[User] <image>

[User] Analyze the image and describe in detail the levels and relationships of information in the mind map.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>Homer Simpson</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>Homer Simpson (100)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is an "everyman" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Homer (100)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer and his wife Marge have three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In the shorts and earlier episodes, Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau; however, during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In most episodes, he works as the Nuclear Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position he has held since "Homer's Odyssey", the third episode of the series.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Matt Groening has stated that he decided to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to create havoc.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In some early episodes, Homer's hair was rounded rather than sharply pointed because animation director Wes Archer felt it should look disheveled.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Executive producer Al Jean notes that in The Simpsons' writing room, "everyone loves writing for Homer", and many of his adventures are based on experiences of the writers.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The writers often debate how far to go in portraying Homer's stupidity; one suggested rule is that "he can never forget his own name".</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer was also the runaway winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the "greatest American" and which fictional character people would like to see become the President of the United States.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is an "everyman" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In 2008, Entertainment Weekly justified designating The Simpsons as a television classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as palpable as his stupidity is stunning".</s_text><sep/><s_text>Alongside the television series, Homer regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics, which were first published on November 29, 1993, and are still issued monthly.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Simpson (48)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family.</s_text><sep/><s_text>After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17, 1989.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is an "everyman" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In 2008, Entertainment Weekly justified designating The Simpsons as a television classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as palpable as his stupidity is stunning".</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>character (33)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer was also the runaway winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the "greatest American" and which fictional character people would like to see become the President of the United States.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Matt Groening (20)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Matt Groening has stated that he decided to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to create havoc.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Castellaneta (20)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In the shorts and earlier episodes, Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau; however, during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but Castellaneta could not "get enough power behind that voice", and could not sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions and had to find something easier.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Bart (12)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer and his wife Marge have three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>father (10)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>television (10)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family.</s_text><sep/><s_text>He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987.</s_text><sep/><s_text>He was placed second on TV Guide's 2002 Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters, behind Bugs Bunny; fifth on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters, one of only four cartoon characters on that list; and first in a Channel 4 poll of the greatest television characters of all time.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In 2008, Entertainment Weekly justified designating The Simpsons as a television classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as palpable as his stupidity is stunning".</s_text><sep/><s_text>Alongside the television series, Homer regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics, which were first published on November 29, 1993, and are still issued monthly.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Marge (9)</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer and his wife Marge have three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Summary</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family.</s_text><sep/><s_text>He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters.</s_text><sep/><s_text>After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17, 1989.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer and his wife Marge have three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In the shorts and earlier episodes, Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau; however, during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In most episodes, he works as the Nuclear Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position he has held since "Homer's Odyssey", the third episode of the series.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Matt Groening has stated that he decided to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to create havoc.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show, and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In some early episodes, Homer's hair was rounded rather than sharply pointed because animation director Wes Archer felt it should look disheveled.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but Castellaneta could not "get enough power behind that voice", and could not sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions and had to find something easier.</s_text><sep/><s_text>During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Executive producer Al Jean notes that in The Simpsons' writing room, "everyone loves writing for Homer", and many of his adventures are based on experiences of the writers.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The writers often debate how far to go in portraying Homer's stupidity; one suggested rule is that "he can never forget his own name".</s_text><sep/><s_text>If we keep it that he’s ruled by his impulses, then he can easily switch impulses.</s_text><sep/><s_text>He was placed second on TV Guide's 2002 Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters, behind Bugs Bunny; fifth on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters, one of only four cartoon characters on that list; and first in a Channel 4 poll of the greatest television characters of all time.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer was also the runaway winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the "greatest American" and which fictional character people would like to see become the President of the United States.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Homer Simpson is an "everyman" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.</s_text><sep/><s_text>In 2008, Entertainment Weekly justified designating The Simpsons as a television classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as palpable as his stupidity is stunning".</s_text><sep/><s_text>Alongside the television series, Homer regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics, which were first published on November 29, 1993, and are still issued monthly.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>This mind map was downloaded from www.biggerplate.com</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Find more mind maps in our library</s_text><sep/><s_text>Follow us on Twitter</s_text><sep/><s_text>Find us on Facebook</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Map created automatically by WikiSummarizer product of Context Discovery http://www.contextdiscovery.com wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com</s_text></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


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[User] Convert the mind map information in the image into a readable structured output.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>Agile: It's a tool, not magic Mark O'Neill, Government Digital Service</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>Job to change way services delivered to citizens in this country</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Including backbends</s_text><sep/><s_text>Old, locked up in silos and very expensive</s_text><sep/><s_text>Standard approach to life is ... Agile</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Agile - it's a tool, not magic</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Like all tools it can solve problems, but you can drop it on your toe and break it</s_text><sep/><s_text>Agility is not a thing (organisation)</s_text><sep/><s_text>Forces us to do things rapidly, involve users, participate in a community to deliver</s_text><sep/><s_text>W-agile - just because you have got post-it notes on the wall doesn't mean you have got agility</s_text><sep/><s_text>About culture, and everyone in the organisation</s_text><sep/><s_text>Silos with distinct boundaries, ownership becomes diffused</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>The dead weight of perfection</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>How can we address a user need?</s_text><sep/><s_text>Business case that defines the perfect solution?</s_text><sep/><s_text>I have no idea and it would cost too much anyway</s_text><sep/><s_text>Shift focus to meet a user need, then iterate and work with users to improve</s_text><sep/><s_text>IT industry littered with the dead bodies who died trying to deliver P - meanwhile eaten by others</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Big Problem does not equal big solution</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>technology changes so rapidly</s_text><sep/><s_text>Example £15M with payback of 4 years</s_text><sep/><s_text>Why embark on such a project - what will the service landscape be at that time?</s_text><sep/><s_text>Commoditisation of IT keeps rising up the stack</s_text><sep/><s_text>GDS - will never by another server ... all in Cloud</s_text><sep/><s_text>Never buy another printer - not printed anything in 18 months</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>What is the user need?