Erken_Avrupa_Çiftçileri

Arkeogenetikte , Erken Avrupalı Çiftçileri (EEF), İlk Avrupalı Çiftçiler (FEF), Neolitik Avrupalı Çiftçiler veya Anadolu Neolitik Çiftçileri (ANF) terimleri, Neolitik dönemde Avrupa 'da yaşamış çiftçilerinden gelen genetik insan soyunun adıdır. EEF'lerin atalarının MÖ 43.000 civarında Batılı avcı-toplayıcılardan (WHG'ler), MÖ 23.000'li yıllarda ise Kafkas avcı-toplayıcılarından (CHG) ayrıldığına inanılmaktadır. MÖ 7. binyılda, EEF'lerin Anadolu ve Balkanlar'a göç ettiği ve o dönemde bölgede yaşayan WHG'lerin yerlerini aldıkları düşünülmektedir. EEF'lerin Y-DNA haplogrubu genellikle G2A olsa da, kısmen H, T, J , C1a2 ve E1b1 hablogrupları da görülmektedir. Anneden geçen Mitokondriyal DNA 'ları ise çeşitlilik göstermektedir. EEF'lerin Balkanlarda Tuna ve Batı Akdeniz boyunca batıya doğru genişleyen iki gruba bölünmüş oldukları bilinmektedir. Bununla beraberi Kuzey Avrupa ve Doğu Avrupa'nın büyük bölümü EEF genetik mirasından etkilenmedi. Kalkolitik ve erken Tunç Çağı boyunca EEF'lerden türeyen kültürler, Karadeniz-Hazar steplerinde CHG katkılı Doğu Avcı-Toplayıcılar (EHG) ve Batı Step Çiftçilerinin (WSH'ler) istilalarıyla ezildi. Bu istilalar, Avrupa'da EEF Y-DNA'larının neredeyse yok olmasına ve EHG/WSH Y-DNA'larının (esas olarak R1b ve R1a ) bölgede yaygınlaşmasına yol açtı. Ancak EEF'lerin mtDNA'ları varlığını devam ettirdi. Bu durum, EHG/WSH erkekleri ve EEF dişilerinin karıştığı göstermektedir. WSH'ler daha sonra Kuzey Avrupa'ya ve Avrasya steplerine dönünce, EEF mitokondriyal DNA'ları Avrasya'nın birçok yerine yayıldı. Kuzeye doğru gittikçe azalan EEF genetik mirası, Akdeniz ülkelerinde ortalama %60 ( Sardinyalılar arasında %85 ile en fazla) ve Baltık Denizi çevresinde %30 civarındadır.

