inform judgment or evaluation people may misread difficulty of reading as indicative of the difficulty of doing ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Processing - fluency

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: people make more conservative decisions when choice is difficult (deferral, status quo preference, pay to delay decisions) difficulty usually due to choice alternatives, but low fluency has the same effect ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Fluency and choice

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: serve an informational and directive function approach/avoid why do I feel this way? is there something wrong? weather can determine self-reported moods if you don't draw their attention to it directly ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Function of Moods

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: desirable info accepted at face value - System I undesirable info receives more intense cognitive appraisal - System II ["Hot" Cognition]

Output: Dual Process Model of Motivated Reasoning

Error and Bias Exam 1 Week 4 Flashcards - Cram.com


Input: Disheveled figure on bottom right

Output: Personification of Israel's political enemies during period of the judges

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Figure holds stone axe

Output: Israel's enemies during the period of the judges were the small powers of the immediate locale

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Figure with ripped tunic and broken axe handle in hand

Output: These small powers, who had attacked the Israelites and subjected them to bondage for brief periods, were defeated under rallies led by the judges

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Six figures in center of picture

Output: The six major judges of Israel

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with raised arm

Output: Othniel delivered Israel from the Mesopotamian oppression

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with sword in hand

Output: Ehud delivered Israel from the Moabite attack--sword symbolic of gift given to King Egion

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with tent spike in hand

Output: Deborah won victory over the Canaanites--tent spike associated with Sisera's death

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with lamp and trumpet in hand

Output: Gideon carried out psychological warfare against the Midianites with trumpets and lamps

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with manuscript in hand

Output: Jephthah defeated the Ammonites and in the process made rash vows

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: Judge with jawbone in hand

Output: Samson defeated the Philistines

Bethel Picture 11 Concepts Flashcards - Cram.com

Israel, during the period of the judges, was a loosely organized confederacy without king or central government


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is an endocrine hormone?

Output: arise in one tissue or gland and travels through the circulation to reach target cell/tissue of different type

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is a paracrine hormone?

Output: hormone which interacts with cells neighboring/near the one which produced it

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is an autocrine hormone?

Output: hormone that interacts with cells of identical type to the ones that produced it

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what happens to the visceral fat as it increases?

Output: becomes more heavily infiltrated by macrophages

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the process by which cortisol is released from the suprarenal glands?

Output: corticotrope releasing hormone stimulates the release of ACTH which stimulates the release of cortisol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what receptors do the thyroid hormones bind to?

Output: intracellular receptors (transcription factors)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones bind to serpentine receptors?

Output: glucagon parathyroid hormone leutinizing hormone thyroid stimulating hormone growth hormone releasing hormone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are serpentine receptors?

Output: g-protein coupled receptors which have 7 transmembrane passes

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones bind to single pass receptors?

Output: insulin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones bind to cytokine receptors?

Output: erythropoietin (EPO) growth hormone prolactin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones bind to guanylyl cyclase-linked receptors?

Output: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the POM gene?

Output: proopioidmelanocortin gene a gene which provides a variety of hormones depending on what tissue is presenting it

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] why are oxytocin and vasopressin closely related?

Output: they are very highly conserved proteins, both of which are produced as preproteins and when cleaved supply the hormone and necessary neurophysin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are enkephalins?

Output: endorphins = naturally produced opioid receptor ligands met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin, both from the same gene

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are hypophyseotropic hormones?

Output: releasing factors (dopamine and somatostatin are inhibiting factors) secreted into the hypophysial portal blood from anterior pituitary GRH, TRH, CRH, PRF, GnRH, dopamine, somatostatin, LHRH

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis?

Output: oxytocin vasopressin (ADH)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] to where are hormones delivered from the neurohypophysis?

Output: directly into the general circulation

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormone inhibits the release of prolactin?

Output: dopamine (prolactin inhibiting factor)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from what is dopamine derived?

Output: tyrosine

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how is prolactin release regulated?

Output: dopamine inhibits the release of prolactin; this is the major form of regulation, rather than something stimulating prolactin to be released

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] which hormone inhibits growth hormone secretion?

Output: somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what causes diabetes incipidus?

Output: deficiency of vasopressin (ADH)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is polydypsia?

Output: excessive thirst

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how are oxytocin and vasopressin produced?

Output: synthesized as prohormones with hormone and neurophysin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of vasopressin?

Output: regulates body fluid osmolarity

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of oxytocin?

Output: contraction of uterine smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle of lactiferous ducts neurological reward system

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] by what signalling mechanism do oxytocin and vasopressin function?