</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Users are obtained - game of pass the parcel - unwrap but is it every Christmas</s_text><sep/><s_text>Job title is proposition director - how do we propose to meet user needs</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>This mind map was downloaded from www.biggerplate.com</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Find more mind maps in our library</s_text><sep/><s_text>Follow us on Twitter</s_text><sep/><s_text>Find us on Facebook</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Make it real</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Wireframes - after one year</s_text><sep/><s_text>two weeks sprints</s_text><sep/><s_text>average delivery cycle = 6 weeks</s_text><sep/><s_text>Continuous delivery within GDS - iteration is so important</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Never stop</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Continuous iteration environment</s_text><sep/><s_text>People like it</s_text><sep/><s_text>Engaged at GDS</s_text><sep/><s_text>People feel delivering worthwhile useful things</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>"A website is a person, not a thing"</s_text><sep/><s_text>Checklist</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>1. Product not pilot</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>If you are building a pilot which will not go into something wasting time</s_text><sep/><s_text>must meet a user need, if you wanted to you could roll out</s_text><sep/><s_text>Pilots to often provide an excuse, breaks cadence</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>2. Owner is in the room</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Example - large project</s_text><sep/><s_text>Programme Board - looked for writeboard ... not there, nor owner, can we write a paper and come back</s_text><sep/><s_text>daily stand ups and weekly show and tell that the owner must come to</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>3. Real soon</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>End of first sprint, must be something that you can touch</s_text><sep/><s_text>early on had first walk through of how it was going to work after one week</s_text><sep/><s_text>identified and edge case - multiple votes</s_text><sep/><s_text>could take a system with a few weeks and put in from of a Minister</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>4. User, user, user</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>is it stated anyway</s_text><sep/><s_text>who are they, where do they leave</s_text><sep/><s_text>how often do you speak to them?</s_text><sep/><s_text>most critical thing ...</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>snapshot_Agile_Delivery.pdf</s_text><sep/><s_text>Merv Wyeth www.chanctonbury.org</s_text></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


[User] <image>

[User] Convert the mind map information in the image into a readable structured output.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>Mindjet Revolution roadshow quick notes</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>Welcome</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>chris Harman</s_text><sep/><s_text>goals</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>educate on solutions</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Michael Deutch</s_text><sep/><s_text>Hilary de Rover</s_text><sep/><s_text>John Barber</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>customer</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Mavim</s_text><sep/><s_text>http://www.mavim.nl/</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>vision forward</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Michael</s_text><sep/><s_text>roadmap</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Solutions</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>today</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>+2M users</s_text><sep/><s_text>500k trials in 2010</s_text><sep/><s_text>80% of global 200</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>user poll in the audience</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>52% = 3jr+ user of MindManager</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>4 pilars</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>mindManager 2012</s_text><sep/><s_text>Cohuman</s_text><sep/><s_text>Mobile</s_text><sep/><s_text>Connect</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Free mapping</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>students</s_text></s_node-5><sep/><s_text>Business</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Cohuman</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>e-mail to cohuman</s_text><sep/><s_text>auto prioritization</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>patented</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Also available as app</s_text><sep/><s_text>http://www.cohuman.com/</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>current 'puzzle'</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Connect</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Capture</s_text><sep/><s_text>Organize</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>desktop</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Plan</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Cohuman</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>act</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Mavin presentation</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Mavim Rules 7</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>integration with MindManager</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>http://www.mavim.nl/</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>This mind map was downloaded from www.biggerplate.com</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Find more mind maps in our library</s_text><sep/><s_text>Follow us on Twitter</s_text><sep/><s_text>Find us on Facebook</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>MindManager 2012 new features top 10</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Don't confuse new users</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Simplified Ribbon</s_text><sep/><s_text>integrated video guides</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>kick start with templates</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>out-of-the-box templates</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>e.g. Project Management Jetpack</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>integrated online templates</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Map gallery</s_text><sep/><s_text>Mapsforthat.com</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>find it faster on SharePoint</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>get the most out of your SharePoint investment</s_text><sep/><s_text>integrated add-in</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Previously SharePoint Explorer</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>use it for</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>linking</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>docs</s_text><sep/><s_text>tasks</s_text></s_node-5></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>seems pretty technical...</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>multiplying map links</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>multiple links per topic</s_text><sep/><s_text>ability to change to order of links</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>e.g. for mobile devices</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Excel with Excel</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Export of your map to CSV</s_text><sep/><s_text>supports selections of topics</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>manage tasks</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>integrated gantt</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>print</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Print preview</s_text><sep/><s_text>Print of selection of gantt</s_text></s_node-5><sep/><s_text>drag and drop</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Power Filter</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>filter presets</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>new sort options</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>sort by due date</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>easily navigate complex maps</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>marker Index</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Previously an add-in called Power Markers</s_text><sep/><s_text>Updates live</s_text><sep/><s_text>a good way to understand a map from one of your colleagues</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>make better decisions</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Analysis View</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>two dimensional</s_text><sep/><s_text>Copy matrix to clipboard as image</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>unleash your ideas</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>previousely and add-in called The Realizer</s_text><sep/><s_text>Guided Brainstorm</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>challenge cards</s_text><sep/><s_text>idea cards</s_text><sep/><s_text>flesh out ideas</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>e.g. using 5W+H</s_text></s_node-5></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Connect with your team</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Mindjet Connect</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>free version</s_text><sep/><s_text>paid version</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Connect Business</s_text><sep/><s_text>multiple access levels</s_text></s_node-5></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>new</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>folders and subfolders</s_text><sep/><s_text>inegrated feeds</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Google</s_text><sep/><s_text>Bing</s_text><sep/><s_text>LinkedIn</s_text><sep/><s_text>Evernote</s_text></s_node-5></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>desktop</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>integrated with connect</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>web</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>free version</s_text><sep/><s_text>no single-sign-on yet</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>mobile</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>view maps with mobile devices</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Roadmap</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>can't talk about this</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>more information at www.ahacoaching.nl</s_text></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


[User] <image>