Bibliyografya Alt, Kurt W.; Rodríguez, Cristina Tejedor (7 Şubat 2020). "A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain" . Scientific Reports . Nature Research . 10 (2131): 2131. doi : 10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9 . PMC 7005801 $2 . PMID 32034181 . Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan (15 Nisan 2019). "Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain" . Nature Ecology and Evolution . Nature Research . 3 (5): 765-771. doi : 10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 . PMC 7005801 $2 . PMID 32034181 . Brunel, Samantha; Bennett, E. Andrew (9 Haziran 2020). "Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 117 (23): 12791-12798. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1918034117 . PMC 7293694 $2 . PMID 32457149 . Cassidy, Lara M.; Maoldúin, Ros Ó. (17 Haziran 2020). "A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society" . Nature . Nature Research . 582 (7812): 384-388. doi : 10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 . PMC 7116870 $2 . PMID 32555485 . Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L. (26 Haziran 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 115 (26): 6774-6779. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1800851115 . PMC 6042094 $2 . PMID 29895688 . Goldberg, Amy; Günther, Torsten (7 Mart 2017). "Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 114 (10): 2657-2662. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1616392114 . PMC 5347611 $2 . PMID 28223527 . Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif (2 Mart 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" . Nature . Nature Research . 522 (7555): 207-211. doi : 10.1038/nature14317 . PMC 5048219 $2 . PMID 25731166 . Jones, Eppie R.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (16 Kasım 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians" . Nature Communications . Nature Research . 6 (8912): 8912. doi : 10.1038/ncomms9912 . PMC 4660371 $2 . PMID 26567969 . Jones, Eppie R.; Zarina, Gunita (20 Şubat 2017). "The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers" . Current Biology . Cell Press . 27 (4): 576-582. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 . PMC 5321670 $2 . PMID 28162894 . Juras, Anna; Chyleński, Maciej (2 Ağustos 2018). "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations" . Scientific Reports . Nature Research . 8 (11603): 11603. doi : 10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5 . PMC 6072757 $2 . PMID 30072694 . Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick (17 Eylül 2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" . Nature . Nature Research . 513 (7518): 409-413. doi : 10.1038/nature13673 . PMC 4170574 $2 . PMID 25230663 . Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (8 Kasım 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" . Nature . Nature Research . 551 (7680): 368-372. doi : 10.1038/nature24476 . PMC 5973800 $2 . PMID 29144465 . Malmström, Helena; Linderholm, Anna (19 Ocak 2015). "Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . Royal Society . 370 (1660). doi : 10.1098/rstb.2013.0373 . PMC 4275881 $2 . PMID 25487325 . Marcus, Joseph H.; Posth, Cosimo (24 Şubat 2020). "Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" . Nature Communications . Nature Research . 11 (939): 939. doi : 10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 . PMC 7039977 $2 . PMID 32094358 . Martiniano, Rui; Cassidy, Lara M. (27 Temmuz 2017). "The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods" . PLOS Genetics . PLOS . 13 (7): e1006852. doi : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852 . PMC 5531429 $2 . PMID 28749934 . Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif (23 Kasım 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians" . Nature . Nature Research . 528 (7583): 499-503. doi : 10.1038/nature16152 . PMC 4918750 $2 . PMID 26595274 . Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül (21 Şubat 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe" . Nature . Nature Research . 555 (7695): 197-203. doi : 10.1038/nature25778 . PMC 6091220 $2 . PMID 29466330 . Olalde, Iñigo; Schroeder, Hannes (2 Eylül 2015). "A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures" . PLOS Genetics . PLOS . 32 (12): 3132-3142. doi : 10.1093/molbev/msv181 . PMC 4652622 $2 . PMID 26337550 . Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan (15 Mart 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 363 (6432): 1230-1234. doi : 10.1126/science.aav4040 . PMC 6436108 $2 . PMID 30872528 . Rivollat, Maïté; Jeong, Choongwon (29 Mayıs 2020). "Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers" . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 6 (22): eaaz5344. doi : 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5344 . PMC 7259947 $2 . PMID 32523989 . Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi (24 Temmuz 2017). "Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe". Current Biology . Cell Press . 27 (14): 2185-2193. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 . PMID 28712569 . Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Malmström, Helena (7 Mayıs 2019). "Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 116 (19): 9469-9474. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1818037116 . PMC 6511028 $2 . PMID 30988179 .

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar Anthony, David (Spring–Yaz 2019). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard" . Journal of Indo-European Studies . 47 (1–2)9 Ocak 2020. Anthony, David W. (2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split".  Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (Ed.). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European . BRILL . ss. 21-54. ISBN 978-9004416192 . 13 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021 . González-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R. (19 Haziran 2017). "Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin" . Current Biology . Cell Press . 27 (12): 1801-1810. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023 . PMC 5483232 $2 . PMID 28552360 . Hofmanová, Zuzana; Kreutzer, Susanne (21 Haziran 2016). "Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 113 (25): 6886-6891. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1523951113 . PMC 4922144 $2 . PMID 27274049 . Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Daniel (25 Temmuz 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" . Nature . Nature Research . 536 (7617): 419-424. doi : 10.1038/nature19310 . PMC 5003663 $2 . PMID 27459054 . Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018). "The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe" . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . Elsevier . 53 : 21-27. arXiv : 1805.01579 $2 . doi : 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007 . PMID 29960127 . 15 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi 15 Temmuz 2020. Nikitin, Alexey G.; Stadler, Peter (20 Aralık 2019). "Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of European Neolithization" . Scientific Reports . Nature Research . 9 (19544): 19544. doi : 10.1038/s41598-019-56029-2 . PMC 6925266 $2 . PMID 31863024 . Outram, Alan K.; Bogaard, Amy (2019). Subsistence and Society in Prehistory: New Directions in Economic Archaeology . Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017/9781316415177 . ISBN 9781107128774 . 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021 . Reich, David (2018). Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-882125-0 . 11 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021 . Shennan, Stephen (2018). The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective . Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017/9781108386029 . ISBN 9781108422925 . 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021 .