Output: cAMP and PKA or PLCgamma signalling

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of somatotrophs?

Output: released from anterior pituitary target growth hormone secreting cells

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of growth hormone?

Output: induce synthesis of IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) broadly - stimulate growth of long bones and other tissues

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of lactotrophs?

Output: released by anterior pituitary target prolactin secreting cells

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of prolactin?

Output: causes differentiation of mammary gland secretory cells broadly - stimulates milk production

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of thyrotrophs?

Output: released by anterior pituitary target thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cells

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone?

Output: stimulates thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyrodine mainly releases T4

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of corticotrophs?

Output: released by anterior pituitary target ACTH secreting cells

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of gonadotrophs?

Output: released by anterior pituitary targets LH- and FSH-secreting cells

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of LH and FSH?

Output: stimulate maturation, differentiation, and hormone secretion of ovaries and testes

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how does GH effect the growth of long bones and tissues?

Output: stimulates the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) IGF-1 - postnatal development IGF-2 - fetal development

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of ACTH?

Output: acts on cells of adrenal glands to stimulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgenic steroids

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of FSH?

Output: acts on sertoli cells to stimulate sperm production or ovum maturation and estradiol production

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of leutinizing hormone?

Output: acts on Leydig cells to increase testosterone or acts on corpus luteum to increase progesterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is MSH?

Output: melanocyte stimulating hormone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the products of the POMC gene in the anterior pituitary?

Output: ACTH beta-lipotropin via CRH

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the products of the POMC gene in the intermediate pituitary?

Output: met-enkephalin alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone corticotropin-like intermediate lobe hormone (CLIP) via norepinephrine

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone?

Output: stimulates melanocytes regulates inflammatory responses (stimulates synthesis of IL-10)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of beta-lipotropin?

Output: stimulates synthesis of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of CLIP?

Output: corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide hormone which stimulates the release of insulin from beta-cells in the presence of glucose

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of beta-endorphin?

Output: aka met-enkephalin analgesic effects from cells and neurons by binding nociception receptors

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is nociception?

Output: afferent activity produced in the peripheral and central nervous system by stimuli which have the potential to damage tissue

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what type of hormones are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine?

Output: catecholamines

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] to what type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind?

Output: alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] to what type of receptors does dopamine bind?

Output: dopaminergic receptors

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the signaling mechanism used by alpha1 adrenergic receptors?

Output: IP3 and DAG release

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the signaling mechanism used by alpha2 adrenergic receptors?

Output: cAMP and PKA calcium and potassium channels

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the signalling mechanism used by beta adrenergic receptors?

Output: cAMP and PKA

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the signalling mechanism used by dopaminergic receptors?

Output: cAMP and PKA calcium and potassium channels

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the effect of beta-blockers?

Output: block beta2 adrenergic receptors (in the vasculature and heart)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of dopamine?

Output: pleasure and reward centers in brain inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls movement

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from where is dopamine released?

Output: adrenal medulla noradrenergic neurons

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the result of disruption in dopamine function?

Output: psychosis

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from where is norepinephrine released?

Output: adrenal medulla CNS and sympathetic nerves of PNS

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of norepinephrine?

Output: important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning blood vessel contraction increases heart rate

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] in what disorders does norepinephrine play a role?

Output: mood disorders, such as manic depression why SRI therapy should be coupled with norepinephrine therapy for best effects

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from where is epinephrine released?

Output: adrenal medulla, via acetylcholine action and in response to exercise and hypoglycemia

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is GLP-1?

Output: glucagon-like peptide-1

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is GIP?

Output: gastric inhibitory polypeptide

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is ghrelin?

Output: gastrointestinal hormone from stomach and pancreas which stimulates hunger by stimulating synthesis of NPY, resulting in the activation of AMPK from same gene as obestatin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is obestatin?

Output: gastrointestinal hormone which stimulates satiety (feeling of fullness) from same gene as ghrelin counters effects of ghrelin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones are part of the pancreatic polypeptide family?

Output: 36aa peptides pancreatic polypeptide (PP) protein tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] which of the pancreatic polypeptides are endocrine hormones? what are the others?

Output: pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and protein tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) are endocrine hormones neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) is a neurotransmitter

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of AMPK?

Output: switches a cell from ATP consumption to ATP production

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of pancreatic polypeptide (PP)?

Output: suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion inhibits bicarb and protein secretion from pancreas

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of protein tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)?