[User] Organize the content of this mind map into structured textual information.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text></s_text><s_node-1><s_text>This mind map was downloaded from www.biggerplate.com</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Find more mind maps in our library</s_text><sep/><s_text>Follow us on Twitter</s_text><sep/><s_text>Find us on Facebook</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>direct mail</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Initial contact</s_text><s_relation>()<sep/>They call me ()<sep/>Autoresponder Send them one email to thank them for their interest and saying what the questions are and that you'll call them within 24 hours ()<sep/>()<sep/>()<sep/>()<sep/>()<sep/>First Meeting ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Combo ($1097) Save $103</s_text><sep/><s_text>implementation package</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Info</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Refer the right resources (programs, books, experts,...)</s_text><sep/><s_text>Help you overcome change resistance</s_text><sep/><s_text>Help you build rituals, routines that will make it inevitable for you to get the success you want</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Accountability</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Make you more productive</s_text><sep/><s_text>Expert as needed</s_text><sep/><s_text>How much?</s_text><sep/><s_text>Present it better, clarify value.</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Referral</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>word of mouth buzz</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>People with lists</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>sales promotions</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>websites</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>email marketing</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>catalogues</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Networking</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Joint ventures</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Personal Selling</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><s_node-2><s_text>One Time Events</s_text><sep/><s_text>Regular Networking</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Cold calling</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>High-touch Personal One-on-one activities</s_text><sep/><s_text>viral marketing</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Direct contact Directed to many people at once</s_text><sep/><s_text>Notes</s_text><sep/><s_text>Creating awareness</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Paying for eyeballs through advertising or sponsorships</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Adwords</s_text><sep/><s_text>Special Events</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Become notorious</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Becoming known as the "... guy" through speaking</s_text><sep/><s_text>writing</s_text><sep/><s_text>PR/publicity</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Social media marketing</s_text><s_relation>()</s_relation><s_node-2><s_text>Blog marketing</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Autoresponder Send them one email to thank them for their interest and saying what the questions are and that you'll call them within 24 hours</s_text><s_relation>Initial contact ()<sep/>Email from website form ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Email from website form</s_text><s_relation>Autoresponder Send them one email to thank them for their interest and saying what the questions are and that you'll call them within 24 hours ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>They call me</s_text><s_relation>Initial contact ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>2nd Order Network Getting people to spread the word</s_text><sep/><s_text>Make my sale first</s_text><sep/><s_text>Then, if I see I can refer somebody (ex: Danny), do it once client signed.</s_text><sep/><s_text>If I slip up, mention someone or a resource and prospect asks about it before invoice is paid, then synergize</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>For Natural Selection</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Tell prospect full prices</s_text><sep/><s_text>And how much I can take off my package</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Initial Assessment Session(s)</s_text><s_relation>Product / Packages ()<sep/>Follow Up System ()<sep/>Solution Design ()<sep/>Close on product/service ()<sep/>Custom Packages ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Solution Design</s_text><s_relation>Initial Assessment Session(s) ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Ongoing Work</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Every x period</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Follow Up System</s_text><s_relation>Initial Assessment Session(s) ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Custom Packages</s_text><s_relation>Initial Assessment Session(s) ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Product / Packages</s_text><s_relation>Initial Assessment Session(s) ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Close on product/service</s_text><s_relation>Initial Assessment Session(s) ()<sep/>Follow Up Meetings ()</s_relation><s_node-2><s_text>Agreement or Letter of Intent</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>First Meeting</s_text><s_relation>Follow Up Meetings ()<sep/>Initial contact ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Follow Up Meetings</s_text><s_relation>Close on product/service ()<sep/>First Meeting ()</s_relation><sep/><s_text>Scope of Work</s_text></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


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[User] Convert this mind map into a clear structured data format.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>Control systems in living organisms</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>Cellular level</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Metabolic pathways controlled by enzymes</s_text><sep/><s_text>Some enzymes act as rate controlling enzymes</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Activity of enzymes controlled by non-competitive inhibition</s_text><sep/><s_text>End-product of the pathway acts as an inhibitor</s_text><sep/><s_text>As conc. of end-product rises so level of inhibition increases</s_text><sep/><s_text>Pathway is self-regulating</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>To respond to changes in the environment, organisms must have cells sensitive to changes</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Thermoreceptors</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Detect changes in body temp.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Impulses sent to hypothalamus</s_text><sep/><s_text>Heat loss or heat gain mechanisms are initiated</s_text><sep/><s_text>Increase in temp.</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Vasodilation</s_text><sep/><s_text>Incr. sweating</s_text><sep/><s_text>Pilorelaxation</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Photoreceptors</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Detect changes in light intensity</s_text><sep/><s_text>Rods in retina</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Light causes photosensitive pigment rhodopsin to breakdown</s_text><sep/><s_text>Impulses in ganglion cells</s_text><sep/><s_text>Autonomic NS controls pupil diameter</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Parasympathetic neurones</s_text><s_node-6><s_text>Pupil constriction</s_text></s_node-6><sep/><s_text>Sympathetic neurones</s_text><s_node-6><s_text>Pupil dilation</s_text></s_node-6></s_node-5></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Guard cells</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Respond to changes in light intensity</s_text><sep/><s_text>Contain chloroplasts</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Increased light causes K-pumping</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Cells swell and stomata open</s_text></s_node-5></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Animals have control systems that enable to maintain a constant internal environment</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Long-term controlled often uses hormones</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Released from endocrine organs and transported in the blood</s_text><sep/><s_text>Control of blood glucose levels</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Fluctuate with intake and usage</s_text><sep/><s_text>Failure to control glucose levels can lead to coma and death</s_text><sep/><s_text>Levels monitored by pancreas</s_text><sep/><s_text>If levels too high, insulin released from beta cells</s_text><s_node-5><s_text>Acts on liver and muscle cells</s_text><s_node-6><s_text>Incr. in number of uptake carrier proteins</s_text><s_node-7><s_text>Incr. in glucose uptake from the plasma</s_text></s_node-7><sep/><s_text>Glycogen synthetase activated</s_text><s_node-7><s_text>Incr. in glycogen synthesis</s_text></s_node-7></s_node-6></s_node-5></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Short-term control often uses the nervous system</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Uses neurones to conduct electrical signals</s_text><sep/><s_text>Very response</s_text><sep/><s_text>Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>During exercise blood levels of carbon dioxide rise as muscles respire at faster rate</s_text><sep/><s_text>Detected by chemoreceptors in carotid bodies</s_text><sep/><s_text>Impulses sent along sensory neurones to medulla oblongata</s_text><sep/><s_text>Impulses sent from the cardiovascular centre down sympathetic neurones</s_text><sep/><s_text>Noradrenaline is released at SA node</s_text><sep/><s_text>Heart rate increases</s_text><sep/><s_text>Increased blood flow to lungs</s_text><sep/><s_text>Increased carbon dioxide excretion</s_text><sep/><s_text>Increased oxygen uptake</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Introduction</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Internal and external environments are continually changing.</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Organisms must be able to respond to these changes to survive</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Regulatory systems are usually controlled by negative feedback</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Departure from a norm value initiates changes that restore the system to the norm.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Response is in the opposite direction to the change</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


