human: Given a hyperedge-centered hypergraph: <hypergraph>, where the center hyperedge is induced by one source paper and its member nodes are the cited papers.

Details of the hypergraph:
Center hyperedge (induced by source paper "training large neural networks with constant memory using a new execution algorithm"):
  Abstract: Widely popular transformer-based NLP models such as BERT and GPT have enormous capacity trending to billions of parameters. Current execution methods demand brute-force resources such as HBM devices and high speed interconnectivity for data parallelism. In this paper, we introduce a new relay-style execution technique called L2L (layer-to-layer) where at any given moment, the device memory is primarily populated only with the executing layer(s)'s footprint. The model resides in the DRAM memory attached to either a CPU or an FPGA as an entity we call eager param-server (EPS). Unlike a traditional param-server, EPS transmits the model piecemeal to the devices thereby allowing it to perform other tasks in the background such as reduction and distributed optimization. To overcome the bandwidth issues of shuttling parameters to and from EPS, the model is executed a layer at a time across many micro-batches instead of the conventional method of minibatches over whole model. In this paper, we explore a conservative version of L2L that is implemented on a modest Azure instance for BERT-Large running it with a batch size of 32 on a single V100 GPU using less than 8GB memory. Our results show a more stable learning curve, faster convergence, better accuracy and 35% reduction in memory compared to the state-of-the-art baseline. Our method reproduces BERT results on any mid-level GPU that was hitherto not feasible. L2L scales to arbitrary depth without impacting memory or devices allowing researchers to develop affordable devices. It also enables dynamic approaches such as neural architecture search. This work has been performed on GPUs first but also targeted towards high TFLOPS/Watt accelerators such as Graphcore IPUs. The code will soon be available on github.

Includes members:
  Member "reformer the efficient transformer":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-1 (induced by source paper "permutohedral gcn graph convolutional networks with global attention")
  Member "zero memory optimization towards training a trillion parameter models":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-2 (induced by source paper "learning home crowdsourced training of large neural networks using decentralized mixture of experts")
  Member "huggingface s transformers state of the art natural language processing":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-3 (induced by source paper "unsupervised question decomposition for question answering")
  Member "reducing bert pre training time from 3 days to 76 minutes":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-4 (induced by source paper "disentangling adaptive gradient methods from learning rates")
  Member "large batch optimization for deep learning training bert in 76 minutes":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-5 (induced by source paper "train large then compress rethinking model size for efficient training and inference of transformers")
  Member "glue a multi task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-6 (induced by source paper "using a thousand optimization tasks to learn hyperparameter search strategies")
  Member "gpipe efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-7 (induced by source paper "a large scale study of representation learning with the visual task adaptation benchmark")
  Member "bert pre training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding":
    also connected through other hyperedges:
      - Hyperedge HE-8 (induced by source paper "multi simlex a large scale evaluation of multilingual and cross lingual lexical semantic similarity")

Question: Please tell me which class the source paper belongs to. The 40 classes are: cs.NA(Numerical Analysis), cs.MM(Multimedia), cs.LO(Logic in Computer Science), cs.CY(Computers and Society), cs.CR(Cryptography and Security), cs.DC(Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing), cs.HC(Human-Computer Interaction), cs.CE(Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science), cs.NI(Networking and Internet Architecture), cs.CC(Computational Complexity), cs.AI(Artificial Intelligence), cs.MA(Multiagent Systems), cs.GL(General Literature), cs.NE(Neural and Evolutionary Computing), cs.SC(Symbolic Computation), cs.AR(Hardware Architecture), cs.CV(Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition), cs.GR(Graphics), cs.ET(Emerging Technologies), cs.SY(Systems and Control), cs.CG(Computational Geometry), cs.OH(Other Computer Science), cs.PL(Programming Languages), cs.SE(Software Engineering), cs.LG(Machine Learning), cs.SD(Sound), cs.SI(Social and Information Networks), cs.RO(Robotics), cs.IT(Information Theory), cs.PF(Performance), cs.CL(Computation and Language), cs.IR(Information Retrieval), cs.MS(Mathematical Software), cs.FL(Formal Languages and Automata Theory), cs.DS(Data Structures and Algorithms), cs.OS(Operating Systems), cs.GT(Computer Science and Game Theory), cs.DB(Databases), cs.DL(Digital Libraries), cs.DM(Discrete Mathematics). Directly output the class name.

gpt: cs.LG(Machine Learning)