Output: inhibits gastric motility by inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission inhibits gastric acid secretion

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)?

Output: controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis induced by ghrelin creates desire to eat

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of the renin-angiotensin axis?

Output: effect changes in blood pressure

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what stimulates renin to be released? from where?

Output: drop in blood pressure from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of renin?

Output: cleave angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where is angiotensinogen produced?

Output: liver

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)?

Output: cleave angiotensin I to produce angiotensin II

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of angiotensin II?

Output: potent vasoconstrictor increased vasopressin (ADH) release increased ACTH release

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the major acute-phase protein made by the liver?

Output: C-reactive protein (CRP)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the adipokines (adipocytokines)?

Output: leptin adiponectin resistin (also TNFalpha, IL-6, CRP, PAI-1, MCP-1, visfactin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, adipsin)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the only hormone expressed exclusively by adipocytes?

Output: adiponectin (other adipokines are released from other cells of the adipose tissue, e.g. macrophages, etc.)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] why is visceral adipose tissue especially bad?

Output: the adipokines released from adipose tissue are inflammatory, and if that adipose tissue is visceral, then the organs and vasculature supplying them are affected

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of leptin?

Output: regulates overall body weight by limiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure regulates neuroendocrine axis, inflammatory responses, blood pressure, and bone mass

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the result of leptin or leptin receptor deficiency?

Output: obesity (even with no-fat diet)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] why is leptin not the miracle diet drug it was expected to be?

Output: high levels result in abnormally strong immune responses and predisposes individuals to autoimmune phenomena in obese individuals, there is a barrier which prevents leptin from getting to the relevant portions of the brain

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what stimulates the expression and release of adiponectin? what inhibits the expression and release of adiponectin?

Output: stimulated by insulin inhibited by TNFalpha

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of adiponectin?

Output: exerts inflammatory modulation by reducing the production and activity of TNF-alpha and IL-6 stimulate phosphorylation and activation of AMPK liver - reduces activity of gluconeogenic enzymes & glucose output muscle - increased glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] in what patients are levels of adiponectin reduced?

Output: obese individuals patients with anorexia nervosa

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where is AdipoR1 found? AdipoR2?

Output: AdipoR1 - skeletal muscle AdipoR2 - liver

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the key things to remember about adiponectin?

Output: antiinflammatory adipokine enhances insulin sensitivity production reduced in obese individuals phosphorylates & activates AMPK high levels of adiponectin=high fat metabolism

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the key points to remember about resistin?

Output: secreted by adipocytes levels increase with adiposity induces resistance to insulin

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the actions of resistin?

Output: induces insulin resistance decrease hepatic AMPK activity increase hepatic glucose production reduced glycogen synthesis modulates endothelial cell function by increasing VCAM-1 expression

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the steroid hormones?

Output: adrenal steroids - cortisol, aldosterone, androstenedione sex hormones - testosterone, progesterone, estradiol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

Output: intracellular receptors (transcription factors) some are in cytosol and others are in the nucleus

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the intermediate precursor for all steroid hormones?

Output: pregnenolone (produced directly from cholesterol)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the categories of adrenal steroids?

Output: glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids androgens

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the effects of glucocorticoids?

Output: regulate carbohydrate metabolism, immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory inhibit PLA2

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the glucocorticoids?

Output: cortisol corticosterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the effects of mineralocorticoids?

Output: regulate sodium and potassium ion excretion (in addition to other electrolytes)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the mineralocorticoids?

Output: aldosterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the effects of androgens?

Output: act similar to male gonadal steroids

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the adrenal androgens?

Output: androstenedione DHEA

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] to what is DHEA rapidly converted?

Output: DHEA-S (sulfated DHEA)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] for what is androstenedione a precursor?

Output: testosterone estradiol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where is aldosterone synthesized?

Output: from progesterone in the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the effects of aldosterone?

Output: increases sodium ion uptake raises blood pressure and fluid volume

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the dominant glucocorticoid in humans? the dominant mineralocorticoid?

Output: glucocorticoid - cortisol mineralocorticoid - aldosterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where is cortisol synthesized?

Output: from progesterone in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the effects of cortisol?

Output: elevates blood pressure and sodium ion uptake involved in stress adaptation numerous effects on the immune system

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how can stress cause insulin resistance?

Output: cortisol increases lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, releasing it into the blood; since elevated lipid levels cause insulin resistance, chronic/prolonged/recurrent stress can lead to prolonged hyperlipidemia and thereby insulin resistance

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormones are produced in each of the levels of the adrenal cortex (from superficial to deep)?