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[User] Organize the content of this mind map into structured textual information.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>BIOFEEDBACK</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>about this map</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>by wojciech korsak (Warsaw/POLAND)</s_text><sep/><s_text>all information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>introduction</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body, primarily using electronic or other instruments, with a goal of being able to manipulate the body's systems at will.[1][2] Some of the processes that can be controlled include brainwaves, muscle tone, skin conductance, heart rate and pain perception.[3]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback may be used to improve health, performance, and the physiological changes that often occur in conjunction with changes to thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Eventually, these changes may be maintained without the use of extra equipment, for no equipment is necessarily required to practice biofeedback.[2]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback has been found to be effective for the treatment of headaches and migraines.[4][5]</s_text><sep/><s_text>A diagram showing the feedback loop between person, sensor, and processor to help provide biofeedback training</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Information coded biofeedback</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Information coded biofeedback is an evolving form and methodology in the field of biofeedback. Its uses may be applied in the areas of health, wellness and awareness. Biofeedback has its modern conventional roots in the early 1970s.[6][7]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Over the years, biofeedback as a discipline and a technology has continued to mature and express new versions of the method with novel interpretations in areas utilizing the electromyograph, electrodermograph, electroencephalograph and electrocardiogram among others. The concept of biofeedback is based on the fact that a wide variety of ongoing intrinsic natural functions of the organism occur at a level of awareness generally called the "unconscious".[6] The biofeedback process is designed to interface with select aspects of these "unconscious" processes.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The definition reads: Biofeedback is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance. Precise instruments measure physiological activity such as brainwaves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature. These instruments rapidly and accurately feed back information to the user. The presentation of this information—often in conjunction with changes in thinking, emotions, and behavior—supports desired physiological changes. Over time, these changes can endure without continued use of an instrument.[2]</s_text><sep/><s_text>A more simple definition could be: Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information on the activity of those same systems, with a goal of being able to manipulate them at will.[8] (Emphasis added by author.)</s_text><sep/><s_text>In both of these definitions, a cardinal feature of the concept is the association of the "will" with the result of a new cognitive "learning" skill.[9] Some examine this concept and do not necessarily ascribe it simply to a willful acquisition of a new learned skill but also extend the dynamics into the realms of a behavioristic conditioning[10][11] (7). Behaviorism contends that it is possible to change the actions and functions of an organism by exposing it to a number of conditions or influences. Key to the concept is not only that the functions are unconscious but that conditioning processes themselves may be unconscious to the organism.[12] Information coded biofeedback relies primarily on the behavior conditioning aspect of biofeedback in promoting significant changes in the functioning of the organism.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The principle of "information" is both complex and, in part, controversial. The term itself is derived from the Latin verb informare which means literally "to bring into form or shape". The meaning of "information" is largely affected by the context of usage. Probably the simplest and perhaps most insightful definition of "information" was given by Gregory Bateson—"Information is news of change" or another as "the difference that makes a difference".[13] Information may also be thought of as "any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns".[14] Recognizing the inherent complexity of an organism, information coded biofeedback applies algorithmic calculations in a stochastic approach to identify significant probabilities in a limited set of possibilities.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Sensor modalities</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Electromyograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>An electromyograph (EMG) uses surface electrodes to detect muscle action potentials from underlying skeletal muscles that initiate muscle contraction. Clinicians record the surface electromyogram (SEMG) using one or more active electrodes that are placed over a target muscle and a reference electrode that is placed within six inches of either active. The SEMG is measured in microvolts (millionths of a volt).[17][18]</s_text><sep/><s_text>In addition to surface electrodes, clinicians may also insert wires or needles intramuscularly to record an EMG signal. While this is more painful and often costly, the signal is more reliable since surface electrodes pick up cross talk from nearby muscles. The use of surface electrodes is also limited to superficial muscles, making the intramuscular approach beneficial to access signals from deeper muscles. The electrical activity picked up by the electrodes is recorded and displayed in the same fashion as the surface electrodes.[19] Prior to placing surface electrodes, the skin is normally shaved, cleaned and exfoliated to get the best signal. Raw EMG signals resemble noise (electrical signal not coming from the muscle of interest) and the voltage fluctuates, therefore they are processed normally in three ways: rectification, filtering, and integration. This processing allows for a unified signal that is then able to be compared to other signals using the same processing techniques.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use EMG biofeedback when treating anxiety and worry, chronic pain, computer-related disorder, essential hypertension, headache (migraine, mixed headache, and tension-type headache), low back pain, physical rehabilitation (cerebral palsy, incomplete spinal cord lesions, and stroke), temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD), torticollis, and fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain.[20][21] Physical therapists have also used EMG biofeedback for evaluating muscle activation and providing feedback for their patients.[16]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Feedback thermometer</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>A feedback thermometer detects skin temperature with a thermistor (a temperature-sensitive resistor) that is usually attached to a finger or toe and measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Skin temperature mainly reflects arteriole diameter. Hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by separate mechanisms, and their regulation involves different skills.[22] Hand-warming involves arteriole vasodilation produced by a beta-2 adrenergic hormonal mechanism.[23] Hand-cooling involves arteriole vasoconstriction produced by the increased firing of sympathetic C-fibers.[24]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, edema, headache (migraine and tension-type headache), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, anxiety, and stress.[21]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Electrodermograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>An electrodermograph (EDG) measures skin electrical activity directly (skin conductance and skin potential) and indirectly (skin resistance) using electrodes placed over the digits or hand and wrist. Orienting responses to unexpected stimuli, arousal and worry, and cognitive activity can increase eccrine sweat gland activity, increasing the conductivity of the skin for electric current.[22]</s_text><sep/><s_text>In skin conductance, an electrodermograph imposes an imperceptible current across the skin and measures how easily it travels through the skin. When anxiety raises the level of sweat in a sweat duct, conductance increases. Skin conductance is measured in microsiemens (millionths of a siemens). In skin potential, a therapist places an active electrode over an active site (e.g., the palmar surface of the hand) and a reference electrode over a relatively inactive site (e.g., forearm). Skin potential is the voltage that develops between eccrine sweat glands and internal tissues and is measured in millivolts (thousandths of a volt). In skin resistance, also called galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrodermograph imposes a current across the skin and measures the amount of opposition it encounters. Skin resistance is measured in kΩ (thousands of ohms).[25]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use electrodermal biofeedback when treating anxiety disorders, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), and stress.[21][26] Electrodermal biofeedback is used as an adjunct to psychotherapy to increase client awareness of their emotions.[27][28] In addition, electrodermal measures have long served as one of the central tools in polygraphy (lie detection) because they reflect changes in anxiety or emotional activation.[29]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Electroencephalograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activation of the brain from scalp sites located over the human cortex. The EEG shows the amplitude of electrical activity at each cortical site, the amplitude and relative power of various wave forms at each site, and the degree to which each cortical site fires in conjunction with other cortical sites (coherence and symmetry).[30]</s_text><sep/><s_text>The EEG uses precious metal electrodes to detect a voltage between at least two electrodes located on the scalp. The EEG records both excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) that largely occur in dendrites in pyramidal cells located in macrocolumns, several millimeters in diameter, in the upper cortical layers. Neurofeedback monitors both slow and fast cortical potentials.[31]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Slow cortical potentials are gradual changes in the membrane potentials of cortical dendrites that last from 300 ms to several seconds. These potentials include the contingent negative variation (CNV), readiness potential, movement-related potentials (MRPs), and P300 and N400 potentials.[32]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Fast cortical potentials range from 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz.[33] The main frequency ranges include delta, theta, alpha, the sensorimotor rhythm, low beta, high beta, and gamma. The thresholds or boundaries defining the frequency ranges vary considerably among professionals. Fast cortical potentials can be described by their predominant frequencies, but also by whether they are synchronous or asynchronous wave forms. Synchronous wave forms occur at regular periodic intervals, whereas asynchronous wave forms are irregular.[31]</s_text><sep/><s_text>The synchronous delta rhythm ranges from 0.5 to 3.5 Hz. Delta is the dominant frequency from ages 1 to 2, and is associated in adults with deep sleep and brain pathology like trauma and tumors, and learning disability.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The synchronous theta rhythm ranges from 4 to 7 Hz. Theta is the dominant frequency in healthy young children and is associated with drowsiness or starting to sleep, REM sleep, hypnagogic imagery (intense imagery experienced before the onset of sleep), hypnosis, attention, and processing of cognitive and perceptual information.