Question: what are the ways to get temporary visa while staying in Australia

Answer passage (source: Australia):
page_title: Staying in Australia
section_headers: I have a temporary visa
Visa conditions
section_content: No work condition
Visitor visa and ETA holders are not permitted to work in Australia.
Visa stay period
The stay period on an existing visa cannot be extended. Your visa will cease
if you are still in Australia at the end of your permitted stay period. If you
cannot depart Australia within the permitted stay period on your visa, you
should apply for a further visa before the date on which your visa ceases.
If you departed and returned to Australia on a round-trip cruise, this may not
be considered as a departure from Australia for the purposes of your permitted
stay period. Please check the information provided to you by your cruise ship
company.
No further stay condition (includes 8503, 8534 and 8535)
If you hold a visa with condition 8503, 8534 or 8535 and cannot depart
Australia as planned, you cannot apply for most other visas in Australia
unless the condition is waived. You can request to waive this
condition if
your visa will expire in less than four weeks. If your request is approved,
you should make a new visa application before your current visa expires.
Condition 8531 (must not remain in Australia beyond the period of stay
permitted by the visa)
If you hold a visa with condition 8531 and cannot depart Australia as planned,
you should apply for a further visa before the date on which your visa ceases.
If you are also subject to condition 8503, you will need to request a waiver
of this condition first.
We understand some people cannot leave Australia as planned due to travel
restrictions, and we will take this into account for any future visa or
sponsorship applications.
Condition 8558 (must not stay in Australia for more than 12 months in any
18 month period)
If you hold a visa with condition 8558 and cannot depart Australia as planned,
your visa will cease if you stay in Australia for 12 consecutive months at
a time.
If you have been in Australia for 12 cumulative months in an 18 month
period, your visa will still remain valid until the visa expiry date.
You should apply for a further visa if your visa will expire before you can
depart Australia. If you are also subject to condition 8503, you will need to
request a waiver of this condition first.
Visa processing arrangements
If you need to apply for a new visa to stay in Australia, you can still
explore your visa options and make a visa application at
ImmiAccount. We encourage applicants
to apply online wherever possible, as these applications will be processed
faster.
Some services relating to the visa application process may be impacted by
COVID-19 and a range of services we rely on (such as medical checks and
biometric collection) are increasingly unavailable. Applicants will be given
additional time to complete checks and provide the requested information.
We will take the service disruptions into account when considering your visa
application.
You do not need to contact us to ask for more time to complete these checks.

Reviewer feedback on this answer:
This answer does not address what temporary visas can be accessed while staying in Australia, and thus does not answering the question.
This answer is more about the process of obtain and usage of the IVSA
This seems to answer the question.  The answer lists conditions of different kinds of visas.

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