Output: zona glomerulosa - aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) zona fasciculata - cortisol, corticosterone (glucocorticoids) zona reticularis - androstenedione, DHEA (androgens)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the primary hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?

Output: testosterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is another name for p450c21?

Output: cyp21A2 21-hydroxylase

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is adrenal cortex hypoplasia?

Output: adrenal cortex is not producing as much of the adrenal cortical hormones as it should

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is adrenal cortex hyperplasia?

Output: some aspect of hormone synthesis has run amuck and adrenal cortex is producing too much of its hormones

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the three types of disorders in adrenal steroidigenesis?

Output: addison disease cushing syndrome congenital adrenal hyperplasias

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is addison disease?

Output: lack of adrenal steroid synthesis (hypoplasia)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the symptoms of addison disease?

Output: fatigue weakness weight loss skin pigmentation low blood pressure nausea salt cravings painful muscles and joints

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is cushing syndrome?

Output: adrenal cortex hyperplasia caused by a pituitary tumor (NOT a congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the symptoms of cushing syndrome?

Output: upper body obesity excess fat in neck rounded face slender arms and legs fragile, easily bruised skin weakened bones high blood pressure increased thirst, anxiety, depression, and irritability

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the three clinical forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasias?

Output: salt-losing simple virilizing attenuated

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasias?

Output: defect in 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the major feedback inhibitor of ACTH?

Output: cortisol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how do symptoms manifest in the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Output: deficiency in 21-hydroxylase leads to deficiency in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids lack of cortisol drives ACTH release from anterior pituitary increased 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone diverted to androgens (causing masculinization) lack of aldosterone and cortisol drives salt loss

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the first sign of a congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Output: ambiguous female genitalia at birth

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how are symptoms manifest in the simple virilizing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Output: 21-hydroxylase deficiency not as severe as salt-losing form aldosterone synthesis compensates for salt loss ACTH high (because cortisol is not produced in sufficient quantity to inhibit anterior pituitary), which drives excess 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to produce androgens, which then masculinize female genitalia

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how are symptoms manifest in the attenuated form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Output: 21-hydroxylase deficiency is only mild, so there is a small excess in production of androgens

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the symptoms of the attenuated form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Output: symptoms manifest at puberty hirsutism amenorrhea ovarian cysts

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is hirsutism?

Output: excessive growth of thick dark hair in locations where hair growth in women usually is minimal or absent (e.g. face, chest, areolae, axillae)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what hormone is the primary hormone for secondary sex characteristics in females?

Output: progesterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] which hormones regulate ovarian cycles?

Output: progesterone estradiol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from where is progesterone secreted?

Output: made directly from pregnenolone and secreted from corpus luteum

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the actions of progesterone?

Output: responsible for changes in luteal phase of menstrual cycle differentiation factor for mammary glands

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] from where is estradiol secreted?

Output: produced in and secreted from ovaries

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where is testosterone synthesized?

Output: 95% - Leydig cells of testes 5% - adrenal cortex

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is secreted by leydig cells of the testis?

Output: testosterone dihydrotestosterone androstenedione dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) estradiol, estrone, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxypregneolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is dihydrotestosterone?

Output: DHT a degradation byproduct of testosterone, which is also a potent androgen

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of testosterone?

Output: differentiation of external and internal male genitals stimulates skeletal muscle growth growth of larynx stimulates pubic, axillary, facial hair social behavioral changes

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the two endocrine axes which control testicular function?

Output: hypothalamic - pituitary - leydig cell axis hypothalamic - pituitary - seminiferous tubule axis

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the hypothalamic - pituitary - leydig cell axis?

Output: hypothalamus secretes GnRH GnRH stimulates release of LH by gonadotrophs in anterior pituitary LH enters Leydig cells and leads to androgen release androgens (mainly estradiol) feedback inhibit hypothalamus

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] how does LH cause androgen release?

Output: bind G-protein coupled receptor in Leydig cells which leads to increased cAMP, and then to androgen release

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the principal inhibitor of GnRH?

Output: estradiol

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the hypothalamic - pituitary - seminiferous tubule axis?

Output: hypothalamus secretes GnRH GnRH stimulates release of FSH by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary FSH binds to sertoli cells, and induces production of androgen-binding protein

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of androgen-binding protein?

Output: keeps high concentration of testosterone in seminiferous tubules, increasing spermatogenesis

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is Kleinfelter's syndrome?

Output: XXY males most common hypogonadism

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is bilateral anorchia?