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The synchronous alpha rhythm ranges from 8 to 13 Hz and is defined by its waveform and not by its frequency. Alpha activity can be observed in about 75% of awake, relaxed individuals and is replaced by low-amplitude desynchronized beta activity during movement, complex problem-solving, and visual focusing. This phenomenon is called alpha blocking.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The synchronous sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) ranges from 12 to 15 Hz and is located over the sensorimotor cortex (central sulcus). The sensorimotor rhythm is associated with the inhibition of movement and reduced muscle tone.</s_text><sep/><s_text>The beta rhythm consists of asynchronous waves and can be divided into low beta and high beta ranges (13–21 Hz and 20–32 Hz). Low beta is associated with activation and focused thinking. High beta is associated with anxiety, hypervigilance, panic, peak performance, and worry.</s_text><sep/><s_text>EEG activity from 36 to 44 Hz is also referred to as gamma. Gamma activity is associated with perception of meaning and meditative awareness.[31][34][35]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Neurotherapists use EEG biofeedback when treating addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability, anxiety disorders (including worry, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, migraine, and generalized seizures.[21][36]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Photoplethysmograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>A photoplethysmograph (PPG) measures the relative blood flow through a digit using a photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensor attached by a Velcro band to the fingers or to the temple to monitor the temporal artery. An infrared light source is transmitted through or reflected off the tissue, detected by a phototransistor, and quantified in arbitrary units. Less light is absorbed when blood flow is greater, increasing the intensity of light reaching the sensor.[37]</s_text><sep/><s_text>A photoplethysmograph can measure blood volume pulse (BVP), which is the phasic change in blood volume with each heartbeat, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV), which consists of beat-to-beat differences in intervals between successive heartbeats.[38][39]</s_text><sep/><s_text>A photoplethysmograph can provide useful feedback when temperature feedback shows minimal change. This is because the PPG sensor is more sensitive than a thermistor to minute blood flow changes.[35] Biofeedback therapists can use a photoplethysmograph to supplement temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, edema, headache (migraine and tension-type headache), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, anxiety, and stress.[21]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Electrocardiogram</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>The electrocardiogram (ECG) uses electrodes placed on the torso, wrists, or legs, to measure the electrical activity of the heart and measures the interbeat interval (distances between successive R-wave peaks in the QRS complex). The interbeat interval, divided into 60 seconds, determines the heart rate at that moment. The statistical variability of that interbeat interval is what we call heart rate variability.[40] The ECG method is more accurate than the PPG method in measuring heart rate variability.[37][41]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback when treating asthma,[42] COPD,[43] depression,[44] anxiety,[45] fibromyalgia,[46] heart disease,[47] and unexplained abdominal pain.[48] Research shows that HRV biofeedback can also be used to improve physiological and psychological wellbeing in healthy individuals.[49]</s_text><sep/><s_text>HRV data from both polyplethysmographs and electrocardiograms are analyzed via mathematical transformations such as the commonly-used fast Fourier transform (FFT).[41] The FFT splits the HRV data into a power spectrum, revealing the waveform's constituent frequencies.[37] Among those constituent frequencies, high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components are defined as above and below .15 Hz, respectively. As a rule of thumb, the LF component of HRV represents sympathetic activity, and the HF component represents parasympathetic activity. The two main components are often represented as a LF/HF ratio and used to express sympathovagal balance.[37] Some researchers consider a third, medium-frequency (MF) component from .08 Hz to .15 Hz, which has been shown to increase in power during times of appreciation.[50]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Pneumograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>A pneumograph or respiratory strain gauge uses a flexible sensor band that is placed around the chest, abdomen, or both. The strain gauge method can provide feedback about the relative expansion/contraction of the chest and abdomen, and can measure respiration rate (the number of breaths per minute).[32] Clinicians can use a pneumograph to detect and correct dysfunctional breathing patterns and behaviors. Dysfunctional breathing patterns include clavicular breathing (breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals and the accessory muscles of respiration to inflate the lungs), reverse breathing (breathing where the abdomen expands during exhalation and contracts during inhalation), and thoracic breathing (shallow breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals to inflate the lungs). Dysfunctional breathing behaviors include apnea (suspension of breathing), gasping, sighing, and wheezing.[51]</s_text><sep/><s_text>A pneumograph is often used in conjunction with an electrocardiograph (ECG) or photoplethysmograph (PPG) in heart rate variability (HRV) training.[38][52]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use pneumograph biofeedback with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks, and stress.[21][53]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Capnometer</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>A capnometer or capnograph uses an infrared detector to measure end-tidal CO</s_text><sep/><s_text>2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air at the end of expiration) exhaled through the nostril into a latex tube. The average value of end-tidal CO</s_text><sep/><s_text>2 for a resting adult is 5% (36 Torr or 4.8 kPa). A capnometer is a sensitive index of the quality of patient breathing. Shallow, rapid, and effortful breathing lowers CO</s_text><sep/><s_text>2, while deep, slow, effortless breathing increases it.[51]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Biofeedback therapists use capnometric biofeedback to supplement respiratory strain gauge biofeedback with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks, and stress.[21][53][54]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Rheoencephalograph</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Rheoencephalography (REG), or brain blood flow biofeedback, is a biofeedback technique of a conscious control of blood flow. An electronic device called a rheoencephalograph [from Greek rheos stream, anything flowing, from rhein to flow] is utilized in brain blood flow biofeedback. Electrodes are attached to the skin at certain points on the head and permit the device to measure continuously the electrical conductivity of the tissues of structures located between the electrodes. The brain blood flow technique is based on non-invasive method of measuring bio-impedance. Changes in bio-impedance are generated by blood volume and blood flow and registered by a rheographic device.[55] The pulsative bio-impedance changes directly reflect the total blood flow of the deep structures of brain due to high frequency impedance measurements.[56]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Hemoencephalography</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Hemoencephalography or HEG biofeedback is a functional infrared imaging technique. As its name describes, it measures the differences in the color of light reflected back through the scalp based on the relative amount of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the brain. Research continues to determine its reliability, validity, and clinical applicability. HEG is used to treat ADHD and migraine, and for research.[57]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Pressure</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Pressure can be monitored as a patient performs exercises while resting against an air-filled cushion.[58] This is pertinent to physiotherapy. Alternatively, the patient may actively grip or press against an air-filled cushion of custom shape.[59]</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Applications</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Urinary incontinence</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Mowrer detailed the use of a bedwetting alarm that sounds when children urinate while asleep. This simple biofeedback device can quickly teach children to wake up when their bladders are full and to contract the urinary sphincter and relax the detrusor muscle, preventing further urine release. Through classical conditioning, sensory feedback from a full bladder replaces the alarm and allows children to continue sleeping without urinating.[60]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Kegel developed the perineometer in 1947 to treat urinary incontinence (urine leakage) in women whose pelvic floor muscles are weakened during pregnancy and childbirth. The perineometer, which is inserted into the vagina to monitor pelvic floor muscle contraction, satisfies all the requirements of a biofeedback device and enhances the effectiveness of popular Kegel exercises.[61] Contradicting this, a 2013 randomized controlled trial found no benefit of adding biofeedback to pelvic floor muscle exercise in stress urinary incontinence.[62][non-primary source needed] In another randomized controlled trial the addition of biofeedback to the training of pelvic floor muscles for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, improved pelvic floor muscle function, reduced urinary symptoms, and improved of the quality of life.[63][non-primary source needed]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Research has shown that biofeedback can improve the efficacy of pelvic floor exercises and help restore proper bladder functions. The mode of action of vaginal cones, for instance involves a biological biofeedback mechanism. Studies have shown that biofeedback obtained with vaginal cones is as effective as biofeedback induced through physiotherapy electrostimulation.[64]</s_text><sep/><s_text>In 1992, the United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research recommended biofeedback as a first-line treatment for adult urinary incontinence.[65]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Fecal incontinence and anismus</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Biofeedback is a major treatment for anismus (paradoxical contraction of puborectalis during defecation). This therapy directly evolved from the investigation anorectal manometry where a probe that can record pressure is placed in the anal canal. Biofeedback therapy is also a commonly used and researched therapy for fecal incontinence, but the benefits are uncertain.