human: Given a hyperedge-centered hypergraph: <hypergraph>, where the center hyperedge is induced by one source paper and its member nodes are the cited papers.

Details of the hypergraph:
Center hyperedge (induced by source paper "on the intrinsic privacy of stochastic gradient descent"):
  Abstract: Private learning algorithms have been proposed that ensure strong differential-privacy (DP) guarantees, however they often come at a cost to utility. Meanwhile, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) contains intrinsic randomness which has not been leveraged for privacy. In this work, we take the first step towards analysing the intrinsic privacy properties of SGD. Our primary contribution is a large-scale empirical analysis of SGD on convex and non-convex objectives. We evaluate the inherent variability due to the stochasticity in SGD on 3 datasets and calculate the $\epsilon$ values due to the intrinsic noise. First, we show that the variability in model parameters due to the random sampling almost always exceeds that due to changes in the data. We observe that SGD provides intrinsic $\epsilon$ values of 7.8, 6.9, and 2.8 on MNIST, Adult, and Forest Covertype datasets respectively. Next, we propose a method to augment the intrinsic noise of SGD to achieve the desired $\epsilon$. Our augmented SGD outputs models that outperform existing approaches with the same privacy guarantee, closing the gap to noiseless utility between 0.19% and 10.07%. Finally, we show that the existing theoretical bound on the sensitivity of SGD is not tight. By estimating the tightest bound empirically, we achieve near-noiseless performance at $\epsilon = 1$, closing the utility gap to the noiseless model between 3.13% and 100%. Our experiments provide concrete evidence that changing the seed in SGD is likely to have a far greater impact on the model than excluding any given training example. By accounting for this intrinsic randomness, higher utility can be achieved without sacrificing further privacy. With these results, we hope to inspire the research community to further explore and characterise the randomness in SGD, its impact on privacy, and the parallels with generalisation in machine learning.

Includes members:
  Member "a tail index analysis of stochastic gradient noise in deep neural networks":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-1 (induced by source paper "unique properties of wide minima in deep networks")
  Member "the effect of network width on stochastic gradient descent and generalization an empirical study":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-2 (induced by source paper "batch normalization biases deep residual networks towards shallow paths")
  Member "evaluating differentially private machine learning in practice":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-3 (induced by source paper "encode shuffle analyze privacy revisited formalizations and empirical evaluation")
  Member "the lottery ticket hypothesis finding sparse trainable neural networks":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-4 (induced by source paper "lossless compression of deep neural networks")
  Member "deep reinforcement learning that matters":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-5 (induced by source paper "deep reinforcement learning for autonomous driving a survey")
  Member "differentially private federated learning a client level perspective":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-6 (induced by source paper "trends and advancements in deep neural network communication")
  Member "data dependent stability of stochastic gradient descent":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-7 (induced by source paper "on the generalization of bayesian deep nets for multi class classification")
  Member "sharp minima can generalize for deep nets":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-8 (induced by source paper "bayesian deep learning and a probabilistic perspective of generalization")

Question: Please tell me which class the source paper belongs to. The 40 classes are: cs.NA(Numerical Analysis), cs.MM(Multimedia), cs.LO(Logic in Computer Science), cs.CY(Computers and Society), cs.CR(Cryptography and Security), cs.DC(Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing), cs.HC(Human-Computer Interaction), cs.CE(Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science), cs.NI(Networking and Internet Architecture), cs.CC(Computational Complexity), cs.AI(Artificial Intelligence), cs.MA(Multiagent Systems), cs.GL(General Literature), cs.NE(Neural and Evolutionary Computing), cs.SC(Symbolic Computation), cs.AR(Hardware Architecture), cs.CV(Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition), cs.GR(Graphics), cs.ET(Emerging Technologies), cs.SY(Systems and Control), cs.CG(Computational Geometry), cs.OH(Other Computer Science), cs.PL(Programming Languages), cs.SE(Software Engineering), cs.LG(Machine Learning), cs.SD(Sound), cs.SI(Social and Information Networks), cs.RO(Robotics), cs.IT(Information Theory), cs.PF(Performance), cs.CL(Computation and Language), cs.IR(Information Retrieval), cs.MS(Mathematical Software), cs.FL(Formal Languages and Automata Theory), cs.DS(Data Structures and Algorithms), cs.OS(Operating Systems), cs.GT(Computer Science and Game Theory), cs.DB(Databases), cs.DL(Digital Libraries), cs.DM(Discrete Mathematics). Directly output the class name.

gpt: cs.LG(Machine Learning)