Output: male (XY) with no distinguishable testicular tissue

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is cryptorchidism?

Output: unilateral or bilateral absence of testes in the scrotum

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is gynecomastia?

Output: unilateral or bilateral breast enlargement in males, caused by imbalance in estrogen/androgen levels

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of the estrogens?

Output: maturation of female sex characteristics, genital and breast development growth of endometrial lining alteration of fat distribution, decrease lipid oxidation, increase TG synthesis decrease bone resorption by antagonizing parathyroid hormone

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what are the functions of progesterone?

Output: glandular development in breast cyclic glandular development of endometrium increases body temperature alters respiratory function

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the function of androgens in females?

Output: principally testosterone and dihydrotestosterone normal hair growth conversion to estrogens

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is the hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian cell axis?

Output: hypothalamus secretes GnRH GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH by gonadotrophs in anterior pituitary LH induces androstenedione and testosterone synthesis in thecal cells FSH stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells (converting androgens to estrogens)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] where are the estrogens from thecal cells secreted? where are the estrogens from granulosa cells secreted?

Output: thecal cells secrete estrogens into circulation granulosa cells secrete estrogens into follicular fluid

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is amenorrhea?

Output: lack of menstruation (could have physical or hormonal causes)

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is gonadal agenesis?

Output: female hypogonadism

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: [what is a hormone?] what is Turner's syndrome?

Output: gonadal dysgenesis due to 45,X karyotype

any substance that carries a signal that ultimately renders some change at the cellular level produced by one cell which passes through circulation and ellicits effects on other cells/tissues


Input: How are special meetings of a municipal agency called?

Output: at the call of the chairman, or on the request of any two of its members

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What attendance is required at a municipal agency meeting for action?

Output: Quorum

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who makes the rules governing municipal agency hearings?

Output: Municipal Agency

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How far in advance should maps and documents be on file and available for public inspection for an application?

Output: 10 days before public hearing

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: When is an absent municipal agency member eligible to vote?

Output: If the board member has a transcript or recording of all of the hearings from which he was absent and certifies in writing he has read such transcript or listened to such recording

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a planning or zoning board have to certify completeness?

Output: 45 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who's testimony shall be taken under oath or affirmation?

Output: All witnesses

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How shall Municipal Agency meetings be documented?

Output: Through minutes and verbatim recordings

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How are findings and conclusions documented at Municipal Agency meetings?

Output: Through resolution or memorializing resolution

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a Municipal Agency have to adopt a memorializing resolution?

Output: 45 days from date of granting approval or denial

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a Municipal Agency have to inform the applicant of its decision in writing following the approval or denial?

Output: 10 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What happens to any fees paid for an informal application review?

Output: They are credited towards a development review application fee

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Are the developer and/or planning board bound by the plan or the review for an informal review?

Output: No

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: When is an application for development deemed complete?

Output: When certified by a Municipal Agency

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a Municipal Agency have to certify completeness?

Output: 45 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: After 45 days, an application to the Municipal Agency is determined complete unless what two circumstances exist?

Output: o The application lacks information indicated on a checklist adopted by ordinance and provided to the applicant; and o The municipal agency or its authorized committee or designee has notified the applicant, in writing, of the deficiencies in the application within 45 days of submission of the application.

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: May an application to a Municipal Agency be deemed incomplete for additional information not in the ordinance?

Output: No

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a Municipal Agency have to tell an applicant that they may waive one of the submission requirements?

Output: 45 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Upon reviewing an application for completeness, a Municipal Agency may request what items?

Output: correction of any information and submission of additional information not specified in the ordinance

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What must the applicant do to gain completeness if the Municipal Agency fails to respond in 45 days?

Output: -shall provide notice of the default approval to the municipal agency and to all those entitled to notice -arrange publication of a notice of the default approval in the official newspaper of the municipality -file an affidavit of proof of service and publication with the administrative officer

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: When do development regulations need to be in effect to govern a development review?

Output: On the date of submission of the application

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What should be contained in a notice of hearing for a development or adoption of a Master Plan?

Output: -date, time and place of the hearing, -the nature of the matters to be considered -identification of the property proposed for development by street address or by reference to lot and block numbers -location and times at which any maps and documents for which approval is sought are available

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who gives notice of a development application to be heard by Municipal Agency? and how far in advance?

Output: Applicant, unless a particular municipal officer is so designated by ordinance, and 10 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What requires a public hearing by a Municipal Agency?