[66] Biofeedback therapy varies in the way it is delivered. It is also unknown if one type has benefits over another.[66] The aims have been described as to enhance either the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), rectal sensitivity (by discrimination of progressively smaller volumes of a rectal balloon and promptly contracting the external anal sphincter (EAS)), or the strength and endurance of the EAS contraction. Three general types of biofeedback have been described, though they are not mutually exclusive, with many protocols combining these elements.[66] Similarly there is variance of the length of both the individual sessions and the overall length of the training, and if home exercises are performed in addition and how. In rectal sensitivity training, a balloon is placed in the rectum, and is gradually distended until there is a sensation of rectal filling. Successively smaller volume reinflations of the balloon aim to help the person detect rectal distension at a lower threshold, giving more time to contract the EAS and prevent incontinence, or to journey to the toilet. Alternatively, in those with urge incontinence/ rectal hypersensitivity, training is aimed at teaching the person to tolerate progressively larger volumes. Strength training may involve electromyography (EMG) skin electrodes, manometric pressures, intra-anal EMG, or endoanal ultrasound. One of these measures are used to relay the muscular activity or anal canal pressure during anal sphincter exercise. Performance and progress can be monitored in this manner. Co-ordination training involves the placing of 3 balloons, in the rectum and in the upper and lower anal canal. The rectal balloon is inflated to trigger the RAIR, an event often followed by incontinence. Co-ordination training aims to teach voluntary contraction of EAS when the RAIR occurs (i.e. when there is rectal distension).[66]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>EEG</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Caton recorded spontaneous electrical potentials from the exposed cortical surface of monkeys and rabbits, and was the first to measure event-related potentials (EEG responses to stimuli) in 1875.[67]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Danilevsky published Investigations in the Physiology of the Brain, which explored the relationship between the EEG and states of consciousness in 1877.[68]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Beck published studies of spontaneous electrical potentials detected from the brains of dogs and rabbits, and was the first to document alpha blocking, where light alters rhythmic oscillations, in 1890.[69]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Sherrington introduced the terms neuron and synapse and published the Integrative Action of the Nervous System in 1906.[70]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Pravdich-Neminsky photographed the EEG and event related potentials from dogs, demonstrated a 12–14 Hz rhythm that slowed during asphyxiation, and introduced the term electrocerebrogram in 1912.[71]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Forbes reported the replacement of the string galvanometer with a vacuum tube to amplify the EEG in 1920. The vacuum tube became the de facto standard by 1936.[72]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Berger (1924) published the first human EEG data. He recorded electrical potentials from his son Klaus's scalp. At first he believed that he had discovered the physical mechanism for telepathy but was disappointed that the electromagnetic variations disappear only millimeters away from the skull. (He did continue to believe in telepathy throughout his life, however, having had a particularly confirming event regarding his sister). He viewed the EEG as analogous to the ECG and introduced the term elektenkephalogram. He believed that the EEG had diagnostic and therapeutic promise in measuring the impact of clinical interventions. Berger showed that these potentials were not due to scalp muscle contractions. He first identified the alpha rhythm, which he called the Berger rhythm, and later identified the beta rhythm and sleep spindles. He demonstrated that alterations in consciousness are associated with changes in the EEG and associated the beta rhythm with alertness. He described interictal activity (EEG potentials between seizures) and recorded a partial complex seizure in 1933. Finally, he performed the first QEEG, which is the measurement of the signal strength of EEG frequencies.[73]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Adrian and Matthews confirmed Berger's findings in 1934 by recording their own EEGs using a cathode-ray oscilloscope. Their demonstration of EEG recording at the 1935 Physiological Society meetings in England caused its widespread acceptance. Adrian used himself as a subject and demonstrated the phenomenon of alpha blocking, where opening his eyes suppressed alpha rhythms.[74]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Gibbs, Davis, and Lennox inaugurated clinical electroencephalography in 1935 by identifying abnormal EEG rhythms associated with epilepsy, including interictal spike waves and 3 Hz activity in absence seizures.[68]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Bremer used the EEG to show how sensory signals affect vigilance in 1935.[75]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Walter (1937, 1953) named the delta waves and theta waves, and the contingent negative variation (CNV), a slow cortical potential that may reflect expectancy, motivation, intention to act, or attention. He located an occipital lobe source for alpha waves and demonstrated that delta waves can help locate brain lesions like tumors. He improved Berger's electroencephalograph and pioneered EEG topography.[76]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Kleitman has been recognized as the "Father of American sleep research" for his seminal work in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, circadian rhythms, the sleep patterns of different age groups, and the effects of sleep deprivation. He discovered the phenomenon of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with his graduate student Aserinsky in 1953.[77]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Dement, another of Kleitman's students, described the EEG architecture and phenomenology of sleep stages and the transitions between them in 1955, associated REM sleep with dreaming in 1957, and documented sleep cycles in another species, cats, in 1958, which stimulated basic sleep research. He established the Stanford University Sleep Research Center in 1970.[78]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Andersen and Andersson (1968) proposed that thalamic pacemakers project synchronous alpha rhythms to the cortex via thalamocortical circuits.[79]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Kamiya (1968) demonstrated that the alpha rhythm in humans could be operantly conditioned. He published an influential article in Psychology Today that summarized research that showed that subjects could learn to discriminate when alpha was present or absent, and that they could use feedback to shift the dominant alpha frequency about 1 Hz. Almost half of his subjects reported experiencing a pleasant "alpha state" characterized as an "alert calmness." These reports may have contributed to the perception of alpha biofeedback as a shortcut to a meditative state. He also studied the EEG correlates of meditative states.[80]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Brown (1970) demonstrated the clinical use of alpha-theta biofeedback. In research designed to identify the subjective states associated with EEG rhythms, she trained subjects to increase the abundance of alpha, beta, and theta activity using visual feedback and recorded their subjective experiences when the amplitude of these frequency bands increased. She also helped popularize biofeedback by publishing a series of books, including New Mind, New body (1974) and Stress and the Art of Biofeedback (1977).[81][82][83]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Mulholland and Peper (1971) showed that occipital alpha increases with eyes open and not focused, and is disrupted by visual focusing; a rediscovery of alpha blocking.[84]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Green and Green (1986) investigated voluntary control of internal states by individuals like Swami Rama and American Indian medicine man Rolling Thunder both in India and at the Menninger Foundation. They brought portable biofeedback equipment to India and monitored practitioners as they demonstrated self-regulation. A film containing footage from their investigations was released as Biofeedback: The Yoga of the West (1974). They developed alpha-theta training at the Menninger Foundation from the 1960s to the 1990s. They hypothesized that theta states allow access to unconscious memories and increase the impact of prepared images or suggestions. Their alpha-theta research fostered Peniston's development of an alpha-theta addiction protocol.[85]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Sterman (1972) showed that cats and human subjects could be operantly trained to increase the amplitude of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) recorded from the sensorimotor cortex. He demonstrated that SMR production protects cats against drug-induced generalized seizures (tonic-clonic seizures involving loss of consciousness) and reduces the frequency of seizures in humans diagnosed with epilepsy. He found that his SMR protocol, which uses visual and auditory EEG biofeedback, normalizes their EEGs (SMR increases while theta and beta decrease toward normal values) even during sleep. Sterman also co-developed the Sterman-Kaiser (SKIL) QEEG database.[86]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Birbaumer and colleagues (1981) have studied feedback of slow cortical potentials since the late 1970s. They have demonstrated that subjects can learn to control these DC potentials and have studied the efficacy of slow cortical potential biofeedback in treating ADHD, epilepsy, migraine, and schizophrenia.[87]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Lubar (1989) studied SMR biofeedback to treat attention disorders and epilepsy in collaboration with Sterman. He demonstrated that SMR training can improve attention and academic performance in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD). He documented the importance of theta-to-beta ratios in ADHD and developed theta suppression-beta enhancement protocols to decrease these ratios and improve student performance.[88] The Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBA) System a device used to measure the Theta-to-Beta ratio was approved as a tool to assist in diagnosis of ADHD on July 15, 2013.[89] However, the field has recently moved away from the measure. This move has been caused by the general change in the population norms in the past 20 years (most likely due to the change in the average amount of sleep in young people).