human: Given a hyperedge-centered hypergraph: <hypergraph>, where the center hyperedge is induced by one source paper and its member nodes are the cited papers.

Details of the hypergraph:
Center hyperedge (induced by source paper "echo compiler based gpu memory footprint reduction for lstm rnn training"):
  Abstract: The Long-Short-Term-Memory Recurrent Neural Networks (LSTM RNNs) are a popular class of machine learning models for analyzing sequential data. Their training on modern GPUs, however, is limited by the GPU memory capacity. Our profiling results of the LSTM RNN-based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model reveal that feature maps of the attention and RNN layers form the memory bottleneck and runtime is unevenly distributed across different layers when training on GPUs. Based on these two observations, we propose to recompute the feature maps rather than stashing them persistently in the GPU memory. #R##N#While the idea of feature map recomputation has been considered before, existing solutions fail to deliver satisfactory footprint reduction, as they do not address two key challenges. For each feature map recomputation to be effective and efficient, its effect on (1) the total memory footprint, and (2) the total execution time has to be carefully estimated. To this end, we propose *Echo*, a new compiler-based optimization scheme that addresses the first challenge with a practical mechanism that estimates the memory benefits of recomputation over the entire computation graph, and the second challenge by non-conservatively estimating the recomputation overhead leveraging layer specifics. *Echo* reduces the GPU memory footprint automatically and transparently without any changes required to the training source code, and is effective for models beyond LSTM RNNs. #R##N#We evaluate *Echo* on numerous state-of-the-art machine learning workloads on real systems with modern GPUs and observe footprint reduction ratios of 1.89X on average and 3.13X maximum. Such reduction can be converted into faster training with a larger batch size, savings in GPU energy consumption (e.g., training with one GPU as fast as with four), and/or an increase in the maximum number of layers under the same GPU memory budget.

Includes members:
  Member "relay a new ir for machine learning frameworks":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-1 (induced by source paper "formal methods and software engineering for dl security safety and productivity for dl systems development")
  Member "glow graph lowering compiler techniques for neural networks":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-2 (induced by source paper "the deep learning compiler a comprehensive survey")
  Member "reversible recurrent neural networks":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-3 (induced by source paper "deep equilibrium models")
  Member "tensor comprehensions framework agnostic high performance machine learning abstractions":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-4 (induced by source paper "the deep learning compiler a comprehensive survey")
  Member "sockeye a toolkit for neural machine translation":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-5 (induced by source paper "marathi to english neural machine translation with near perfect corpus and transformers")
  Member "attention is all you need":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-6 (induced by source paper "using a thousand optimization tasks to learn hyperparameter search strategies")
  Member "opennmt open source toolkit for neural machine translation":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-7 (induced by source paper "prophetnet predicting future n gram for sequence to sequence pre training")
  Member "vdnn virtualized deep neural networks for scalable memory efficient neural network design":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-8 (induced by source paper "an empirical evaluation of perturbation based defenses")

Question: Please tell me which class the source paper belongs to. The 40 classes are: cs.NA(Numerical Analysis), cs.MM(Multimedia), cs.LO(Logic in Computer Science), cs.CY(Computers and Society), cs.CR(Cryptography and Security), cs.DC(Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing), cs.HC(Human-Computer Interaction), cs.CE(Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science), cs.NI(Networking and Internet Architecture), cs.CC(Computational Complexity), cs.AI(Artificial Intelligence), cs.MA(Multiagent Systems), cs.GL(General Literature), cs.NE(Neural and Evolutionary Computing), cs.SC(Symbolic Computation), cs.AR(Hardware Architecture), cs.CV(Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition), cs.GR(Graphics), cs.ET(Emerging Technologies), cs.SY(Systems and Control), cs.CG(Computational Geometry), cs.OH(Other Computer Science), cs.PL(Programming Languages), cs.SE(Software Engineering), cs.LG(Machine Learning), cs.SD(Sound), cs.SI(Social and Information Networks), cs.RO(Robotics), cs.IT(Information Theory), cs.PF(Performance), cs.CL(Computation and Language), cs.IR(Information Retrieval), cs.MS(Mathematical Software), cs.FL(Formal Languages and Automata Theory), cs.DS(Data Structures and Algorithms), cs.OS(Operating Systems), cs.GT(Computer Science and Game Theory), cs.DB(Databases), cs.DL(Digital Libraries), cs.DM(Discrete Mathematics). Directly output the class name.

gpt: cs.LG(Machine Learning)