Output: -an extension of approvals for five or more years -modification or elimination of a significant condition or conditions in a memorializing resolution -any other applications for development with the following exceptions: +conventional site plan without variance +minor subdivisions +final approvals -The governing body may by ordinance require public notice for certain categories of site plan review, for appeals of determinations of administrative officers and for requests for interpretation.

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who gets noticed for a Municipal Agency public hearing?

Output: shall be given to the owners of all real property as shown on the current tax maps within 200 feet in all directions of the subject property

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How shall notice be given for a Municipal Agency public hearing?

Output: -in the local newspaper; -Serving a copy thereof on the property owner as shown on the said current tax duplicate, or his agent in charge of the property, or -Mailing a copy thereof by certified mail to the property owner at his address as shown on the said current tax duplicate.

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How are partnerships and corporations noticed for a Municipal Agency public hearing?

Output: Notice to a partnership owner may be made by service upon any partner. Notice to a corporate owner may be made by service upon its president, a vice president, secretary or other person authorized by appointment or by law to accept service on behalf of the corporation.

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How are Condos and HOAs noticed for a Municipal Agency public hearing?

Output: may be made in the same manner as to a corporation without further notice to unit owners, co-owners, or homeowners on account of such common elements or areas.

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does a municipality have to make and certify a list of names and addresses of property owners to give to an applicant?

Output: 7 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How do you notice property owners of adjacent municipalities for a Municipal Agency public hearing?

Output: Give notices to clerk of adjacent municipality

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How and whom do you notice for a Municipal Agency public hearing for a development of a property adjacent to a State Highway

Output: Notice shall be given by personal service or certified mail to the Commissioner of Transportation

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: When should notice for a Municipal Agency public hearing be given to the State Planning Commission?

Output: for development of property which exceeds 150 acres or 500 dwelling units

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: When is noticed made by certified mail deemed complete?

Output: Upon mailing

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What must be filed with the County Planning Board to take effect?

Output: Development regulations; those that are inconsistent with the Land Use element of the Master Plan must include a copy of the governing body resolution explaining the inconsistency AND official Map

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who files and maintains copies of all local development regulations?

Output: Municipal Clerk

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who may appeal a Zoning Board of Adjustment decision to the governing body? How many days do they have?

Output: Any interested party; 10 days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who does the governing body need to notice about a Zoning Board appeal and when?

Output: to the appellant and to the board from which the appeal is taken, at least 10 days prior to the date of the meeting

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does the governing body have to conclude a review of the record in a ZBA appeal?

Output: 95 days from the ZBA decision

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What happens if the governing body fails to hold a hearing and conclude a review of a ZBA appeal?

Output: shall constitute a decision affirming the action of the board

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What happens if there is a tie of the governing body in a ZBA appeal?

Output: shall constitute affirmance of the decision of the board of adjustment

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What vote is needed for a governing body to reverse or remand to the ZBA or impose conditions on a ZBA appeal?

Output: affirmative vote of a majority of the full authorized membership of the governing body

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who enforces the MLUL?

Output: The governing body of a municipality

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How long does an administrative officer have to issue or deny a zoning permit?

Output: 10 business days

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: What happens if an administrative officer fails to grant or deny a zoning permit within the allowable period?

Output: the failure shall be deemed to be an approval of the application for the zoning permit

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How many people may serve on a planning board?

Output: 7 or 9 members

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Which members of a municipal planning board must be residents of the municipality?

Output: All except the Class II member

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who serves on a municipal planning board?

Output: 1 Class I member (mayor or designee), 1 Class II member (muni official), 1 Class III member (governing body), the remainder should be Class IV members (residents)

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who is a Class I member and what is their term?

Output: Mayor or designee, Term: tenure of office

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who is a Class II member and what is their term?

Output: one of the officials of the municipality other than a member of the governing body, to be appointed by the mayor – Term: one year or terminate at the completion of their respective terms of office

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who is a Class III member and what is their term?

Output: a member of the governing body to be appointed by it. Term: one year or terminate at the completion of their respective terms of office

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who is a Class IV member and what is their term?

Output: other citizens of the municipality, to be appointed by the mayor Term: four years

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who may be removed, by hearing, by the governing body from a planning board?

Output: Any member other than the Class I member

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How many alternates may a planning board or zoning board have? In what Class?

Output: Two Class IV members

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: How many alternates may a joint "land use board" have? In what Class?

Output: Four Class IV members

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications


Input: Who may serve as temporary members of the planning board?

Output: Zoning board members

not less than once a month and shall be held as scheduled unless canceled for lack of applications