</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Electrodermal system</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Feré demonstrated the exosomatic method of recording of skin electrical activity by passing a small current through the skin in 1888.[90]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Tarchanoff used the endosomatic method by recording the difference in skin electrical potential from points on the skin surface in 1889; no external current was applied.[91]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Jung employed the galvanometer, which used the exosomatic method, in 1907 to study unconscious emotions in word-association experiments.[92]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Marjorie and Hershel Toomim (1975) published a landmark article about the use of GSR biofeedback in psychotherapy.[27]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Meyer and Reich discussed similar material in a British publication.[93]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Musculoskeletal system</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Jacobson (1930) developed hardware to measure EMG voltages over time, showed that cognitive activity (like imagery) affects EMG levels, introduced the deep relaxation method Progressive Relaxation, and wrote Progressive Relaxation (1929) and You Must Relax (1934). He prescribed daily Progressive Relaxation practice to treat diverse psychophysiological disorders like hypertension.[94]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Several researchers showed that human subjects could learn precise control of individual motor units (motor neurons and the muscle fibers they control). Lindsley (1935) found that relaxed subjects could suppress motor unit firing without biofeedback training.[95]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Harrison and Mortensen (1962) trained subjects using visual and auditory EMG biofeedback to control individual motor units in the tibialis anterior muscle of the leg.[96]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Basmajian (1963) instructed subjects using unfiltered auditory EMG biofeedback to control separate motor units in the abductor pollicis muscle of the thumb in his Single Motor Unit Training (SMUT) studies. His best subjects coordinated several motor units to produce drum rolls. Basmajian demonstrated practical applications for neuromuscular rehabilitation, pain management, and headache treatment.[97]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Marinacci (1960) applied EMG biofeedback to neuromuscular disorders (where proprioception is disrupted) including Bell Palsy (one-sided facial paralysis), polio, and stroke.[98]</s_text><sep/><s_text>"While Marinacci used EMG to treat neuromuscular disorders, his colleagues used the EMG only for diagnosis. They were unable to recognize its potential as a teaching tool even when the evidence stared them in the face! Many electromyographers who performed nerve conduction studies used visual and auditory feedback to reduce interference when a patient recruited too many motor units. Even though they used EMG biofeedback to guide the patient to relax so that clean diagnostic EMG tests could be recorded, they were unable to envision EMG biofeedback treatment of motor disorders."[99]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Whatmore and Kohli (1968) introduced the concept of dysponesis (misplaced effort) to explain how functional disorders (where body activity is disturbed) develop. Bracing your shoulders when you hear a loud sound illustrates dysponesis, since this action does not protect against injury.[100] These clinicians applied EMG biofeedback to diverse functional problems like headache and hypertension. They reported case follow-ups ranging from 6 to 21 years. This was long compared with typical 0-24 month follow-ups in the clinical literature. Their data showed that skill in controlling misplaced efforts was positively related to clinical improvement. Last, they wrote The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Functional Disorders (1974) that outlined their treatment of functional disorders.[101]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Wolf (1983) integrated EMG biofeedback into physical therapy to treat stroke patients and conducted landmark stroke outcome studies.[102]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Peper (1997) applied SEMG to the workplace, studied the ergonomics of computer use, and promoted "healthy computing."[103]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Taub (1999, 2006) demonstrated the clinical efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for the treatment of spinal cord-injured and stroke patients.[104][105]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Cardiovascular system</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Shearn (1962) operantly trained human subjects to increase their heart rates by 5 beats-per-minute to avoid electric shock.[106] In contrast to Shearn's slight heart rate increases, Swami Rama used yoga to produce atrial flutter at an average 306 beats per minute before a Menninger Foundation audience. This briefly stopped his heart's pumping of blood and silenced his pulse.[85]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Engel and Chism (1967) operantly trained subjects to decrease, increase, and then decrease their heart rates (this was analogous to ON-OFF-ON EEG training). He then used this approach to teach patients to control their rate of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), where the ventricles contract too soon. Engel conceptualized this training protocol as illness onset training, since patients were taught to produce and then suppress a symptom.[107] Peper has similarly taught asthmatics who wheeze to better control their breathing.[108]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Schwartz (1971, 1972) examined whether specific patterns of cardiovascular activity are easier to learn than others due to biological constraints. He examined the constraints on learning integrated (two autonomic responses change in the same direction) and differentiated (two autonomic responses change inversely) patterns of blood pressure and heart rate change.[109]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Schultz and Luthe (1969) developed Autogenic Training, which is a deep relaxation exercise derived from hypnosis. This procedure combines passive volition with imagery in a series of three treatment procedures (standard Autogenic exercises, Autogenic neutralization, and Autogenic meditation). Clinicians at the Menninger Foundation coupled an abbreviated list of standard exercises with thermal biofeedback to create autogenic biofeedback.[110] Luthe (1973) also published a series of six volumes titled Autogenic therapy.[111]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Fahrion and colleagues (1986) reported on an 18-26 session treatment program for hypertensive patients. The Menninger program combined breathing modification, autogenic biofeedback for the hands and feet, and frontal EMG training. The authors reported that 89% of their medication patients discontinued or reduced medication by one-half while significantly lowering blood pressure. While this study did not include a double-blind control, the outcome rate was impressive.[112]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Freedman and colleagues (1991) demonstrated that hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by different mechanisms. The primary hand-warming mechanism is beta-adrenergic (hormonal), while the main hand-cooling mechanism is alpha-adrenergic and involves sympathetic C-fibers. This contradicts the traditional view that finger blood flow is controlled exclusively by sympathetic C-fibers. The traditional model asserts that, when firing is slow, hands warm; when firing is rapid, hands cool. Freedman and colleagues' studies support the view that hand-warming and hand-cooling represent entirely different skills.[113]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Vaschillo and colleagues (1983) published the first studies of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback with cosmonauts and treated patients diagnosed with psychiatric and psychophysiological disorders.[114][115] Lehrer collaborated with Smetankin and Potapova in treating pediatric asthma patients[116] and published influential articles on HRV asthma treatment in the medical journal Chest.[117] The most direct effect of HRV biofeedback is on the baroreflex, a homeostatic reflex that helps control blood pressure fluctuations.[118] When blood pressure goes up, the baroreflex makes heart rate go down. The opposite happens when blood pressure goes down. Because it takes about 5 seconds for blood pressure to change after changes in heart rate (think of different amounts of blood flowing through the same sized tube), the baroreflex produces a rhythm in heart rate with a period of about 10 seconds. Another rhythm in heart rate is caused by respiration (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), such that heart rate rises during inhalation and falls during exhalation. During HRV biofeedback, these two reflexes stimulate each other, stimulating resonance properties of the cardiovascular system caused by the inherent rhythm in the baroreflex,[119] and thus causing very big oscillations in heart rate and large-amplitude stimulation of the baroreflex.[120] Thus HRV biofeedback exercises the baroreflex, and strengthens it. This apparently has the effect of modulating autonomic reactivity to stimulation. Because the baroreflex is controlled through brain stem mechanisms that communicate directly with the insula and amygdala, which control emotion, HRV biofeedback also appears to modulate emotional reactivity, and to help people suffering from anxiety, stress, and depression[121][122][123][124][125]</s_text><sep/><s_text>Emotions are intimately linked to heart health, which is linked to physical and mental health. In general, good mental[126][127] and physical[128] health are correlated with positive emotions and high heart rate variability (HRV) modulated by mostly high frequencies. High HRV has been correlated with increased executive functioning skills such as memory and reaction time.[126] Biofeedback that increased HRV and shifted power toward HF (high-frequencies) has been shown to lower blood pressure[129] On the other hand, LF (low-frequency) power in the heart is associated with sympathetic vagal activity, which is known to increase the risk of heart attack.[130] LF-dominated HRV power spectra are also directly associated with higher mortality rates in healthy individuals,[131][132] and among individuals with mood disorders.[133] Anger and frustration increase the LF range of HRV.[134] Other studies have shown anger to increase the risk of heart attack,[135] so researchers at the Heartmath Institute have made the connection between emotions and physical health via HRV.</s_text><sep/><s_text>Because emotions have such an impact on cardiac function, which cascades to numerous other biological processes, emotional regulation techniques are able to effect practical, psychophysiological change.[129] McCraty et al. discovered that feelings of gratitude increased HRV and moved its power spectrum toward the MF (mid-frequency) and HF (high-frequency) ranges, while decreasing LF (low-frequency) power.[134] The Heartmath Institute's patented techniques involve engendering feelings of gratitude and happiness, focusing on the physical location of the heart, and breathing in 10-second cycles.[136] Other techniques have been shown to improve HRV, such as strenuous aerobic exercise,[137] and meditation.[138]</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Pain</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Chronic back pain</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Newton-John, Spense, and Schotte (1994) compared the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Electromyographic Biofeedback (EMG-Biofeedback) for 44 participants with chronic low back pain. Newton-John et al. (1994) split the participants into two groups, then measured the intensity of pain, the participants' perceived disability, and depression before treatment, after treatment and again six months later. Newton-John et al.(1994) found no significant differences between the group which received CBT and the group which received EMG-Biofeedback. This seems to indicate that biofeedback is as effective as CBT in chronic low back pain. Comparing the results of the groups before treatment and after treatment, indicates that EMG-Biofeedback reduced pain, disability, and depression as much as by half.[139]</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Muscle pain</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Budzynski and Stoyva (1969) showed that EMG biofeedback could reduce frontalis muscle (forehead) contraction.[140] They demonstrated in 1973 that analog (proportional) and binary (ON or OFF) visual EMG biofeedback were equally helpful in lowering masseter SEMG levels.[141] McNulty, Gevirtz, Hubbard, and Berkoff (1994) proposed that sympathetic nervous system innervation of muscle spindles underlies trigger points.[142]</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Tension headache</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Budzynski, Stoyva, Adler, and Mullaney (1973) reported that auditory frontalis EMG biofeedback combined with home relaxation practice lowered tension headache frequency and frontalis EMG levels. A control group that received noncontingent (false) auditory feedback did not improve. This study helped make the frontalis muscle the placement-of-choice in EMG assessment and treatment of headache and other psychophysiological disorders.[143]</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Migraine</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Sargent, Green, and Walters (1972, 1973) demonstrated that hand-warming could abort migraines and that autogenic biofeedback training could reduce headache activity. The early Menninger migraine studies, although methodologically weak (no pretreatment baselines, control groups, or random assignment to conditions), strongly influenced migraine treatment.[144][145] A 2013 review classified biofeedback among the techniques that might be of benefit in the management of chronic migraine.</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>Phantom-limb pain</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Flor (2002) trained amputees to detect the location and frequency of shocks delivered to their stumps, which resulted in an expansion of corresponding cortical regions and significant reduction of their phantom limb pain.[147]</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Financial decision making</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Financial traders use biofeedback as a tool for regulating their level of emotional arousal in order to make better financial decisions. The technology company Philips and the Dutch bank ABN AMRO developed a biofeedback device for retail investors based on a galvanic skin response sensor.[148] Astor et al. (2013) developed a biofeedback based serious game in which financial decision makers can learn how to effectively regulate their emotions using heart rate measurements.[149]</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Stress reduction</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>A randomized study by Sutarto et al. assessed the effect of resonant breathing biofeedback (recognize and control involuntary heart rate variability) among manufacturing operators; depression, anxiety and stress significantly decreased</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Macular disease of the retina</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>A 2012 observational study by Pacella et al. found a significant improvement in both visual acuity and fixation treating patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration or macular degeneration with biofeedback treatment through MP-1 microperimeter.</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>History</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Claude Bernard proposed in 1865 that the body strives to maintain a steady state in the internal environment (milieu intérieur), introducing the concept of homeostasis.[176] In 1885, J.R. Tarchanoff showed that voluntary control of heart rate could be fairly direct (cortical-autonomic) and did not depend on "cheating" by altering breathing rate.[177] In 1901, J. H. Bair studied voluntary control of the retrahens aurem muscle that wiggles the ear, discovering that subjects learned this skill by inhibiting interfering muscles and demonstrating that skeletal muscles are self-regulated.[178] Alexander Graham Bell attempted to teach the deaf to speak through the use of two devices—the phonautograph, created by Édouard-Léon Scott's, and a manometric flame. The former translated sound vibrations into tracings on smoked glass to show their acoustic waveforms, while the latter allowed sound to be displayed as patterns of light.[179] After World War II, mathematician Norbert Wiener developed cybernetic theory, that proposed that systems are controlled by monitoring their results.[180] The participants at the landmark 1969 conference at the Surfrider Inn in Santa Monica coined the term biofeedback from Wiener's feedback. The conference resulted in the founding of the Bio-Feedback Research Society, which permitted normally isolated researchers to contact and collaborate with each other, as well as popularizing the term "biofeedback."[181] The work of B.F. Skinner led researchers to apply operant conditioning to biofeedback, decide which responses could be voluntarily controlled and which could not. In the first experimental demonstration of biofeedback Shearn[182] used these procedures with heart rate. The effects of the perception of autonomic nervous system activity was initially explored by George Mandler's group in 1958. In 1965, Maia Lisina combined classical and operant conditioning to train subjects to change blood vessel diameter, eliciting and displaying reflexive blood flow changes to teach subjects how to voluntarily control the temperature of their skin.[183] In 1974, H.D. Kimmel trained subjects to sweat using the galvanic skin response.[184]</s_text></s_node-2></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>


[User] <image>

[User] Identify and output all the nodes and their interconnections in this mind map image.

[Assistant] <s_map><s_node-0><s_text>Антиутопия</s_text><s_node-1><s_text>Кино</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>1984</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>1956</s_text><sep/><s_text>1984</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>M.Radford</s_text><sep/><s_text>экранизация</s_text></s_node-4><sep/><s_text>1984 Macintosh ad</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>R.Scott</s_text><sep/><s_text>1984</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Brazil</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>T.Gilliam</s_text><sep/><s_text>1983</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Brave New World</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>1998</s_text><sep/><s_text>адаптация</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>THX 1138</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>G.Lucas</s_text><sep/><s_text>1971</s_text><sep/><s_text>обобщение</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Destroyer</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>1993</s_text><sep/><s_text>заимствование</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>The Island</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>M.Bay</s_text><sep/><s_text>2005</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>V for Vendetta</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>2005</s_text><sep/><s_text>Anarchy</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Обитаемый Остров</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Ф.Бондарчук</s_text><sep/><s_text>2008</s_text><sep/><s_text>экранизация</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Æon Flux</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>2005</s_text><sep/><s_text>Karyn Kusama</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>A Clockwork Orange</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>1971</s_text><sep/><s_text>S.Kubrick</s_text><sep/><s_text>экранизация</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>This mind map was downloaded from www.biggerplate.com</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Find more mind maps in our library</s_text><sep/><s_text>Follow us on Twitter</s_text><sep/><s_text>Find us on Facebook</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Определения</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Утопия</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Sir Thomas More in 1516</s_text><sep/><s_text>Wikipedia</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Dystopia, eng.</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>John Stuart Mill (1806-73)</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Антиутопия как жанр</s_text></s_node-2><sep/><s_text>Книги</s_text><s_node-2><s_text>Мы</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>E.Замятин</s_text><sep/><s_text>1920</s_text><sep/><s_text>Ключевые концепции</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Нумера</s_text><sep/><s_text>Скрижаль</s_text><sep/><s_text>Благодетель</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Brave New World</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>A.Huxley</s_text><sep/><s_text>1936</s_text><sep/><s_text>Ключевые концепции</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Генетические разработки</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>1984</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>G.Orwell</s_text><sep/><s_text>1948-49</s_text><sep/><s_text>Ключевые концепции</s_text><s_node-4><s_text>Постоянная война</s_text><sep/><s_text>Новояз</s_text><sep/><s_text>Мыслепреступление</s_text><sep/><s_text>Большой Брат</s_text><sep/><s_text>Ingsioc</s_text></s_node-4></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Обитаемый Остров</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>А и Б Стругацкие</s_text><sep/><s_text>1969</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>Piano Player</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>K.Vonnegut</s_text><sep/><s_text>195x</s_text></s_node-3><sep/><s_text>A Clockwork Orange</s_text><s_node-3><s_text>Anthony Burgess</s_text><sep/><s_text>1962</s_text></s_node-3></s_node-2></s_node-1></s_node-0></s_map>